8848 Project

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SAGARMATHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SANEPA, LALITPUR
FINAL YEAR PROJECT

ON
SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY
RCC COMMERCIAL BUILDING
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELORS

DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY
Abhishek Kalauni (072/BCE/001)

Ghanshyam Niraula (072/BCE/015)
Gyanendra Pal (072/BCE/016)
Roshani Phulara (072/BCE/036)
Tika Prasad Sanjel( 072/BCE/047)
SUPERVISOR
Er. Sudip Pathak
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project work entitled “Seismic Analysis and Structural
Design of Multi-Storey RCC Commercial Building” has been examined and it
has been declared successful for the fulfillment of the academic requirement
towards the completion of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering.
……………………….. ……………………… ……………………….
Er. Arun Prasad Parajuli Er. Sudip Pathak External Examiner

(Head of Civil Engineering) (Project Supervisor)
Sagarmatha Engineering College
……………………. ...………………….. …..………………..

Date Date Date
PREFACE
A course entitled “Civil Engineering Project”, prescribed by the Civil Engineering
Department is the practical use of the theoretical knowledge that we acquire during the four year
course in BE.
“SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMMERCIAL BUILDING” is the project we are given from the
short listed number of the projects. The course on 4th year 1st part on “Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structure” is a strong base. The courses really helped us while designing the structure
and provided the knowledge to design in terms of safety, economy, stability and efficiency.
During the project work, we duly got to know how to tackle the problems and get the optimal
result while designing the structures. Not only that, but we are also concerned with safeguarding
the lives of people who dwell or use these structures during the time of seismic disasters. This
project work also helped us a lot in doing the job we are given through the team co-ordination. It
has taught us to work in team which will surely help us in the future to come.
On the whole, it was a real enthusiasm and full supportive to work under the guidance of
our project supervisor Er.Sudip Pathak who is always ready to help us during the time of our
problems. He taught us to tackle with those problems and gave in depth knowledge of structural
engineering. His valuable guidance and support is profoundly appreciable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is concerned with design and drafting of “SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COMMERCIAL BUILDING” .Computer programs like
ETABS 2016, AutoCAD, MS Excel are used for the analysis and design process and MS Word,
MS-Excel etc. are taken as major tool for the preparation of this report.
We would like to express our immense gratitude to Er.Sudip Pathak, Lecturer of Civil
Engineering, Sagarmatha College of Engineering, Lalitpur for providing immense support and
guidance for our project. We benefited a great deal from his logical thoughts, experience and
incisive comments. We extend our heartily appreciation to our respective teachers Er. Sudeep
Lamsal, Lecturer of Civil Engineering, who laid foundation on structure during B.E. courses and
also for their helps and tips for our project.
Project group members
Abhishek Kalauni(072BCE001)
Ghanshyam Niraula(072BCE015)
Gyanendra Pal(072BCE016)
Roshani Phulara(072BCE036)
Tika Prasad Sanjel(072BCE047)

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Symbols Descriptions
Ac Area of concrete
Ag Gross area of section
Ast Area of tension reinforcement
Asc Area of compression reinforcement
Asv Area of vertical stirrup
D Overall depth of the section
d Effective depth of the section
fck Characteristics compressive strength of concrete
fy Characteristics yield strength of steel
I Importance factor of the structure
Ix, Iy Moment of inertia about X and Y axis respectively
hi Height of the ith floor base of frame
k Modification factor for shear stress in slab
leff Effective length of the element
lx Span of the slab in the shorter direction
ly Span of slab in the longer direction
l Unsupported length or clear span of element
Lo Distance between points of inflection
Ld Development length of the bar
Mu Factored moment, design moment for limit state design
Mulim Limiting moment of resistance
Mux Factored moment about X-axis
Muy Factored moment about Y-axis
P Axial load on the element
Pu Factored axial load or design axial load for limit state design
Pt Percentage of tension reinforcement
Qi storey shear distributed in the ith floor
Sv Spacing of stirrup
SRSS Square root of sum of squares.
Ta Estimated natural of fundamental time period of the building in seconds
V Shear force
Vu Design shear force for limit sate design, Factored shear force
Vus Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state of design
Vb Total base shear
Wi Lump load on the ith floor
Xu Depth of the neutral axis in limit state of collapse
Xumax Maximum depth of neutral axis in limit state of design
α Coefficient
αh Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
αx,αy Bending moment coefficient for slab about X- axis and Y-axis respectively
β Coefficient depending upon the soil foundation system and span longer than 10m
λ Coefficient depending upon bf /bw ratio
δ Coefficient depending upon percentage of compressive reinforcement
τc Allowable shear stress in concrete
τbd Allowable bond stress in concrete
τcmax Allowable maximum shear stress in concrete width shear reinforcement
τv Nominal shear stress
Φ Diameter of bar
σ Stress induced
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................................iii
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... iv
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Background: ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Objective and scope: ......................................................................................................... 9
2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING ........................................................................ 11
2.1 Preliminary Design:......................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Gravity (Vertical) load calculation: ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Lateral load calculation (Seismic Load): ........................................................................ 13
2.4 processing in sap 2000 .................................................................................................... 15
3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Analysis: .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Load combination:........................................................................................................... 16
3.3 SAP and its application: .................................................................................................. 16
3.4 Some figures of model and output in SAP ................................................................... 20
4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: ..................................................................................................... 23
4.1 Limit state method of design: .......................................................................................... 23
4.2 Beam: .............................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Column: ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.4 slab .................................................................................................................................. 71
4.5 Staircase design ............................................................................................................... 94
4.6 Stress in shearwall ........................................................................................................... 97
4.7 Foundation:.................................................................................................................... 103
5 CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
6 ANNEXES
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND:
Observing the growing need and scope of multi storied building we have selected
‘COMMERCIAL BUILDING’ as our project to be done in BE Civil fourth year second part and
the project is entitled “SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED COMMERCIAL
CONCRETE BUILDING”.
It’s no secret that Kathmandu will be visited by an earthquake sometime soon as Nepal lies in the
sub-duction zone between two active tectonic plates namely Eurasian plate and Indian plate.
Every year Indian plates slides beneath the Eurasian plate at rate of about 5 centimeters.
Consequently, the whole of Himalaya including Nepal has become seismically very active.
Annually thousands of tremors of various intensity are felt in this part of world. With an annual
population growth rate of 6.5% and one of the highest urban densities in the world, the 1.6
million people living in the Kathmandu Valley were clearly facing a serious and growing
earthquake risk. It was also clear that the next large earthquake to strike near the Valley would
cause significantly greater loss of life, structural damage, and economic hardship than past
earthquakes had inflicted. Kathmandu experienced catastrophic damage in 1934 and
approximately 60000 mainly residential buildings were severely damaged or collapsed in an
earthquake in the East of Nepal 1988. According to IS 1893:2002, Kathmandu lies in seismic
zone V which is the severest analysis of building to protect from the possibility severity.
Nepal is a developing agricultural nation. World though is running on 21st century we are still
dwelling on 19th century. Economically we are retarding however, with the economic growth
induced by the service sector and foreign remittance, rapid urbanization is taking place.
Kathmandu Valley, which is the national capital region of Nepal is also economical capital of the
nation. Regarding to the increasing land value and population there is increasing need of high rise
apartments and commercial complex. Being economical capital the trade and business is
centralized in the capital city. National economy is decided here. Without any authorized data
informally it has been assumed that nearly all the business in Nepal is operated from Kathmandu.
So to meet the need of economic centers multi storied commercial complex is a growing demand
of time. Beside provision for commercial complex can make ease in management of
communication system, power management, information relay, ease in transaction and purchase.
Various IS codes, NBC codes and ACI codes are consulted for the analysis and design of the
building such as Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete I.S. 456:2000, Design Aids
for Reinforced Concrete to I.S: 456-2000 (SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design
Structures I.S:1893: 2002. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
seismic Forces – Code of Practice IS: 13920-1993, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and
Detailing SP-34, NBC 105, NBC 104. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing
sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements
of cracking and deflection in concrete structures.
In the fast developing world these days the population is also increasing rapidly, so that the small
towns and cities are changing into metropolitan cities there is scarcity of land in the cities and the
business is growing and expanding very fast. Therefore, high rise building for commercial
organizations are being constructed and the number of such complexes is increasing fast day by
day. Production has increased very much, and the factories have to open their offices and show
rooms at various places for marketing their products. Therefore buildings for these commercial
purposes have become a necessity. Most of the factories appoint agents for the sale of their
products. The business men have to establish an office of the agency, which is located mostly in
some high rise commercial complex.
1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE:
1.2.1 OBJECTIVE
The specific objectives of the project work are
i. Identification of structural arrangement of plan.

ii. Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
iii. Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program (ETABS 2016).
iv. Sectional design of structural components.
v. Structural detailing of members and the system.
1.2.2 SCOPE
To achieve above objectives, the following scope or work is planned
i. Identification of the building and the requirement of the space.

ii. Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical and
horizontal loads.
iii. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
iv. Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
v. Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis.
vi. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load.
vii. Identification of load cases and load combination cases.
viii. Finite element modeling of the building and input analysis
ix. The structural analysis of the building by ETABS 2016 for different cases of loads.
x. Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components
xi. Design of RC frame members, walls, mat foundation, staircase, and other by limit state
method of design.
xii. Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as a part of working
construction document.
1.2.3 BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Building Type : COMMERCIAL BUILDING
Structural System : RCC Space Frame
Plinth area covered :1733.16 sq m
Type of Foundation : Mat Foundation
No. of Storey :6
Total Height : 21 m
Type of Sub-Soil : Medium Soil (Zone V)
Other Details : 57 columns, main and secondary beam arrangements
1.2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF LOADS:

 Dead loads are calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 1) – 1987
 Imposed loads according to IS : 875 (Part 2) - 1987
 Seismic load according to IS: 1893 (Part 1): 2002 considering Kathmandu located at Zone V
1.2.5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS:

The building is modeled as a space frame. ETABS 2016 is adopted as the basic tool for the
execution of analysis. Due to possible actions in the building, the stresses, displacements and
fundamental time periods are obtained using ETABS 2016 which are used for the design of the
members. Lift wall, mat foundation, staircase, slabs are analyzed separately..
IS 1893-2002 (part 1) is followed for the seismic analysis of the building. The fundamental time
period of the structure is calculated as specified in code.
1.2.6 DESIGN:
The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements:
 Concrete Grade: M30

 M30 for Beam and slab
 M30 for all columns
 Reinforcement Steel –Fe500
 Fe500 and Fe415for longitudinal as well as for lateral bar
Limit state method is used for the design of RC elements. The design is based on IS:456-
2000, SP-16, IS:1893-2002, SP-34 and Reinforced Concreter Designer’s Handbook- Charles E.
Reynolds and James C. Stedman are extensively used in the process of design.
1.2.7 DETAILING:
The structure is designed with due consideration to provide ductile behavior and comply with the
requirements given in IS 13920:1993.
2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING

2.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN:
For analysis of the building, it requires the rough idea on the member sizes used in the building
as beam, column and slab. According to which the contributed dead load of the member to the
structure could be estimated.
The size of the members is dependent on the limit state of serviceability on deflection and
cracking. For this, the IS code 456-2000 is referred to make sure.
2.1.1 MAIN BEAM:

Longest span = 8000mm
Approx. depth = 800mm
Taking D = 700mm
Width = 400mm
Size of main beam = 400mm×700mm
2.1.2 SECONDARY BEAM:

Longest span = 8000mm
Approx. depth, d = 800mm
Taking D = 700mm
Taking width = 400mm
Secondary beam size = 400mm×700mm
2.1.3 SLAB:
Maximum lx = 5000m
Approx. Depth =130mm
Adopt overall depth, D = 150mm
2.1.4 COLUMN:
Taking column E-C3 (drawing sheet No. 2) under consideration.
From IS 875: Part 2, 2.2.7.1, the building under consideration is Dwellings.
From (Clause 3.1, 3.1.1 & 4.1.1), Table 1 for occupancy classification Dwelling houses
 UDL for:
Slab = 3.0 KN/m2
Toilet and Bathroom = 3.0 KN/m2
Corridor and passage and stair cases = 5.0 KN/m2
Assume size 600 x 600
No. of storey = 6
SN Description Length Width Depth Unit Total

Weight
1 Slab 5 8 0.15 25 150
2 Beam 13 0.4 0.8 25 104
3 Column 0.5 0.5 3.5 25 21.875
4 Wall Load 0.25 13 3.5 19 216.125
5 Slab Live 5 8 - 2 80
load
Total 572.00KN
Total dead load of roof=Beam+slab+floor finish+(column+wall)/2
=150+104+80+(21.87+216.125)/2
=452.997 KN
Total dead load of all storey=Total DL*(n-1)+Total DL of roof

=572*(6-1)+452.997
=3312.99 KN
From code,
Live load= 3 KN/m2
LL=3*5*8=120KN
Total live load from all storey=6*120

=720 KN
Total load =DL+LL
=3312.99+720
=4032.99 KN
Factored load(Pu)= 1.5*4032.99
=6049.49 KN
Pu =0.4fck+0.67fyAsc (clause39.3 IS456-2000)
Assuming Ast= 2.5%Ag
Pu=0.4*25*(Ag-0.025Ag)+0.67*500*0.025Ag
6049.49*103=9.75Ag+8.375Ag
Ag=333764.965 mm2
Assume rectangular column

𝑙
=2
𝑏
l*l/2 =333764.96
l=817.02 mm
b=408.51 mm
Assuming square column
l=b=√𝐴𝑔
=577.72 mm≈ 600mm *600
2.2 LATERAL LOAD CALCULATION (SEISMIC LOAD):
2.2.1 SEISMIC LOAD:

Seismic weight is the total dead load plus approximate amount of specified imposed load. While
computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall
be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic weight of the whole
building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been calculated according to IS
1893 (part I) - 2002.
Seismic load or earthquake load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of building
taken at a time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an earthquake,
the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the ground
disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as
possible. The point of application of this inertial force is the centre of gravity of the mass on each
floor of the building.
There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building:
a) Seismic coefficient method or static method
b) Response spectrum method or modal analysis method of spectral acceleration method or dynamic
method
The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and those
are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
A building may be modeled as a series of 2D plane frames into orthogonal direction. Each node
will have 3 degrees of freedom: two translations and one rotation. Alternatively, a building may
be modeled as a 3D space frame. Each node will have 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translations and 3
rotations.
 Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system
having certain period of vibration and damping during earthquake is referred to as response
spectrum. The maximum response, i.e., maximum absolute acceleration, maximum velocity or
maximum relative displacement of the single degree of freedom system is plotted against the
undamped natural period and for various damping values.
2.2.2 CALCULATION OF FUNDAMNETAL NATURAL PERIOD (TA):

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta) in seconds, of a moment resisting
frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.075h 0.75 (code IS 1893:2002 clause 7.6.1)
Where,
h = Height of building in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement
walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building
columns but it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.
2.2.3 CALCULATION OF ECCENTRICITY
In the static analysis of dead load the eccentricity with and without shear wall was calculated and
found as follows.
Ex = -0.058m
Ey = -0.19 m
When the lift shear was taken in to account then eccentricities were changed as following.
Ex = 1.45 m
Ey =1.043 m
These eccentricities were within the permissible limit i.e. 5% of its lateral dimensions. Hence we
have not to locate the extra shear wall to minimize the eccentricities.
2.3 PROCESSING IN ETABS 2016

Materials used in the column concrete and beam concrete were defined with their corresponding
unit weight and stress as 25 MPa and 30 MPa respectively.
Frame section properties were also defined as per the preliminary design with their dimensions.
Also area sections for shear wall were defined.
Now coordinate grid system was defined then 3d modeling of complex was done.
For the dynamic analysis of the building we define the response spectrum function with soil type
II, function damping ratio 0.05 having seismic zone factor 0.36.
In the graph of function there was the maximum value of 0.9 that it takes the value of z is 0.36.
Now we move to the load pattern definition in which dead load with self-weight multiplier as
unity and then live load. Load cases of earthquake load in x and y direction are defined with the
scale factor of 0.864 and 0.931 respectively here difference in factor due to the varying length of
complex in x and y direction with modal combination of CQC and directional combination of
SRSS.
Now in the frame live as well as dead load are assigned also the storey shears are assigned in
every floor in the diaphragm of floor in special drawn joints.
After all assignment of loads then the model was run.
Base shear analyzed during the ETABS application was found 12311.76 KN in x direction and
11424.14KN in y direction.
3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
3.1 ANALYSIS:
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building, we used the structural analysis program
ETABS 2016. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. A
floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that
all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modeling is very useful in the seismic analysis of building. The base shear and
earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893 (part 1) 2002 as calculated before
and are applied at each frame joint in every storey of the building in X-Y directions
respectively.
Various load combinations has been adopted as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, clauses 6.3.1.2.
They are as follows:
3.2 LOAD COMBINATION:
Different load cases and load combination cases as per IS 875 are considered to obtain most
critical element stresses in structure in the course of analysis. There are altogether four load
cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as below:
a. Dead load (DL)
b. Live load (LL)
c. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQX)
d. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQY)
Following load combinations are adopted:

1. 1.5 ( DL + LL)
2. 1.2 ( DL + LL + EQX)
3. 1.2 ( DL + LL – EQX)
4. 1.2 ( DL + LL + EQY)
5. 1.2 ( DL + LL – EQY)
6. 1.5 ( DL + EQX)
7. 1.5 ( DL - EQX)
8. 1.5 ( DL + EQY)
9. 1.5 ( DL – EQY)
10. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQX
11. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQX
12. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQY
13. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQY
3.3 ETABS AND ITS APPLICATION:

 Construction of structural framework (model) according to given drawing.
 Assigning size, material, name etc. of the members used in the structure.
 Loading all the vertical loads to every horizontal member according to their location,
whether it is point load, triangular, trapezoidal or Udl.
 Assigning earthquake forces in both X and Y directions on the centroid of each floor. For
this slab is considered as rigid by constructing diaphragm at different floor level.
 Fix the structure to the ground (assigning support conditions).
 Run the program.
 Export the required diagrams and data to the excel sheet.
 Filtering of the data by making small programs.
Followings are some of the analysis output from ETABS:
3.3.1 STOREY SHEAR DISTRIBUTION

On the dynamic analysis of building we have to check for the storey shear distribution
We find the shear in each storey by taking the shear force in every joint of columns in each floor
from the ETABS analysis.
Storey Elevation X-direction Y direction

(m)
SHADE 24.5 286.57 286.57
TARRACE 21 4262.2 4262.2
TH
5 17.5 7151.76 7151.76
4TH 14 9004.3 9004.3
3RD 10.5 10048.707 10048.707
ND
2 7 10514.07 10514.07
1ST 3.5 10631.08 10631.08
BASE 0 0 0
3.3.2 STOREY DRIFT
Drift is the displacement of one level relative to other level above or below.
The maximum permissible storey drift is 0.004 times the inter storey height. Hence maximum
permissible drift = 0.004 x 3500 = 14 mm. In our case maximum drift is 0.002447 mm which is
less than permissible value.
Storey X Y
Shade 0.000929 0.001623
Terrace 0.001326 0.001975
5th 0.001835 0.002223
4th 0.002252 0.002327
3rd 0.002447 0.002212
2nd 0.002296 0.001792
1st 0.001212 0.000909

3.3.3 MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS
Modal participation factor of mode k of vibration is the amount by which mode k contributes to
the overall vibration of the structure under horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions.
Since the amplitudes of 95 percent mode shapes can be scaled arbitrarily, the value of this factor
depends on the scaling used for mode shapes.
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass

Ratios
Case Mode Period UX UY UZ Sum UX Sum UY

sec
Modal 1 0.888 0.36 0.0048 0 0.36 0.0048
Modal 2 0.858 0.4275 0.018 0 0.7875 0.0228
Modal 3 0.848 0.0029 0.7218 0 0.7905 0.7446
Modal 4 0.269 0.075 0.0001 0 0.8655 0.7447
Modal 5 0.258 0.0349 0.0006 0 0.9004 0.7453
Modal 6 0.231 4.33E-05 0.1525 0 0.9005 0.8978
Modal 7 0.142 0.0318 0.0001 0 0.9323 0.8979
Modal 8 0.131 0.0046 0.0061 0 0.9369 0.904
Modal 9 0.128 8.90E-07 0.0074 0 0.9369 0.9113
Modal 10 0.12 0.0123 0.002 0 0.9492 0.9134
Modal 11 0.103 0.0014 0.0327 0 0.9506 0.9461
Modal 12 0.1 0.0017 0.0163 0 0.9523 0.9623
Modal 13 0.08 0.0128 0.0001 0 0.9651 0.9624
Modal 14 0.076 0.0119 0.0002 0 0.977 0.9626
Modal 15 0.065 6.15E-06 0.0247 0 0.977 0.9873
Modal 16 0.054 0.0069 0.0002 0 0.9839 0.9874
Modal 17 0.05 0.0085 0.0007 0 0.9924 0.9882
Modal 18 0.048 0.0002 0.0091 0 0.9926 0.9973
Modal 19 0.041 0.0007 0.001 0 0.9933 0.9982
Modal 20 0.04 0.0014 0.0015 0 0.9947 0.9997
3.4 SOME FIGURES OF MODEL AND OUTPUT IN ETABS
Figure: 3D Modelling
Figure: Frame section labeling

Figure: Axial force diagram
Figure: Shear force Diagram

Figure: Bending Moment Diagram
Figure: Deformed Shape

4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
The structure should be designed in such a way that it fulfills the targeted requirement
throughout its life. The objective of structural design is to design such kind of building that
gives complete resonance with safety (in terms of strength ,stability and structural
integrity),adequate serviceability (in terms of deflection and crack) and economy.
It is necessary that reinforced concrete structure should satisfy the serviceability limit state,
i.e. if a section is of sufficient strength to support the design loads, there should not be
excessive deformation, deflection, cracking etc., which may affect its appearance. Safety
implies that the likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is acceptably low not
only under the normal expected loads (service load) but also under abnormal but probable
overloads (such as earthquake or extreme wind). The objective here is to minimize the
likelihood of progressive collapse.
But through the increment of design margins we can resist the problem regarding structural
failure but at the same time cost also increases with the increase in design margins for safety
and serviceability. So, considering overall economy the cost associated with increased safety
and serviceability should be weighed against the potential losses and the best cost is selected.
4.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN:

The limit state method of design is based on the behavior or structure at different limit state
insuring adequate safety against each limit state. The two principle limit states are the ultimate
limit state and the serviceability limit state. The ultimate limit state is reached when the
structure collapses. It requires that structure must withstand the load for which it is designed
with adequate factor of safety without collapse.
The limit state of serviceability corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is

used for checking members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure
or its components .The limit state corresponds to deflection, cracking and vibration. It requires
that the appearance, durability and of structure must not be effected by deflection and cracking.
4.1.1 ASSUMPTIONS FOR FLEXURE MEMBERS :( 456:2000, CLAUSE 38.1)
a. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
b. The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is 0.0035
c. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results
in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of text. For design purposes,
the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristics strength .The partial safety fact γm = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this .
d. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
e. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor γm = 1.15 shall be applied.
f. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than:
0.002+0.87 fy/Es
Where,
fy = characteristics strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
4.1.2 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE FOR COMPRESSION: :( 456:2000, CLAUSE 39.1)
Assumptions:
In addition to the assumptions given above from (a) to (e) for flexure, the following shall be
assumed:
a. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002
b. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
4.2 BEAM:
Beam is horizontal structural flexural member which carries the load transferred from the slab
and ultimately transfers to the column. They are usually designed for the induced bending
moment due to combination of dead load, live load, partition load etc.
4.2.1 FLOW CHART OF BEAM DESIGN (MOMENT BARS):
Take moment of each beam (Mu)
Calculate Mlim
Mlim=0.138fckbd2
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
No
If Mu< Mlim Over reinforced section
Yes
Calculate M= Mu-Mlim
Ast >Ast min =
Under reinforced section 0.12% 0f bD
Calcualte Ast1 from Mlim by
Ast1= Mlim/ (0.87 fy (d-0.42

Calcualte Ast from
xlim))
Mu= 0.87fy Ast(d-0.42xu) Calculate Ast2 by
Ast2=M/(0.87 fy (d-d’))
Calculate numbers of
bars = Ast/Abar
Calculate Asc by
Asc=M/(fsc*(d-d’))
Calculate Ast =Ast1 + Ast2

Ast >Ast min=
0.12% of bD
Calculate numbers of bars
4.2.2 FLOW CHART OF BEAM DESIGN (SHEAR REINFORCEMENT):
Take maximum shear force Vu
Calculate % of steel by Pt= Ast/ (bd) 100

Mlim=0.138fckbd2
Calculate by
= Vu/ (bd)
From code, find

and max.
No
If < < τmax Provide minimum shear
reinforcement as per IS
456:2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Yes
Vus= ( - ) (bd)
Using suitable stirrup, Find spacing by

find Asv Sv= (0.87fy Asv d)/Vus
Check minimum spacing as

per IS 13920:1993 clause 7.2
4.2.1 DESIGN OF MAIN BEAM:
Design constants;
fck = 30 MPa
b = 400 mm
D = 700 mm
d = 660 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
Minimum steel for beam:
0.85
Astmin =  bd (IS: 456-2000, Clause26.5.1.1)
fy
0.85
= 660  400 
415
= 540.72 mm2
X  X 
Limiting moment, M u lim  0.36  u max  bd 2  fck  1  0.42 u max 
d  d 
IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
M u lim  0.36  0.48  400  550 2  25  1  0.42  0.48
= 721.16 KN-m
# For beam member E4 of 11th floor (i.e.11thE4):
a) Design for Mu max : -521.308 KN-m

Mu max (-) ve= 521.308 KN-m
Since the moment on beam is less than limiting moment, the section is under reinforced.
Hence, Area of steel corresponding to the limiting moment
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
521.368
Ast1=
(0.87∗415(660−0.42∗316.8))
= 2520.81 mm2
For tension reinforcement , provide 25mm dia bar
2520.81∗4
No. of bars = = 5.5≈6 nos
3.14∗25^2
Ast provided = 6*π*252/4=2943.75mm2
Maximum tension in steel = 0.04bD
=0.04*400*660
=112200>Ast required
>377116 ok.
Check for shear
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel = ∗ 100%
𝑏𝑑
2943.75
= 400∗660 ∗ 100%
=0.95%
𝑉𝑒
Nominal shear strength ( τv ) =
𝑏∗𝑑
433.832∗1000
= =1.64 N/mm2
400∗660
shear strength (τc)=0.744 N/mm2
Permissible Shear strength of concrete (τmax)= 3.5N/mm2
Since τc < τv < τmax . So stirrup is required
𝑇
Ve= Vu+1.6𝑏
1.6∗0.1905∗10^6
433.07*1000+
400
=433.832KN
Vus = Ve – τc  b  d
= 433.83*10^3-0.74*400*660
= 237.416 KN
Using 8 mm diameter - 2 legged vertical stirrup
Asv = 2  3.14  82/4 =100.529 mm2
Spacing of shear reinforcement near the supports,
A
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d = 105.9mm
Vus
= 8*d> d/4
=8*25=200mm (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)
Hence adopt spacing at 100mm to the distance 2d from edge of the support considering the shear
stirrup requirement at other section of the beam.
Hence adopt spacing of 100mm at mid through the section.

Check for Deflection:
Checking deflection of the beam considered i.e. 11thE4.
L=5m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
Basic value () = 26 (For continuous beam, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1)
=1, =1, =1 (From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d))
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  2520.8/2943.75 = 231.26 Mpa
Percentage of reinforcement
= 1.42%
 = 0.9 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

5000
=
1∗1∗1∗0.9∗26
= 213.67mm < 660 mm O.K.
Check for development length:
Checking development length at the maximum shear of the continuous beam
Development length (Ld)
Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s   0.87  415
Development length L d= = = 37.609  (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)
4  bd 4 1.5  1.6
We have Ф = 25 mm
  0.87  415
Therefore, Ld = = 940.23 mm
4 1.5  1.6
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  

 b  d  fc
 k 
415∗3925
M1 =0.87*415*2943.75*660(1- )
30∗400∗660
M1 = 742.94*10^6 KN-m
V = 237.5 KN
M
For safety, Ld ≤ 1.3 1
V
M
Or, 1.3 1 = 4068 mm >Ld (OK)
V
Now providing 90ο bend at Centre of support
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 4068 + 200 = 4242 mm >Ld (OK).
Design constants;
fck = 30 MPa
b = 400 mm
D = 700 mm
d = 660 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
0.85
fy
0.85
= 660  400 
415
= 540.72 mm2
X  X 
d  d 
IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
M u lim  0.36  0.48  400  550 2  25  1  0.42  0.48
= 721.16 KN-m
a) Design for Mu max : 779.389 KN-m

Mu max (-) ve= 779.389 KN-m
Since the moment on beam is more than limiting moment, the section is over reinforced.
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
721.16∗10^6
Ast1=0.86∗415(660−0.42∗316.8 = 3834.6 mm2
M-Mu lim = (fsc - fcc)  Asc  (d-d')

 X u max  d 
Value of strain (ε) = 0.0035   = (0.0035(3816.8 - 50)/264) = 0.003
 X 
 u max 
Value of fsc from table corresponding to ε by interpolation
= 353.9 MPa
 
M  M u lim
Asc =
f sc  f cc  d  d'
779.388−721.16
=
(353.9−0.46∗25)∗(660−40)
=275.9mm2 (Bottom Reinforcement)
Corresponding tension steel (Ast2) =
M  M 
u lim
=
0.87f y  d  d '
= 260.123 mm2 (Top reinforcement)
Hence total area of steel on tension side

At = Ast1 + Ast2
=3834.6 + 260.123
= 4094.71 mm2
Hence area of steel at the bottom side will be 4094.71 mm2 and area of steel at the top side will
be 275.9mm2.
Selection of bars
275.9∗4
No of top bars = 𝜋∗16^2
= 1.37
=3 nos. of 16 mm diameter bar
Actual area of top steel,
= 3  π  162/4
= 602.88 mm2 >3344 OK
No of bottom bars = 4094.71  4/ ((π  25^2))
= 8.34
= 9nos. of 25 mm diameter bar
Actual area of bottom steel,
= 9  π  (252/4)
𝑏∗𝑑
= 4373.43 mm2> 4094.71 mm2 > 0.85 𝐹𝑦 = 540.72 mm2
Design for shear force:
Shear force (Vu) = 271.5 KN
A
% of steel  s  100 = 4373.43/ (400  660)  100 = 1.65 %
bd
From IS: 456-2000, Table 19
Shear strength of concrete (τc) = 0.836 Mpa
Vu
Nominal shear strength (τv)  = 1.028 Mpa > τc
bd
τ max = 3.5Mpa
Vus = Vu – τc  b  d
= 50.79 KN
Using 8 mm diameter – 4 legged vertical stirrup
Asv = 4  3.14  82/4 = 201.42 mm2
A 201.429
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d  0.87  415   550
Vus 87.58  10 3
= 177.03 mm > d/4 (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)

L=5m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  3771.18/39225 = 231.26 Mpa
= 1.42%
 = 0.9 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

2947
= = 123.6 mm < 660 mm O.K.
26  1  0.9  1  1
Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s   0.87  415
4  bd 4 1.5  1.6
We have Ф = 25 mm
  0.87  415
Therefore, Ld = = 940.234mm
4 1.4  1.6 
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  
 b  d  fc 
 k 
Mu = 877.341 KN-m
V = 237.5 KN
M
V
M
Or, 1.3 1 = 1.3  877.34  1000/237.5
V
= 4804.5 mm >Ld (OK)
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 2042 + 200 = 2242 mm >Ld (OK).
Design constants;
fck = 30 MPa
b = 500 mm
D = 750 mm
d = 710 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
0.85
fy
0.85
=710  500 
415
= 727.1084 mm2
X u max  X 
Limiting moment, M u lim  0.36   bd 2  fck  1  0.42 u max 
d  d 
= 1043.21KNm IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
SAA
Mu max (-) ve= 1161.249 KN-m
Since the moment on beam is more than limiting moment, the section is over reinforced.
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
1043.211∗10^6
Ast1=0.86∗415(710−0.42∗340.8
= 5097.13mm2
M-Mu lim = (fsc - fcc)  Asc  (d-d')
 X u max  d 
Value of strain (ε) = 0.0035  
 X 
 u max 
340.8−40
=0.0035 ∗ ( 340.8 )
=0.003
Value of fsc from table corresponding to ε by interpolation
= 353.9MPa
 M  M u lim
Asc =
f sc  f cc  d  d'
779.388−721.16
=
(353.9−0.46∗25)∗(710−40)
=517.33mm2 (Bottom Reinforcement)
Corresponding tension steel (Ast2) =
M  M  u lim
0.87f y  d  d '
118.03∗10^6
=0.87∗415(710−40))
= 487.88 mm2 (Top reinforcement)
Hence total area of steel on tension side

At = Ast1 + Ast2
=487.88 + 5097.123
= 5585.01 mm2
Hence area of steel at the bottom side will be 5585.01 mm2 and area of steel at the top side will
be 517.33mm2.
Selection of bars
517.33∗4
No of top bars = 𝜋∗16^2
= 2.37
=3 nos. of 16 mm diameter bar
Actual area of top steel,
= 3  π  162/4
= 602.88 mm2 >3344 OK
No of bottom bars = 5585.01  4/ ((π  25^2))
= 11.38
= 12 nos. of 25 mm diameter bar
Actual area of bottom steel,
= 12  π  (252/4)
𝑏∗𝑑
= 5887.5 mm2> 5585.071 mm2 > 0.85 𝐹𝑦 = 540.72 mm2
Design for shear force:
Shear force (Vu) = 271.5 KN
A
% of steel  s  100 = 4373.43/ (400  660)  100 = 1.65 %
bd
From IS: 456-2000, Table 19
Shear strength of concrete (τc) = 0.836 Mpa
V
Nominal shear strength (τv)  u = 1.028 Mpa > τc
bd
τ max = 3.5Mpa
Vus = Vu – τc  b  d
= 50.79 KN
Using 8 mm diameter – 4 legged vertical stirrup
Asv = 4  3.14  82/4 = 201.42 mm2
A 201.429
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d  0.87  415   550
Vus 87.58  10 3
= 177.03 mm > d/4 (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)

L=5m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  3771.18/39225 = 231.26 Mpa
= 1.42%
 = 0.9 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

2947
= = 123.6 mm < 660 mm O.K.
26  1  0.9  1  1
Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s   0.87  415
4  bd 4 1.5  1.6
We have Ф = 25 mm
  0.87  415
Therefore, Ld = = 940.234mm
4 1.4  1.6 
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  

 b  d  fc
 k 
Mu = 1162.931 KN-m
V = 237.5 KN
M1
For safety, Ld ≤ 1.3
V
M1
Or, 1.3 = 1.3  1162.93  1000/237.5
V
= 4804.5 mm >Ld (OK)
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 2042 + 200 = 2242 mm >Ld (OK).
(For continuous beam, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1)

A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  5071.98/5890.25 = 207.25 Mpa
= 1.79%
 = 0.9 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin = =

5000
=
1∗1∗1∗0.9∗26
= 213.67mm < 660 mm O.K.
Design constants;
fck = 30 MPa
b = 400 mm
D = 700 mm
d = 660 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
0.85
fy
0.85
= 660  400 
415
= 540.72 mm2
X  X 
d  d 
IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
M u lim  0.36  0.48  400  550 2  25  1  0.42  0.48

= 721.16 KN-m

Mu max (-) ve= 495.027 KN-m
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
721.16∗10^6
Ast1=
(0.87∗415(660−0.42∗316.8))
= 2372.26 mm2
2372.26
No. of bars = = 4.5≈6nos
3.14∗25^2

=0.04*400*660
>2943.75 ok.
Check for shear
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel = ∗ 100%
𝑏𝑑
2943.75
= 400∗660 ∗ 100%
=1.22%
𝑉𝑒
𝑏∗𝑑
202.11∗1000
= =0.765 N/mm2
400∗660
𝑇
Ve= Vu+1.6𝑏
1.6∗50.458∗10^6
278.88*1000+
400
=202.11KN
= 202.11*10^3-0.705*400*660
= 15.9916 KN

Asv = 2  3.14  82/4 =100.529 mm2
A
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d = 1498.1754mm
Vus
= 8*d> d/4
=8*25=200mm (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)
Minimum shear reinforcement

0.4∗𝑏∗𝑆𝑣
Asv≥ 0.87∗𝐹𝑦 =109.68mm2 Ok

L=8m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  23722.26/2943.75 = 193.97 Mpa
= 1.12%
 = 1.3 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

8000
= =236.68 mm < 660 mm O.K.
1∗1∗1∗1.3∗26

Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s
Development length L d= (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)
4  bd
We have Ф = 25 mm
Therefore, Ld =25∗0.87∗415
4∗1.6∗1.5
= 940.23 mm
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  

 b  d  fc
 k 
415∗2943.78
M1 =0.87*415*2943.78*660(1- )
30∗400∗660
M1 = 593.277*10^6 KN-m
V = 202.11 KN
M
V
M
Or, 1.3 1 = 3816.04 mm >Ld (OK)
V
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 3816.04+ 200 = 4016.04 mm >Ld (OK).
Design constants;
fck = 30 MPa
b = 400 mm
D = 700 mm
d = 660 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
0.85
fy
0.85
= 660  400 
415
= 540.72 mm2
X  X 
d  d 
IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
M u lim  0.36  0.48  400  550 2  25  1  0.42  0.48
= 721.16 KN-m

Mu max (-) ve= 495.027 KN-m
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
721.16∗10^6
Ast1=
(0.87∗415(660−0.42∗316.8))
= 2372.26 mm2
2372.26
3.14∗25^2
=0.04*400*660
>2943.75 ok.
Check for shear
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel = ∗ 100%
𝑏𝑑
2943.75
= 400∗660 ∗ 100%
=1.22%
𝑉𝑒
𝑏∗𝑑
202.11∗1000
= =0.765 N/mm2
400∗660
𝑇
Ve= Vu+1.6𝑏
1.6∗50.458∗10^6
278.88*1000+
400
=202.11KN
= 202.11*10^3-0.705*400*660
= 15.9916 KN
Asv = 2  3.14  82/4 =100.529 mm2
A
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d = 1498.1754mm
Vus
= 8*d> d/4
=8*25=200mm (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)
0.4∗𝑏∗𝑆𝑣
Asv≥ 0.87∗𝐹𝑦 =109.68mm2 Ok

L=8m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  23722.26/2943.75 = 193.97 Mpa
= 1.12%
 = 1.3 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

8000
= =236.68 mm < 660 mm O.K.
1∗1∗1∗1.3∗26
Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s
4  bd
We have Ф = 25 mm
4∗1.6∗1.5
= 940.23 mm
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  

 b  d  fc
 k 
415∗2943.78
M1 =0.87*415*2943.78*660(1- )
30∗400∗660
M1 = 593.277*10^6 KN-m
V = 202.11 KN
M
V
M
Or, 1.3 1 = 3816.04 mm >Ld (OK)
V
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 3816.04+ 200 = 4016.04 mm >Ld (OK).
Last for middle case
fck = 30 MPa
b = 400 mm
D = 700 mm
d = 660 mm
d' = 40 mm
fy = 415 Mpa
X u max
= 0.48
d
0.85
fy
0.85
= 660  400 
415
= 540.72 mm2
X  X 
d  d 
IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1
M u lim  0.36  0.48  400  550 2  25  1  0.42  0.48
= 721.16 KN-m

Mu max (-) ve= 721.16 KN-m
M u lim
Ast1=
 
0.87f y d  0.42X u lim 
270.379∗10^6
Ast1=
(0.87∗415(660−0.42∗316.8))
= 1211.56 mm2
1211.56
3.14∗25^2

=0.04*400*660
ok.
Check for shear
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel = ∗ 100%
𝑏𝑑
1471.85
= 400∗660 ∗ 100%
=0.56%
𝑉𝑒
𝑏∗𝑑
202.11∗1000
= =0.765 N/mm2
400∗660
𝑇
Ve= Vu+1.6𝑏
1.6∗50.458∗10^6
278.88*1000+
400
=202.11KN
= 327.38*10^3-0.521*400*660
= 189.67 KN
Asv = 2  3.14  82/4 =100.529 mm2
A
Sv  0.87  f y  sv  d = 126.32mm
Vus
= 8*d> d/4
=8*25=200mm (IS Code SP34)
= 660/4=165mm (Ok)
0.4∗𝑏∗𝑆𝑣
Asv≥ 0.87∗𝐹𝑦 =44.8mm2 Ok
L=8m
L
=  (IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)
d
A st Re quired
f s  0.58  f y 
A st Pr ovided
= 0.58  415  1211.56/1471.87 = 198.97 Mpa
= 0.56%
 = 1.3 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
L
dmin =

8000
= =236.68 mm < 660 mm O.K.
1∗1∗1∗1.3∗26

Mi
Ld  1.3 +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
 s
4  bd
We have Ф = 25 mm
4∗1.6∗1.5
= 940.23 mm
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st  d  1  

 b  d  fc
 k 
415∗1471.87
M1 =0.87*415*1471.87*660(1- )
30∗400∗660
M1 = 323.68*10^6 KN-m
V = 327.38 KN
M1
For safety, Ld ≤ 1.3
V
M1
Or, 1.3 = 1285.3304 mm >Ld (OK)
V
Therefore Lo = 8 Ф = 8  25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 Ф = 1285.38+ 200 =1328.54 mm >Ld (OK).
4.3 COLUMN:
Columns are the vertical members that are subjected to axial loads and moment acting from two
directions (Bi-axially). All columns are subjected to some moment which may be due to
accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs.
The strength of column depends upon the strength of the material, shape and size of the cross
section, length and the degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends. The column
section may be rectangular, square or circular shaped depending upon the architectural or
structural requirements.
A column may be classified as follows based on types of loading:
a. Axially loaded column

b. A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending and
c. A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
The design of column section for given axial load and biaxial moments can be made by pre
assigning the section and then checking adequacy. The design of column depends upon the
eccentricity of loading and the moment acting in different directions. The minimum eccentricity
specified by the IS 456-2000(clause 39.2) is:
Lo D
e min   but not less than 20mm
500 30
Where, L o = unsupported length of column
D = lateral dimension in plane of bending
If emin is less than 0.05D, then column is designed as axially loaded column .If the
eccentricity exceeds 0.05D, then column is designed for both moment and axial load.
4.3.1 ASSUMPTIONS:
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in compression:
a. Plane section normal to the axis remains plane after bending.
b. The relationship between stress-strain distributions in concrete is assumed to be
parabolic. The maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.67× fck/1.5 or 0.446fck
c. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored
d. The stress in reinforcement is derived from the representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used.
e. The maximum compressive strain in axial compression is taken as 0.002.The maximum
compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial
compression and bending, but when there is no tension on the section is taken as 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber.
f. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending , when part of the section in tension is taken
as 0.0035
4.3.2 FLOW CHART OF COLUMN DESIGN :
Select Maximum Mu=

|M2| + |M3|
Mux = |M2|
Muy = |M3|
Take corresponding axial

load (Pu)
Calculate minimum
eccentricity ex and ey
Calculate moment due to minimum

eccentricity by Muxe = Pu × ey and
Muye = Pu × ex
C
Take,
Mux = Max. of Mux and Muxe Calculate Pu/Puz
Muy = Max. of Muy and Muye
Determine αn from table

Design as biaxial bending
from Pu/Puz and αn
Assume d’ and find ratio

d’/D
If (Mux/Mux1) +αn + (Mux/Mux1) αn >1
Assume suitable Asc and find
p = Asc/(B×D)
Yes
No
IncreaseAsc (steel
Calulate the ratios
reinforcement) and find p.
Pu/(fck×BD) and p/fck
Determine Muxl, Muyl using

The assumed reinforcement is OK.
appropriate chart from SP-16 with
ratios p/fck, d’/D and Pu/ (fck×BD)
C
4.3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Column 1
Size of column = 600mm×600 mm

Grade of concrete = M30
Grade of steel = Fe500
Unsupported length = 2.8 m
Effective length = 0.787  2.8= 2.204 mm
clear cover = 60 mm
ᵠ =28 mm
d' =60+28/2=74mm
L ef 2.204×1000
= = 3.673< 12 (Hence Short Column)
D 600
For Column
Factored moment acting along X-direction

Mux = 110.742 KN-m
Factored moment acting along Y-direction
Muy = 276.729 KN-m
Corresponding axial load, (Pu) = 4368.09KN
Checking for minimum eccentricity, (IS 456:2000 Clause 25.4)
 L D
For Mux, ex =ey =    = 25.6mm> 20mm
 500 30 
min.moment=Pu*ex
=276.78*25.6
=111.823 KNm
Design moment
Mux= 111.823 KNm

Muy=276.729KNm
Therefore, the column should be designed as compression member subjected to axial load and
biaxial bending.
Assume, p = 3.61%
p
= 3.61/30 = 0.12
f ck
Biaxial moment capacity of the column
d'
Assume d' = 74mm = 0.125≈0.15
D
From code SP-16 (Chart No 45)

Pu 4368.09  10 3
= = 0.404
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.14
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.14×30×6002×600= 907.2KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
For, p = 3.61%, f y = 500Mpa, f ck = 30 MPa
Puz =0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc (Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456 – 1978 chart 63)
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.964 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.0361 × 600 × 600
=9558.054 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 4368.09/9558.054 = 0.457
Now,  n =1.428 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 ux1 
M  uy1 
1.428 1.428
 111.823   276.729 
    = 0.233 <1 (Ok)
 907.2   907.2 
Required area steel = 3.61%× 600 × 600

12996 mm2
Provide 28mm ᵠ bars
12996×4
No. of bars = = 21.105
3.14×28^2
Therefore, Area of reinforcement will be 24 – 28mm diameter bars
Provided area of steel = 14778.05mm2
Design for Shear:

Percentage of steel provided= 3.61%
Design Shear Strength of concrete,
 c  0.96 N / mm 2
Considering lowest, Pu = 4368.09KN

For members subjected to axial compression Pu , the design shear strength of concrete τc , shall
be multiplied by the following factor:
3 x Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5
A g x f ck
3 x 4368.09 x1000
=1+  2.21  1.5
600 x600 x30
Multiplying factor, δ = 1.5
Actual,  c  1.5x0.96  1.44Mpa
Shear capacity of the section,

Vc= 0.96*600*600/1000 = 518.4 KN
Shear force as per ETAB analysis
Vux = 54.41KN
Vuy =267.094KN
Hence, the shear capacity of the column section exceeds the induced shear force. So, shear
reinforcement is not required.
Design of Lateral Ties:

Diameter of ties:
øt≥ not less than 6mm
≥ 0.25*maximum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
= 0.25*28=7mm
Hence, adopt ties of 8mmø
600−2∗74
Spacing between bar= =75.33 mm≥75mm
6
Spacing between corner bar=600-2*74

=452≥48 øt
Spacing of the ties:
Sv ≤ least lateral dimension of the compression member=600mm
Sv ≤16 øL
≤ 16*28
Thus, provide 8mm øt lateral ties @ 100 c/c
Area of cross-section of bar forming rectangular hoop to be used as confining links
f ck  Ag 
A sh  0.18 S h  
 A  1
fy  k 
Ak = (600-2 x 60 + 2 x 8)2 =246016 mm2
(600  120  16)  99.2mm

 5 
h= Max of  
(600  120  16  99.2mm 
 5 
Area of 8 mm ø bar = 50.26 mm2

Therefore,
30  600 x 600 
50.26  0.18 x S x 99.2 x   1
500  246016 
or, S=100mm
Spacing of hoop should be least of

 1 4 of min imum Lateral Dimension  600 4  150mm

 

100 mm 

but need not be less than 75 mm

Provide 8 mm øL links @ 100 mm c/c for a distance Lo which shall not be less than
Hence, Provide 8 mm ø links @ 100 mm c/c for a distance
Lo = 600 mm on either side from the joint.
Column 2

clear cover = 60 mm
ᵠ =28 mm
d' =60+32/2=76mm
L ef 2.204×1000
D 600
For Column

Mux = 581.817 KN-m
Muy = 9.764 KN-m
Corresponding axial load, (Pu) = 6619.002KN
 L D
For Mux, ex =ey =    = 30.6mm> 20mm
 500 30 
min. moment=Pu*ex
=6619.002*30.6
=202.541 KNm
Design moment
Mux= 581.817 KNm

Muy=202.54 KNm
biaxial bending.
Assume, p = 3.58%
p
= 3.58/30 = 0.12
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 76 mm = 0.1
D
Pu 6619.002  10 3
= = 0.392
f ck  bD 30  750  750
M ux
= 0.16
f ck  bD 2
M ux1 = 0.16×30×750×7502 = 2025 KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.9642 × 750 × 750 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.0358 × 750 × 750
=14873.46 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 6619.002/14873.46= 0.445
Now,  n =1.41 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 M ux1   uy1 
1.41 1.41
 581.817   202.54 
    = 0.211<1 (Ok)
 2025   2025 
Required area steel = 3.58%× 750 × 750

=20137.5 mm2
20137.5×4
No. of bars = = 25.03
3.14×32^2
Therefore, Area of reinforcement will be 28– 32mm diameter bars
Provided area of steel = 22518.94 mm2
Design for Shear:

 c  0.96 N / mm 2

3 x Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5
A g x f ck
3 x 6619.002 x1000
=1+  2.17  1.5
750 x750 x30
Actual,  c  1.5x0.96  1.44Mpa

Vc= 1.44*750*750/1000 = 810 KN
Vux = 154.091KN
Vuy =340.095KN

Diameter of ties:
= 0.25*32=8 mm
750−2∗76
Spacing between bar= =85.43mm≥75mm
7

=598≥48 øt
Sv ≤16 øL
≤ 16*32
f ck  Ag 
A sh  0.18 S h  
 A  1
fy  k 
Ak = (750-2 x 60 + 2 x 8)2 =417316mm2
(750  120  16)  129.2mm

 5 
h= Max of  
(750  120  16  129.2mm 
 5 

Therefore,
30  750 x 750 
50.26  0.18 x S x 129.2 x   1
500  417316 
or, S=100mm


 

100 mm 


Lo = 750mm on either side from the joint.
Column 3
clear cover = 60 mm
ᵠ =28 mm
d' =60+28/2=74mm
L ef 2.338×1000
D 600
For Column

Mux = 664.18 KN-m
Muy = 81.323 KN-m
Corresponding axial load, (Pu) = 165.16 KN
 L D
For Mux, ex =ey =    = 25.6mm> 20mm
 500 30 
min.moment=Pu*ex
=165.16*25.6
=4.228 KNm
Design moment
Mux= 664.18 KN-m

Muy= 81.323 KN-m
biaxial bending.
Assume, p = 1.96%
p
= 1.96/30 = 0.07
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 165.16  10 3
= = 0.015
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.1
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.1×30×6002×600= 648 KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.9804 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.0196 × 600 × 600
=7410.744 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 165.16/7410.744= 0.0223

Now,  n =1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 ux1 
M  uy1 
1 1
 664.18   81.323 
    = 1.15>1 ( not ok)
 648   648 
Assume, p = 2.5%
p
= 2.5/30 = 0.08
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 165.16  10 3
= = 0.015
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.12
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.12×30×6002×600= 777.6 KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.975 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.025 × 600 × 600
=8113.5 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 165.16/7410.744= 0.212

Now,  n =1 .02 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 M ux1   uy1 
1.02 1.02
 664.18   81.323 
    = 0.951<1 ( ok)
 777.6   777.6 
Required area steel = 2.5× 600 × 600

=9000 mm2
9000×4
No. of bars = = 14.62
3.14×28^2
Therefore, Area of reinforcement will be 16– 28mm diameter bars
Design for Shear:

Design Shear Strength of concrete,0.96
 c  0.96 N / mm 2

3 x Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5
A g x f ck
3 x 165.16 x1000
=1+  1.14  1.5
600 x600 x30
Actual,  c  1.14 x0.96  1.094Mpa

Vc= 1.094*600*600/1000 = 393.84KN
Vux = 287.76KN
Vuy=392.174
Diameter of ties:
= 0.25*28=7mm
600−2∗74
Spacing between bar= =113 mm≥75mm
4

=452≥48 øt

Sv ≤16 øL
≤ 16*28
f ck  Ag 
A sh  0.18 S h  
 A  1
fy  k 
Ak = (600-2 x 60 + 2 x 8)2 =246016 mm2
(600  120  16)  99.2mm

 5 
h= Max of  
(600  120  16  99.2mm 
 5 

Therefore,
30  600 x 600 
50.26  0.18 x S x 99.2 x   1
500  246016 
or, S=100mm


 

100 mm 


Column 4
clear cover = 60 mm
ᵠ =28 mm
d' =60+28/2=74mm
L ef 2.338×1000
D 600
For Column

Mux = 552.18 KN-m
Muy = 87.5 KN-m
 L D
For Mux, ex =ey =    = 25.6mm> 20mm
 500 30 
min.moment=Pu*ex
=669.233*25.6
=17.132 KNm
Mux= 552.18 KNm

Muy=87.5KNm
biaxial bending.
Assume, p = 1.61%
p
= 1.61/30 = 0.053
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 669.233  10 3
= = 0.062
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.09
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.09×30×6002×600= 583.2 KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.9839 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.0161 × 600 × 600
=6955.254 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 669.233/6955.24= 0.096

Now,  n =1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 ux1 
M  uy1 
1 1
 552.18   87.5 
    = 1.096 >1 ( Not ok)
 583.2   583.2 
Assume, p = 2%
p
= 2/30 = 0.067
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 669.233  10 3
= = 0.062
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.13
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.13×30×6002×600= 842.4-m
Calculation of Puz,
For, p = 2%, f y = 500Mpa, f ck = 30 MPa
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.98 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.02 × 600 × 600
=7462.8 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 669.233/7462.8= 0.089

Now,  n =1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 M ux1   uy1 
1 1
 552.18   87.5 
    = 0.76<1 ( ok)
 842.4   842.4 
Required area steel = 2%× 600 × 600

=mm2
7200×4
No. of bars = = 11.693≈ 12
3.14×28^2
Provided area of steel = 7389.025 mm2
Design for Shear:

Percentage of steel provided= 2%
 c  0.884 N / mm 2
Considering lowest, Pu = 307.96 KN
3 x Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5
A g x f ck
3 x 307.96 x1000
=1+  1.2  1.5
600 x600 x30
Actual,  c  1.2 x0.884  1.06Mpa

Vc= 1.06*600*600/1000 = 381.89KN
Vux = 312.79 KN
Vuy=326.13 KN
Diameter of ties:
= 0.25*28=7mm
600−2∗74
3

=452≥48 øt

Sv ≤16 øL
≤ 16*28
f ck  Ag 
A sh  0.18 S h  
 A  1
fy  k 
Ak = (600-2 x 60 + 2 x 8)2 =246016 mm2
(600  120  16)  99.2mm

 5 
h= Max of  
(600  120  16  99.2mm 
 5 
Area of 8 mm ø bar = 50.26mm2

Therefore,
30  600 x 600 
50.26  0.18 x S x 124 x   1
500  246016 
or, S=100 mm


 

100 mm 

Column 5
clear cover = 60 mm
ᵠ =28 mm
d' =60+28/2=74mm
L ef 2.338×1000
D 600
For Column

Mux 91.92 KN-m
Muy = 396.84 KN-m
 L D
For Mux, ex =ey =    = 25.6mm> 20mm
 500 30 
min.moment=Pu*ex
=307.96*25.6
=7.884 KNm
Mux= 91.92 KNm

Muy=396.84 KNm
biaxial bending.
Assume, p = 1.01%
p
= 1.01/30 = 0.03
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 307.96  10 3
= = 0.029
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.05
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.05×30×6002×600= 324 KN-m
Calculation of Puz,
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.989 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.0101 × 600 × 600
=6170.04 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 307.96/6170.04 = 0.049

Now,  n =1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 ux1 
M  uy1 
1 1
 91.92   396.84 
    = 1.508>1 ( Not ok)
 324   324 
Assume, p = 2%
p
= 2/30 = 0.06
f ck
d'
Assume d' = 74 mm = 0.123≈ 0.15
D

Pu 307.96  10 3
= = 0.029
f ck  bD 30  600  600
M ux
= 0.1
f ck  b 2 D
M uy1 = 0.1×30×6002×600= 648-m
Calculation of Puz,
For, p = 2%, f y = 500Mpa, f ck = 30 MPa
Puz = 0.45× 30 × 0.98 × 600 × 600 + 0.75 × 500 × 0.02 × 600 × 600 =7462.8 KN
Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 307.96/7462.8= 0.041

Now,  n =1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
n n
 M ux   M uy 
    1 (IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)
M 
 M ux1   uy1 
1 1
 91.92   396.84 
    = 0.754<1 ( ok)
 648   648 
Required area steel = 2%× 600 × 600

=7200 mm2
7200×4
No. of bars = = 11.69≈ 12
3.14×28^2
Design for Shear:

Percentage of steel provided= 2%
 c  0.884 N / mm 2
Considering lowest, Pu = 307.96 KN

3 x Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5
A g x f ck
3 x 307.96 x1000
=1+  1.2  1.5
600 x600 x30
Actual,  c  1.2 x0.884  1.06Mpa

Vc= 1.06*600*600/1000 = 381.89KN
Vux = 371.264 KN
Vuy=327.36 KN
Diameter of ties:
= 0.25*28=7mm
600−2∗74
3

=452≥48 øt
Sv ≤16 øL
≤ 16*28
f ck  Ag 
A sh  0.18 S h  
 A  1
fy  k 
Ak = (600-2 x 60 + 2 x 8)2 =246016 mm2
(600  120  16)  99.2mm

 5 
h= Max of  
(600  120  16  99.2mm 
 5 
Area of 8 mm ø bar = 50.26mm2

Therefore,
30  600 x 600 
50.26  0.18 x S x 124 x   1
500  246016 
or, S=100 mm


 

100 mm 


4.4 SLAB
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed loads
primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. Soffit of
staircases can be considered as inclined slabs. A slab may be supported by beams or walls or
continuous over one or more supports.
One-way Slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab can
be simply supported or continuous.
When slabs are those supported on four sides, two way spanning action occurs. Such slabs may
be simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. The deflections and bending moments in a
two way slab are considerably reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. A two way slab
may be considered to consist of a series of interconnected beams.
4.4.1 FLOW CHART OF SLAB DESIG
Determine factored
load w=1.5(DL+LL)
wD= 1.5DL
wL=1.5LL
Determine ratio ly/lx
No
if ly/lx <2 One way slab
Yes
Determine moment coefficient
Two way slab IS code 456, Table 12
Determine type of panel

e.g. Twoadjacent cont. edge Calculate moment at mid, edge
M=MD+ML
MD= αDwlx2
Determine moment ML= αLwlx2
coefficients, IS code 456,
Table 26, e.g. long, short span,
edge, mid
Ast>Ast min
Calculate Mx=αxwlx2 =0.12%bD
My= αywlx2
4.4.2 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:
Slab Panel S10

1. Design data
Clear span : 4.6m×7.6m
Edge condition : Internal panel
Material : Fe 500grade steel
Concrete grade : M30
2. Relevant codes
IS: 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(part1&2)
3. Allowable stresses
fy = 500 N/mm2
fck = 30 N/mm2
4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation
The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 150 mm as per preliminary
design.
Taking effective cover as 15mm and assuming 8mm diameter bar
d = 130 mm
D= 130+15+5=150
Load calculation
Live load = 3 KN/ m
Floor finish = 1.5KN/ m
Self weight = 25× 1 × 0.15=3.75KN/ m
Total Load = 8.25 KN/ m
Factored load = 1.5× 8.25=12.375 KN/m
Short span length, lex = 4.73m
Long span length ley = 7.724m
Effective span = span length (from code IS 456: 2000, clause 22.2, b, 1)
l ey
Long span to short span ratio, = 1.632
l ex
Moment coefficient from IS: 456-2000 Table 26
For negative moment: (x) = 0.057

(y) = 0.032
For positive moment: (x) = 0.043
(y) = 0.024
Now finding moment:

At middle strip
Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.043×12.375×4.732 = 11.9 KNm
My= (y)×w×lx2 =0.024×12.375×4.732 = 6.64KNm
At support
Mx= (x)×w×lx2 = 0.057×12.375×4.732 = 15.78 KNm
My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.032×12.375×4.732 = 8.85KNm
As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support,

Mx
d
0.138  f ck  b
15.78  1000  1000

d
0.138  30  1000
= 61.73mm <130mm O.K.
At Middle Strip (For positive moment)
A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction:

 A st x  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st  500 
11.9  10 6  0.87  500  Ast  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
Solving this Quadratic equation,
(Ast) x =216.44mm2
0.12
Minimum Reinforcement =  1000×150 =180mm2 < 216.44mm2 O.K.
100
Taking (Ast) x =216.44mm2
1000 1000
Spacing required = π ×102/4× = π ×102/4×
Ast 216.44
= 365.87mm > 3d = 3×100=300mm or 300mm (Smaller)
Therefore taking Spacing as 150 mm.
Provide 10mm bar @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total Area=523.6mm2.
B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction:

 A st y  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st y  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 
 A st y  500 
Or, 6.64  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
Solving quadratic equation
(Ast) y =119.24mm2
0.12
Minimum Reinforcement =  1000×150 =180mm2 >119.24mm2
100
Taking (Ast) y =180mm2
1000 1000
Ast 180
= 436.328mm> 3d=3×100=300mm or300mm (Smaller)
Therefore taking Spacing as 150mm.
At support (For Negative Moment)

A) Calculation of reinforcement in short (X) direction:
 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st x  500 
15.78  10 6  0.87  500  A st x  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =289.81mm2 >180mm2
1000 1000
Ast 289.81
=271.01mm < 300mm
Therefore taking spacing as 150mm.
Provide 10mm bar @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 523.6mm2.

 A sty  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A sty  d'1  
 b  d'f ck 
 A st y  500 
or, 8.85  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
Solving quadratic equation,
(Ast) y =159.77mm2
0.12
Minimum Reinforcement =  1000×150 =180mm2 > 159.77mm2
100
1000 1000
Ast 180
= 436.328mm > 3d =3×100 =300mm or300mm (Smaller)
Provide 10mm bar @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total Area=523.6mm2
Hence Finally Adopted

a) At mid Span:
Reinforcement in X- direction 10mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area= 523.6mm2.
Reinforcement in Y- direction 10mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area= 523.6mm2.
b) At Support:
Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 10mm bars @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total
Area =523.6mm2
Check for shear (Along Short Span)

1
Shear force, V   w  l x
2
1
V   12.375  4.725 = 29.24KN
2
Vu 29.24  10 3
Shear strength of concrete is given by, v   = 0.224N/mm2
bd 1000  130
Ast 523.6
Percentage of tension steel, Pt  100   100  = 0.403%
bd 1000  130
Design shear strength for 0.403% steel and M30 concrete from IS: 456-2000 Table19, is
c = 0.349, For M30grade concrete
The value of K from IS: 456-2000, Clause 40.2.1
For slab overall depth of 150mm, K (modification factor) = 1.3
K×c =1.3×0.3489=0.454N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear).
Check for Development length at short edge:
Moment of resistance offered by 10mm bars @ 150mm c/c
 A st  f y 
M 1  0.87  f y  d  A st 1  
 f ck bd 
 167.6  415 
M1  0.87  415 167.6 92  
 1000  25 
= 14.31kNmm
M
Ld = 1.3 1 +Lo IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3
V
Development length L d =  σs =  = 45.31 (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)
4 τ bd
M
Now, Ld =1.3 1 +Lo
V
14.31  10 6
45.31 = 1.3 +Lo (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c)
29.24  10 3
14.31  10 6
45.31 =1.3 +100
29.24  10 3
 = 16.24mm >10mm OK.
Check for Deflection
L
=  (From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1)
d
A
Pt  100  st
bd
523.6
Pt  100  = 0.403%
1000  130
A Required
f s  0.58  f y  st
A st Provided
365.87
f s  0.58  500 
523.6
= 202.64KN
Value of Coefficients from Code IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1
 = 26 (For continuous slab, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1(a))
 =1.6 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = 
d min
Lx
dmin =
αβγλδ
4730
dmin = = 113.7 < 130 mm Hence safe in Deflection.
26  1  1.6  1  1
Slab Panel S10

1. Design data
Edge condition : Two adjacent Edges discontinuous
2. Relevant codes
IS: 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(part1&2)
fy = 500 N/mm2
fck = 30 N/mm2
design.
d = 130 mm
D= 130+15+5=150
Load calculation
Live load = 3 KN/ m
Self weight = 25× 1 × 0.15=3.75KN/ m
l ey
l ex
(y) = 0.047
(y) = 0.035
Now finding moment:

At middle strip
Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.059×12.375×4.732 = 16.34 KNm
My= (y)×w×lx2 =0.035×12.375×4.732 = 9.69KNm
At support
Mx= (x)×w×lx2 = 0.079×12.375×4.732 = 21.87 KNm
My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.047×12.375×4.732 = 13.012KNm
Mx
d
0.138  f ck  b
21.87  1000  1000

d
0.138  30  1000
= 72.68mm <130mm O.K.

 A st x  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st  500 
16.34  10 6  0.87  500  Ast  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =300.53mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 300.53

 A st y  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st y  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 
 A st y  500 
Or, 9.69  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =175.29mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 180

 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st x  500 
21.87  10 6  0.87  500  A st x  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =408.088mm2 >180mm2
1000 1000
Ast 408.088
=192.46mm < 300mm

M u  0.87  f y  A sty  d'1  
 b  d'f ck 
 A st y  500 
or, 13.012  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =237.32mm2
0.12
Minimum Reinforcement =  1000×150 =180mm2<237.32mm2
100
Taking (Ast) y =237.32mm2
1000 1000
Ast 237.32

a) At mid Span:
b) At Support:
Area =523.6mm2

1
2
1
V   12.375  4.725 = 29.24KN
2
Vu 29.24  10 3
bd 1000  130
Ast 523.6
bd 1000  130

 A st  f y 
M 1  0.87  f y  d  A st 1  
 f ck bd 
 261.8  500 
M1  0.87  500  130  261.8 92  
 1000  30 
= 14.31kNmm
M
Ld = 1.3 1 +Lo IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3
V
4 τ bd
M
Now, Ld =1.3 1 +Lo
V
14.31  10 6
45.31 = 1.3 +Lo (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c)
29.24  10 3
14.31  10 6
45.31 =1.3 +100
29.24  10 3
 = 16.24mm >10mm OK.

L
=  (From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1)
d
A
Pt  100  st
bd
523.6
Pt  100  = 0.403%
1000  130
A Required
f s  0.58  f y  st
A st Provided
300.53
f s  0.58  500 
523.6
= 166.45KN
 =2 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
We have, = Type equation here.
d min
Lx
dmin =
αβγλδ
4730
26  1  2  1  1
Torsional Reinforcement
Length of torsional bar=0.2Lx

=0.2×4.73
=0.946mm
Spacing of torsional bar=4/3×150=200
946
No. of bar=200+1=6
Slab Panel S10

1. Design data
Edge condition : One short edges discontinuous
2. Relevant codes
IS: 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(part1&2)
fy = 500 N/mm2
fck = 30 N/mm2
design.
d = 130 mm
D= 130+15+5=150
Load calculation
Live load = 3 KN/ m
Self weight = 25× 1 × 0.15=3.75KN/ m
l ey
l ex

(y) = 0.037
(y) = 0.028
Now finding moment:

At middle strip
Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.046×12.375×4.732 = 12.736 KNm
My= (y)×w×lx2 =0.028×12.375×4.732 = 7.75KNm
At support
Mx= (x)×w×lx2 = 0.061×12.375×4.732 = 16.889KNm
My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037×12.375×4.732 = 10.24KNm

Mx
d
0.138  f ck  b
16.889  1000  1000

d
0.138  30  1000
= 63.87mm <130mm O.K.

 A st x  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st  500 
12.736  10 6  0.87  500  Ast  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =232.124mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 232.124

 A st y  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st y  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 
 A st y  500 
Or, 7.75  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =139.54mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 180

 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st x  500 
16.889  10 6  0.87  500  A st x  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =311.061mm2 >180mm2
1000 1000
Ast 311.061
=192.46mm < 300mm

M u  0.87  f y  A sty  d'1  
 b  d'f ck 
 A st y  500 
or, 10.24  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =185.489mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 185.489

a) At mid Span:
b) At Support:
Area =523.6mm2
1
2
1
V   12.375  4.725 = 29.24KN
2
Vu 29.24  10 3
bd 1000  130
Ast 523.6
bd 1000  130
 A st  f y 
M 1  0.87  f y  d  A st 1  
 f ck bd 
 261.8  500 
M1  0.87  500  130  261.8 92  
 1000  30 
= 14.31kNmm
M
Ld = 1.3 1 +Lo IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3
V
4 τ bd
M
Now, Ld =1.3 1 +Lo
V
14.31  10 6
45.31 = 1.3 +Lo (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c)
29.24  10 3
14.31  10 6
45.31 =1.3 +100
29.24  10 3
 = 16.24mm >10mm OK.

L
=  (From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1)
d
A st
Pt  100 
bd
523.6
Pt  100  = 0.403%
1000  130
A Required
f s  0.58  f y  st
A st Provided
232.124
f s  0.58  500 
523.6
= 128.56KN
 =2 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
d min
Lx
dmin =
αβγλδ
4730
26  1  2  1  1

=0.2×4.73
=0.946mm
946
No. of bar=200+1=6
Slab Panel S10

1. Design data
Edge condition : One long edges discontinuous
2. Relevant codes
IS: 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(part1&2)
fy = 500 N/mm2
fck = 30 N/mm2
design.
d = 130 mm
D= 130+15+5=150
Load calculation
Live load = 3 KN/ m
Self weight = 25× 1 × 0.15=3.75KN/ m
l ey
l ex
(y) = 0.037
(y) = 0.028
Now finding moment:

At middle strip
Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.055×12.375×4.732 = 15.228 KNm
My= (y)×w×lx2 =0.028×12.375×4.732 = 7.75KNm
At support
Mx= (x)×w×lx2 = 0.0723×12.375×4.732 = 20.02 KNm
My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037×12.375×4.732 = 10.244KNm

Mx
d
0.138  f ck  b
20.02  1000  1000

d
0.138  30  1000
= 66.54mm <130mm O.K.

 A st x  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st  500 
15.228  10 6  0.87  500  Ast  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =280.43mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 280.43
 A st y  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st y  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 
 A st y  500 
Or, 7.75  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =139.54mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 180

 A st  f y 
M u  0.87  f y  A st x  d  1  
 b  d  f ck 
 A st x  500 
20.02  10 6  0.87  500  A st x  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
(Ast) x =317.74mm2 >180mm2
1000 1000
Ast 317.74
=247.18mm < 300mm

M u  0.87  f y  A sty  d'1  
 b  d'f ck 
 A st y  500 
or, 10.244  10 6  0.87  500  A st y  130  1  
 1000  130  30 
 
(Ast) y =185.56mm2
0.12
100
1000 1000
Ast 185.56

a) At mid Span:
b) At Support:
Area =523.6mm2

1
2
1
V   12.375  4.725 = 29.24KN
2
Vu 29.24  10 3
bd 1000  130
Ast 523.6
bd 1000  130
 A st  f y 
M 1  0.87  f y  d  A st 1  
 f ck bd 
 261.8  500 
M1  0.87  500  130  261.8 92  
 1000  30 
= 14.31kNmm
M
Ld = 1.3 1 +Lo IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3
V
Development length L d =  σs = 45.31 (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)
4 τ bd
M
Now, Ld =1.3 1 +Lo
V
14.31  10 6
45.31 = 1.3 +Lo (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c)
29.24  10 3
14.31  10 6
45.31 =1.3 +100
29.24  10 3
 = 16.24mm >10mm OK.
L
=  (From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1)
d
A
Pt  100  st
bd
523.6
Pt  100  = 0.403%
1000  130
A Required
f s  0.58  f y  st
A st Provided
280.43
f s  0.58  500 
523.6
= 155.31KN
 =2 (From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
L
d min
Lx
dmin =
αβγλδ
4730
26  1  2  1  1

=0.2×4.73
=0.946mm
946
No. of bar=200+1=6
4.5 STAIRCASE DESIGN:-
Riser (R) = 150mm
Tread (T) = 300mm
Height of floor (H) =3500mm
Effective span = 3300+1500=4800mm
Depth of waist slab = 185mm
Dead load on Steps

Assuming 15mm clear cover and 16mm dia. Bar
Effective depth = 185-15-8 = 162mm
Now,
Loads on going on projected plan area:-
1
Self weight of waist slab = 25×0.185√0.3^2 + 0.15^2 × 0.3 =5.17 KN/m
1 1
Self weight of steps = 25×2×0.3×0.15×0.3= 1.875 KN/m
Floor finish = 2 KN/m
Live load = 5.0 KN/m
Total load = 14.045 KN/m
Factored load =1.5×14.045 =21.068 KN/m
Load on landing:-
Live load =5 KN/m
Floor finish =2 KN/m
Self weight = 25×0.185×1 = 4.625 KN/m
Total load =11.625 KN/m
Factored load =1.5×11.625=17.438 KN/m
Design moment considering 1m width strip of waist slab

17.428×1.5×(0.75+3.3)+21.068×3.31.65
Reaction, R2 = =45.968 KN
3.3+1.5
Reaction, R1 =21.068×3.3+17.438×1.5-45.968 KN
=49.713 KN
Maximum factored moment occurs at the section of zero shear located at
X = 49.713/21.068
= 2.359m from the right end support
Mu = 43.713×2.359-21.068×2.359×1.179= 58.653KN-m
Mmax=0.138fckbd2
58.653×106=0.138×30×1000×d2
d=119.03≤ 162mm
Design For Main Reinforcement,
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mmax=0.87fy×Ast×d(1- )
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑
500×𝐴𝑠𝑡
58.648×106=0.87×500×Ast×162(1- )
30×1000×162
Ast=919.16 mm2
(Ast)min= 0.12% of bD
=0.12% of 1000×185
=222 mm2
Required spacing of 10mm dia. Bars = area of bar  1000 / Ast required
=218.75 mm
Adopted spacing = 100 mm c/c
Ast provided= 1000/100×201.06
=2010.6 mm2
Assuming 16 mm diameter bar,
Spacing = 218.75 mm
Adopted spacing = 100mm c/c
Development length L d =  σs = 16 * 0.87 * 500 =725mm
4 τ bd 4 * 1.5 * 1.6
For distribution bars,

(Ast)min= 0.12% of bD
=0.12% of 1000×185
=222 mm2
Dia=12mm
Area=201.06mm2
Required spacing of 12mm bars
c/c spacing=1000*201.06/222=905.67mm>300mm
Provide 12mm dia@300mm
Check for shear,

(Check at d = 162mm from face of the support)
Vu 49.713  10 3
bd 1000  162
Ast 2010.6
bd 1000  162
K×c =1.3×0.3489=0.518 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear).
Deflection criteria
l 4.8
= = 29.629
𝑑 0.162
α= 20
β=1
λ=1
=1
𝐴𝑠𝑡 2010.6
% =1000×185 = 1.086%
𝑏𝐷
919.16
fs=0.58×500× 2010.6
=132.58
=1.5
= 20× 1 × 1 × 1 × 1.5
=30
l
< (ok)
𝑑
4.6 STRESS IN LIFT SHEAR WALL
Lift well is constructed by the shear wall in all sides to transfer the lift and its peripherals loads
to the foundation. This creates some torsional moment in the building also it attracts the loads
towards it so beams and columns in its vicinity are to be more designed when we modeled in
SAP with only the single shell element.
The stress induced due to the combination one in the ETABS model is as following
. Design of shear wall
Lift
Lx=2.5m=2500mm
Ly=5m=5000mm
Total length of wall=12.5m
Floor height(H)=3.5m
Wall thickness(t)=0.25m=250mm
Check for slenderness ratio
Effective height of wall(he)=0.75*H=2.625m
Slenderness ratio=he/t=10.5
(Condition ok)
Min. eccentricity(Emin=e)=0.05*t=0.0125m
Additional eccentricity(ea)=he*2/2500t=0.011025m
Calculation of load
1st floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=3.5m
Load=273.4375KN
2nd floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=3.5m
Load=273.4375KN
3rd floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=3.5m
Load=273.4375KN
4th floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=3.5m
Load=273.4375KN
5th floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=3.5m
Load=273.4375KN
6th floor
Length=12.5m
Ht=1.75m
Load=136.7185KN
Roof load
Plan area=Lx*Ly=2.5*5=12.5m
Slab thickness(ts)=150mm
Slab load=25*plan area*ts=46.875KN
Total top floor load=183.5937KN
Total load=1550.7815KN
Calculation of base shear
Total seismic weight of lift(W)=1550.7815KN
Ht(h)=21m
Base shear(Vb)=Ah*W=4342.0324KN
Ah=Z*I*Sa/2Rg
Time Period=0.09h/d0.5
Along X- direction
Tax=1.1953 sec
For soil type=2 from graph
(Sa/g)x=1.67/Tax=1.39709
Ahx=0.075442921
Vbx=116.995KN
Along Y -direction
Tay=0.845sec
for soil type II
from graph(fig 2)
(Sa/g)y=1.67/Tay
Ahy=0.1067
Vby=165.457KN
Design Axial strength of wall (per unit length)
Puw=0.3(t-1.2e-2ea)*fck=1916.55N/mm
Lateral load
X-direction
D=Lx
Mux/2=2748.592KN/m
Vux/2=58.5KN
Pux/2=775.4KN
(d'/D)=0.0371
Adopt=0.05
clear cover=20mm
diameter=12mm
Mux/fck*b*D2=0.01466
Pux/fck*b*D=0.02067
Chart-43(IS-456)
p/fck=0.005
p=0.15%
Astmin=0.12% of 1500mm2
Ast=p% of bD=1875mm2
since,Ast< Astmin
Adopt φ =12mm
Astind=113.04mm2
No.of bars=Ast/Astind=16.587nos.
spacing of bars=706.857mm
Check for spacing
spacing <=3t =750mm
<=450mm
provide 12mm dia bar @300mm
Y-direction
D=Ly
Mux/2=0 KN-m
Vux/2=248.185KN
Pux/2=2326.1719KN
(d'/D)=0.0104
clear cover=20mm
dia=12mm
Mux/fck*b*D2=0
Pux/fck*b*D=0.124
Chart-43(IS-456)
p/fck=0.015
p=0.45%
Astmin=0.12% of bD=750mm2
Ast=0.4% of bD=2812.5mm2
since,Ast>Astmin
Ast=2812.5mm2
Adopt φ =12mm
Astind=113.04mm2
No.of bars=Ast/Astind=24.88nos.
check for spacing
spacing <=3t or
<=450mm
provide 12mm dia bar @100mm
Calculation of Horizontal steel reinforcement
Area=0.2%bH=1750mm2
provide φ =12mm
Ab=3.14 φ2/4
no of bars=Area/Ab=15.48nos.
provide 12mm dia bars @200mm
Check for Shear
Along Y-direction
Nominal shear stress(τv)= Vu/td=0.4963N/mm2
Allowable shear stress(τa) 0.17fck=5.1N/mm2
K1=0.2
K2=0.045
Design shear strength of concrete
Hw/Lw=1.4>1
τcw =(((Hw/Lw)+1)/((Hw/Lw)-1))*k2*(fck)1/2=1.4788(safe)
Along X direction
Nominal shear stress(τv)= Vu/td=0.0584977N/mm2
Allowable shear stress(τa)= 0.17fck=5.1N/mm2

Design shear strength of concrete= Hw/Lw=0.7<1
τcw= (3-Hw/Lw)k1*(fck)1/2=2.5195 (safe)
4.7 FOUNDATION:
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or individuals columns
to the earth. Foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to
minimize differential settlement. Foundations are classified as:
a. Isolated footing
b. Combined footing
c. Raft or mat foundation
d. Pile foundation
The type of foundations to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors,

a. Soil strata
b. Bearing capacity of soil
c. Type of structure
d. Type of loads
e. Permissible differential settlement and
f. Economy
In our case we have the 12 storey apartment with total load under combination one i.e.
1.5(DL+LL) is 112219.94 KN, having the total area of foundation 587.384 m2 with projection of
1000 mm in all sides. Column size are 750mm x 600 mm. Number of columns are 24 but due to
the assignment of lift walls their end constraints also taken as fix that gives total 28 points to
transfer the load to the base.
4.7.1 FOUNDATION DESIGN:

Design constants:
Bearing capacity of soil (qu) = 350 KN/m2
Grade of steel = Fe 415
5 CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION
The purpose of this project, though purely academic oriented, we have made every effort to
make it feasible for the real construction.
This project work is mainly focused on the structural analysis and by using professional
computer software and the sample design of structural elements manually.
From this project work, we got the opportunity to get the knowledge of using professional
software called ETABS 2016 for the analysis and design of the structure. This project work also
enables us to use different design codes whenever required in the design procedure.
The concept of ductile detailing was quite new to us. This project work has provided the
opportunity to learn the theory of ductile detailing, which is one of the significant part of seismic
structural design.
This project work is completed through the collective efforts of our project group. Due attention
is given to maintain the accuracy while analyzing the data and designing the structural elements
in computer. We have faced many problems during the work but hard working, keen interest and
devotion of team member and valuable suggestions of our project advisor made it possible to
complete.
After completion of this project work, our team member individually could design the similar
type of structure and structural elements.
ANNEXES
ANNEX -1: DATA OUTPUTS

ANNEX-2: DRAWINGS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
1. Reinforced Concrete Design S. U. Pillai & D. Menon

2. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design A.K Jain
3. Reinforced Concrete Detailer’s Manual Brian W. Boughton
4. Advanced Structure Analysis A.K. Jain
5. Dynamics of Structure Anil K. Chopra
6. Reinforced Concrete Design S.N. Sinha
7. Reinforced concrete Designer’s Handbook Charles E. Reynolds and James C.
Steedmann
Codes
1. Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice - IS 456:2000

2. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure - IS 1893(Part I):2000
3. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete - SP 16
4. Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing - SP 34(S & T):1987
5. Design and Construction of Raft Foundation – IS 2950(Part I)-1981

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELORS

SUBMITTED TO: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Abhishek Kalauni (072/BCE/001)

Design of Multi-Storey RCC Commercial Building” has been examined and it

towards the completion of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering.

……………………….. ……………………… ……………………….

Er. Arun Prasad Parajuli Er. Sudip Pathak External Examiner

……………………. ...………………….. …..………………..

“SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY

Project group members

Tika Prasad Sanjel(072BCE047)

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... iv

1.1 Background: ...................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Objective and scope: ......................................................................................................... 9

2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING ........................................................................ 11

2.1 Preliminary Design:......................................................................................................... 11

2.3 Lateral load calculation (Seismic Load): ........................................................................ 13

2.4 processing in sap 2000 .................................................................................................... 15

3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................ 15

3.1 Analysis: .......................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Load combination:........................................................................................................... 16

3.3 SAP and its application: .................................................................................................. 16

3.4 Some figures of model and output in SAP ................................................................... 20

4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: ..................................................................................................... 23

4.1 Limit state method of design: .......................................................................................... 23

4.2 Beam: .............................................................................................................................. 24

4.3 Column: ........................................................................................................................... 26

4.4 slab .................................................................................................................................. 71

4.5 Staircase design ............................................................................................................... 94

4.6 Stress in shearwall ........................................................................................................... 97

4.7 Foundation:.................................................................................................................... 103

1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE:

i. Identification of structural arrangement of plan.

i. Identification of the building and the requirement of the space.

Building Type : COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Structural System : RCC Space Frame

Plinth area covered :1733.16 sq m

Type of Foundation : Mat Foundation

Type of Sub-Soil : Medium Soil (Zone V)

Other Details : 57 columns, main and secondary beam arrangements

1.2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF LOADS:

1.2.5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS:

 Concrete Grade: M30

2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING

2.1.1 MAIN BEAM:

2.1.2 SECONDARY BEAM:

SN Description Length Width Depth Unit Total

Total dead load of roof=Beam+slab+floor finish+(column+wall)/2

Total dead load of all storey=Total DL*(n-1)+Total DL of roof

Total live load from all storey=6*120

Pu =0.4fck+0.67fyAsc (clause39.3 IS456-2000)

Assuming Ast= 2.5%Ag

Assume rectangular column

Assuming square column

=577.72 mm≈ 600mm *600

2.2 LATERAL LOAD CALCULATION (SEISMIC LOAD):

2.2.1 SEISMIC LOAD:

2.2.2 CALCULATION OF FUNDAMNETAL NATURAL PERIOD (TA):

2.3 PROCESSING IN ETABS 2016

Following load combinations are adopted:

3.3 ETABS AND ITS APPLICATION: