ASSESSMENT REVIEW ON ILIGAN CITY ORDINANCE NO.

2246, SERIES OF
1993, ENTITLED;
“THE MARKET CODE OF ILIGAN CITY”

A Critical Analysis Research Paper

Presented to Professor Hazel D. Jovita, PhD

Department of Political Science
College of Arts and Social Sciences
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the subject

PHILIPPINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
POS 150 B-7

Jahna Alexandra L. Rey

November 18, 2019

 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Public Administration is seen as common as how other different administration works, which
is carried out in public interest. A lot of authors have given different definition of public
administration. First is from L.D White, Public administration are those operations having for
purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy, counter to what Woodrow Wilson’s
concept of public administration, for him it is a detailed and systematic application of law. One
can also say that public administration is nothing but the policies, practices, rules and regulation
in action.

Now another challenge to figure out is how to and if it is possible that public administration
can be divorced from social and political system; most probably not, therefore it emerged
another into another definition that was provided by FA Nigro, who argues that public
administration is essentially a cooperative group effort in public setting. Secondly, it covers all
the three branches of government machinery, the executive, legislative and the judicial sector.
He further added that since public administration does play a crucial role in formulating
policies, therefore it is a part of the political process as well (e.g. Bills and Acts). Nigro also
believed that public administration is a lot more different from any private administration in
numerous ways, it also interacts with various private groups and individuals in providing
services to the community.

Talking about the nature of public administration, we will be able to familiarize it easily, being
alone that it has been a division between two popular views; (1) Integral view and the other is
(2) Managerial view. Integral view is all encompassing and consists of sum total of all
managerial, clerical, technical and manual activities and employees from all levels. This
concept was introduced by LD White and Dimock. They may differ from one agency to another
depending on their sphere of work. On the other hand, Managerial view, as its name suggests
says that public administration only involves itself when it comes to managerial activities. This
view was supported by Simon, Smithburg, Thompson and Luther Gulick.

Most city councils (any comparable local legislative bodies) are capable of executing one out
of two possible actions; (1) by ordinance or (2) resolution. But it may vary depending on the
community. Typically, a resolution is passed to express the opinion of the adopting body on
some matter of a temporary or advisory nature, enforceable as local law. On the other hand,
ordinances are those law that were passed by a local political subdivision, such as city, country,
village or town. It can also address wider variety of local issues, from local government
structure to speed limits and sign sizes. The process for passing an ordinance is determined by
the laws of each individual state.

The scope of this study is limited only to the local sector of government. Its goal is to give
emphasis on why and how policy for taxes and fees are being enforced. And also what measures
did the legislators consider on making an ordinance, approving and signing it to become an
active law for a specific group of people in a community. And why such ordinance was
amended.
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on presenting related studies, researches and literatures that gives significant
relation to strengthen the present study.

RELATED LITERATURES

The Political Economy of Policy Reform in the Philippines: 1992–1998

From 1992 to 1998, the Philippines saw a period of sweeping policy reforms when 273 economic,
social and political legislations were adopted. When and why do policy reforms happen and what
explains the scope, pace and sequencing of their implementation? My analytic narrative differs from
the literature in its emphasis on: (1) the attributes of the players, particularly the role of leadership; (2)
the attributes of the policy; and (3) the political rules of the game, including electoral cycles, tenure
limits, veto rules and “turncoatism.”

From Market Fixing to Market-Creating: A new framework for innovation policy

Many countries are pursuing innovation-led ‘smart’ growth, which requires long-run strategic
investments and public policies that aim to create and shape markets, rather than just ‘fixing’ markets
or systems. Mission-oriented innovation has required public agencies to not only ‘de-risk’ the private
sector, but also lead the direct creation of new technological opportunities and market landscapes.
This paper considers four key issues that arise from a market creating framework for policy; (1)
decision-making on the direction of change; (2) the nature of (public and private) organizations that
can welcome the underlying uncertainty and discovery process; (3) evaluation of mission-oriented and
market-creation policies; (4) ways in which both risks and rewards can be shared so that smart growth
can also be a result of an inclusive growth.
Considering the need for government policy to transform, be catalytic, create and shape markets,
rather than just fix them helps reframe the key questions of economic policy from static ones that deal
with crowding out and picking winners to more dynamic ones that helps form the types of public-
private interactions that can create new innovation and industrial landscapes. The point is not to
prescribe specific technologies, but to provide directions of change around which bottom-up solutions
can then experiment.

The Role of the State in Making a Market Economy

The highlight of this paper is the crucial role of the state in establishing a market economy, through an
analysis of the early stages of market-oriented reforms in China. China followed an evolutionary
approach to economic reform that has relied on the preexisting state to oversee the construction of a
market economy. Trial-and-error problem solving in the formative stages of market transition led the
central state inexorably to oversee institutional changes to establish a modern legal-rational
bureaucracy. Although the state remains structurally vulnerable to rent seeking, it gained the
organizational capacity to institute and enforce rules critical to the emergence of a hybrid market.
When socialist states launch market reforms, they need to legitimize reform policies and intervene to
establish the institutional framework of a mixed economy. Fundamentally this effort requires the state
to specify a new structure of property rights and to reduce transaction costs both within the market
sector and especially between the market and state-run sectors. To attempt to resolve the dilemma of
organizational recalcitrance, rulers tend to restructure the state apparatus to close the organizational
boundaries of the state. This paper points to the problem posed by the opposition and malfeasance of
local political actors as indicative of the extent to which emergent markets are embedded in exchange
networks, in which cadres play a pivotal role. I have documented how the state's capacity to implement
market reforms was frustrated by local cadres whose opposition and malfeasance in the early period of
reform posed an incorrigible problem to the state.

Government, Business and Market of Organic Products in Davao City Philippines

The Agri-Development Board of Davao City (ADB-DC) is an organization that is primarily
concerned with the competitiveness of agriculture sector towards the end of achieving food security.
The ADB-DC supported Organic Agriculture (OA). When the City Council proposed the
institutionalization of organic agriculture in the City, the ADB delineated its concerns on the
ordinance institutionalizing organic agriculture in Davao City. The ADB as an agriculture-advocacy
board highlighted the concerns such as the attention to be provided to both small and medium agric-
goods producers, the market support for the products, the non-organic farmers, the budget allocation
for organic agriculture support. The agri-board emphasized the need for consultations with greater
reach involving producers, retailers and merchandisers and the consumers of the goods stressing the
important role of agri-business. The highlight of the study revealed that organic farming advocacy in
Davao City cannot all be pointed on the production efficiency, farming technology but on the
sustainability of income of the farmers who are to engage into such form of farming.
As the farmers continue to increase production in order to benefit from their industry, and while
consumers buy according to what were perceived as beneficial and can bring out the highest utility
measure, the organic technique is increasingly a matter motive framework. The pragmatic effect of
the climate change and the Philippine susceptibility to the consequence of it should be a basis of the
crafting of the law.

The Benefits of Local Taxation in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines

Local taxes are used as source of funds to exercise and implement the projects and services of the
local government unit. The City of Muntinlupa as envisions itself to become one of the leading
investment hubs in the Philippines made serious efforts to indeed attract local and international
businesses to the city. This paper will discuss the benefits of local taxation that favorable and
beneficial for the welfare of the people or the public that contributes to deliver basic services for
education that benefitted scholars through financial assistance, free tuition fees and scholarships,
health program that provides medical subsidy to citizens, livelihood and employment that conducted
entrepreneurial trainings and business consultations, peace and order to decrease crime rates in the
City, protection for the environment such as coastal and river-clean up drives activities, socialized
housing, economic development that still grows through increasing number of business
establishments from local to foreign companies, and good local governance and administration under
the rule of transparent, caring, and accountable leadership.
The benefits of local taxation in the City of Muntinlupa are favorable for the welfare of the people and
as well as with the businesses. Paying taxes at the local level helps in maintaining the support given of
the local government to its people for their needs. Local taxation is beneficial that contributes to
deliver services for education, health, livelihood and employment, peace and order, environmental
protection, socialized housing, economic development, and local governance and administration.

WHAT GIVES CITIES AND COUNTIES THE AUTHORITY TO CREATE CHARTERS,

ORDINANCES AND CODES?
The law of the state in which the city or county is located will govern the nature of these local laws.
While charters, ordinances, and codes may be difficult to locate initially, they are essential to identifying
the powers, privileges, rules, and regulations of a municipality or county. Prudent researchers will the
governing law of the city or county. Because state laws authorize the creation of the home rule charter,
the home rule charter is seen as having the same force as state laws. If a state law conflicts with a home
rule charter provision, the charter provision overrides the state law within the city or county jurisdiction.
As a result, home rule charters provide cities and counties with a degree of independence from the
state’s legislature. Home rule charters don’t override the state’s constitution. The ability to create and
modify cities and counties, and their charters, will vary by state.
States grant cities and counties the power to exist and the power to govern local affairs. States have also
granted cities and counties the ability to draft their own charters and create their own powers, as long
as these powers do not conflict with the state’s powers to govern. Cities and counties create their power
to govern through their charters, and in turn, govern through their ordinances. Researchers working on
local issues need access to city and county charters, ordinances, and codes. Fortunately, as local
governments embrace the Web as a tool to respond to citizen requests for information and access to
governmental services, researchers benefit from the increased availability of city and county charters,
codes, and ordinances.

Linking Transparency and Accountability to Local Legislative Performance in the Province of

Nueva Ecija in the Philippines
Transparency and accountability are essentials to the operation of governments. They are tools to
prevent corruption. The study assessed the observance of the shared principles of transparency and
accountability in the local legislative departments of five cities in the province of Nueva Ecija, in the
Philippines. It discussed the importance of transparency and accountability in local governance;
described the shared commitment to governance principles of accountability and transparency of local
legislators, and correlated local legislator commitment to governance principles to legislative
performance measured in terms of the number of ordinances and resolutions made. Using the mixed
methods of research and Pearson Product Moment Correlation, the study found that: (a) the twin
principles of transparency and accountability are necessary for local legislative operations; (b) local
legislators observed governance principles of transparency and accountability and; (c) actual
observance of transparency and accountability are associated to higher level of legislative performance.
The study recommended that observance of transparency and accountability may be strengthened
through the use of Information Communications Technology not only to monitor legislative duties but
also to better respond to public demands and produce the quality of services commensurate to the value
of public money.
The Effectiveness of European Active Labor Market Policy
This paper provides a review of the extensive set of recent evaluation studies on the effectiveness of
European ALMPs. Measures of Active Labor Market Policy are widely used in European countries,
but despite many econometric evaluation studies no conclusive cross country evidence exists
regarding “what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional)
circumstances?”. This paper results from an extensive research project for the European Commission
aimed at answering that question using a meta-analytical framework. The empirical results are
surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business
cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that matters for program effectiveness. While direct
employment programs in the public sector appear detrimental, wage subsidies and “Services and
Sanctions” can be effective in increasing participants’ employment probability.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method used in gathering data for this study. It consists of research design,
locale of the study and data gathering.

Research Design
This study used the explanatory research design, in which explanations about unexplored aspects of the
study’s subject is provided along with important details about how and why it is related to the research
question(s).

Locale of the Study

Iligan City Hall, Buhanginan Hill, 9200, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte

(Source: https://maps.google.com, 2019)

Data Gathering Method
Gathering of data for this study were done through collecting information in the manner of reviewing
some related articles, researches, literatures and through interviewing several people from the Iligan
City hall itself.

Chapter IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
As the study emphasizes, it is explanatory in design, therefore, the theory used to support it is the
‘Institutional Theory’, a theory that faced a lot of criticism, because it lacks a center of gravity and a
simplifying assumption. Though these criticisms are valid, we cannot just disregard that the real
accomplishments and possibilities of institutional theory are in some ways a microcosms of the
development of ‘public management theory’ itself. Institutions that include states and other
governmental jurisdictions and subjurisdictions, parliaments, bureaucracies, shadow and contrast
bureaucracies, nongovernmental organizations, universities and corporations or private companies
having clear and distinct public purpose. Above all, institutional theory highlights the unique properties
and characteristics of public institutions and their problems and promises.
The correlation between the present study and the ‘Institutional Theory’ is that even though both had
an issue when put in a field based empirical testing, these concepts has tended to be observational,
interpretative, case based, and qualitative falling short of the methodological rigor,
Conclusion
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