AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
HOA I – PREHISTORIC TO EARLY - Tunnel Vaults were used to cover long
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
P R E H I S T O R I C A R C H I T E C T U R E
I. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
A. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
B. Neolithic (New Stone Age) - Early
Settlements: Jericho, Khirokitia, Catal
Huyuk
C. Bronze And Iron Age
II. BUILDING TYPOLOGY
A. SHELTER
• Rock cave • Igloo
• Hut • Wigwam
• Tent • Hogan
• Mud houses • Trullo
• Lake dwellings • Pueblo
• Tepee
B. MONUMENTS AND RELIGIOUS
STRUCTURES
• Megalithic monument - setting up large
stone blocks alone or leaning against
each other sometimes post and lintel
construction.
• Secret of the construction - abundance
of labor, endurance of effort and
availability of unlimited time
1. Menhir – sacred structure made of
one large stone; single stone block
2. Dolmen – two or more stones
supporting a horizontal slab
3. Cromlech – three or more upright
stone capped by unknown flat stone;
altar of sacred circles.
a. Stone Circle at Averbury – stone
arrange in circular pattern
b. Stonehenge, Salisbury, Wiltshire,
England – A concentric ring of
stones oriented toward the sun’s
position in the summer solstice,
most imposing (3000 – 1000 BC);
external diameter is 420 feet; 40
degrees latitude; 140 stones;
highest stone is 24 feet.
4. CAIRN – round and long mound often
covering a chamber or burial
WE ST A S I A N A N C I E NT
ARCHITECTURE
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
- mud, straws and other fiber, mud-ricks,
timber, poplar and other trees, palms,
stone, glazed tiles
II. BUILDING TECHNIQUES
- Walls are very thick with reinforced
buttresses, Rooms are roofed with domes
or vaults
narrow oblong spaces, Columnar
construction was used extensively by the
Persians
- TWO TECHNOLOGIES USED:
• Passive Cooling - applied to courtyards
and thick walls
• Channels -used to move water and supply
it to agricultural fields and houses.
III. BUILDING TYPOLOGY
A. HOUSES
- The earliest Sumerian houses were built of
bundles of reeds but after cities began to
develop, sun baked mud brick was used.
- The houses in the cities shares a wall with
its neighbour with poor ventilation, and
consisted of 2 floors.
B. ZIGGURATS (Ubaid Culture – 5000 to
3800 BCE)
- were intended to raise the shrine of the
god closer to heaven, made of mud-bricks
C. TOMBS
- beneath the floors of houses and palaces
or located in separate cemeteries
D. FORTS AND FORTIFICATIONS
- mud-brick finished, with stones on lower
part of walls for reinforcement, provides
defense against attacks and protection
from flood
E. GARDENS AND PAVILIONS
IV. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
A. SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE
1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- Building Material : Mud(formed into sun-
dried bricks), Major Building Type:
Temples
- Walls were thick to compensate the
weakness of the mud resulting in narrow
spaces
- Buildings were reinforced with buttresses
- Façade of buildings were whitewashed
and painted to disguise the lack of
attraction of the mud material.
2. BUILDING EXAMPLES
• Great Ziggurat UR (2113 BC – 2048 BC)
• Oval Temple of Kfafaje
B. ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE
1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- Principal feature: ARCH & VAULT
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- Doors: spanned with semi-circular arches • Linear and Geometrical Organization

and guarded with human-headed winged • Harmony and Contrast
lions
- Roof: Externally flat with brick vaults II. BUILDING MATERIALS
underneath, domes on smaller • Plant • Mud
compartments • Timber • Alabaster
- Ornaments: Chiseled alabaster slab, • Clay • Granite
Bronze works, glazed archivolt w/ • Stone
sculpture monsters
- Palaces: raised on brick platforms (up to III. BUILDING TECHNIQUES
50 ft. high) A. 2 PREDOMINANT CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
- Entrance ways: with guardian figures of • Adobe Construction
human headed bulls of lions of stone • Post and Beam Style
- Halls and corridors: with pictures and B. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY-Clerestory Lighting
inscriptions carved in relief on stone slabs
(9 feet high) IV. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
- Interiors: richly decorated and luxurious. A. OLD KINGDOM (2649 BC – 2150 BC)
- Walls of cities: strengthened by many B. MIDDLE KINGDOM ( 2030 BC – 1640 BC)
towers serving as defensive positions. C. NEW KINGDOM (1500 BC – 1070 BC)

2. BUILDING EXAMPLES V. BUILDING TYPES

• Palace Of Sargon
C. BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE (612 BC)
1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- arches with voussoirs and vaults, and used
cedarwood (building material)
- Important buildings: walls with coloured
terracotta cones in geometrical patterns
or with slightly projecting decorative
buttresses, vertical channelling, and
stepped or triangular battlements.
- Ziggurats: resembles a pile of diminishing
square platforms, each stage smaller than
that below, with temples with huge
staircases giving access to the sanctuary
on top.
2. BUILDING EXAMPLES
• Ishtar Gate (fortification)
• Nebuchadnezzar’s Palace
D. PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE (560 BC)
1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- Light, Airy and magnificent
- Architectural Solutions: synthesis of ideas
gathered from almost all parts of their
empire and from the Greeks and Egyptians
- Materials: Mud-brick (Babylon), wooden
roof beams (Lebanon), precious materials
(India&Egypt), stone columns quarried
and carved (Ionic Greeks)
2. BUILDING EXAMPLES
- Palace at Persepolis (510 BC-460 BC)
E G Y P T I A N A R C H I T E C T UR E
I. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Emphasis on Building Masses
1. MASTABA – derived from podiums in front
of traditional houses
• 3 Major Parts: Burial Chamber, Serdab,
Chapel
2. PYRAMID
a. Stepped Pyramid – intermediate step
between mastaba and geometric pyramid
b. Bent Pyramid – with changed angle
midway
c. Low Pitched Pyramid
d. Geometrical Pyramid – inclined angle of
52 degrees
3. SPHINX (Giza)
4. TEMPLES
• Parts: Pylon, Court, Hypostyle Hall,
Sanctuary, Enclosing Wall, Colossal Statues
of Pharaoh, Obelisks, Avenues of Sphinxes,
a. Mortuary and Underground Temples
b. Cult Temple
5. UNDERGROUND & ROCK CUT TOMB
6. OBELISKS
VI. BUILDING EXAMPLES
1. Temple at Luxor
2. Abu Simble – bigger temple for Ramses II
& Smaller Temple for Nefertari
3. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (16th
Century BC - 1482 BC) -dedicated to
Supreme God Amun
4. Pyramids of Giza
G R E E K AR C H I T E C T UR E
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
• Marble, Timber & Clay
II. BUILDING TECHNIQUES
• Trabeated – Colum & Beam Construction

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III. AEGEAN & MYCENAEAN ARCHITECTURE iv. ROOFS –timber framing with terra
A. AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE cotta/marble–tiling, ceilings were covered
i. ARCHITECTURE of panelled carved stones/marbles
- Rejection of axiality, symmetry and
abstracts v. COLUMNS –no pedestal supporting
- Adapting organic and informal approach to columns (crediploma)
space organization & bldg. form • COLUMN TYPES -Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
- TYPES OF WALLING SYSTEM (Caryatides-female column, Atlantes-
• Cyclopean • Rectangular male column)
• Polygonal • Inclined Blocks
1. PALACES vi. MOULDINGS
- resemble each other and were multi- • Cyma Reversa – ogee; water leaf and
storey buildings tongue used as ornaments
- Function rather than form • Cyma Recta –anthemion or honeysuckle
- Feature: the extraordinary number of as ornamnets
rooms around the courtyard • Ovolo – egg and dart and sometimes egg
- Courtyards: Aligned North – South and tongue
2. DOMESTIC BUILDINGS • Torus – guilloche or plait or bundles of
• Megaron – have rectangular principal leaves tied by bands
chamber with a central hearth and a • Astragal – bed molding bead and reel
porch • Corona – usually painted with fret; also
called key pattern
ii. BUILDING EXAMPLE • Fillet
1. The Palace of Knossos, Crete • Cavetto
• Scotia
B. MYCENAEAN ARCHITECTURE • Bird’s beak – Doric order
i. ARCHITECTURE
- Emphasizing defense/fortification vii. ORNAMENTS -based on acanthus leaf and
- Cyclopean Architecture scroll, and from evolved other ornaments
1. CITADELS
- high walls of large stone blocks with viii. SCULPTURE
highly defensible entrance ways • Architectural –Friezes,Tympana or
- built on hilltops pediment, Acroteria, Sculptured
- Living Areas: enclosed by huge metophes, Sculpture figures (Caryatid and
CYCLOPEAN WALLS Atlantis)
2. TOMBS • Sculpture Relief
• Rock Cut - Rectangular chamber about • Free-standing Statuary –Single or Group
12’-20’ (BIGAS- 2horse Chariot or QUADRIGAS-
• Tholos - circular chambers cut into the 4horse Chariot)
hill side
B. BUILDING TYPES
ii. BUILDING EXAMPLES a. TEMPLES
1. Citadel at Tyrins 1. Plan: Rectangular, even numbered
2. Lion Gate columns, faces EAST
3. Treasury of Atreus (1350 BC-1250 BC) PARTS OF TYPICAL GREEK TEMPLE
• Naos -cella
IV. GREEK ARCHITECTURE • Pronaos & Opisthodomos -protruding
A. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS side walls of the cella with two columns
i. PLANS – simplicity, beauty, symmetrical & between them
perfection of proportion that gives dignity • Adyton –restricted space backing up
and grandeur opisthodomos
• Peristasis -complex
ii. WALLS – built without mortar to reduce • Pteron –surrounding portico as shelter
no. of joints and minimize weakness
2. Exterior: designed to be admired from
iii. OPENINGS –variety of light and shade, the outside
main feature: Colonades

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3. Interior :dark with only the entrance,
skylights & clerestory as a source of
light
b. Civic Buildings
1. THEATERS -Orchestra, Theatron,
Parodos
2. STOA -religious shrine or shelters
3. PRYTANEUM -senate house
4. BOULEUTERION -covered chamber
with banks of seats for council
5. ASSEMBLY HALL
6. ODEION -building in which musician
perform for competitions
7. STADIUM -foot racecourse
8. HIPPODROME -used for horse and
chariot racing
9. PALAESTRA -wrestling school
10. GYMNASIUM -training facility for
competitors in public games
c. Domestic Buildings -mud-brick finished,
courtyard-type, may vary depending on
social tanding
d. City Planning & Design -ORGANIC
DEVELOPMENT and GRID-IRON STREET
PLAN
3 PARTS OF A GREEK CITY
• Acropolis -location of temples
• Agora -gathering place
• Town
• Propylaea -monumental gates/
entranceways
e. Others
1. NAVAL BUILDINGS
2. CHORAGIC MONUMENT -large,
freestanding pedestal as display base for
an athletic or choral prize won at an
ancient Greek festival
3. PERIBOLUS -court enclosed by a wall,
surrounding sacred area
4. HERMES -placed at crossings, country
borders and boundaries as protection
C. BUILDING EXAMPLES
1. Temple of Zeus, Olympia
2. The Parthenon, Athens (447 BC- 438 BC)
3. The Erechtheum, Athens (421 BC - 406
BC)
4. Temple Of Nike
R O M A N AR C H I T E C T UR E
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
- stone, marble, brick and timber
- invention of fire brick
- combination of concrete and brick
formwork to design and build vast
buildings for different uses
II. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
A. ROMAN ARCH - Parts: piers, impost,
voussoirs and keystone
B. ROMAN VAULT - Types: semi-circular
barrel, groin, and segmental vault
- surface were covered with stucco
C. TIMBER ROOFING
D. DOME CONSTRUCTION
III. ARCHITECTURE -function over form
A. ENTRUSCAN -promotes simplicity and
minimalism, most solid order
B. ROMAN -focuses on functional spaces
- Materials: stone, travertine & timber
- New construction systems based on arch
and dome
- Wooden truss construction
- Composite column, buttresses
- Adapted columnar and trabeated
systems of Greeks
IV. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
A. WALLS -stone and concrete finished
B. OPENINGS -colonnades, square & semi-
circular headed doorways, semi-circular
headed windows
C. ROOFS -barrel and cross vaults, cupolas
D. COLUMNS -Tuscan, Doric, ionic,
Corinthian (favourite) and Composite
E. MOULDINGS -covered with carvings
F. ORNAMENTS -Opus sectile, Opus
tesselatum, Opus spicatum and Mosaic
V. BUILDING TYPES
A. TEMPLES -combination of Etruscan and
Greek prototypes
- Types: Rectangular, Circular &
Polygonal Temples
B. BASILICA
C. ROMAN HOUSES -reflects rank and
wealth of inhabitants
- Types: Domus (common), Villa
(country house) & Insulae
(tenement/apartment)
D. CIVIC BUILDINGS
1. THEATER -urban form located in flat
city
2. AMPHITHEATER - round or oval shaped
structure
3. CIRCUS
4. THERMAE - Palatial public bath
E. MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES
1. TRIUMPHAL ARCH -monumental gate
celebrating victory in war
2. TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHES
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3. PILLARS OF VICTORY - memorial
columns for victorious generals
4. ROSTRAL COLUMN - to commemorate
naval victories
F. TOMBS
• COEMETERIA – subterranean vaults
• MONUMENTAL TOMBS – similar to
mausoleums of Greeks
• PYRAMIDAL TOMB – shaped like an
Egyptian pyramid
• TEMPLE SHAPED TOMB – patterned
after Greek and Roman temples
• SCULPTURED MEMORIALS – minor
tombs in various forms and are richly
ornate
• MEMORIAL MONUMENTS – cenotaphs
built for people who are buried
elsewhere
G. ENGINEERING & SAMINTARY
STRUCTURES -Roads & Bridges,
Aqueducts, Dams, Sewer
H. ROMAN CITY PLANNING & DESIGN -
organic growth and rigid grid planning
VI. BUILDING EXAMPLES
1. The Colosseum, Rome (72 AD-80 AD)
2. Circuse Maxentius, Rome
3. Pantheon, Rome (118 AD-128 AD)
4. Hadrian’s Villa
5. Arch of Constantine
E AR L Y C HR I S T I A N
ARCHITECTURE
I. BUILDING MATERIALS -fire brick, pozzolana,
marble and iron, TIMBER (main material)
II. TECHNOLOGY -arcuated and trabeated
architecture
III. ARCHITECTURE
- New Element: Christian Church (mirrored
rituals of the Religion)
- Integration of spirituality and mysticism
- use of light and decoration to create
fascinating interiors
- simplicity in design & coarseness in execution
IV. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
A. PLAN - adopted Basilican model
B. WALLS -constructed to the Roman
methods, rubble or concrete walling being
used, faced with plaster, brick, or stone,
usage of MOSAIC for decorative purposes
C. OPENINGS -doors, windows, and niches
were spanned by a semi -circular arch,
usage of lintel
D. ROOFS -wooden finished, usage of King and
Queen post trusses
E. COLUMNS -reusing ruined columns from
Roman buildings
F. MOULDINGS -low relief, acanthus
ornamentation became more conventional
in form
G. ORNAMENTS -colorful mosaics depicting
Christ surrounded by angels & saints,
clerestory windows describing Christian
history of Doctrine, colored marbles in
geometric patterns in pavements
V. BUILDING TYPES
A. CHURCHES
1. Basilica Type Church -emphasis was
centered on the act of Christian
worship, some provide burial spaces
for the dead
2. Central Type Church -circular
buildings for baptisteries & tombs,
martyrium
B. BAPTISTRIES
C. CAMPANILE -bell tower
D. MARTYRIA - memorial shrines
connected with certain events in life
of Jesus held to be sanctified by the
sacrifice of the martyrs
E. MAUSOLEUMS & CATACOMBS
VI. BUILDING EXAMPLES
1. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
2. Church of Nativity, Bethlehem
HOA II –ROMANESQUE TO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
R O M A NE S Q UE AR C H I T E C T UR E
I. BACKGROUND
 Rooted from classical Roman Architecture
 Masonry construction was developed.
 NORMAN ARCHITECTURE –Romanesque
term in the North
 Religious buildings were predominant due to
spread of Christianity
 First style that can be found over Europe
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Sober and dignified
• LATIN, BASILICAL and POLYGONAL Plans
• regular and symmetrical
• simplicity
III. BUILDING TYPES
1. CHURCHES
• massive enclosure
• made of stones
• advertise Catholic church
• Latin Cross floor plan
2. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
• Castles and Fortifications
• facilitate dwelling and protection
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• built on top of hills and surrounded by • Merchant Houses

moats STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS:
• windows are small • Pointed Arch
• Ribbed & Fan Vault
IV. STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS • Flying buttress
• Barrel or Tunnel Vault • Tracery window
• Groin Vault • Rose window
• Round Headed Arches • Gargoyles
• Pier Form and buttresses
• Nave & aisle IV. EXAMPLES:
• Triforium Gallery • FRANCE – ST.DENIS
• Ambulatories • ITALY – MILAN CATHEDRAL
• Towers and Campaniles • SPAIN – BURGOS CATHEDRAL
• Mastery of architectural sculptures • ENGLAND- WEST MINSTER ABBEY

V. EXAMPLES
French Romanesque
R E NA I S S A NC E AR C H IT E C T UR E
I. Background
• Notre dame du port
• Rinascimento, “fri” (again) ;“Nasare” (be born)
Italian Romanesque
• “rebirth” of the spirit of Classical antiquity
• Pisa Cathedral
• emergence of the new architect
German Romanesque
• architectural development that started after
• Worms Cathedral, Germany
Gothic when the power of the religion returned
Romanesque in England
to Rome, Italy and succeeded by Baroque
• Peterborough
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
G O T H IC AR C H I T E C T UR E • symmetry, proportion, geometry
I. BACKGROUND • Planar classicism
• meticulous in both aesthetic and • City Planning
technological senses
• break with Greek and Roman architecture III. BUILDING ELEMENTS:
• ecclesiastical style • PLAN - module of square and rectangles
• Pointed Architecture • CORNICE
• SEMI-CIRCULAR ARCHES
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: • QUOINS
• emphasizes verticality • BALUSTERS
• surmounted by one or more towers and • DOME
spires • ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
• columns became the skeleton of the building
• Illumination due to extremity of windows IV. BUILDING TYPES:
THREE PHASES: 1. CHURCHES
1. EARLY GOTHIC • CATHOLIC CHURCH
Introduction of structural Innovations - Nave with lateral chapels, domed
2. HIGH GOTHIC crossing, short transepts
Pushed building size to limits • PROTESTANT CHURCH
3. LATE GOTHIC - developed new design
Expanse of ceiling space - simple congregational spaces with
side galleries
III. BUILDING TYPES: 2. PALACES (PALAZZOS)
1. CHURCHES & CATHEDRALS Rectangular in plan
• symbol of heaven CORTILE – interior courtyard
• Cruciform or Latin Cross PARTS OF A PALAZZO
• long nave • Common Area
• CHEVET – combination of choir apse and • Piano Nobile
ambulatory • Servants Quarters
2. SECULAR & CIVIC BUILDINGS 3. CHATEAUX (French)
• Castles to Chateaus Done in Franco-Italian style with axial
• Hotels formal gardens, salons and donjons
• Town Halls

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V. EARLY RENAISSANCE • stepped curved gable

• Adoption of Classical detail and 1. St. Paul’s Cathedral, London - Sir
ornamentation. Christopher Wren
• space was organised by proportional and 2. Banqueting Hall, Whitehall Palace- Inigo
geometry Jones

VI. HIGH RENAISSANCE 4. SPANISH & PORTUGUESE RENAISSANCE

• Plans are of the Greek cross form; arcaded • Patios and low-roofs
loggias • Granite and Bricks
• triumphal arch arrangement and motifs • Stucco decorations
• Glazed tiles & decorative iron grills
VII. NEO-CLASSICISM • Plateresque elements
• A refinement of the various Renaissance • Town squares
styles. 1. El Escorial - Pedro Machucha
• Characterized by the introduction and 2. Palace Of Charles V At Granada
widespread use of Greek and Roman orders
and decorative motifs  1 9 TH C E N T U R Y A M E R I C A N
VIII. BAROQUE
ARCHITECTURE
I. BACKGROUND
• Free and sculptural use of Classical orders
• Structural Experiment And Refinement
and ornament
• Construction Of High-rise Buildings
• Use of S-curves, undulating facades and
• Schools Of Architecture
plans based on ovals
• Industrial Revolution
CHICAGO SCHOOL
IX. ROCOCO
• new technologies
• Characterized by natural decorations; C and
• steel-frame construction
S-shaped scrolls
• Electric elevator
• Architecture is more simple to give
• one of the First Skyscrapers
emphasis to the gold arabesque
decorations
II. IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS:
a. William le Baron Jenney
X. EXAMPLE
 Founder of the Chicago School of
1. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
architecture, and the father of American
1. Foundling Hospital- Filippo Brunelleschi
skyscraper.
2. Laurentian Library- Michelozzo &
1. Manhattan Building
Michaelangelo.
2. Chicago school
3. St. Peters Basilica - Donator Bramante,
3. Home Insurance Bldg.
Guilliano Da Sangallo, Fra Gicaondo
b. Louis Sullivan
Raphael, Antonio Da Sangallo, Baldassare
 “Father of modernism”
Peruzzi , Michaelangelo, Giacomo Da
 FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION.
Vignola, Giacomo Della Porta,Domenico
1. Carson, Pierre, Scott And Co.,
Fontana, Carlo Maderno, Gian Lorenzo
Building
Bernini
2. Guaranty Building
3. National farmers Bank, Minnesota
2. FRENCH RENAISSANCE
c. Daniel Burnham
 Modified then to create their own
 greater reputation for his influence as
versions.
a city planner
 climates required high pitched roof, tall
1. Flatiron Building
chimneys and larger
2. Reliance Building
1. Palace Of Versailles - Louis le vau &
3. World Columbian Exposition
Jules Hardouin Mansart
4. Chicago plan
2. The Louvre- Pierre Lescot & Philibert
lorme
 1 9 TH C E N T U R Y E U R O P E A N
3. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
• decorative details I. Background
• introduced large scale Renaissance • Cast iron
• Bricks replaced stones • Steel

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• Reinforced concrete II. IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS:

• Modular construction a. Walter Gropius
ART NOUVEAU - characterized by: - clear organic architecture adapted to the
• Whiplash line modern world
• Abstracted biological and botanical 1. Gropius House
decoration 2. Bauhaus School, Desau ,1925
• Asymmetry b. Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe
• Wide selection of materials - Rejected the idea that “form follows
function”
II. IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS: 1. The German Pavilion, Spain, 1929
a. Victor Horta 2. Seagram Building, New York, 1958
 The initiator of Art Nouveau in Brussels c. Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard
“The Tassel House” Jeanneret)
b. Antonio Gaudi - Most pervasive influence on Modern
 reawakening of interest in the medieval Architecture
crafts 1. Villa Savoye, Poissy, France
1. Sagrada Familia,Spain 2. Unite D’habitation, Marseille (1952)
2. Casa Mila 3. Notre Dame Du Haut, Ronchamp
4. The Central Government Bldgs.,
SKELETON BUILDINGS: Chandigarh, India
Iron skeleton is made to carry the whole d. Frank Lloyd Wright
weight of the building - Clear organic architecture adapted to
THE GREAT EXHIBITIONS the modern world
- International industrial exhibitions 1. Falling Water, Bear Run,
which bring new inventions, displays and Pennsylvania (1935 – 1959)
new discoveries 2. The Solomon R. Guggenheim
1. THE EIFFEL TOWER (Gustave Eiffel) Museum, New York (1943 –1959)
2. THE CRYSTAL PALACE (Sir Joseph 3. Johnson Wax Co. Bldg, Wisconsin
Paxton) (1936 – 1939)
4. The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1916 –
 20 TH C E N T U R Y A R C H I T E C T U R E 1922)
e. Aalvar Alto
(PRE-WAR) - Introduced the International Style to
I. BACKGROUND
Finland
a. ART DECO SKYSCRAPERS
1. Saynatsalo Town Hall, Finland
 Influenced by classical designs; lavish
2. Finlandia Hall, Finland
ornament combined with bold masses
3. House of Culture, Finland, 1955
1. Chrysler Building (William Van Allen,
4. Riola Parish Church, Italy, 1978
1928-1930)
2. Empire State Building (Shreve, Lamb and
f. Eero Saarinen
Hamon, 1929-1931)
- Inspires by Mies to a highly personal and
3. Rockefeller Center (Reinhard and
poetic form of Expressionism
Hoffmeister, 1929)
1. Washington Dulles International
Airport, 1962, Virginia
b. MODERNISM
2. TWA Flight Center, 1962, New York
• angular outlines
3. Bell Labs Holmdel Complex, 1962,
• white walls which lacks decorations
New Jersey
• horizontal windows
4. Milwaukee County War Memorial
• empty plazas
Center, 1957, Milwaukee
• use of glass, steel and concrete

c. INTERNATIONAL STYLE
• principles of spatial continuity
transparency
• open architectural space
• dynamic, free-flowing character
 20 TH C E N T U R Y A R C H I T E C T U R E
and (POST-WAR)
I. BACKGROUND
a. POST-WAR SKYSCRAPERS
- A building of metal-frame construction;
refinement
1. World Trade Center, New York (1962-
1977) Minoru Yamasaki

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2. John Hancock Center, Chicago (1970) III. BUILDING TYPES:

Bruce Graham/Skidmore 1. TOMB (MAUSOLEUM),
3. Sears Tower, Chicago (1974-76) Bruce 2. HAMMAM - a structural design for a
Graham/Skidmore bathhouse
- influenced by classical designs; lavish 3. MADRASAH- college
ornament combined with bold masses 4. MOSQUE
4. Pompidou Center, Paris (1971-1977) - Muslim center for worship
Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers - serves as a gathering place for prayer,
5. Sydney Opera House, Australia (1957- teaching and also acts as a town hall
73) ,Jorn Utzon - usually axial and is oriented towards
Mecca (Islam’s most holy site)
II. IMPORTANT ARCHITECTS: a. PARTS:
a. Frank Gehry 1. Minaret -Tower of Light.
• Deconstructivism 2. Dome – Qubba; covers the main
 The basic elements of architecture are prayer hall
dismantled. 3. Keel arches -
1. Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los 4. Stair step crenellation
Angeles 5. Sahn - a courtyard with ablution
2. The Dancing House, Prague fountain
3. Lou Ruvo Center For Brain Health, 6. Muqarnas – stalactite vaulting
Las Vegas 7. Mashrabiya – projecting window
b. Robert Venturi 8. Dikka - a place where royal message
• Believes in aesthetic ambiguity and visual is being delivered
tension. 9. Mimbar- a pulpit where Imam deliver
• Postmodernism Khutbatt
1. Vanna Venturi House 10. Mihrab- semi-circular or pointed
2. Brant –Johnson House, Colorado (ogee) niche in the wall
3. Gordon Wu Hall, Princeton, New 11. Iwan – vaulted hall
Jersey
c. Richard Rogers b. EXAMPLE:
 High-Tech Architecture 1. TAJ MAHAL (1631-1653)
• Reject the classical past, while • with the orders of Shah Jahan
enthusiastically embracing a • Dedicated to Mumtaz Mahal
technological future. (Arjumand Bano Begum), the 14th
1. Lloyd’s Building, London wife of Shah.
2. Millenium Dome, London • Taj means “Crown” Mahal means
3. Barajas New Area Terminal, Madrid “palace”.
• centrally planned and domed
I SL A M IC A R C H I T E C T UR E • interlocking arabesque concept
I. BACKGROUND • self-replicating geometry and
- Encompasses a wide range of both secular symmetry
and religious styles from the foundation of • large garden contains four
Islam to the present day. reflecting pools
- It has been called the “architecture of the
veil” because the beauty lies in the inner HOA III – ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
spaces which are not visible from the C H I NE SE AR C H I T E C T UR E
outside I. BACKGROUND
 China covers nearly 1/13 of the land area of the
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS: whole world, thus abundance in natural
• cast iron resources that resulted to ample supply of
• large domes building materials.
• minarets
 Ancestor worship, Taoism, Buddhism, and
• large courtyard
Confucianism are common religious beliefs,
• use of geometric shape and repetitive art
hence construction of buildings is dedicated to
• ablution fountain
serve such.
• use of bright colour
• arabesque design for art elements

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II. HISTORICAL EVENTS II. HISTORICAL EVENTS

 Architectural developments are primarily
divided by dynasties.
 SHIH HUANG TI – first emperor to establish a
strong central government (of Ch’in Dynasty)
 Ming Dynasty is the great period of building.
 PRE-BUDDHIST CULTURES
 INFLUENCE FROM KOREA AND CHINA
 DEVELOPING A CULTURAL IDENTITY
 THE WAY OF THE SAMURAI
 JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSITION

III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

1. Planning & Building Form  simplicity, asymmetry, sensitivity to natural
 HORIZONTALITY – emphasis on breadth environment and the use of natural
and less on height materials
 BAY SYSTEM - a method where the number  restrained architectural tradition in marked
of bays was used to determine the contrast to an exuberant tradition
hierarchy of buildings characterized by monumentality and use of
 FENG SHUI - a body of rules which bold colors
governed the planning of any town or  traditional Japanese architecture is of
building, controlling siting, orientation, timber construction and uses only post and
plan and even color and position of doors lintel system
 KEN was used as the standard unit of
2. Timber Frame Construction measurement which regulates
intercolumniation
3. Building Components
DOU-GONG is a bracket system used to IV. BUILDING TYPOLOGY
support roof beams, project the eaves A. Palaces And Mansions
outward, and support the interior ceiling B. Temples And Shrines
wooden tenon joints were employed as C. Castles
connection of brackets and the structural D. Houses
members allowing movement during E. Tea Houses
earthquakes F. Torii
G. Pagoda
4. Symbolism H. Kaku – intricately and elaborately
 FU DOGS – stone lions often guard the door decorated garden pavilions
 UNICORN – Ch’i-lin I. Shosoin – treasure house which can be
 PHOENIX – Feng Huang found in Buddhist temples and
 TORTOISE – Kuei government houses
 DRAGON – Tiien-lung J. Storehouses – elevated
K. Noh Theaters
IV. BUILDING TYPOLOGY L. Sumo Rings – with raised platform about
 IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE 5.40m in diameter
 TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE M. Merchant Houses
 RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE N. Farmhouses
 PAGODAS
 TRADITIONAL HOUSES V. Notable Examples
1. Todaiji Temple
 PAILOUS
- Largest wooden structure in the world
 BRIDGES
2. Himeji Castle

V. NOTABLE EXAMPLES - literally the Altar of Heaven (TIAN - TAN)

 Forbidden City
 Temple Of Heaven K OR E A N AR C H I T E C T UR E
 Great Wall Of China I. BACKGROUND
- SHAMANISM - indigenous religion
characterized by the concept that the world
J A P A NE SE AR C H I T E C T UR E of superhuman being is responsible only to
I. BACKGROUND
medium, who enter into relation with them
 composed of several islands surrounded by
through trances
bodies of water (Sea of Japan-west and
- CONFUCIANISM – introduced from China
Pacific Ocean-East)
during the 1st century; exercised a profound
influence on every facet of Korean life.

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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
II. HISTORICAL EVENTS
I. Three Kingdoms (3rd – 4th Century 668) -
SILLA, KOGURYO AND PAEKCHE
II. Koryo 918 – 1392
 TEMPLES – influenced by Tang
architecture in China that developed the
bracketing systems with struts
 PAGODAS – a new idea of octagonal
pagoda from China made of timber and
wood
III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- nature as the most fundamental influence of
architecture
- height of traditional buildings are lower
compared to China and Japan
- roof eaves are seen to have big proportions
and heavier than that of China and Japan.
- the characteristics of the spatiality of Korean
space is DEPTH caused by the assembled
building composition
 Poongsu, P’ungsu – Korean geomancy
that illustrates how the built environment
is mindful of geological features in a
scientifically rigorous way; reponse to
wind, water and soil conditions that
evolved overtime within geomantic
practices to develop codified templates
for building design, location, elevation and
axis.
 Kan – term used to count number of
spaces between columns
IV. Building Typology
- TRADITIONAL HOUSES
 HANOK – a traditional architectural style
of Korea. The word “hanok” embraces all
types of traditional architecture
including thatched-roof, shingle-roof
and tile-roofed houses
 MADANG – a courtyard pattern
generated as an appropriate solution to
functional, practical, climatic, social and
cultural needs of Korean people
V. Notable Examples
• Gyeongbokgung Palace
• Yakcheonsa Buddhist Temple
I ND I A N A R C H I T E C T UR E
I. BACKGROUND
- The architecture of India includes present
day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka. - These countries later on got
separated by political boundaries, but still
share common cultural heritage.
- The diversity of Indian culture is
represented in its architecture.
II. HISTORICAL EVENTS
- ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS to invasions
influenced Indian Architecture thoroughly.
III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
1. Character differs depending on religion:
Buddhism, Hinduism, Jain, & Islamic
IV. BUILDING TYPOLOGY
1. BUDDHIST STRUCTURES
 STUPAS – originated as prehistoric burial
mounds to hold the remains of holy men
and nobles; could be an actual tomb, place
over remains of the Buddha or holy
Buddist individuals or could act as a
symbol to commemorate a sacred place;
symbol of Nirvana (the goal of Buddhism);
 VIHARA – monasteries consists of a
quadrangle surrounded by a verandah on
to which open simple square cells
 CHAITYA – place of worship; assembly hall,
Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa
at one end.
 BO TREE SHRINES – (Buddha was believed
to have achieved enlightenment while
medidating under a bayan or bo tree)
 PREACHING HALLS
 TORANAS – gateways usually used on
stupas located on cardinal points;
yahshi/yaksha – goddess of fertility that
guards the torana
 STAMBHA or LATH – a monumental pillar
standing free without any structural
function, with circular or octagonal shafts
S O U T HE A S T A S I A N
ARCHITECTURE
I. BACKGROUND
 composed of several island countries:
MYANMAR (BURMA), INDONESIA,
CAMBODIA, THAILAND & VIETNAM
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER & BUILDING
TYPOLOGIES
1. Pagoda (Stupa) - this solid structure
cannot be entered and are said to contain
sacred Buddhist relics that are hidden
from view in containers buried at their
core or in the walls
2. Temples
3. Chinthe - mythological creatures that look
like lions guarding the temple grounds.
Found at the entrance gates of most
Burmese temples and pagodas and is
usually in pair.
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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
4. Naga Serpents - often guard the stairways
to the entrance of temple buildings.
Considered a protector of Buddhism
5. Pyatthat Roof - a heavily ornamented
Burmese style multi-tiered roof, each tier
decreasing in size towards the top. The
roof ends of Burmese temple buildings are
often adorned with delicate ornamental
work metal sheets
6. Hti Finial - a Burmese style finial in the
shape of a multi-tiered ceremonial
umbrella. Usually made of gold and
studded with diamonds or other gems
7. Traditional House - Raised on four posts
and has a concrete base.
III. NOTABLE EXAMPLES
1. Ananda Temple
2. Borobudur
3. Angkor Wat
4. Angkor Thom
5. Shwedagon Pagoda
HOA IV – PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
P H I L I P P I NE AR C H IT E C T U R E
I. BACKGROUND
a. Geography and Topography
• The Philippine archipelago lies in
Southeast Asia in a position that has led to
it becoming a cultural crossroads - a place
where Malays, Hindus, Arabs, Chinese,
Spaniards, Americans, and others had
interacted to forge a unique cultural and
racial blend. wikipedia
• The Philippines is an archipelago
composed of 7,641 islands with a total of
301, 780 sq.km.
• Divided into the island groups: Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao
b. Climate and Seismic Condition
• Tropical climate with torrential rains,
typhoons, high temperature and humidity
• Located in the Pacific “Ring of Fire”
c. Religion
• ANIMO-DEISM – ancient belief in the
existence of life in every object
• ISLAM – introduced by the Arabs in 1380,
flourished in Mindanao
• CHRISTIANITY – The Catholic Church
became the greatest power during the
Spanish Period.
II. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
A. PRE-HISTORIC
• LEAN-TO – framed with tree branches
and twigs, and leaves and fronds
• CAVES – Angono, Rizal and Tabon Cave in
Palawan
Canete, Dela Cruz A., Mateo, Robles (BSAR-5D)
• TREE-HOUSE – built from two to twenty
meters from the ground for protection
B. INDIGENOUS FOLK DWELLINGS
• DWELLINGS ADAPTED TO THE COLD
CLIMATE IN THE HIGHLANDS
1. ISNEG - BINURON
- Gable-type roof made up of half-
sections of bamboo laid on like
shingles
- 15 posts; sidewalls are made of
vertical planks; floor is made of reed
mats which can be removed for
washing
2. KALINGA – divided into two categories
2a. UPPER KALINGA – BINAYON or
FINARYON octagonal house
- 12 posts; low hip roof made of
bamboo; floor made of reed mats
2b. LOWER KALINGA
- floor area is divided into one wide
middle section and two narrow
slightly elevated side sections
- 4 inner posts constitute the house‟s
core support; outer post at each
corner of the house support the
roof
3. IFUGAO – FALE
- three-level structure; posts =
1.00m. – 1.20m. from the ground
- walls = wooden panels that slant
outward; roof – of cogon thatch;
pyramidal extending down to the
floor level; removable ladder Ifugao
Kiangan house
4. IVATAN
- thick lime-and-stone walls
supported by wooden posts
embedded inside the walls; thick
thatch cogon roof
• DWELLINGS ADAPTED TO CULTURAL
PRACTICES AND BELIEFS
5. T‟BOLI
- one-room house made of dried grass
(roof) and bamboo (walls) carried by
huge wooden posts or clustered
bamboo; divided into different levels
6. TAUSUG – BAY SINUG
- houses were built on land, facing
west
- rests on nine posts, each signifying a
part of the body
- PORCH – built in front, on sides or all
around the house; might be used as
passageway to the kitchen; with or
without roofs
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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

- KITCHEN – one foot lower than the - ground floor is not always enclosed in
main house; separate area stone
- Roof variations: SUNGAN, LIBUT - TRANSITION HOUSE
- TAJUK PASUNG- carved wooden • VENTANILLAS were placed to
decoration on the edge of the roof improve ventilation
ridge • SILONG was used for storage or
shops in business districts
• DWELLINGS BUILT ON WATER
7. SAMAL – houses built on water and 2. BAHAY NA BATO (Bahay Kastila / Bahay
connected by walkways usug house (bay na Tisa)
sinug) with sungan roof - a spacious, durable, comfortable and
8. BADJAO – houses stand alone on an elegant house occupied by large,
expanse of water; reached only by boat extended families
- style and materials differ according to
• DWELLINGS ADAPTED TO SOCIAL its location
STRATIFICATION a. Possible Origins
9. MARANAO • Bahay kubo
9a. WALAY • Tribal leader‟s house
- single-room structure; spilt bamboo • Convento
enclosed silong • Early Spanish houses in
- Supported by 9 – 12 huge bamboo or Intramuros
wooden posts
- Steep-pitched cogon roof; notched b. Characteristics / Features
post serves as stairs; bamboo flooring • FORM – retains the three-level
9b. TOROGAN architectural composition of the
- a big, tall extravagant house for bahay kubo
Maranao chiefs; more elaborate in • WINDOWS
design than the ordinary dwelling; - GF: protected by iron grilles
huge posts represent power - 2F: wide sliding wooden shutters
with capiz or glass panes
• TYPICAL LOW-LAND DWELLING - Two layers of windows; Persiana
10. BAHAY KUBO and Concha
- the archetype of Filipino domestic • DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
architecture - Minimal surface decoration;
- raised on stilts as protection from bandejado
floods and moist ground; SILONG was - Calado – wooden fretwork
used for storage, raising farm animals placed on upper portions of
(Maranao Torogan) the walls
- materials: bamboo, nipa, cogon, - Ceilings – decorated with
stone paintings or canvass, wood or
thin sheets
C. SPANISH PERIOD
- The economic gains created by the • AREAS AT THE GROUND FLOOR
abolition of the Galleon resulted in an - Zaguan
easier and less frugal lifestyle; Filipino - Cuadra or caballeriza
principales built bigger and stronger - Bodega
houses. - Patio
1. TRANSITION HOUSE - Entrasuelo
a. MANILA
- stone walls from ground to second • CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY
floor level; frame is supported by - ESCANZO – first three steps
massive “haligues” - Landing with a BASTONERA
- has a BATALAN at the back and a - Main stairway
VOLADA in front
b. IN THE PROVINCES • SECOND FLOOR
- retained the basic space allocations - Antesala or caida
of the bahay kubo - Sala
- Volada

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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

- Balcon
- Alcova, cuarto or silid A. LOCAL ARCHITECTS
- Comedor 1. Tomas Mapua
- Cucina - first registered architect in the
- Azotea Philippines; established the second
- Bano school (Mapua Institute of
- Comon or latrina Technology – became first school in
the Philippines to offer a 4-year
III. CHURCH ARCHITECTURE course in Architecture)
1. Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte (started - a master of the Beaux arts style and
1694, to 1702-1710) a classical revivalist
2. Tumauini Church, Isabela (1783-1788) Works include:
3. Barasoain Church, Malolos (1885) a. De La Salle University
4. San Sebastian Church, Manila b. the Nurses’ Home at the
5. San Agustin Church, Manila(1587- Philippine General Hospital
1607) c. Mapua Residence - combined
6. Taal Basilica, Batangas (1858-78) Art Deco and Neoclassical
7. Miagao Church, Iloilo (rebuilt 1786) elements
8. Santo Nino De Cebu (1735) 2. Andres Luna De San Pedro (1887 -
1952)
IV. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE - educated in Europe in the Beaux
1. INDIGENOUS FORTIFICATIONS Arts system; responsible for
a.IJANG (Batanes), MUOG (Tagalog), ILI bringing the new International
/ ILIHAN (Visayas) – fortresses image to Filipino Architecture
b. COTA / KUTA – tall wall (usually - influenced by both the revivalist
associated with Muslims) Beaux Arts system and the modern
style
2. FORTS AND FORTRESSES – built by Works include:
Spanish friars as a defense against Moro a. Legarda Elem. School
pirates b. Perez-Samanillo Bldg.
a. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort c. Crystal Arcade
Santiago) 1583 d. Perkin’s House, Dewey Blvd.
- designed by Fr. Antonio Cedeno 3. Juan Arellano (1888-1930)
with Diego Jordan as engineer; - US-educated, he adhered to the
under orders from Gov. Gen. principles of the Parisian Ecole des
Santiago de Vera Beaux Arts
b. INTRAMUROS Works include:
- the famous “walled city” within a a. The Legislative Building (now the
city; pentagon plan with a grid of 51 National Museum
blocks; built with bricks, hard adobe b. The Post Office Building at
Liwasang Bonifacio
V. AMERICAN PERIOD c. Metropolitan Theater
• Neoclassical Style d. Arellano residence
• Art Deco e. Landscaping of Harrison Park,
• Liceo De Manila – The First School To North and South Port Areas,
Open A 3-Year Course In Architecture Roxas Blvd.
• Ust And Adamson – 3rd And 4th Schools f. Master development plan of UP
To Offer Architecture Diliman
• Maestros De Obra (Master Builders) – 4. Antonio Toledo
Architectural Designers; Acquired The - A master of the neo-classic style
Title From Practical Experience Or Works include:
Completed Academic Training For A a. City Hall of Manila
Master Builder’s Course b. Department of Agriculture and
• Daniel H. Burnham – Commissioned By Commerce (now Tourism)
Gov. Gen. Howard Taft To Draft The Building Depeartment of Finance
Master Plan For Manila And Baguio, And (now National Museum) Building
To Design The Government Capitol c. Leyte Capitol
Buildings d. Cebu Provincial Capitol

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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
e. Manila Custom’s House
f. UP College of Medicine Annex
g. UP University Library
h. Women’s Dormitory of the
Philippine Normal School
i. Old Municipal Hall of San Pablo
5. Juan Nakpil (1899-1986)
- first architect to be conferred the
National Artist Award (1973)
- his first buildings including the
Geronimo de los Reyes Bldg. took its
Art Deco influences from the 1925
Exposition Internationale des Arts
Decoratifs in Paris
- later injected local motifs to
conform to Filipino Culture
Works include:
a. Reconstruction of the Quiapo
Church
b. Quezon Institute
c. UP Admin Bldg.
d. UP Library
e. Ever Theater (Rizal Ave.)
f. Rizal Theater (Makati)
g. Rufino Bldg.
h. The Alhambra Apartments
B. DOMESTIC/RESIDENTIAL
ARCHITECTURE
1. CHALET
2. BUNGALOW
3. GOVERNMENT HOUSING PROJECT
4. MIDDLE-CLASS HOUSING
5. SUBDIVISIONS, TOWNHOUSES
AND CONDOMINIUMS
C. INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL
ARCHITECTURE
• EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
1. University of the Philippines
(Diliman, Quezon City)1908
2. Far Eastern University (near C.M.
Recto Avenue)1919
3. Siliman University (Dumaguete
City, Negros Oriental)1901
4. Cento Escolar University
(Mendiola Street, San Miguel,
Manila)1907
5. Philippine Women University
(near Taft Avenue, Manila) 1919
6. De La Salle University (Taft
Avenue, Manila) March 1911.
• MEDICAL BUILDINGS
1. Philipppine General Hospital
(Ermita, Manila) 1907
Canete, Dela Cruz A., Mateo, Robles (BSAR-5D)
2. St. Lukes Medical Center (Fort
Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, MM)
1903
3. Iloilo Mission Hospital (Jaro,
IloIlo City) 1901
• GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
1. Old Congress Manila (Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila) 1918
2. Pangasinan Provincial Capitol
3. Manila Central Post Office
(Liwansang Bonifacio,Manila)
4. Manila City Hall (Padre Burgos
Street, Manila)
• COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
1. Manila Hotel
- Owned by Emilio Yap
- Original design was an H-shaped
plan that focuses on well-
ventilated rooms on two wings.
2. Manila Metropolitan Theater
(Padre Burgos Avenue)1931
3. Manila Army and Navy Club
(Luneta Park)1911
4. Manila Jai Alai Building (Taft
Avenue)
5. Luneta Hotel ( Kalaw Streer and
Roxas Boulevard, Manila) 1918
VI. POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
• 1950’s – heavily influenced by the
International Style; technical advances in
construction resulted in avant garde
structural design
• Post war period (1946-1965)
• Independence from the United States on
July 4, 1946
• A bilateral treaty was signed in March
1947
• Republic of the Philippines
A. PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
1. Manuel Roxas (1946-1947)
2. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
3. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
4. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
5. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
6. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)
6.1.GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS –
MARCOSIAN ARCHITECTURE
a. Cultural Center of the Philippines
Complex
b. Folk Arts Theater
c. Philippine International Convention
Center (PICC)
d. Coconut Palace
e. Manila Film Center (MFC)
f. Philippine Heart Center (PHC)
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 AC 513: ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
g. Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP)
h. The National Kidney and Transplant
Institute
i. Philippine Children's Medical
Center (PCMC)
6.2. GOVERNMENT HOUSING
PROJECTS
a. Bagong Lipunan Site And
Services(Bliss)
b. Anatomy Of The Nations Housing
Projects
B R U NE I A R C H I T E C T UR E
I. GEOGRAPHY:
 4° Northern latitude, 114° Eastern
longitude
 found in Southeast Asia; on the island of
Borneo surrounded by the South China
Sea on the north and by Malaysia on the
south
II. CLIMATE: Tropical equatorial
III. RELIGION: Islamic (67%); Buddhist (13% and
mostly local Chinese), Christian (10%), Free-
thinkers (7%), indigenous religions and others
(3%)
IV. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AND BUILDING
EXAMPLES
1. “Kampong Ayer”
2. Sultan Omar Ali Saiffudin Mosque
3. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque
4. Royal Residence: “Istana Nurul Iman”
(1984)
H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
IN NEPAL
I. INFLUENCES
A. Geography: an irregular parallelogram in
form; 720 kilometers long and 240
kilometers in breadth; extends across the
Himalayas and along northern border of
India; high mountains (including Mount
Everest); sparsely inhabited
B. Newars and Gurkhas: settlers in Nepal who
established an indigenous style in art and
architecture
C. Mulla Rajas: rulers during the 13th to 18th
centuries
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
A. STUPA
• Oldest monuments
• The Swamyambhunath and Bodnath
represents the form of earliest Buddhist
stupas
• Orthodox hemispherical mound; brick
facing; surrounded by a brick plinth which
serves as the processional path
B. TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
• A shrine enclosing a cella for the god or
divine symbol
• Two types:
1. SIKHARA – Indian influence
2. PAGODA – Chinese and Burmese
influence
III. NOTABLE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
1. Swamyambhunath Stupa, Kathmandu
2. Bodhnath Stupa, Kathmandu
3. Krishna Temple, Patan
4. Bwahani Temple, Bhatgaon (18th century)
5. Sacred Town of Pasupati (17th century)
H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
IN TIBET
I. INFLUENCES
A. LAND and PEOPLE: consist of the highest
plateau on earth; cultivate lands are limited
to valleys
Lhasa: capital; “Place of the Gods”
B. HISTORY
- Isolated and free from direct foreign control
because of its harsh environment; physical
isolation and strong isolationist policy of its
leaders
C. RELIGION
- Lamaism (Lama Buddhism): a distinct form
of Buddhism developed by Tibetans; monks
held great power and owned the land
- Dalai Lama: considered to be the
reincarnation of all Tibetans; Tibetan
spiritual leader
II. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Rectangular buildings with courtyard
• Characteristic features are inward tapering
walls, flat roofs and small windows
• Brightly painted smooth surfaces
• Characteristic structures
A. STUPA (Chorten)
- Two Types
1. Stupas intended merely to house
images and provide space for rituals
2. Stupas where paintings were more
formally arranged with each
architectural element carrying a
particular religious symbol
B. MANDALA
- Generally consist of cosmic deities
arranged in one or more circles
surrounded by a square and oriented
towards the points of the compass
- Frequently drawn in powder on the
ground and used for initiation rites
III. NOTABLE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
1. Potala Palace, Lhasa (1642 – 1650)
2. Sakya Monastery (1071)
16
Canete, Dela Cruz A., Mateo, Robles (BSAR-5D)