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PAKET 1 (SBMPTN 2017)
Text 1
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder. It is also
known as manic-depressive illness. It causes unusual
shift in mood, energy, and activity levels. It is also
affect the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. There
are four basic types of bipolar disorder. All of them
involve clear changes in mood, and activity levels.
These moods range, from periods of of extremely
“up” to “down” periods. During the “up” periods one
shows energized behavior. During the “down” periods
he/she is very sad or hopeless. The “up” during are
known as manic episodes. The “down” periods are
known as depressive episodes. Less severe manic
periods are known as hypomanic episodes.
People with bipolar disorder experience
periods of extremely intense emotion. They also
experience changes in sleep patterns and activity
levels. They show unusual behaviors. These periods
are called “mood episodes”. Mood episodes are
extremely different from the person ordinary moods
and behaviors. During the mood episodes there are
changes in energy, activity, and sleep.
Sometimes a mood episode include both
manic and depressive symptoms. This is called an
episode with mixed features. People experiencing an
episode with mixed features may feel very sad,
empty, or hopeless and extremely energized as the
same time.
Bipolar disorder can be present even when
swing are less extreme. For example, some people
with bipolar disorder experience hypomania. It is a
less severe from of mania. During a hypomanic
episode, an individual may feel very good. The
person may not feel that anything is wrong. However,
family and friends ,ay organized the mood swings.
Without proper treatment, people with hypomania
may develop severe mania or mania depression.
1. What is the topic the passage ?
(A) Manic-depressive illness
(B) Brain disorder episodes
(C) “up” and “down” period of mood
(D) Emotional problems for bipolar disorder
2. The word “intense” in paragraph 2 means….
(A) non-stop
(B) broad
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(C) constant
(D) tough
(E) strong
3. One of the symptoms of manic epidodes is
feeling…..
(A) very lively
(B) extremely happy
(C) really powerful
(D) unusually strong
(E) awfully active
Text 2
The applications, games and websites that are
promoted as ‘educational’ are not always the best
ones for supporting learning. The fact that they are
interactive does not necessarily mean that they are
much better than an old-fashioned workbook with its
right and wrong anwers. Childres may enjoy these
product for a while but then get a bit bored. Thus,
they are not the most appropriate or engaging way to
learn.
Treat so-called ‘free’ applications with caution.
Some will expose your child to advertisements.
Others are designed to wait until your child is
engaged in a game or storyline and then demand
payment before they can go any further. This can
lead to frustration as young children do no understan
why they cannot continue. Sometimes it is better to
make a small payment in advance if the application
promises no further purchases. However, some
application are free to download and completely free
of advertisements or in-app purchase.
Choosing an app needs the same kind of
thought and care you would put into buying anything
else for your child. Do not rely only on the star rating.
Instead, read the user review and check the privacy
policy if you are worried about the personal
information that the app might be collecting. If you
want your child to enjoy learning develop curiosity,
and think about things creatively, provide them with a
range of games and apps. Open-ended games have
become progressively more challenging and
encourage children to explore and have fun. They
are, therefore, more likely to establish a love of
learning and to lay the foundation for their future
development.
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Physical activity, reading and other more (D) such parents’ reliance is acceptable as long
‘traditional’ activities continue to play a very important as the children are given the right proportion
part in children’s development. But, most parent do of the other activities
rely on creen devices from time to time to engage (E) it is not tolerable as their children need to
their child while they are busy with something else. have more physical activities
This is not a problem it self, just as long as children’s
time is made up of a balanced range of activities.
Text 3
4. The author reminds readers to be more careful
Considering the harmful environmental
with commercialism in free application in
effects produced by pollution, and depletion of natural
paragraph(s)…
resources, numerous scholars and public officials
(A) 1
have called for increased urgency in motivating
(B) 2
people to engage in pro-environmental behaviors.
(C) 3
One significant way of meeting such calls involves
(D) 1 and 4
our behavior as consumers. For example, people
(E) 2 and 3
often have the option of switching from conventional
5. How does the idea in sentence 6 relate to the
products to energy-efficient or reusable “green”
other ideas in paragraph 2?
products. Yet, while green options are becoming
(A) Sentence 6 elaborates the other ideas in
more widely available, many barriers to change
paragraph 2
remain. For instance, people are notoriously reluctant
(B) Sentence 6 is the result of the other ideas in
to change familiar patterns of behavior, and making a
paragraph 2
switch to green behaviors often necessitates making
(C) Sentence 6 strongly contradicts the other
sacrifices (e.g., paying more for a less effective
ideas in paragraph 2
product).
(D) Sentence 6 is the implementation of the
theory discussed in paragraph 2 Base on research on energy conservation in
(E) Sentence 6 provides another type of free the wake of the 1970s energy crisis, researches have
applications discussed in paragraph 2 continued to investigate strategies that promote
conservation behaviors. However, they need to
6. The author would apparently agree that… consider the underlying motives for conservation in
(A) open-ended games can stimulate children’s order to develop an effective strategy. In fact, those
love for learning motives have been identified. Each of them suggest
(B) some games and applications are boring different strategies for stimulating conservation.
because they are too easy Therefore, public officials should choose one best
(C) there is no convincing prediction for the strategy to conserve environment.
future of games and apps
According to an environmental concern
(D) it is better to pay for games in advance so
perspective, people are assumed to engaged in
that children can learn freely
conservation primarily because they, at same level,
(E) app star rating provides users with reviews
basically care about the security of the planet and its
on the good things of games and apps
inhabitants. To motivate green behavior from this
perspective, an effective strategy involves better
7. Regarding busy parents’ reliance on screen
informing people about the plight of the environment.
devices to help keep theis children entertained,
Accordingly, information campaigns about the
the author assumes that..
dangerous state of the planet should lead people to
(A) it is the parents’ responsibility to make their
behave in a pro-environmental fashion, even if going
children less engaged with scree devices
green requires some sacrifice on the part of
(B) children whose parents are busy with their
consumers. In contrast, a rational economic
activities must use screen devices less
perspective suggest that conservation is primarily
(C) parents need to be aware of their children’s
determined by economic reason. As a result, an
need for varied activities
effective way to motivate people to go green is by

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making green product cheaper, more efficient, and
providing consumers with financial incentives (e.g.,
tax breaks) to buy them. To motives related to
environmental concers and economic advantage can
certainly spur conservation.
8. Which of the following best restates the sentence
“Considering the harmful environmental effects
produced by pollution, overpopulation, and
depletion of natural resources, numerous
scholars and public officials have called for
increased urgency in motivating people to
engage in pro-environmental behaviors” ?
(A) the effects of pollution, overpopulation, and
depletion of natural resources lead scientist
and government to promote eco friendly
behaviors.
(B) because there are so many effects over the
environment, all people together conduct
research to inform the importance of
environment.
(C) many scholars and public officials have
worked hard to reduce pollution,
overpopulation, and depletion of natural
resources.
(D) motivating people to be aware of
environment is such a complicated task that
their behaviors remain unchanged.
(E) although a lot of people recognize the
effects of pollution, overpopulation, and
depletion of natural resources, pro-
environmental behaviors are limited in
practice.
9. The author highlights the harmful environmental
effects followed by…
(A) describing research activities to promote
conservation behaviors.
(B) showing pollution, overpopulation, and
depletion of natural resources
(C) arguing for the urgency of engaging people
in pro-environmental behaviors
(D) mentioning types of behaviors that support
the preservation of the environment
(E) elaborating the ideas between an
environmental concern and a rational
economic perspectives.
10. What does the author implies by stating “…while
green options are becoming more widely
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available, many barriers to change remain” in
lines 4-5?
(A) people feel more convenient when using
green products than conventional products.
(B) people still need time to be ready to use
green products
(C) using green option makes the products
cheaper and more efficient.
(D) there are many problems people face in
choosing the products
(E) consumers have many choices of products
to fulfill their needs.
11. Which of the following obviously shows the
author’s false ides in the passage?
(A) researches have continued to investigate
strategies that promote conservation
behaviours
(B) in the economic perspective, conservation is
primarily determined by economic reasons.
(C) one significant way of meeting such calls
involves our behavior as consumers.
(D) public officials should choose one best
strategy to conserve environment.
(E) each of the suggests different strategies for
purring conservation.
Text 4
This finding implies that the high level of
consumption of added sugars among teenagers may
result in lower levels of high density lipoprotein levels
(HDL), the good cholestrol, and higher of triglycerides
and low density lipoprotein (LDL), the bad cholestrol.
“This is the first study about the association of added
sugars and the indicators of heart disease risk in
adolescents, “said Jean Welsh, study author and
post-doctoral fellow at Emory University in Atlanta.
“The higher consumers of added sugar have more
unfavorable cholestrol levels. The concern is long-
term exposure would place them at risk for heart
disease later in adulthood.”
Teenagers with the highest levels of added
sugar consumption at more than 30 percent of total
energy had 49.5 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL)
compared to 54 mg/dL of HDL levels in those with the
lowest levels of added sugar consumption – a 9
percent difference. Previous studies indicate that the
largest contributors of addes sugars to the diet are

sugary beverages such as sodas, fruit drinks, and
teas, Welsh said.
The study included dietary recall from 24-
hour period that researchers merged with sugar
content data from the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Researchers estimated cardiovascular
risks by added sugar consumption of less than 10
percent up to more than 30 percent of daily total
energy. Two days of dietary data were used among
a subsample of 646 adolescents.
The key findings remained consistent.
Those with higher intake of added sugar had higher
LDL levels of 94.3 mg/dL compared to 86.7 in those
with the lowest levels, a 9 percent difference.
Triglyceride levels in those with the highest
consumption were 79 mg/dL compared to 71.7 mg/dL
among the lowest , a 10 percent difference.
Overweigt of obese adolescents with the highest
level of added sugar consumption had increased
signs of insulin resistance.
The researchers used cross-sectional data
so they cannot know if added sugar intake caused
the differing cholestrol levels, only that they are
linked. They also assessed the diet using one 24-
hour recall of intake, which may not reflect on a
person’s usual intake.
12. What topic does the paragraph preceding the
passage most likely discuss?
(A) Methods to increase good cholestrol
(B) Caution for high level sugar consumption
(C) Research on sugar consumption among
teenagers
(D) Remedies to lower bad cholestrol
(E) Negative effects of low HDL and LDL
13. The author’s attitude regarding the topic is..
(A) disapproving
(B) uninterested
(C) concerned
(D) positive
(E) neutral
14. Based on the passage , it can be hypothesized
that the more sugar teenagers consume, the..
(A) higher their levels of HDL
(B) lower the risk of insulin resistance is
(C) fewer the signs of high triglyceride levels
(D) better the total energy they have
(E) less sweet beverages they drink
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15. What is the best summay of the passage?
(A) High levels of added sugars may lead to low
level of good cholestrol, high level of bad
cholestrol, and triglyceride as well as insulin
intolerance, especially in obese teenagers.
Based on 24-hour diestary recall, this study
cannot determine the causal relation added
sugar and different cholestrol levels.
(B) Experts have found that there is a link
between the level of added sugar people
consume and their levels of cholestrol. This
can be harmful in the long term as it might
lead to heart disease. Moreover, obese or
overweight children with the highest level of
added sugars show signs of insulin
resistance.
(C) A study was conducted to find out the
correlation between added sugar and
cholestrol levels. High level of sugar
consumption leads to high level of bad
cholestrol and triglyceride. Therefore, people
should not consume these kinds of drink too
frequenlty.
(D) A 24-hour dietary recall was used to assess
the effects of added sugars. However, there
are still two limitations. First, it cannot
determine the connection between added
sugars and differing cholestrol levels.
Second, the recall may not represent the
usual daily intake.
(E) High levels of added sugars may lead to a
high levelof triglyceride. Furthermore,
among teenagers with overweight obesity
cases, there can be insulin resistance. The
largest sources of added sugars are sugary
beverages. It is the more important not to
have sugary beverages too much.

PAKET 2
Text 1
When mothers eat three sizeable servings of
fish each week during pregnancy, it may benefit
children’s brains for years to come, according to a
large study in Spain.
Researchers followed nearly 2.000 mother-
child pairs from the first trimester of pregnancy
through the child’s fifth birthday and found improved
brain functions in the kids whose mothers ate the
most mish while pregnant, compared to children of
mothers who ate at least.
Even when women averaged 600 grams, or
21 ounces, of fish weekly during pregnancy, there
was no sign that mercury or other pollutant associated
with fish were having a negative effect that offset the
apparent benefits.
“Seafood is known to be an important source
of essential nutrients for brain development, but at the
same time accumulates mercury from the
environment, which is known to be neurotoxic,” lead
author Jordi Julvez, of the center for Research in
Environmental Epidemiology in Barcelona, said in an
email.
In an attempt to balance the potential harms
of such pollutants with the general health benefits of
fish, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s 2014
guidelines encourage pregnant women to eat fish, but
no more than 12 ounces per week.
The European Food Safety Authority
Recently issued a scientific opinion endorsing 150g to
600g of fish weekly during pregnancy, Julves and
colleagues not in the American Journal of
Epidemiology. But, the study team writes, the effect of
maternal fish consumption during development are
still not well understood and more research could help
give pregnant women clearer guidance.
The researchers analyzed data from the
Spanish Childhood and Environment Project, a large
population study that recruited women in their first
trimester of pregnancy, in four provinces of Spain,
between 2004 and 2008.
On Average, the women had consumed
500g, or three servings, of seafood per week while
pregnant. But with every additional 10g per week
above that amount, children’s test scores improved.
The link between higher maternal consumption and
better brain development in children was especially
apparent when kids were five.
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1. What is the topic of the passage?
(A) Research on fish consumption by
pregnant women
(B) Effects of consuming fish on children’s
development
(C) Effect of pregnant mothers’ consuming
fish on their children’s brains
(D) A comparison between brain
development and fish consumption
(E) The cause and the effect of regular fish
consumption during pregnancy
2. The word endorsing in the passage means…
(A) Quantifiying
(B) Calculating
(C) Balancing
(D) Increasing
(E) Promoting
3. How much fish does a pregnant mother need
to consume per week to have her child test
score improve in the future?
(A) Around 150g
(B) Exactly 500g
(C) Exactly 510g
(D) Around 600g
(E) Between 150-500g
Text 2
Over the last two decades, the use of ICT
has been an important topic in education. On the one
hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance
teaching and learning outcomes. For example, in
science and mathematics education, scholars have
documented that the use of ICT can improve
students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving,
and team working skills. Consequently, most
curriculum documents state the importance of ICT
and encourage school teachers to use them.
However, teachers need to be specifically trained in
order to integrate ICT in their teaching.
School are known to be resistant to
innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is
beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the
current issues about the use of ICT is how it is
integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum
documents provide arguments for introducing ITC in
the school setting. Therefore, school expect that
graduates from teacher education programs have a

reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However,
this may not be the case because most current
teachers’ pre-service preparation, and subsequent in-
service courses were designed by using traditional
technology and settings. Thus, the participants in
these courses are not familiar with the processes,
interaction patterns, features and possibilities of
teaching learning processes based on ICT.
This issue becomes complicated because
the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they
typically lack information literacy skills although they
were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to
the “Net Generation”. Furthermore, they are
accustomed to operating in a digital environment for
communication, information gathering, and analysis.
The problem is that students do not have to
understand how their use of technology affects their
habits of learning.
Effective development of pre-service
teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to b a direct
process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex
approach. First, a needs assessment is important to
find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need
at schools. Second, designers of teacher education
programs should know the pre-service teachers’
perceptions of ICT and their attitudes toard ICT
integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education
programs need to consider the two typical arguments
that support the ICT use in schools.
4. With the statement ‘one of the current issues
about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into
the curriculum.’ In the second paragraph, the
author intends to …
(A) Emphazise the need for teachers with good
literacy in technology
(B) Explore the reasons for incuding ICT in the
curriculum document
(C) Explain the curriculum document for ICT
introduction in education
(D) Argue that current teachers already have
good knowledge of using ICT
(E) Show that teacher education programs have
been running expected ICT curriculum
5. The author’s idea of the relationship between the
use of ICT and learning outcome is analogous
with ….
(A) Vitamin - health
(B) Speed – aeroplane
(C) Harvest – irrigation
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(D) Cellphone – crime
(E) Books – intelegence
6. The assumption the author has about teacher
education program is that …
(A) The programs have introduced a reasonable
knowledge of how to use ICT
(B) The programs have found out what ICT skills
and knowledge the teachers need
(C) The programs have given materials related
to the pre-service teachers’ perception of
ICT
(D) The program were still designed in reference
to traditional edicational technology and
settings
(E) The programs have participants who are
familiar with the processes of technology-
mediated edicational transactions
7. Which lines of the passage illustrate the ideal ICT
teacher education programs most effectively
(A) 4 - 5
(B) 9 – 11
(C) 14 – 16
(D) 16 – 17
(E) 17 – 20
Text 3
Prior to the Industrial Revolution,
atmospheric concentrations of naturally occuring
greenhouse gases had beed relatively stable for
10.000 years. The greenhouse gases include water
vapour or moisture, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and ozone. As a consequance, the net
incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere
was roughly balanced by net outgoing infrared
radiation.
However, with the advent of fossil fuel-
burning plants to support industry, automobiles, and
the energy demands of modern cosumers, as well as
the subtantial expansion of other human activities
including agricultural production, “human began to
interfere siriously in the composition of the
atmosphere.” Say Fred Pearce, by emitting large
amounts of additional greenhouse gases. The
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have resulted
in “radiating forcing”. The increased levels of
greenhouse gases result in greater absorption of
outgoing infrared radiation. This will eventually

increase the temperatures when a portion of this
radiation is re-radiated to the Earth’s surface.
The most important anthropogenic
greenhouse gas over the past two centuries has been
carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxiden is primarily
attributable to fossil fuel combustion, cement
production, and land-use change. Since 1751, over
297 billion metric tons of carbon has been released
into the atmosphere from anthrophogenic sources.
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide were
approximately 280 parts per million at the start of the
Industrial Revolution in the 1870s. It took a century
and a half to reach atmospheric concentrations of 315
ppm.
Approximately 7.1 gigatons of carbon are
currently emitted annually by human activities.
However, about two gigatons of carbon, or
approximately 25 to 30 percent of annual
anthropogenic emissions, are absorbed by oceans,
with 3.3 gigatons accumulationg continuously in the
atmosphere. The ocean have absorbed approximately
525 gigaton of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
over the past 200 years, a rate ten times the natural
historical rate. Over the next millenium, it is estimated
that the world’s oceans will absorb 90% of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide currently being relased
into the atmosphere.
8. What can be infered from the passage about
the current increase of carbon dioxide?
(A) Before the era of the indutrial revolution,
the atmosphere was relatively free from
CO2
(B) The rate of CO2 ansoprtion by the
ocean increased 100% over the last 200
year
(C) Greenhouse effects can be avoided by
increasing the outgoing heat from the
Earth
(D) Human activities with the use of fossil
fuels contribute to the increase of
carbon dioxide
(E) Carbon is the only contributing gas to
increase the greenhouse effect
9. The sentence ‘This will eventually increase
the temperatures when a portion of this
radiation is re-radiated to the Earth’s
surface.’ In second paragraph is closed in
meaning to …..
(A) Radiation of the Earth will heat anything
obstructing its way out
(B) Portion of radiation returned depends on
the temperature of the Earth
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(C) The Earth has natural mechanism to
decrease its surface temperature
(D) The atmosphere of the Earth will get
warmer when the incoming heat is
reflected by the Earth
(E) Atmosphere of the Earth has the
potential to block the outgoing radiation
10. Which of the following reflects the author’s
bias about the accumulation of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere?
(A) The atmospheric composition in the last
200 years has changed
(B) There is alternative mechanism of
decreasing CO2 in the atmosphere
(C) Dominant sources of the increase of
greenhouse gasses are the use of fossil
fuels
(D) The Industrial Revolution plays an
important role on climate change
(E) Fossil fuels are use for main energy
resources
11. In presenting the ideas, the author stars by
(A) Describing the mechanism of balancing
Earth’s heat
(B) Giving example of greenhouse in
atmosphere
(C) Explaining historical details about the
Earth’s atmosphere
(D) Accusing industries of the increase of
the Earth’s heat
(E) Stating the consequence of iterfering the
atmosphere balance
Text 3
Sugar impacts your white blood cells by
competing for space in those cells with Vitamin C.
When Linus Pauling did research in the 1970s to find
out how the body uses Vitamin C, he discovered that
white blood cells need Vitamin C to destroy bacteria
and viruses. Sugar and Vitamin C are similar in their
chemical structure. When you eat sugar, it directly
competes for space in your immune cells with Vitamin
C!The more sugar in your system, the less Vitamin C
can get into your white blood cells. Sugar DOES NOT
help your immune system fight infection at all,
resulting in a weakened defense from infections.
Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is a great way
to get immune boosting benefits from Vitamin C and
other phytonutrients found in fresh raw foods. The
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colors of produce give you a clue for how they help
the immune system. Choose orange fruits and
vegetables like carrots to get more beta carotene, the
precursor your body turns into Vitamin A. This nutrient
helps your immune system by supporting healthy
lungs and lymph.
Don't stress about it if you find it hard to completely
throw out the sugar and load up on fresh whole fruits
and veggies. Diet changes take time and if you want
your new healthy habits to stick, be persistent as you
try switching out a large salad for that fast food
sandwich at lunch. If you normally eat sweet
processed food like donuts for breakfast, try replacing
it with mixed fresh fruit and nuts or a smoothie, and
see how much better you feel over time. Your taste
buds will need a few weeks to get used to changes in
what you're eating. Your body will get over the
cravings, which are actually a symptom of the
deficiencies of empty foods until you have nourished
your body well for a time. As the empty foods leave
your body, and you consistently offer new fresh foods
with adequate nutrients, cravings will stop. In the long
term, the more fresh whole foods you eat, the more
energy you'll have and the stronger your immune
system will be.
(C) Vitamins A and C are the most needed
vitamins by our body to avoid sugar
addiction
(D) Fresh fruid and vegetables can increase
vitamin intake to strengthen our immune
system
(E) Vitamin C and sugar both taste sweet
but vitamin C contains nutrients needed
by our body
15. Based on the passage, it can be
hypothesized that our body’s immune
system will get stronger if ….
(A) We replace sugar with low sugar diet
(B) Our diet consists of fresh fruits and
vegetables
(C) Our food froduces energy to convert
nutrients into vitamins
(D) We consume salads to replace sugar
and fast food
(E) We eat low-calorie food

12. What is the author’s attitude toward the topic

of the passage
(A) Connsiderate
(B) Confident
(C) Persuasive
(D) Objective
(E) Serious

13. The paragrah following the passage will

likely talk about ….
(A) Examples of fresh food as an alternative
diet
(B) Coping with stress resulting from diet
changes
(C) Calculation of energy produced from
fresh food
(D) Illnesses preventable from eating fresh
food
(E) The nearest places to get fresh food

14. The passage can be best summarized as

followes ….
(A) It is hard to replace sugar with fresh
fruid and vegetable for daily diet
(B) Changing diet with salads for daily menu
will strengthen the body immune system

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PAKET 3
Text 1
The present study sought to docu-ment the
word reading and comprehension levels attained by
children who were im-planted by 5 year of age. It was
hypothesized that the improved speech perception
abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would
promote phonological coding skills. (1) ...
Three subtests of diagnostic reading
assessment batteries standardized on hearing
children were administered to 181 children between 8
year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4
to 6 years of im-plant experience. (2) ... It included a
lexical decision task, a rhyme task, and the digit span
subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children.
Over half of the children scored within the
average range for their age com-pared with the
normative data for hearing children. (3) ... They were
higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-
economic status, and later onset of deafness
between birth and 36 months.
1. Which option best completes (1)?
A. The finding showed that the hypothesis was
accepted.
B. The implantation was eventually shown to
be successful.
C. The following paragraph would discuss the
findings of the study.
D. The objective of the study was to see the
subjects’ reading skills.
E. It would also facilitate the acquisition of
beginning reading skills.
2. Which option best completes (2)?
A. Likewise, the children were obliged
to take a reading test.
B. In addition, a battery of processing
measures was administered.
C. However, standard measurement
was applied to test the subjects.
D. Consequently, the assessment was
used to evaluate the reading skills.
E. Instead, an interview consisting of
many different tasks was
conducted.
3. Which option best completes (3)?
A. The results were categorized based on the
subjects’ status.
B. Data were collected on the basis of several
different items.
C. Reading competence was associated with
three aspects.
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D. The subjects consisted of different age
children.
E. Findings showed various levels of reading
skills.
TEXT 2
Ginger, nuts, fatty fish, and whole grains are
just some of the many foods that have been
published to have anti-inflammatory properties. But
do they work? It turns out that experts agree that
eating a diet rich in such foods may in fact help lower
the levels of inflammation in the body. However, they
stress that adding or increas-ing the consumption of
any one food is likely not going to have a profound
effect on one’s health.
In a new, small study, researchers found
that men who consumed flaxseed for 42 days
experienced a significant decrease in inflammatory
markers compared with men who did not consume
flaxseed. In another study, the authors found that
taking ginger root extract appeared to reduce
markers of colon inflammation. In addition, according
to the results of a study, curcumin, which is the main
compound in the spice turmeric, which is used in
curry, could help suppress biological mechanisms
that lead to the in-flammation in diseases of the
tendons. Rheu-matoid arthritis, cardiovascular
disease, and diabetes are some of the conditions that
have been linked with higher levels of in-flammati
However, Kirkpatrick stressed that adding
just one specific food to your diet is unlikely to work
wonders for lowering in-flammation, or for improving
health in gen-eral. Kirkpatrick also stressed that
people who take dietary supplements do not get the
same results as those who consume real foods that
have anti-inflammatory proper-ties. Moreover, in
order to lower inflamma-tion through diet, it is also
important to stay away from foods that can promote
inflam-mation, such as sugar, she said. “So it is not
just about adding these things in, it is also about
taking pro- inflammatory foods out,”
Kirkpatrick said.
“Food is medicine, but it is hard to compare
medicine that is created in a lab with something that
is grown in the ground to determine what is going to
be beneficial,” Kirkpatrick said. Depending on a
person’s condition, and the reasons for their inflam-
mation, medication may be necessary, while food can
be still a nice add-on.
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4. The conditions required to reduce the
inflammation stated in paragraph 2 are found in
paragraph (s) ....
A. 1
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1 and 3
E. 2 and 4
5. Based on the passage, which of the following
reflects the idea of relationships between
consuming gingers, nuts, fatty fish, and whole
grains and health?
A. Thirst and drinking
B. Age and physical strength
C. Learning efforts and grades
D. Sleeping hours and body freshness
E. Bodily exercise and physical growth
6. The argument in the last line of paragraph 4
assumes that ....
A. having a balance diet can help reduce
inflammation
B. consuming more curry is good to avoid
inflammation
C. getting medication is a better way to
solve inflammatory problems
D. taking foods with anti-inflammatory
materials can cure inflammation
E. studies on the influence of foods with anti-
inflammatory property are consistent
7. The possible role of anti-inflammatory foods is
best described in paragraphs ....
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
E. 3 and 4
8. Paragraph 3 implies that ....
A. a well-proportioned diet is good to reduce
inflammation
B. carbohydrate is the source of pro-
inflammatory foods
C. pro-inflammatory foods should not be in the
diet list
D. various anti-inflammatory supplements work
better
E. the nature of anti-inflammatory foods is still
secret
9. Which of the following best restates the idea of
paragraph 2?
A. The inflammation, a study found, is
caused by improper biological
mechanism.
B. Some studies showed that anti-
inflammatory foods could lower
inflammation.
C. The studies conclude that consuming the
extract shows to be more effective.
D. Anti-inflammatory foods are factually
spicy foods we consume every day.
E. Inflammation results in arthritis,
cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
TEXT 3
Gardeners and homeowners might
sometimes need to add nitrogen fertilizers to their
gardens and lawns to provide just the right food for
their plants. The amount used typically depends on
plant and seed instructions as well as on the other
sources of nitrogen, such as ma-nure, already applied
to the soil. While an addi-tion of nitrogen to the lawn
and garden may be necessary, homeowners often
use more than what is recommended, and over time
this excess nitrogen pollutes water and air. Nitrogen
at higher levels causes a loss of certain plant spe-
cies, depletion of soil nutrients, death of fish and
aquatic organisms, and contamination of drink-ing
water.
Though nitrogen serves to aid plants in their
growth, weeds and nonnative plants tend to grow
more readily with additional nitrogen supplies. Other
plants that have lower nitrogen needs end up dying,
causing a decline in native species, according to the
Ecological Society of America (ESA). In California, for
example, it is reported that too much nitrogen
encourages the growth of nonnative grasses and kills
off lichens on trees. In the coastal areas of the
western United States, soils have higher levels of
nitro-gen, which feed nonnative grasses. The shift in
plant species increases the chances of wildfires
because these new grasses are flammable.
In the soil, too much nitrogen also cre-ates
an imbalance of nutrients that causes a de-pletion of
other important minerals such as cal-cium,
phosphorus, and magnesium. While fertil-izer overuse
causes this change, nitrogen-polluted air, caused by
nitrates from automobiles and industrial plants, also
results in this acidifica-tion of the soil when acid rain
falls. When the nitrogen abundance reduces
important minerals, toxic elements such as aluminum
can proliferate and harm plants as well as fish in
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When nitrogen levels in rivers and streams
increase, they aid in algae over-growth. As algae dies
and decomposes. or-ganic matter in the water
increases. This process uses up oxygen, causing
levels to drop. Without the oxygen, fish, crabs and
other aquatic life die. In the San Francisco Bay Delta,
for example, blue- green algae blooms occur in
numbers during the warmer months, especially when
the conditions such as increased nitrogen occur.
Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution say these algae blooms, which can appear
in different colors, produce toxins that can be harmful.
A soluble substance, nitrogen soaksdeeply into the
soil after a rainstorm or after irrigation, reaching
ground water and nearby wells. When babies under a
year old and eld-erly people ingest water with high
nitrogen levels, they can develop symptoms such as
gastrointestinal swelling and irritation, diar-rhea, and
protein digestion problems, ac-cording to the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. Because
nitrogen is odorless and colorless, only testing can
de-termine whether contamination has oc-curred.
10. According to the passage, which of the following
best shows the author’s bias?
A. The need of fertilizer to increase agricultural
production.
B. Blooms of algae in spring but leaving
polluted waters afterwards.
C. Change of plants in the forest and forest fire
because of nitrogen.
D. Growing of unwanted plants and plants
extinction caused by nitrogen.
E. Nitrogen as a useful supplement for plants,
be it in the air, water, or soil.
11. In connecting the idea in paragraph 2 and
that in paragraph 3, the author ....
A. shows evidence why change of plants
causes forests more vulnerable from fire
B. gives further impacts of nitrogen not
only on soil but also in water and air
C. argues that nitrogen harms not only
plants and animals, but also humans
D. provides a reason why the change of
plants may occur in forests
E. states the characteristics of nitrogen in
the nature
12. What is the author’s attitude towards overuse of
nitrogen?
A. Pessimistic
B. Concerned
C. Mindful
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D. Critical
E. Neutral
13. The paragraph following the passage will most
likely discuss ....
A. a case of polluted water contaminated by
nitrogen
B. trainings on how to use fertilizers wisely to
possible users
C. results of testing an area possibly
contaminated by nitrogen
D. a case of plant change because of nitrogen
excess in the soil
E. efforts to reduce acid rains to avoid nitrogen
contaminating wells
14. Which of the following best summarizes ideas of
the passage?
A. In the long run, fertilizers will bring more
harms thanbenefits to environments.
B. Nitrogen can help plants grow, but it is
potential to pollute soil, water, and air.
C. Use of fertilizers is the major cause of
nitrogen excess in the soil and water.
D. Acid rain in the environment has the
potential to bring revolution of plants.
E. Nitrates together with other elements in the
atmosphere form acid rains.
15. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized
that the more ....
A. houses, the more nitrogen excesses
B. polluted soil, the more crop problems
C. fertilizers, the more agricultural products
D. nitrogen, the more acid rains and plant shifts
E. industrial areas, the more polluted air and
soil

PAKET 4
Text 1
Passage A
Because dental caries (decay) is strongly
linked to consumption of the sticky, carbohydrate-
rich staples of agricultural diets, prehistoric human
teeth can provide clues about when a population
made the transition from a hunter-gatherer diet to
an agricultural one. Caries information is influenced
by several factors, including tooth structure,
bacteria, in the mouth, and diet. In particular, caries
informationis affected by carbohydrates’ texture and
composition, since carbohydrates more readily stick
to teeth.
Many researches demonstrated have
demonstrated the link between carbohydrate
Consumption and caries. In north America, Leigh
studied caries in archeologically derived teeth,
nothing that caries rates differed between
indigenous population that primarily consumed meat
(a Sioux sample showed almost no caries) and
those heavily dependent on cultivated maize (a
Zuni sample had 75 percent carious teeth). Leigh’s
findings have been frequently confirmed by other
researchers, who have shown that, in general, the
greater a population’s dependence on agriculture is,
the higher is rate of caries formation will be.
Under some circumtances, however,
nonagricultural populations may exhibit relatively
high caries rates. For example, early nonagricultural
populations in western North America who
consumed large amounts of highly processed
stone-ground flour made from gathered acorns
show relatively high caries frequencies. And wild
plants collected by the Hopi included several
species with high cariogenic potential, notably
pinyon nuts and wild tubers.
Passage B
Archaeologists recovered human skeletal
remains interred over a 2,000-year period in
prehistoric Ban Chiang, Thailand. The site’s early
inhabitants appear to have had a hunter –gatherer-
cultivator economy. Evidence indicates that, over
time, the population became increasingly dependent
on agriculture.
Research suggests that agricultural
intensification results in declining human health,
including dental health. Studies show that dental
caries is uncommon in pre-agricultural populations.
Increased caries frequency may result from
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increase consumption of starchy-sticky foodstuffs or
from alterations in tooth wear. The wearing down of
tooth crown surfaces reduces caries formation by
removing fissures that can trap food particles. A
reduction of fiber or grit in a diet may diminish tooth
wear, thus increasing caries frequency. However,
severe wear that exposes a tooth’s pulp cavity may
also result in caries.
The diet of Ban Chiang’s inhabitants
included some cultivated rice and yams from the
beginning of the period represented by the
recovered remains. These were part of a varied diet
that also included wild plant and animal foods.
Since both rice and yams are carbohydrates,
increased reliance on either or both should
theoretically result in increased caries frequency.
Yet comparisons of caries frequency in the
early and Late Ban Chiang Groups indicate that
overall caries frequency is slightly greater in the
Early Group.
1. Both passages are primarily concerned
with examining which one of the follwing
topics?
(A) Evidence of the development of
agriculture in the archeological record
(B) The impact of agriculture on the
overall health od human populations
(C) The effects of carbohydrate-rich foods
on caries formation in strictly
agricultural societies
(D) The archeological evidence regarding
when the first agricultural society
arose
(E) The extent to which pre-agricultural
populations were able to obtain
carbohydrate-rich foods
2. Which one of the following distinguishes
the Ban Chiang populations discussed in
passage B from the populations discussed
in the last paragraph of passage A?
(A) While the Ban Chiang populations
consumed several highly cariogenic
foods, the populations discussed in
the last paragraph of passage A did
not.
(B) While the Ban Chiang populations ate
cultivated foods, the populations
discussed in the last paragraph of
passage A did not
(C) While the Ban Chiang populations
consumed a diet consisting primarily
of carbohydrates, the population

discussed in the last paragraph of
passage A did not
(D) While the Ban Chiang population
exhibited very high levels of tooth
wear, the population discussed in the
last paragraph of passage A did not.
(E) While the Ban Chiang populations ate
certain highly processed foods, the
population discussed in the last
paragraph of passage A did not.
3. Passage B most strongly supports which
one of the following statements about fiber
and grit in a diet?
(A) They can either limit or promote caries
formation depending on their
prevalence in the diet.
(B) They are typically consumed in greater
quantities as a population adopts
agriculture.
(C) They have a negative effect on overall
health since they have no nutritional
value.
(D) They contribute to the formation of
fissures in tooth surfaces.
(E) They increase the stickness of
carbohydrate-rich foods.
4. Each passage suggests which one of the
following about carbohydrate-rich foods?
(A) Varieties that are cultivated have a
greater tendency to cause caries than
varieties that grow wild.
(B) Those that require substantial
processing do not play a role in
hunter-gatherer diets.
(C) Some of them naturally have a greater
tendency than others to cause caries.
(D) Some of them reduce caries formation
because their relatively high fiber
content increases tooth wear.
(E) The cariogenic potential of a given
variety increases if it is cultivated
rather than gathered in the wild.
5. The evidence from Ban Chiang discussed
in passage B relates to the generalization
reported in the second paragraph of
passage A in which one of the following
ways?
(A) The evidence confirms the
generalization.
(B) The evidence tends to support the
generalization.
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(C) The evidence is irrelevant to
generalization.
(D) The evidence does not conform to the
generalization.
(E) The evidence disproves the
generalization.
Text 2
Virtually everything an astronomer
known about objects outside the solar system is
based on the detection of photons-quanta of
electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another
form of radiation that permeates the universe:
neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric
charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts
with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can
across the entire universe, even traversing
substantial aggregations of matter, without being
absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus
escape from regions of space where lights and
other kinds of electromagnetics radiation are
blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry
with them information about the site and
circumstances of their production: therefore, the
detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new
information about a wide variety of cosmic
phenomena and about the history of the universe.
But how can scientist detect a particle
that interacts so infrequently with other matter?
Twenty-five years passed between pauli’s
hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual
detection: since then virtually all research with
neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially
in large particle accelerators and studied under
neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope,
capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to
construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless
it is extremely massive, because great mass is
synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons
(neutrons and protons), and the more massive the
detector, the greater the probability of one of its
nucleon’s reacting with neutrino. In addition, the
apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the
interfering affects of other particles.
Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has
proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by
harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named
DUMAND, for deep under-water muon and neutrino
detector, the project calls for placing an array of
lights sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the
ocean surface. The detecting medium is the sea
water itself: when a neutrino interacts with particles
in an atom of sweater. The result is a cascade of

electrically charged particle and a flash of light that
can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers
of sea water above the sensors will shield them
from interfering effects of other high-energy
particles raining down through the atmosphere.
The strongest motivation for the DUMAND
project is that it will exploit an important source of
information about the universe. The extension of
astronomy from visible light to radiowaves to x-rays
and gamma rays never failed to lead to the
discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies,
quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries
came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will
doubtless bring its own share of surprises.
6. Which of the following titles best
summarizes the passage as a whole?
(A) At the threshold of neutrino astronomy
(B) Neutrinos and the history of the
universe
(C) The creation of study of neutrinos
(D) The DUMAND system and how it
works
(E) The properties of the neutrino
7. With which the following statements
regarding neutrino astronomy would the
author most likely to agree?
(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all
present forms of astronomy.
(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned
if the DUMAND project fails.
(C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected
to lead to major breakthroughs in
astronomy.
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose
phenomena that will be more
surprising than past discoveries.
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be
characterized by a large time lag
between hypothesis and experimental
confirmation.
8. In the last paragraph, the author describes
the development of astronomy in order to
(A) Suggest that the potential findings of
neutrino astronomy can be seen as
part of series of astronomical
successes
(B) Illustrate the role of surprise in
scientific discovery
(C) Demonstrate the effectiveness of the
DUMAND apparatus in detecting
neutrinos
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(D) Name some cosmic phenomena that
neutrino astronomy will illuminate
(E) Contrast the motivation of the earlier
astronomers with that of the
astrophysicists working on the
DUMAND project
9. According to the passage one advantage
that neutrinos have for studies in
astronomy is that they
(A) Have been detected for the last
twenty-five years
(B) Posses a variable electric charge
(C) Are usually extremely massive
(D) carry information about their history
with them
(E) Are very similar to other
electromagnetic particles
10. According to the passage, the primary use
of the apparatus mentioned in paragraph 2
would be to
(A) Increase the mass of neutrino
(B) Interpret the information neutrinos
carry with them
(C) Study the internal structure of a
neutrino
(D) See neutrinos in distant regions of
space
(E) Detect the presence of cosmic
neutrinos
Text 3
Passage A
In January 1995 a vast section of ice broke
off the Larsen ice shelf in Antartica. While this
occurrence, the direct result of a regional warming
trend that began in the 1940s, may be the most
spectacular manifestation yet of serious climate
changes occurring on the planet as a consequence
of atmospheric heating, other symptoms – more
intense storms, prolonged droughts, extended heat
waves, and record flooding – have been emerging
around the world for several years.
According to scientific estimate,
furthermore, sea-level rise resulting from global
warming will reach 3 feet (1 meter) within the next
century. Such a rise could submerge vast coastal
areas, with potentially irreversible consequences.
Late in 1995 the intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that it had
detected the “fingerprint” of human activity as a
contributor to the warming of the earth’s

atmosphere. Furthermore, panel scientists
attributed such warming directly to the increasing
quantities of carbon dioxide released by our burning
of fossil fuels. The IPCC report thus clearly
identities a pattern of climatic response to human
activities in the climatological record, thereby
establishing without doubt that global warming can
no longer be attributed solely to natural climate
variability.
Passage B
Over the past two decades, an extreme
view of global warming has developed. While it
contains some facts, this view also contains
exaggerations and misstatements, and has
sometimes resulted in unreasonable environmental
policies.
According to this view, global warming will
cause the polar ice to melt, raising global sea levels,
flooding entire regions, destroying corps, and
displacing millions of people. However, there is still
a great deal of uncertainty regarding a potential rise
in sea levels. Certainly, if the earth warms, sea
levels will rise as the water heats up and expands. If
the polar ice caps melt, more water will be added to
the oceans, raising sea levels even further. There is
some evidence that melting has occurred;however,
there is also evidence that the Antarctic ice sheets
are growing. In fact, it is possible that a warmer sea
surface temperature will cause more water to
evaporate, and when wind carries the moisture-
laden air over the land, it will precipitate out as
snow, causing the ice sheets to grow. Certainly, we
need to have better knowledge about the
hydrological cycle before predicting dire
consequences as a result of recent increases in
global temperatures.
This view also exaggerates the impact that
human activity has on the planet. While human
activity may be a factor in global warming, natural
events appear to be far more important. The 1991
eruption of mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, for
example, caused a decrease in the average global
temperature, while El Nińo, a periodic perturbation
in the ocean’s temperature and circulation, causes
extreme global climatic events, including droughts
and major flooding. Of even greater importance to
the earth’s climate are variations in the sun’s
radiation and in the earth’s orbit. Climate variability
has always existed and will continue to do so,
regardless of human intervention.
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11. Which one of the following questions is
central to both passages?
(A) How has an increase in the burning of
fossil fuels raised the earth’s
temperature?
(B) To what extent can global warming be
attributed to human activity?
(C) What steps should be taken to reduce
the rate of global warming?
(D) What kinds of human activities
increase the amount of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere?
(E) To what extent is global warming
caused by variations in the sun’s
radiation and the earth’s orbit?
12. Which of the following is mentioned in
passage B but not in passage A as a
possible consequence of global warming?
(A) An increase in the size of the Antarctic
ice sheet
(B) A decrease in the amount of snowfall
(C) A failing of ocean sea levels
(D) An increase in the severity of heat
waves
(E) An increase in the frequency of major
flooding
13. The author of passage B would be most
likely to make which one of the following
criticisms about the predictions cited in
passage A concerning a rise in sea level?
(A) These predictions incorrectly posit a
causal relationship between the
warming of the earth and rising sea
levels.
(B) These prediction are supported only
by inconclusive evidence that some
melting of the polar ice caps has
occurred
(C) These predictions exaggerate the
degree to which global temperatures
have increased in recent decades
(D) These predictions rely on an
inadequate understanding of the
hydrological cycle
(E) These predictions assume a
continuing increase in global
temperatures that may not occur

14. The relationship between passage A and
passage B is most analogous to the
relationship between the documents
described in which one of the following?
(A) A research report that raises estimates
of damage done by above-ground
nuclear testing; an article that
describes practical applications for
nuclear power in the energy
production and medical fields
(B) An article arguing that corporate
patronage biases scientific studies
about the impact of pollution on the
ozone layer; a study suggesting that
aerosols in the atmosphere may
counteract damaging effects of
atmospheric carbon dioxide on the
ozone layer
(C) An article citing evidence that the
spread of human development into
pristine natural areas is causing
catastrophic increase in species
extinction; an article arguing that
naturally occurring cycles of extinction
are the most important factor in
species loss
(D) An article describing the effect of
prolonged drought on crop production
in the developing world; an article
detailing the impact of innovative
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irrigation techniques in water-scarce
agriculture areas
(E) A research report on crime and the
decline of various neighborhoods from
1960 to 1085; an article describing
psychological research on the most
important predictors of criminal
behavior
15. Which one of the following most accurately
describes the relationship between the
argument made in passage A and the
argument made in passage B?
(A) Passage A draws conclusions that are
not based on hard evidence, passage
B confines itself to proven fact
(B) Passage A relies on evidence that
dates back to the 1940s, while
passage B relies on much more recent
evidence
(C) Passage A warns about the effects of
certain recent phenomena, while
passage B argues that some
inferences based on those
phenomena are unfounded
(D) Passage A makes a number of
assertions that passage B
demonstrates to be false
(E) Passage A and passage B use the
same evidence to draw diametrically
opposed conclusions.

PAKET 5
Text 1
Most economists in the United States
seem captivated by the spell of the free market.
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that
does not accord with the requirements of the free
market. A price that is determined by the seller or,
for that matter, established by anyone other than
the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.
Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of
price-fixing (the determination of prices by the
seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable
economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in
all industrialized societies because the industrial
system itself provides, as an effortless consequence
of its own development, the price-fixing that it
requires. Modern industrial planning requires and
rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small
number of large firms will be competing for the
same group of consumers. That each large firm will
act with consideration of its own needs and thus
avoid selling its products for more than its
competitors charge is commonly recognized by
advocates of free-market economic theories. But
each large firm will also act with full consideration of
the needs that it has in common with the other large
firms competing for the same customers. Each large
firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because
price cutting would be prejudicial to the common
interest in a stable demand for products. Most
economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs
because they expect it to be brought about by a
number of explicit agreements among large firms; it
is not.
Moreover, those economists who argue
that allowing the free market to operate without
interference is the most efficient method of
establishing prices have not considered the
economies of non-socialist countries other than the
United States. The economies employ international
price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal
price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by
agreements covering the members of an industry
are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly
efficient about the free market and inefficient about
price fixing, the countries that have avoided the first
and used the second would have suffered
drastically in their economic development. There is
no indication that they have.
Socialist industry also works within a
framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s,
the Soviet Union began to give firms industries
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some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more
informal evolution has accorded the capitalist
system. Economists in the United States have
hailed the change as a return to the free market. But
Soviet firms are no more subject to prices
established by a free market over which they
exercise little influence than are capital firms; rather,
Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) Refute the theory that the free market
plays a useful role in the development
of industrialized societies
(B) Suggest methods by which
economists and members of the
government of the United States can
recognize and combat price-fixing by
large firms
(C) Show that in industrialized societies
price-fixing and the operation of the
free market are not only compatible
but also mutually beneficial
(D) Explain the various ways in which
industrialized societies can fix prices
in order to stabilize the free market
(E) Argue that price-fixing, in one form or
another, is an inevitable part of and
benefit to the economy of any
industrialized society
2. The author’s attitude toward “Most
economists in the United States”
(paragraph 1) can best be described as
(A) Spiteful and envious
(B) Scornful and denunciatory
(C) Critical and condescending
(D) Ambivalent but deferential
(E) Uncertain but interested
3. It can be inferred from the author’s
argument that a price fixed by the seller
“seems pernicious” (paragraph 1) because
(A) People do not have confidence in
large firms
(B) People do not expect the government
to regulate prices
(C) Most economists believe that
consumers as a group should
determine prices
(D) Most economists associate fixed
prices with communist and socialist
economies
(E) Most economists believe that no one
group should determine prices

4. According to the author, price-fixing in non-
socialist countries is often
(A) Accidental but productive
(B) Illegal but useful
(C) Legal and innovative
(D) Traditional and rigid
(E) Intentional and widespread
5. With which of the following statements
regarding the behavior of large firms in
industrialized societies would the author be
most likely to agree?
(A) The directors of large firms will
continue to anticipate the demand for
products
(B) The directors of large firms are less
interested in achieving a predictable
level of profit than in achieving a large
profit
(C) The directors of large firms will strive
to reduce the costs of their products
(D) Many directors of large firms believe
that the government should establish
the prices that will be charged for
products
(E) Many directors of large firms believe
that the price charged for products is
likely to increase annually
Text 2
The labor force is often organized as if
workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-
age children need full time care; children in primary
school need care after school and during school
vacations. Although day-care services can resolve
some scheduling conflicts between home and office,
workers cannot always find or afford suitable care.
Even when they obtain such care, parents must still
cope with emergencies, such as illness, that keep
children at home. Moreover, children need more
than tending; they also need meaningful time with
their parents. Conventional full time workdays,
especially when combined with unavoidable
household duties, are too inflexible for parents with
primary child-care responsibility.
Although a small but increasing number of
working men are single parents, those barriers
against successful participation in the labor market
that are related to primary child-care responsibilities
mainly disadvantage women. Even in families
where both parents work, cultural pressures are
traditionally much greater on mothers than on
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fathers to bear the primary child-rearing
responsibilities.
In reconciling child-rearing responsibilities
with participation in the labor market, many working
mothers are forced to make compromises. For
example, approximately one-third of all working
mothers are employed only part-time, even though
part-time jobs are dramatically underpaid and often
less desirable in comparison to full-time
employment. Even though part-time work is usually
available only in occupations offering minimal
employee responsibility and little opportunity for
advancement or self-enrichment, such employment
does allow many women the time and flexibility to
fulfill their family duties, but only at the expense of
the advantages associated with full-time
employment.
Moreover, even mothers with full-time
employment must compromise opportunities in
order to adjust to barriers against parents in the
labor market. Many choose jobs entailing little
challenge or responsibility or those offering flexible
scheduling, often available only in poorly paid
positions, while other working mothers, although
willing and able to assume as much responsibility
as people without children, find that their need to
spend regular and predictable time with their
children inevitably causes them to lose career
opportunities to those without such demands. Thus,
women in education are more likely to become
teachers than school administrators, whose more
conventional full-time work schedules do not
correspond to the schedules of school-age children,
while female lawyers are more likely to practice law
in trusts and estates, where they can control their
work schedules, than in litigation, where they
cannot. Nonprofessional women are concentrated in
secretarial work and department store sales, where
their absences can be covered easily by substitutes
and where they can enter and leave the work force
with little loss, since the jobs offer so little personal
gain. Indeed, as long as the labor market remains
hostile to parents, and family roles continue to be
allocated on the basis of gender, women will be
seriously disadvantaged in that labor market.
6. Which one of the following best
summarizes the main idea of the passage?
(A) Current trends in the labor force
indicate that working parents,
especially women, may not always
need to choose between occupational
and child-care responsibilities

(B) In order for mothers to have an equal
opportunity for advancement in the
labor force, traditional family roles
have to be reexamined and revised
(C) Although single parents who work
have to balance parental and career
demands, single mothers suffer
resulting employment disadvantages
that single fathers can almost always
avoid
(D) Although child-care responsibilities
disadvantages many women in the
labor force, professional women (such
as teachers and lawyers) are better
able to overcome this problem than
are nonprofessional women
(E) Traditional work schedules are too
inflexible to accommodate the child-
care responsibilities of many parents,
a fact that severely disadvantages
women in the labor force
7. Which one of the following statements
about part-time work can be inferred from
the information presented in the passage?
(A) One-third of all part-time workers are
working mothers
(B) Part-time work generally offers fewer
opportunities for advancement to
working mothers than to women
generally
(C) Part-time work, in addition to having
relatively poor wages, often requires
that employees work during holidays,
when their children are out of school
(D) Part-time employment, despite its
disadvantages, provides working
mothers with an opportunity to
address some of the demands of
caring for children
(E) Many mothers with primary child-care
responsibility choose part-time jobs in
order to be better exploit full-time
career opportunities after their children
are grown
8. The passage suggests that day care is at
best a limited solution to the pressures
associated with child rearing for all of the
following reasons EXCEPT:
(A) Even the best day care available
cannot guarantee that children will
have meaningful time with their
parents
(B) Some parents cannot afford day-care
services
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(C) Working parents sometimes have
difficulty finding suitable day care for
their children
(D) Parents who send their children to day
care still need to provide care for their
children during vacations
(E) Even children who are in day care
may have to stay home when they are
sick
9. Of the following, which one would the
author most likely say is the most
troublesome barrier facing working parents
with primary child-care responsibility
(A) The lack of full-time jobs open to
women
(B) The inflexibility of work schedules
(C) The low wages of part-time
employment
(D) The limited advancement
opportunities for nonprofessional
employees
(E) The practice of allocating
responsibilities in the workplace on the
basis of gender
10. According to the passage, many working
parents may be forced to make any of the
following types of career decisions
EXCEPT
(A) Declining professional positions for
nonprofessional ones, which typically
have less conventional work
schedules
(B) Accepting part-time employment
rather than full-time employment
(C) Taking jobs with limited responsibility,
and thus more limited career
opportunities, in order to have a more
flexible schedule
(D) Pursuing career specializations that
allow them to control their work
schedules instead of pursuing a more
desirable specialization in the same
field
(E) Limiting the career potential of one
parent, often the mother, who
assumes greater child-care
responsibility
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Text 3
13. What is the relation between paragraph 4
Horses get hepatitis too. One the most and the previous paragraph?
common forms is called Theiler’s disease, a (A) Paragraph 1 provides causes for
condition that was first recognized in 1919 but has paragraph 4
remained a mystery till now. It causes serious liver (B) Paragraph 2 raises the answer of
disease and kills anywhere from 50 to 90 percent of paragraph 4
horses that show symptoms. (C) Paragraph 4 gives the
What cause it? No one knew. How explanation for the paragraph 1
common is it? Again, a mystery. How does it (D) Paragraph 1,2,3 support
spread? At least we knew the answer to that one: it paragraph 4
seemed to afflict animals that had been given some (E) Paragraph 4 provides details for
sort of blood product, whether an anti-toxin or paragraph 3
transfusion.
14. What does the word ‘their’ in the third
Now, a team of US scientist have paragraph refer to?
uncovered what might be the cause of this (A) US scientist
enigmatic disease, solving a puzzle that has dogged (B) Vets
vets for almost a century. Their prime suspect is a (C) Theiler’s disease-Associated virus
new virus, which they’ve called Theiler’s Disease- (D) Enigmatic disease
Associated Virus (TDAV). (E) Faviviruses
It’s weird. It belongs to a family called
15. The tone of the passage is
flaviviruses, which includes the ones behind yellow
(A) Formal
fever, dengue fever, and hepatitis C. within that
(B) Scientific
family, it belongs to a more specific group called the
(C) Optimistic
pegviruses, most of which are also new discoveries.
(D) Serious
But even compared to its kin, TDAV is a black
(E) Emotional
sheep. It shares just a third of its amino acid
sequences with even its closest relative. It’s living in
a world of cats and discovering a dog for the first
time.
11. What does the author want to say with the
passage to the readers?
(A) Strangeness of a virus called
flaviviruses
(B) There is an unidentified virus
causing serious illness
(C) There is a virus attacking horses,
cats and dogs
(D) The importance of giving hepatitis
immunization to animals
(E) Disease affecting animals having
an anti-toxin and transfusion

12. How does the author organize the ideas?

(A) Presenting the strengths of the
main idea
(B) Exposing supporting details
Chronologically
(C) Interpreting different ways of
classifying
(D) Presenting case followed by
explanation
(E) Putting main idea with examples
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PAKET 6 particularly apparent in the activities of young

people: the boys organize quickly; the girls waste
Text 1 hours in bickering, innocent of any technique for
By the time a child is six or seven, she has quick and efficient cooperation.
all the essential avoidances to be trusted with the Adapted from: Coming of Age in Samoa,
care of a younger child. And she also develops a Margaret Mead (1928)
number of simple techniques. She learns to make
firm square balls from palm leaves, to make 1. The primary purpose of the passage with
pinwheels of palm leaves or frangipani blossoms, to reference to the society under discussion
climb a coconut tree by walking up the trunk on is to
flexible little feet, to break open a coconut with one (A) Explain some differences in the
firm well-directed below of a knife as long as she is upbringing of girls and boys
tall, to play a number of group games and sing the (B) Criticize the deficiencies in the
songs which go with them, to tidy the house by education of girls
picking up the litter on the story floor, to bring water (C) Give a comprehensive account of a
from the sea, to spread out the copra to dry and to day in the life of an average young girl
help gather it in when rain threatens, to go to a (D) Delineate the role of young girls
neighboring house and bring back a lighted for the (E) Show that young girls are trained to be
her father’s pipe or the cook-house fire. useful to adults
But in the case of the little girls all these 2. The word ‘brusquely’ most nearly means
tasks are merely supplementary to the main (A) Quickly
business of baby-tending. Very small boys also (B) Gently
have some care of the younger children, but at eight (C) Nonchalantly
or nine years of age they are usually relieved of it. (D) Abruptly
Whatever rough edges have not been smoothed off (E) Callously
by this responsibility for younger children are worn
off by their contact with older boys. 3. The list of techniques in paragraph one
For little boys are admitted to interesting could best be described as
and important activities only so long as their (A) Household duties
behavior is cautions and helpful. Where small girls (B) Rudimentary physical skills
are brusquely pushed aside, small boys will be (C) Important responsibilities
patiently tolerated and they become adept at (D) Useful social skills
making themselves useful. The four of five little (E) Monotonous tasks
boys who all wish to assist at the important,
business of helping a grown youth lasso reef eels, 4. It can be inferred that ‘high standard of
organize themselves into a highly efficient working individual responsibility’ is
team; one boy holds the bait, another holds an extra (A) Developed mainly through child-care
lasso, others poke eagerly about in holes in the reef duties
looking for prey, while still another tucks the (B) Only present in girls
captured eels into his nest. The small girls, (C) Taught to the girl before she is
burdened with heavy babies or the care of little entrusted with babies
staggerers who are too small to adventure on the (D) Actually counterproductive
reef, discouraged by the hostility of the small boys (E) Weakened as the girl grows older
and the disrespect of the older ones, have little
opportunity for learning the more adventurous forms 5. The expression ‘innocent of’ is best taken
of work and play. So while the little boys first to mean
undergo the chastening effects of baby-tending and (A) Not guilty of
then have many opportunities to learn effective (B) Unskilled in
cooperation under the supervision of older boys, the (C) Unsuited for
girl’s education is less comprehensive. (D) Uninvolved in
(E) Uninterested in
They have a high standard of individual
responsibility, but the community provides them with
no lessons in cooperation with one another. This is
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6. It can be inferred that in the community
under discussion all of the following are
important, except
(A) Domestic handicrafts
(B) Well-defined social culture
(C) Fishing skills
(D) Formal education
(E) Division of labor
7. Which one of the following if true would
weaken the author’s contention about
‘lessons in cooperation’?
I Group games played by younger
girls involve cooperation
II Girls can learn from watching
boys cooperating
III Individual girls cooperate with
their mothers in looking after
babies
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I,II, and III
8. Which of the following is the best
description of the author’s technique in
handling her material?
(A) Both description and interpretation of
observations
(B) Presentation of facts without comment
(C) Description of evidence to support a
theory
(D) Generalization from a particular
viewpoint
(E) Close examination of preconceptions
Text 2
The pioneers of the teaching of science
imagined that its introduction into education would
remove the conventionality, artificiality, and
backward-lookingness which were characteristic; of
classical studies, but they were gravely
disappointed. So, too, in their time had the
humanists thought that the study of the classical
authors in the original would get rid of the boring
literalism and superstition of medieval
scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a
match for both of them, and has almost managed to
make the understanding of chemical reactions as
dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of
Virgil’s Aeneid.
The chief claim for the use of science in
education is that it teaches a child something about
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the actual universe in which he is living, in making
him familiar with the results of scientific discovery,
and at the same time teaches him how to think
logically and inductively by studying scientific
method. A certain limited success has been
reached in the first of these aims, but practically
none at all in the second. Those privileged
members of the community who have been through
a secondary or public school education may be
expected to know something about the elementary
physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but
they probably know hardly more than any bright boy
can pick up from an interest in wireless or scientific
hobbies out of school hours.
As to the learning of scientific method, the
whole thing is palpably a mockery. Actually, for the
convenience of teachers and the requirements of
the examination system, it is necessary that the
pupils not only do not learn scientific method but
learn precisely the reverse, that is, to believe
exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when
asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not.
The way in which educated people respond to such
quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say
more dangerous ones such as racial theories or
currency myths, shows that fifty years of education
in the method of science in Britain or Germany has
produced no visible effect whatever. The only way
of learning the method of science is the long and
bitter way of personal experience, and, until the
educational or social system are altered to make
this possible, the best we can expect is the
production of a minority of people who are able to
acquire some of the techniques of science and a
still smaller minority who are able to use and
develop them.
9. The author implies that ‘professional
shoolmaster’ has…
(A) No interest in teaching science
(B) Dissatisfied attempts to enliven
education
(C) Aided true learning
(D) Supported the humanists
(E) Been a pioneer in both science and
humanities
10. The author’s attitude to secondary and
public school education in the sciences is
(A) Ambivalent
(B) Neutral
(C) Supportive
(D) Satirical
(E) Offensive
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11. The word ‘palpably’ most nearly means

(A) Empirically
(B) Obviously
(C) Tentatively
(D) Markedly
(E) Ridiculously

12. The author blames all of the following for

the failure to convey scientific method
through the education system, except
(A) Poor teaching
(B) Examination methods
(C) Lack of direct experience
(D) The social and education systems
(E) Lack of interest on the part of students

13. If the author were to study current

education in science to see how things
have changed since he wrote the piece, he
would probably be most interested in the
answer to which of the following questions
(A) Do students know more about the
world about them?
(B) Do students spend more time in
laboratories?
(C) Can students apply their knowledge
logically?
(D) Have textbooks improved?
(E) Do they respect their teachers?

14. Astrology is mentioned as an example of

(A) A science that needs to be better
understood
(B) A belief which no educated people
hold
(C) Something unsupportable to those
who have absorbed the methods of
science
(D) The gravest danger to society
(E) An acknowledged failure of science

15. All of the following can be inferred from the

text, except
(A) At the time of writing, not all children
received a secondary school
education
(B) The author finds chemical reactions
interesting
(C) Science teaching has passed on some
knowledge of facts to some children
(D) The author believes that many
teachers are authoritarian
(E) It is relatively easy to learn scientific
method
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PAKET 7 Improving livestock production should be

done to improve livehoods and not just for climate
Text 1 reasons, said KirtanaChandra, food campaigner for
Passage A Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive
agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat- “it’s very dangerous” just to look at lowering
hungry developing world could be cut back emissions “when there’s a whole host of other factor
substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
according to a study. It is estimated that livestock
farming contributes 18-51 per cent of the world’s 1. The theme of these two text would most
greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock likely be …
products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result (A) Research for better livestock
of growing populations, urbanization, and better farming
income in the developing world, which will cause (B) Livestock farming and carbon
emissions to rise. emissions
(C) Livestock as a top source of air
The study, published in the Proceedings of pollution
National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per (D) Arguments for sustainable
cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 livestock farming
could easily be shortened with simple improvements (E) Cutting carbon emissions in live
in production. These include: switching to more stock farming
nutritious pasture grasses, supplanting livestock
diets based on grass with small amounts of crop 2. The following ideas reflect opinions two
residues or grains, restoring degraded grazing texts, EXCEPT …
lands, growing trees that trap carbon while (A) Better management in livestock
producing leaves that livestock could eat, and farming links to less gas
adopting more productive breeds. emissions
(B) Better life quality should also
“Organizations from the West, especially
result from improved livestock
the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame
farming
livestock-keeping for being one of the major
polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping’s (C) Sustainable livestock farming
positives by outweigh the negative, “said Mario potentially leads to low carbon
emissions
Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior
scientist at International Livestock Research (D) Inspite of its carbon emissions,
Institute. livestock farming gives more
advantages
Passage B (E) Livestock industries have affected
greenhouse gas emissions
Livestock farmers in developing countries significantly
have a relatively small environmental footprints and
their animals provide them with food, income and 3. It can be concluded from the two texts that
transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What cattle productions are considered
these farmers need are technological options and ‘successful’ if they …
economic incentive s that help them intensify their (A) Contribute more to economic
production in sustainable ways” he added. benefits for the humans livehood
Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, (B) Address reduction of carbon
Environment and Development Initiative at the Food emissions, biodiversity and better
and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one was able quality of life
to connect this to smallholder development by (C) Result from provisions of
making poor farmers benefit through the possibility appropriate technology and
of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would economic motivations
indeed create a win-win situation where one would (D) Are controlled from the side of
have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, economic and technological
while reducing the carbon footprint of livestock”. management

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(E) Consider both technology and
natural factors affecting livestock
farming
4. Which of following statements can be
hypothetically figured out based on the
information in these two texts?
(A) The increase population,
urbanization, and earnings leads
to the higher demand for livestock
consumptions, and thus the
higher carbon emissions
(B) The significant increase in
greenhouse gas emissions in due
to changes in people’s lifestyle
and activities, including the higher
demand for livestock products
(C) Desirable livestock farming is
parallel with reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions,
improvement of biodiversity, and
better socioeconomic quality of
the poor
(D) Whatever the technological
attempts are made to improve
livestock production to meet the
people’s demand, higher carbon
emission will constantly increase
(E) Although it affects positively the
poor’s socioeconomic status,
livestock farming activities
negatively influence biodiversity
as well as global climate condition
5. The argument for livestock farming in the
first text differs significantly from that in the
second text in that the first text deals with
… America needs a liberation movement, a
(A) Seven minor topics; the second
three minor ones
(B) Three major topics; the second
five major ones
(C) One general topic; the second
two minor ones
(D) Two major topics; the second
three major ones
(E) Eight minor topics; the second six
minor ones
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Text 2
Passage A
The current federal taxation system
features a progressive tax on income and a
proportional or flat tax on wages. (This payroll tax
finances Social Security and Medicate). Many
proposals have been made to reform the tax
system- among the most promising is a European –
style consumption, or value-added tax, a VAT. In a
VAT system, the individual pays no income tax;
instead they pay a federal sales tax on all goods
and services. Low-income individuals can collect
rebates to make the system progressive-so that the
working poor, who consume most or all of their
income, do not pay proportionally more tax than a
wealthy individual who can spend proportionally
less of their income.
A VAT system has several advantages. It
is fairer. The current payroll tax is regressive
because it does not fully tax the highest wage
earners, and it only applies to income from labor,
not investments. A VAT is also better at capturing
income from investments. If investment income is
spent instead of reinvested, it is taxed just like
income from labor. This provides an incentive to
save and invest-more so than the current patchwork
of gimmicks like IRAs and tax-free dividends.
Finally, a VAT would save time and money. In 2002
Americans spent roughly $194 billion dollars on tax
compliance, and 1.6 billion hours on the 1040 form
alone. The IRS calculates that for every dollar of
revenue raised, there is 20 cents of compliance
cost.
Passage B
modern-day “Boston Tea Party”, if you will, to put an
end to the taxing and spending politics in
Washington, DC.
America needs dramatic pro-growth tax
cuts. The usual game in Washington is to pretend to
cut some taxes while raising others. Instead, scarp
the entire tax code-currently 66,000 pages and
growing-and replace it with an income tax rate of
17%. Expand exemptions so that a family of four
earning the national median household income pays
no tax at all.
The flat tax would be simple. Citizens
would fill it out on postcard. It would be honest. It
would eliminate the principal source of political
corruption in Washington-trading loopholes for

campaign cash. It would be fair. Millions would
leave the federal income tax rolls.
There would be no payroll tax, no death
tax, and no tax on pensions, savings, or capital
gains. It would set off an economic boom by letting
people keep more of what they earn.
Since 1970 federal spending has
increased more than seven-fold. During those same
years, family income in America has declined. The
politicians say “we” can’t afford a tax cut. Maybe we
can’t afford the politicians.
6. Which of the following pairs of descriptions
accurately describes the attitudes of the
authors of passage A and passage B,
respectively?
(A) Careful explanation: Enthusiastic
endorsement
(B) Prescient exploration: Feigned
indifference
(C) Guardedly optimistic: Mildly
pessimistic
(D) Detached observation: Tentative
recommendation
(E) Resigned indifference: Analytical
overview
7. It can be inferred from the passage that
both authors believe which one of the
following to be true?
(A) Tax reform will result in increased
government revenues
(B) The current tax system is
unnecessarily complex
(C) A new system for raising tax revenue
is necessary
(D) Compliance costs in the current tax
system are wastefully high
(E) A need for new revenue sources
outweighs the need for tax
transparency
8. What is the main point of passage A?
(A) Reforming the tax system to eliminate
the payroll tax will result in a more
equitable taxation system
(B) The government can raise more tax
revenue if it adopts a VAT in place of
the current income tax system
(C) European governments have used
consumption taxes to fund all
government functions
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(D) A tax on consumption would be a
more efficient and fair way to raise
revenue
(E) A properly-designed VAT would be
less regressive than either a flat tax or
the current tax system
9. Which one of the following was mentioned
in both passages as being an important
component of tax reform?
(A) Low-income individuals should pay
little or no tax
(B) Individuals should not be required to
file income tax returns
(C) Individual payroll taxes should be
eliminated
(D) Individuals should pay tax on
investment gains
(E) Tax collection should be transparent
10. The best titles for passage A and passage
B, respectively would be
(A) “A European road-map to tax utopia”
“A modern American tax revolution”
(B) “The VAT, an idea whose time has
come”
“Death and taxes, a new chapter”
(C) “Realizing maximum revenue from
minimal inputs”
“Taxation without representation,
never again”
(D) “Abolishing the payroll tax”
“Free and fair, a new proposal for a
flat tax”
(E) “New views on progressive taxation
systems”
“Abolishing the IRS”
Text 3
The most common causes of tsunamis are
underwater earthquakes. To understand underwater
earthquakes, you must first understand plate
tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests
that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is
made up of a series of huge plates. These plates
make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on
an underlying viscous layer called the
asthenosphere.
Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie
crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky
pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere.
On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion,
moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches
(2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most
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dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). (C) No fault line of plate tectonics
These motions are capable of producing earthquake happens
and volcanism, which when they occur at the (D) Heavier plates and lighter ones break
bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of up
tsunamis. (E) Ocean trenches along the seashore
When two plates come into contact at a 14. Which of the following natural disasters
region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate happening in Indonesia is related to the
can slip under a lighter one. This is called fault movement of plate tectonics
subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves (A) Volcanic eruptions
enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean (B) Soil erosion
trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of (C) Forest fires
subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the (D) Landslides
lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to (E) Floods
pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an
earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point 15. The following is mentioned in the text
within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rook about tsunamis, EXCEPT that they are
break and the first seismic waves are generated. (A) Predictable following any incidence of
The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly earthquakes
above the focus. (B) Close to the rise of sea levels from the
When this piece of the plate snaps up and sinking plate
sends tons of rock shooting upward with (C) Connected to deep ocean trenches
tremendous force, the energy of that farce is along sea floors
transferred to the water. The energy pushes the (D) Related to strong movements of plate
water upward above normal sea level. This is birth tectonics
of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the (E) Highly linked to underwater
December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean earthquakes
was a 9.0 on the Richter scale-one of the biggest in
recorded history.
11. Which of the following best states the topic
of this text
(A) The birth of a tsunami
(B) The magnitude of tsunamis
(C) Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean
(D) Series of huge plate on earth
(E) Lithosphere and asthenosphere

12. The main idea of this text is that

(A) A deep ocean trench is a result of an
earthquake
(B) The energy of subduction can lead to
earthquakes
(C) Plate tectonics lead to an earthquake
and volcanism
(D) Tsunamis in Indian Ocean are biggest
in the history
(E) Strong movements of undersea fault
lines cause tsunami

13. Implied in the text is that the earthquake

will never occur when
(A) The subdiction is evidenced
(B) Seismic waves are generated

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PAKET 8
Text 1
Milankovitch proposed in the early
twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by
variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For
sometime this theory was considered untestable,
largely because there was no sufficiently precise
chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital
variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is
necessary to determine the relative amounts of land
ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past.
A recent discovery makes such a determination
possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period
can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen
isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments.
Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a
few molecules out of every thousand incorporate
the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the
continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the
amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will
eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes
tend to be left be hid when water evaporates from
the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water
becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The
degree of enrichment can be determined by
analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because
these sediments are composed of calsium
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that
were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the
surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen
18 to oxygen 16 ini a sedimentary specimen, the
more land ice there was when the sediment was
laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s
climate, the isotope record has two advantages.
First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little
variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens
taken from different continental locations. Second, it
is a more continuous record than that taken from
rocks on land. Because of these advantages,
sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient
accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a
precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global
ice volume over the past several hundred thousand
years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly
once every 100,000 years. These data have
established a strong connection between variations
in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice
ages.
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However, it is important to note that other
factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in
the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could
potentially have affected the climate. The advantage
of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable:
changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and
dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to
progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in
the solar system. Yet the lack of information about
other possible factors affecting global climate does
not make them unimportant.
1. The author of the passage would be most
likely to agree with which of the following
statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for
the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible
explanation for the ice ages, despite
recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until
further research on volcanic activity is
done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though
not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not plausible explanation for the
ice ages, although it has opened up
promising possibilities for future
research.
2. According to the passage, which of the
following is true of the ratios of oxygen
isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found
during an ice age contain more
calsium carbonate than sediments
formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the
evidence from rocks on land in
determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduced the
relative volume of land ice that was
present when the sediment was laid
down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during
an ice age than in other climatic
conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine
atmospheric conditions at various
times in the past.

3. According to the passage, which of the
following is (are) true of the ice ages?
I. The last ice age occured about 25,000
years ago.
II. Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years
for at least the last several hundred
thousand years.
III. Ice ages have occured about every
100,000 years for at least the last
several hundred thousand years.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III
4. The purpose of the last paragraph of the
passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding
paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a
phenomenon
5. According to the passage, one advantage
of studying the isotope record of ocean
sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice
volume taken from rocks on land.
(B) shows little variations in isotope ratios
when samples are taken from different
continental locations.
(C) corresponds with predictions already
made by climatologists and experts in
other fields.
(D) confirms the record of ice volume
initially established by analysing
variations in volcanic emissions.
(E) provides data that can be used to
substantiate records concerning
variations in the amount of sunlight
received by Earth.
Text 2
Passage A
In Canadian and United States common
law, blackmail is unique among major crimes: no
one has yet adequately explained why it ought to be
illegal. The heart of the problem-known as the
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blackmail paradox is that two acts, each of which is
legally permissible separately, become illegal when
combined. If I threaten to expose a criminal act or
embarrassing private information unless I am paid
money, I have committed blackmail. But the right to
free speech protects my right to make such a
disclosure, and in many circumstances, I have a
legal right to seek money. So why is it illegal to
combine them?
The lack of a successful theory of
blackmail has damaging consequences: drawing a
clear line between legal and illegal acts has proved
impossible without one. Consequently, most
blackmail statutes broadly prohibit behavior that no
one really believes is criminal and rely on the good
judgment of prosecutors not to enforce relevant
statutes precisely as written.
It is possible, however, to articulate a
coherent theory of blackmail. The key to the
wrongness of the blackmail transaction is its
triangular structure. The blackmailer obtains what
he wants by using a supplementary leverage,
leverage that depends upon a third party. The
blackmail victim pays to avoid being harmed by
persons other than the blackmailer. For example,
when a blackmailer threatens to turn in a criminal
unless paid money, the blackmailer is bargaining
with the state’s chip. Thus, blackmail is criminal
because it involves the misuse of a third party for
the blackmailer’s own benefit.
Passage B
Classical Roman law had no special
category for blackmail; it was not necessary. Roman
jurists began their evaluation of specific categories
of actions by considering whether the action caused
harm, not by considering the legality or illegality of
the action itself.
Their assumption-true enough, it seems-
was that a victim of blackmail would be harmed if
shameful but private information were revealed to
the world. And if the shame would cause harm to
the person’s status or reputation, then prima facie
the threatened act of revelation was unlawful. The
burden of proof shifted to the possessor of the
information: the party who had or threatened to
reveal shameful facts had to show positive cause
for the privilege of revealing the information.
In short, assertion of the truth of the
shameful fact being revealed was not, in itself,
sufficient to constitute a legal privilege. Granted,
truth was not wholly irrelevant; false disclosures

were granted even less protection than true ones.
But even if it were true, the revelation of shameful
information was protected only if the revelation had
been made for a legitimate purpose and dealt with a
matter that the public authorities had an interest in
having revealed. Just because something shameful
happened to be true did not mean it was lawful to
reveal it.
6. Which one of the following is the central
topic of each passage
(A) Why triangular transactions are illegal
(B) The role of the right to free speech in
a given legal system
(C) How blackmail has been handled in a
given legal system
(D) The history of blackmail as a legal
concept
(E) Why no good explanation of the
illegality of blackmail exists
7. In using the phrase “the state’s chip”
(paragraph 3) the author of passage A
most clearly means to refer to a
government’s
(A) Legal authority to determine what
actions are crimes
(B) Legitimate interest in learning about
crimes committed in its jurisdiction
(C) Legitimate interest in preventing
crimes before they occur
(D) Exclusive reliance on private citizens
as a source of important information
(E) Legal ability to compel its citizens to
testify in court regarding crimes they
have witnessed
8. Which one of the following statements is
most strongly supported by information
given in the passages
(A) In Roman law, there was no blackmail
paradox because free speech
protections comparable to those in
Canadian and U.S common law were
not an issue
(B) Blackmail was more widely practiced
in Roman antiquity than it is now
because Roman law did not
specifically prohibit blackmail
(C) In general, Canadian and U.S
common law grant more freedoms
than classical Roman law granted
(D) The best justification for the illegality
of blackmail in Canadian and U.S
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common law is the damage blackmail
can cause to the victim’s reputation
(E) Unlike Roman law, Canadian and U.S
common law do not recognize the
interest of public authorities in having
certain types of information revealed
9. Which one of the following is a statement
that is true of blackmail under Canadian
and U.S common law, according to
passage A, but that would not have been
true of blackmail in the Roman legal
context, according to passage B
(A) It combines two acts that are each
legal separately
(B) It is a transaction with a triangular
structure
(C) The laws pertaining to it are meant to
be enforced precisely as written
(D) The blackmail victim pays to avoid
being harmed by persons other than
the blackmailer
(E) Canadian and U.S common law have
no special category pertaining to
blackmail
10. The relationship between the ways in
which Canadian and U.S common law and
classical Roman law treat blackmail, as
described in the passages, is most
analogous to the relationship between
which one of the following pairs
(A) One country legally requires anyone
working as a carpenter to be licensed
and insured; another country has no
such requirement
(B) One country makes it illegal to use cell
phones on trains; another country
makes it illegal to use cell phones on
both trains and buses
(C) One country legally allows many
income tax deductions and
exemptions; another country legally
allows relatively few deductions and
exemptions
(D) One country makes it illegal for felons
to own guns; another country has no
such ban because it makes gun
ownership illegal for everyone but
police and the military
(E) One country makes it illegal to drive
motorcycles with racing-grade engines
on its roads; another country legally
permits such motorcycles but fines
riders who commit traffic violations

higher amounts than it does other
motorists
Text 3
Passage A
Evolutionary psychology has taught us to
examine human behavior from the standpoint of the
theory of evolution –to explain a given type of
human behavior by examining how it contributes to
the reproductive success of individuals exhibiting
the behavior, thereby to the proliferation of the
genetic material responsible for causing that
behavior. From an evolutionary standpoint, the
problem of altruism is a thorny one: what accounts
for the evolution of behavior in which an individual
expends energy or other valuable resources
promoting the welfare of another individual?
The answer probably lies in the psychological
experiences of identification and empathy. Such
experiences could have initially in response to cues
(like physical resemblance) that indicated the
presence of shared genetic material in human
ancestors. The psychological states provoked by
these cues could have increased the chances of
related individuals’ receiving assistances, thereby
enhancing the survival and replication of genes
influencing the capacity for identification and
empathy. This would account, for example, for a
mother’s rushing to help her injured child; genes
promoting their own self-propagation may thus
operate through instinctive actions that appear
unselfish.
Since human ancestors lived in small, kind-
based groups, the application of altruistic
mechanism to the entire group would have
promoted the propagation of the genes responsible
for those mechanisms. Later, these mechanisms
may have come to apply to humans who are not kin
when communities grew larger. In this way,
apparently altruistic mechanisms may have arisen
within a genetically ‘’selfish’’ system.
Passage B
Evolutionary psychology is a kind of
conspiracy theory; that is, it explains behavior by
imputing an interest (the proliferation of genes) that
the agent of the behavior does not openly
acknowledge, or indeed, is not even aware of. Thus,
what seemed to be your unsurprising Evolutionary
psychology is a kind of conspiracy theory; that is, it
explains behavior by imputing an interest (the
proliferation of genes) that the agent of the behavior
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does not openly acknowledge, or indeed, is not
even aware of. Thus, what seemed to be your
unsurprising interest in your child’s well-being turns
out to be your genes’ conspiracy to propagate
themselves.
Such arguments can appear persuasive on
the face of it. According to some evolutionary
psychologists, an interest in the proliferation of
genes explains monogamous families in animals
whose offspring mature slowly. Human offspring
mature slowly; and, at least in numerical terms, our
species favors monogamous families because of
our interest in propagating our genes. Are they
right?
Maybe yes, maybe no; this kind of inference
needs to be handled with great care. There are.
Most often, all sorts of interests that would explain
any given behavior. What is needed to make it
decesive that a particular interest explains a
particular behavior is that the behavior would be
reasonable only if one had that interest. But such
cases are vanishingly rare: an interest in Y might
explain doing X, but so too would an interest in
doing X. A concern to propagate one’s genes would
explain promoting the welfare of one’s children; but
so to would an interest in the of one’s children. Not
all of one’s motives can be instrumental, after all;
there must be some things that one cares for just for
their own sakes.
11. Which one of the following most accurately
states the main point of Passage A?
(A) Altruistic behavior is problematic for
evolutionary psychology because it
tends to diminish the reproductive
success of individuals that exhibit it.
(B) New evidence may explain the
evolution of altruistic behavior in early
humans by showing that genes
promote their own self propagation.
(C) Altruistic behavior originally served
evolutionary purposes that it does not
serve today because humans no
longer live in small, kin-based groups.
(D) Contrary to what critics of evolutionary
psychology say, most significant types
of human behavior are prompted by
genetically selfish motivations.
(E) An evolutionary explanation of
altruistic behavior may lie in the
psychological states brought about
early humans by cues of kinship or
familiarity.
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12. The approaches toward evolutionary
psychological exhibited by the two authors
differ in which one of the following ways?
(A) The author of passage A is more
interested in examining the logical
implications of evolutionary
psychology than the author B
(B) The author of passage A is more
committed to the principles of
evolutionary psychology than the
author of the passage B is.
(C) The author passage A is more willing
to consider non-evolutionary
explanations for human behavior than
the author of passage B is.
(D) The author of passage B is more
skeptical of evolutionary theory in
general than the author of passage A
is.
(E) The author of passage B is more
critical of the motives of evolutionary
psychologist than the author of
passage A is.
13. According to the passage B , which one of
the following is an example of human
characteristic for which evolutionary
psychologist propose a questionable
explanation?
(A) The early human tendency to live in
small communities
(B) The slow maturation of human
offspring
(C) Forming monogamous families
(D) Misinterpreting the interest that
motivate human actors
(E) Caring for some things for their own
sakes
15. How does the purposes of passage B
relate to the content of passage A?
(A) The author of passage B seeks to
support the main claims made in
passage A by presenting additional
arguments in support of those claims.
(B) The author of passage B criticizes the
type of argument made in passage A
by attempting to create an analogous
argument with a conclusion that is
clearly false.
(C) The author of passage B argues that
the type of evidence used in passage
A is often derived from inaccurate
observation.
(D) The author of passage B maintains
that the claims made in passage A are
vacuous because no possible
evidence could confirm or disconfirm
them.
(E) The author of passage B seeks to
undermine the type of argument made
in passage A by suggesting that is
relies questionable reasoning.

14. According to the passage A, certain types

of human behavior developed through
evolutionary processes because they
(A) Helped spread the genes responsible
for those same behaviors
(B) Prompted individuals to behave
unselfishly
(C) Improved the physical health of
individuals who exhibited the
behaviors
(D) Made individuals who exhibited that
behaviors more adept at finding food
(E) Prompted early humans to live in
mutually dependent groups

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PAKET 9
Text 1
Archaeology as a profession faces two
major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor.
Only paltry sums are available for excavating and
even less is available for publishing the results and
preserving the sites once excavated. Yet,
archaeologists deal with price less objects every
day. Second, there is the problem of illegal
excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces
being sold to the highest bidder.
I would like to make an outrageous
suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds
for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal
digging. I would propose that scientific
archaeological expeditions and governmental
authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial funds
for the excavation and preservation of
archaeological sites and the publication of results.
At the same time, they would break the illegal
excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing
the inducement to engage in illegal activities.
You might object that professionals
excavate to acquire knowledge, not money.
Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global
cultural heritage, which should be available for all to
appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree.
Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or
scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that
comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here
we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct
in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific
value. Practically, you are wrong.
I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels
and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of
one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,
archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually
indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard,
even precious royal seal impressions known as/
melekh handles have been found in abundance
more than 4,000 examples so far.
The basements of museums are simply not
large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to
be discovered in the future. There is not enough
money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they
cannot be found again and become as inaccessible
as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with
the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more
accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging
museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be
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photographed and the list of the purchasers could
be maintained on the computer A purchaser could
even be required to agree to return the piece if it
should become needed for scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that
illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on
the open market. But the demand for the
clandestine product would be substantially reduced.
Who would want an unmarked pot when another
was available whose provenance was known, and
that was dated graphically by the professional
archaeologist who excavated it?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
propose
(A) An alternative to museum display of
artifacts
(B) A way to curb illegal digging while
benefiting the archaeological
profession
(C) A way to distinguish artifacts with
scientific value from those that have
no such value
(D) The governmental regulation of
archaeological sites
(E) A new system for cataloguing
duplicate artifacts
2. The author implies that all of the following
statements about duplicate artifacts are
true EXCEPT:
(A) A market for such artifacts already
exists
(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific
value
(C) There is likely to be a continuing
supply of such artifacts
(D) Museums are well supplied with
examples of such artifacts
(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in
quality those already catalogued in
museum collections
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the
passage as a disadvantage of storing
artifacts in museum basements?
(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars
access to such artifacts
(B) Space that could be better used for
display is taken up for storage
(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation
often become separated from each
other

(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by
variations in temperature and humidity
(E) Such artifacts often remain
uncatalogued and thus cannot be
located once they are put in storage
4. The author mentions the excavation in
Cyprus (paragraph 4) to emphasize which
of the following points
(A) Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are
less valuable, although more rare than
royal seal impressions
(B) Artifacts that are very similar to each
other present cataloguing difficulties to
archaeologists
(C) Artifacts that are not uniquely
valuable, and therefore could be sold,
are available in large quantities
(D) Cyprus is the most important location
for unearthing large quantities of
salable artifacts
(E) Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are
wide-spread, particularly on the island
of Cyprus
5. The author’s argument concerning the
effect of the official sale of duplicate
artifacts on illegal excavation is based on
which of the following assumptions
(A) Prospective purchasers would prefer
to buy authenticated artifacts
(B) The price of illegally excavated
artifacts would rise
(C) Computers could be used to trace sold
artifacts
(D) Illegal excavators would be forced to
sell only duplicate artifacts
(E) Money gained from selling
authenticated artifacts could be used
to investigate and prosecute illegal
excavators
Text 2
In contrast to traditional analyses of
minority business, the sociological analysis
contends that minority business ownership is a
group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely
dependent upon social-group resources for its
development. Specifically, this analysis indicates
that support networks play a critical role in starting
and maintaining minority business enterprises by
providing owners with a range of assistance, from
the informal encouragement of family members and
friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele
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from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help
networks, which encourage and support ethnic
minority entrepreneurs, consist of”primary”
institutions, those closest to the individual in
shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are
characterized by the face-to-face association and
cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual
concern. They are from an intermediate social level
between the individual and larger “secondary”
institutions based on impersonal relationships.
Primary institutions comprising the support network
include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or
community subgroups.
A major function of self-help network is
financial support. Most scholars agree that minority
business owners have depended primarily on family
funds and ethnic community resources for
investment capital. Personal savings have been
accumulated, often through frugal living habits that
require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a
product of long-term family financial behavior.
Additional loans and gifts from relatives forthcoming
because of group obligationrather than narrow
investment calculation, have supplemented
personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not
necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot
obtain financial backing from commercial instutions
either cannot comprehend the special need of
minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high
interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating
credit associations have been used to raise capital.
These associations are informal clubs of friends and
other trusted members of the ethnic group who
make regular contributions to a fund that is given to
each contributor in rotation. One author estimates
that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firm
established during 1900-1950 utilized such
associations as their initial source of capital.
However, recent immigrants and third of fourth
generations of older groups now employ rotating
credit associations only occasionally to raise
investment funds. Some groups, like black
Americans, found other means of financial support
for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-
operated banks were created in the late nineteenth
century as depositories for dues collected from
fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had
sprung from Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in
American cities organized many building and loan
associations to provide capital for home
construction and purchase. They in turn , provided
work for many Irish home-building contractor firms.

Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar
practices in founding ethnic-directed financial
institutions.
6. Based on information in the passage, it
would be LEAST likely for which of the
following persons to be part of a self-help
network?
(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend
(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt
(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader
(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor
(E) The entrepreneur’s banker
7. Which of the following can be inferred from
the passage about rotating credit
associations?
(A) They were developed exclusively by
Chinese immigrants
(B) They accounted for a significant
portion of the investment capital used
by Chinese immigrants in New York in
the early twentieth century
(C) Third-generation members of an
immigrant group who started business
in the 1920’s would have been unlikely
to rely on them.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors
by members of two or three different
ethnic groups
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn
to rotating credit associations instead
of banks for investment capital
8. Which one of the following best describes
the organization of the second paragraph?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed
by a counterargument.
(B) An assertion is made and several
examples are provided to illustrate it.
(C) A situation is described and its
historical background is then outlined.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given
and is then used as a basis for
general conclusions.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is
described and the distinctions among
the incidents are then clarified.
9. It can be inferred from the passage that
traditional analyses of minority business
would be LEAST likely to do which of the
following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their
social contexts
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(B) Focus on current, rather than
historical, examples of business
enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of
individual entrepreneurs in starting
businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of
businesses, rather than means of
starting them
(E) Focus on the role of individual
entrepreneurs in starting a business
10. Which one of the following can be inferred
from the passage about the Irish building
and loan associations mentioned in the last
paragraph?
(A) They were started by third-or fourth-
generation immigrants.
(B) They originated as offshots of church-
related groups
(C) They frequently helped Irish
entrepreneurs to finance business not
connected with construction.
(D) They contributed to the employment of
many Irish construction workers.
(E) They provided assistance for
construction business owned by
members of other ethnic groups.
Text 3
Recent years have brought minority-owned
business in the United States unprecedented
opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.
Civil right activists have long argued that one of the
principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other
minority groups have difficulty establishing
themselves in business is that they lack access to
sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated
by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent
agreement, has required by law that business
awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000
do their best to find minority subcontractors and
record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the
government. Indeed, some federal and local
agencies have gone so far as to set specific
percentage goals for apportioning parts of public
works contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been
substantial. According to figures collected in 1977,
the total of corporate contract with minor businesses
rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977.
The projected total of corporate contract with
minority businesses for the early 1980’s is

estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup
anticipated in the next decade.
Promising as it is for businesses, this
increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.
First minority firms risk expanding too fast and
overextending themselves financially, since most
are small concerns and, unlike large businesses,
they often need to make substantial investments in
new plants, staff, equipment, and like in order to
perform work subcontract to them. If there after,
their subcontracts are for some reason reduced,
such firms can face potentially crippling fixed
expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can
be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get
requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.
Both consume valuable time and resources, and a
small company’s efforts must soon result in orders,
or both the morale and the financial health of the
business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned
companies may seek to cash in on the increasing
apportionments through formation of joint ventures
with minority-ventures; clearly, White and minority
enterprises can team up to acquire business that
neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups
and minority business owners have complained to
Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts”
with White backing, rather than being accepted as
full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third, a minority enterprise that secures
the business of one large corporate costumer often
run the danger of becoming –and remaining-
dependent. Even in the best of circumstances,
fierce competition from larger, more established
companies makes it difficult for small concerns to
broaden their costumer bases: when such firms
have nearly guaranteed orders from a single
corporate benefactor, they may truly have to
struggle against complacency arising from their
current success.
11. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) Present a common place idea and its
inaccuracies
(B) Describe a situation and its potential
drawbacks
(C) Propose a temporary solution to a
problem
(D) Analyze a frequent source of
disagreement
(E) Explore the implications of a finding
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12. The passage supplies information that
would answer which of the following
question?
(A) What federal agencies have set
percentage goals for the use of
minority-owned business in public
works contract?
(B) To which government agencies must
businesses awarded federal contracts
report their efforts to find minority
subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use of
minority-owned concerns as “front” by
White backers seeking to obtain
subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned
businesses were there in 1977 than
1972?
(E) What is the one set of conditions
under which a small business might
find itself financially over extended?
13. According to the passage, civil rights,
activists maintain that one disadvantage
under which minority-owned business have
traditionally had to labor is that they have
(A) Been especially vulnerable to
governmental mismanagement of the
economy
(B) Been denied bank loans at rates
comparable to those afforded large
competitors
(C) Not had sufficient opportunity to
secure business created by large
corporations
(D) Not been able to advertise in those
media that reach large numbers of
potential customers
(E) Not had adequate representation in
the centers of government power
14. The passage suggests that the failure of a
large business to have its bids for
subcontracts result quickly in orders might
cause it to
(A) Experience frustration but not serious
financial harm
(B) Face potentially crippling fixed
expenses
(C) Have to record its efforts on forms
filed with the government
(D) Increase its spending with minority
subcontractors
(E) Revise its procedure for making bids
for federal contracts and subcontracts
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15. The author implies that minority-owned

concern that does the greater part of its
business with one large corporate
costumer should
(A) Avoid competition with larger, more
established concerns by not
expanding
(B) Concentrate on securing even more
business from that corporation
(C) Try to expand its costumer base to
avoid becoming dependent on the
corporation
(D) Pass on some of the work to be done
for the corporation to other minority-
owned concerns
(E) Use its influence with the corporation
to promote subcontracting with other
minority concerns

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PAKET 10
Text 1
Mexico’s military claims a rich heritage
dating back to the pre-Columbian era. As early as
the beginning of the 15th century, the Aztec army
had achieved a high degree of military organization
that included formal education and training,
weapons production, war planning, and the
execution of coordinated operations. The
importance of military service was impressed upon
each young male in the ritual of declaring to him,
shortly after birth, that his destiny was to be a
warrior and to die in combat, the most honorable
death in Aztec culture. The powers of the Triple
Alliance, formed by the urban centers of
Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan- all three of
which are in the area of present-day Mexico City-
reportedly could assemble a force of between
16,000 and 18,000 combatants on an hour’s notice.
Evidence of this indigenous influence on the
modern military is found in the profile of an eagle
warrior, the name given Aztec society’s fighting
elite, on the insignia of the Superior War College in
Mexico.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the
forces of the Triple Alliance were at the peak of their
military development. Nevertheless, when the
Spanish conquistadors under Hernan Cortes arrived
in 1519, the native warriors put up little resistance.
The two decisive factors in the Spanish victories
were the conquistadors’ possession of firearms and
the mobility they gained from horses, elements of
battle hitherto unknown to the Aztec. The cruelty of
the Spanish induced the Aztec to rebel in 1520, and
Cortes was forced to abandon the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan. After launching new offensive, the
Spanish regained control, destroying the
magnificent city. A Spanish alliance with indigenous
peoples opposed to the Aztecs, the belief of the
Aztec ruler, Montezuma, that Cortes was an Aztec
god (whose return was predicted by legend), and
the rapid spread of smallpox (carried from Europe
by the Spanish) all contributed to the Spanish
victory as well. Despite the Aztecs’ continued
subterfuge, the Spanish succeeded in
superimposing their own theocratic-militaristic
traditions on the conquered society.
The Spanish organized the new colony as
the Viceroyalty of New Spain and established an
army there in the latter part of the 18th century. By
1800 the army’s main components were four
infantry regiments and two dragoon regiments,
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rotated periodically from Spain. These were
supported by ten militia regiments of infantry and
nine regiments of dragoons recruit locally. In all, the
army numbered about 30,000 members.
After Mexico gained independence from
Spain, the Mexican armed forces gradually
eliminated many practices of the Spanish colonial
army. The practice of granting military officers
special rights or inappropriate privileges was
abolished in 1855. The military also phased out the
19th century practice of forced conscription, which
often filled the ranks with criminals or other social
undesirables whom local leaders wished to be rid
of. Two legacies still remain from the years of
colonial rule, however, the use of the original
Spanish military ranks and the high prestige
traditionally accorded to cavalry units.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) Debate whether the Aztecs or the
Spanish were more influential
culturally on the modern Mexican
army
(B) Explain Mexico’s military history
through myths of social changes in
Mexican history
(C) Describe the origins of Mexico’s rich
military heritage
(D) Impress the reader with the advanced
military organization of the ancient
Aztecs
(E) Chronicle the gradual elimination of
colonial Spanish practices from the
Mexican military
2. According to the passage, which one of the
following accounts for the prevalence of
theocracy in the modern Mexican military?
(A) The Aztecs considered religious
justification a moral necessity for
going into battle
(B) The Viceroyalty of New Spain could
assemble a force almost twice as
large as the Aztec force that came
before
(C) The colonial Spanish impressed their
religion-based military traditions upon
the conquered Aztecs in the 16th
century
(D) Cortes was thought to be an Aztec
god upon his arrival in Mexico
(E) Forced conscription in the 19th century
drew many religious men into military
service

3. The author asserts that Cortes’s relatively
easy victory over the Aztecs was a result
of all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) The Spaniards’ superior numbers of
servicemen
(B) The Aztecs’ inferior weaponry and
defenses
(C) The Spaniards’ alliances with Aztec
enemies
(D) The Aztecs’ vulnerability to European
disease
(E) The Spaniards’ mobility gained from
horses
4. The author’s use of the word subterfuge
(under line, paragraph 2) primarily refers to
(A) The expression of gratitude for the
conquistadors who brought the Aztecs
freedom
(B) Aztecan attempts to revolt against
their Spanish conquerors
(C) The Aztecan tradition of separating
religion and military
(D) Strategies devised by the Aztecs to
avoid assimilation with the Spanish
(E) Positive attitudes the Aztecs had
about various European cultures
5. Which one of the following points about
Mexican history is LEAST important to its
rich military heritage
(A) The Aztecan Empire was conquered
by theocratic Spanish conquistadors
(B) Many of the colonial Spanish military
practices were immoral and inhumane
(C) Gunpowder was introduced in Mexico
around the time of the arrival of the
first Spanish forces
(D) The Spanish brought horses with them
to the New World
(E) The Aztecs had an advanced and
proud military tradition, far ahead of
their time.
Text 2
Many modern educational experts claim
that teaching facts and academic skills is less
important than achieving other social objectives. For
some liberals, the school must first change attitude
or provide nurturing in place of failed families or
help establish equality and social justice. For some
conservatives, the school must first prepare kids for
the workplace by molding them into supple
corporate citizens, while others want the focus to be
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on family values, a competitive spirit, or other social
or behavioral objectives. But the idea of simply
educating kids seems to have taken a backseat to
most educational experts and administrators. They
miss the point that kids with real academic skills,
especially skills in reading, writing, and
mathematics, are more likely to overcome social
barriers, more likely to have genuine self esteem,
and most likely to genuinely prepared for the
challenges of life and the workplace. By
emphasizing so many things besides a genuine,
classical education, the educational establishment
tends to sell our kids short and bring about many of
the problems they claim to be solving.
Consider the case of Wesley Elementary
School in Houston. According to Richard Nadler in
the article, “Failing Grade”, Wesley has all the
demographic markers of a school bound for failure.
Over 80% of the students qualify for subsidized
lunches, and nearly all are minorities (92% black,
7% Hispanic). Yet it ranks among the best schools
of Houston, with first-graders placing at the 82nd
percentile level I reading tests which is 50 points
higher than the expected level for similar at-risk
schools.
What has made Wesley so successful?
The answer is classical education in the form of
Direct Instruction curriculum designed by Siegfried
Engelmann, an example of the much ridiculed
“sage-on-the-stage” approach. This Direct
Instruction system boosts reading, writing, and math
scores by 30 to 40 percentile points in at risk
school. Sadly, Engelmann, like others who
successfully challenge popular fads in education
reform, has been rejected by much of the
educational establishment. His success is an
embarrassment to them.
6. Which of the following best reflects the
author’s opinion about school?
(A) Teaching social skills is more
important than academic skills
(B) School must be able to change the
attitude of the students
(C) Teaching academic skills is more
important than social skills
(D) Teaching social skills should use
conventional methods
(E) Teaching academic skills is somehow
contemporary
7. The second paragraph is related to the first
paragraph in which the second paragraph
presents …
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(A) An elaboration of purposes of an There exist bands which arise when groups come
effective school together and slip apart. Groups gather during the
(B) A discussion on the requirements day and travel together, but individuals only groom
for the good school and play with those in their own group. One-male
(C) A real example rather than an groups consist of 9-19 individuals, while bands can
opinion of good schooling consist of as many as 60 individuals. One-male
(D) An illustration to support the groups typically consist of three to 12 individuals,
opinions on school subjects but can contain more. Serious aggression is
(E) Evidence in favor of the value of uncommon among monkeys but minor aggression
the social objectives does commonly occur. Overall, members of the
same bands are fairly tolerant of each other. A
8. In writing the text, the writer’s tone could linear dominance hierarchy exists between females.
be best described as … Males of one-male group can stay in their groups for
(A) Persuasive six to eight years. Replacements in the resident
(B) Descriptive males appear to occur without serious aggression.
(C) Informative Upon reaching adulthood, males leave their natal
(D) Evaluative groups and join all-male groups. Female also
(E) Conservative sometimes leave their natal groups, perhaps to
avoid infanticide or inbreeding, reduce competition
9. From the second paragraph, it can be for food, or elevation their social status.
inferred that …
Passage B
(A) Wesley is a successful
prestigious school Females proboscis monkey become
(B) The students at Wesley are from sexually mature at five years old. They experience
the haves sexual swelling, which involves the genitals
(C) The students at Wesley are becoming pink or reddened. At one site, largely
mostly colored takes place between February and November, while
(D) The colored students usually births occur between March and May. Copulations
perform better tend to last for half a minute. The male will grab the
(E) Wesley curriculum is adopted by female by the ankles or torso and mount her from
other schools behind. Both sexes will encourage mating, but they
are not always successful. When soliciting, both
10. Given that the baseline score in reading is sexes will make pouted faces. In addition, males will
23 percentile points, which of the following sometimes vocalize and females will present their
most likely reflects the maximum impact of backsides. Mating pairs are sometimes harassed by
Direct Instruction on the students’ learning subadults. Proboscis monkey may also engage in
achievement in Wesley Elementary mounting with no reproductive purpose, such as
School? playful and same-sex mounting. Gestation usually
(A) 45 last 166-200 days or slightly more. Females tend to
(B) 53 give birth at night or in the early morning. The
(C) 63 mothers then eat the placenta and lick their infants
(D) 85 clean. The young begin to eat solid foods at six
(E) 95 weeks and are weaned at seven months old. The
nose of young male grows slowly until reaching
Text 3 adulthood. The mother will allow other members of
Passage A her group to hold her infant. When a resident male
in a one-male group is replaced, the infants are at
Proboscis monkeys generally live in groups risk of infanticide.
composed of one adult male, some adult females
and their offspring. All-male groups may also exist. 11. Both text are different in terms of
Some individuals are solitary, mostly males. (A) Viewpoint discussed
Monkey groups live in overlapping home ranges, (B) The habitat they live in
with little territoriality, in a fission-fusion society, with (C) Gender addressed
groups gathering at sleeping sites as night falls. (D) Groups they live in
(E) Age of the group members
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12. The following statements are true

according to both passages, EXPCEPT
(A) Individuals live solitary are mostly
male
(B) Sometimes they engage in mounting
with no reproductive
(C) The groups always consist of one
adult male, some adult females and
offspring
(D) Mating mostly happened between
February and November
(E) The territory they live in generally
narrow

13. The topic underlying in the passages

above is about
(A) The social life of a group of proboscis
(B) The interrelationship among the adult
male, adult female and the offspring
(C) The need of vocalization for the adult
male
(D) The social and sexual life of proboscis
monkey
(E) The limited amount of proboscis
monkey endemic borneo

14. It can be hypothesized from both passages

above that the possibility undermine
female to leave their natal groups is
(A) The homicide of the offspring
(B) The replacement of a resident male of
a resident male in a one-male group
(C) The breeding among their siblings
(D) The alighting of their social status
(E) The giving birth of the offspring

15. What is the most shocking adult female

behavior after bearing the offspring?
(A) Eat the placenta and lick their infants
clean
(B) Make pouted faces
(C) Do minor aggressions
(D) Allow other members of her group to
hold her infant
(E) Present their backsides whenever
males vocalize

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PAKET 11
Text 1
Situated on steep slopes, montane and
watershed forests are especially important in
ensuring water flow and inhibiting erosion. Yet,
during the 1980s, montane formation suffered the
highest deforestation rate of tropical forests.
When the forests are cut down, less
moisture is evapotranspired into the atmosphere
result in the formation of fewer rain clouds.
Subsequently there is a decline in rainfall,
subjecting the area to drought. Today, Madagascar
is largely red, treeless desert from generations of
forest clearing fire clearing with fire. River flows
decline and smaller amounts of quality water reach
cities and agricultural lands. Colombia, once second
in the world with fresh water reserves, has fallen to
24th due to its extensive deforestation over the past
30 years. Excessive deforestation around Malaysian
capital of Kuala Lumpur, combined with the dry
condition created by el Nino triggered strict, water
rationing in 1998, and for the first time the city had
to import the water.
There is a serious concern that widespread
deforestation could lead to a significant decline in
rainfall and trigger a positive-feedback process of
increasing desiccation fo neighboring forest cover.
The newly desiccated forest becomes prone to
devastating fire. Such fire materialized in 1997 and
1998 in conjunction with the dry conditions created
by el Nino. Million of acres burned as fires swept
through Indonesia, Brazil, Colombia Central
America, Florida, and other places. The Woods
Hole Research Center warned that more than
400.000 square kilometers of Brazilian Amazonia
were highly vulnerable to fire in 1998.
1. What is the writer trying to informs the
readers?
(A) The effect of erosion
(B) The impact of deforestation
(C) The decrease rain forests
(D) The excessive explorations of forests
(E) The issues on several tropical forests
2. Paragraphs 1 and 2 are related in that
paragraph 1 …
(A) Argue for meaning of tropical forests
of which facts are put in paragraph 2
(B) Explores the causes of erosion of
which effect are explained in
paragraph 2
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(C) Present problems in tropical forests
which exemplified in paragraph 2
(D) States problems of deforestation of
which answer is given in paragraph 2
(E) Provides detailed ideas for information
described in paragraph 2
3. The word ‘its’ in ‘… has fallen to 24th due to
its extensive …’ (paragraph 2, line 11)
refers to…
(A) Colombia
(B) Australia
(C) Malaysia
(D) Madagascar
(E) Kuala Lumpur
4. The following will certainly occur if the rate
of deforestation increasingly takes place in
Kalimantan, except…
(A) Landslide will take place more
frequently
(B) The rate of rainfall will decrease
sharply
(C) Temperature will increase significantly
(D) The biodiversity of the forests will end
(E) Water rationing will be tighter
5. What is the writer’s attitude toward
deforestation?
(A) Positive
(B) Worried
(C) Ignorant
(D) Indifferent
(E) Concerned
Text 2
Everyone like to group things.
LANGUAGE, students group words as verbs,
nouns, and so on; collection of words are classified
as phrases, or clauses, or sentences and these
again are reclassified according to their function. In
the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or
fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify
animal as vertebrate and invertebrates. The
vertebrates can be further classified as mammals,
reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to
keep hold of more information and, if it is based on
the right data, enables us to understand better the
ideas we are studying.
Chemists are no exception . The chemical
classification of materials, if its based on a good
system, should enable us to understand better the
many substances which exist in our world. What is

to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the
most obvious one is appearance, Materials could be
classified as a solid, liquid, or gas with some mixed
types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid
material and steam a liquid/gas material.
Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main
classification groups a little further; the solid may be
green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid
may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas
may be colored, However, we soon realize that
many probably quite different materials have the
same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-
monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gasses, but
we would not like to group them as the same thing.
Many different liquid are colorless, water like
material.
6. The example provided in paragraph 2
clarify that …
(A) Many kind of liquid should be grouped
as one
(B) Different kinds of gas can be colorless
and odorless
(C) Materials in chemistry should be
classified differently
(D) Chemistry materials have more
complicated classification
(E) Taxonomy can be made and applied
further to other areas
7. Paragraph 2 exemplifies the idea about
classification that …
(A) Chemical may be solid, liquid and
gaseous
(B) Appearance is not a useful basis in
chemistry
(C) The use of colors is better than that of
appearance
(D) Both colors and appearance should be
considered
(E) Colors should be included for
identifying appearance
8. The sentence “Chemists are no exception”
(Paragraph 2 line 1) could possibly be
restated as…
(A) Chemical materials can also be put
into classification
(B) Classification of chemical materials is
without exception
(C) Chemists may also classify materials
using certain criteria
(D) When appearance is the basis,
chemists are not involved
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(E) In material classification, chemicals
should not be included
9. The paragraph following the passage most
likely deals with the classification of…
(A) Flora and fauna
(B) Human sounds
(C) Liquid and gases
(D) Human behaviors
(E) Words and phrases
10. How does the author organize the ideas?
(A) Putting the main idea with examples
(B) Presenting causes followed by effects
(C) Interpreting different ways to
classifying
(D) Presenting the strength of the main
idea
(E) Exposing supporting details
chronologically
Text 3
Passage A
School is necessary because it, first,
makes communication with diverse people
essential, as parents do not choose where their
children go, and secondly, homeschooling and
extra-curricular activities connected to it cannot
bring that diversity, for attending group is self-
selecting rather than “unfiltered mixture”. I believe
that none of the two assumptions is warranted nor
true.
In the first place, parents still select for
their children on the basis of common value,
cultures and achievement. As such, public school
then after obvious misinterpretations of the society.
Not only that, I think it nonsense that
homeschooling should somehow get rid of diversity
from socialization in sports teams or other clubs.
What member of basketball team or a debate club
share is not race, religion, nor income bracket. It is
desire to participate.
Passage B
Children can perhaps be best described as
beings of potential during their school years. Each
child is in the process of discovering talents and
having them be cared for in an attempt to best
reach self-actualization.
Under the homeschooling system parents
become much more exclusive mentors to a child,
and this can be problematic. Although parents are
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generally aware what their child is capable of, their
evaluations are not always precise.
This could be for a number of reasons. First, it
may be due to the fact that their children are
predominately seen in the home environment,
limiting their chances to show off their potential in
other situations. It could also be because parents
sometimes assume that their children will share the
same talents they had. Simply stated, it would be
unreasonable to assume parents could see the
whole picture.
11. The common theme underlying both
passage above is…
(A) Formal school and home school
education
(B) Evidence of several problems with
home schooling
(C) Argument against home school
education practices
(D) Reason why home schooling should
be eliminated
(E) Failure which is associated with home
schooling
(C) Children are growing their ways to
develop their talents and personality
(D) School are the right medium for
socializing; yet parents are still
selective
(E) Ideas of school and home school
learning are wrong; yet, school is
better
15. If a child’s parents are not able to identify
the child’s talent comprehensively, a home
school child’s basket ball talent will…
(A) Still grow in so far he/she has the
need to partake in basketball team
(B) Grow normally because somebody
talent is not affected by anyone else
(C) Never be revealed until after the right
expert can reveal the child’s talent
(D) Grow little and later it may stop
growing at all as there is little
stimulation
(E) Remain undeveloped because none is
able to reveal the child’s potential

12. Which of the following statements reflects

a fact mentioned in either passage above?
(A) Parents play a role as a private guru
(B) Sports teams are a form of social unit
(C) Children are individuals with inborn
capacity
(D) Joining a social club is a matter of
wish to partake
(E) Interacting with other individuals is
very important

13. The idea in passage B which is different

from that in a passage A is …
(A) Wrong assumption on both home
school education and home schooling
(B) Parents’ personal preference to a
certain type of school for their child
(C) The need to join social events not
diversity that home schoolers seek
(D) Parents’ limited understanding of their
children’s potential and talents
(E) Thoughts that schools are a medium
for individuals to socialize freely

14. The best summary of both passages is …

(A) There is no rational support to believe
education at home and at school
(B) Parents and teachers make inaccurate
evaluations on children’s talents

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PAKET 12
Text 1
Over this decade, employment in jobs
requiring education beyond a high school diploma
will grow more rapidly than employment in jobs that
do not; of the 30 fastest growing occupations, more
than half require post-secondary education. With
the average earnings of college graduates at a level
that is twice as high as that of workers with only a
high school diploma, higher education is now the
clearest (31)... into the middle class.
In higher education, the U.S. has been
outpaced internationally. While the United States
ranks ninth in the world in the proportion of young
adults enrolled in college, we have fallen to 16th in
the world in our share of certificates and degrees
awarded to adults ages 25-34 — lagging behind
Korea, Canada, Japan and other nations. While
more than half of college students graduate within
six years, the (32)... for low-income students is
around 25 percent.
Acknowledging these factors early in his
Administration, President Obama challenged every
American to commit to at least one year of higher
education or post-secondary training. (33) ... that
America would once again have the highest
proportion of college graduates in the world by
2020.
1.Theoption that best completes (31) is
(A) Effort
(B) Position
(C) Pathway
(D) Advantage
(E) beginning
2. The option that best completes (32) is
(A) Completion rate
(B) Academic capacity
(C) Logical understanding
(D) Learning achievement
(E) Intellectual development
3. The option that best completes (33) is ....
(A) Americans will deserve higher education
for their future
(B) Middle class Americans are invited to
provide financial aids
(C) American students are suggested to take
entrepreneurial skills
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(D) The government recommends Americans
for college education
(E) The President has set up a new
educational goal for the country
Text 2
Agroecologists do not always agree about
what agroecology is or should bo In the long-term.
Different definitions of the term agroecology can be
distinguished largely by the specificity with which
one defines the term "ecology," as well as the term's
potential political connotations. Definitions of
agroecology, therefore, may be first grouped
according to the specific contexts within which they
situate agriculture. Agroecology is defined as "the
study of the relation of agricultural crops and
environment." This definition refers to the"-ecology"
part of "agroecology" narrowly as the natural
environment. Following this definition, an
agroecologist would study agriculture's various
relationships with soil heath, water quality, air
quality, meso-and micro-fauna, surrounding flora,
environmental toxins, and other environmental
contexts.
A more common definition of the word can be taken
from Dalgaard et al, who refer to agroecology as the
study of the interactions between plants, animals,
humans and the environment within agricultural
systems. Consequently, agroecology is inherently
multidisciplinary, including factors from agronomy,
ecology, sociology, economics and related
disciplines. In this case, the "-ecology" portion of
"agroecology is defined broadly to include social,
cultural, and economic contexts as well.
In the global south, the term often carries
overtly political connotations. Such political
definitions of the term usually ascribe to it the goals
of social and economic justice; special attention, in
this case, is often paid to the traditional farming
knowledge of indigenous populations. North
American and European uses of the term
sometimes avoid the inclusion of such overtly
political goals. In these, agroecology is seen more
strictly as a scientific dicipline with less specific
social goals.
(www.dotstoc.com)
4. Ideas in paragraph 2 and 3 define
agroecology as shown in the consecutive
relation as....
(A) Political and interactive approaches
(B) General and cross-authoritative sides
(C) Multidisciplinary and restricted angles

(D) Ecological and socio-economic
viewpoints
(E) Agricultural and socio-cultural
perspectives
5. Based on the passage above, if someone
is a genuine agroecologist, he/she will
likely....
(A) Examine social, cultural, and
economic aspects
(B) Do research on environmental
and political loads
(C) Include scientific methodology in his/
her approach
(D) Put aside social aspects in his/her
ecological studies
(E) Make use of multidisciplinary
analyses in his/her inquiry
6. Regarding the definition of agroecology,
the author assumes that it....
(A) Tends to denote scientific loads
(B) May be understood contextually
(C) Can be interpreted differently
(D) Has universal underlying values
(E) Should be exclusively situated
7. The points provided in paragraph 3 of the
passage explain that....
(A) Interpreting agroecology needs to
include political sides
(B) Agroecology is associated
geographically and politically
(C) Different places tend to define
agroecology scientifically
(D) People's aspiration of agroecology
differs significantly
(E) Nobody can define agroecology with
scientific precision
Text 3
Did you ride your bike to school when you
were a kid? A generation ago most kids rode,
walked or caught the bus to school; very few ofus
were dropped off by our parents at the school gate.
These days most of us have experienced the daily
traffic jams around schools at drop off and pick up
times, as parents drives their children to the school
gate. While there is no national data on the number
of children who walk or ride to school, a recent
Victorian survey found nearly half of all children are
driven to school every day.
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Parents choose to drop their kids at school
for a number of reasons - mostly to do with safety
and convenience. But experts say chauffeuring your
kids to school every day could mean they are
missing out on much-needed exercise and other life
skills.
Research suggests at least a third of
Australian children aged 9-16 years are not getting
the amount of daily physical activity recommended
in national guidelines. But this is not because
children's participation in leisure or sporting
activities has dropped off, says Dr Jan Garrard.
Participation in these activities has not altered much
over the years, Garrard says but what has changed
is the level of incidental activity children do. "When
you look at countries where children are just active
as part of everyday life, they do not have to be
sporty. All they have to do is to get around the way
the community gets around by walking and cycling,
and they get enough physical activity," she says.
(www.abc.net.au)
8. By writing the sentences "... chauffeuring
your kids to school every day could mean
they are missing out on much-needed
exercise and other life skills." (paragraph 2,
lines 2-3), the author implies that....
(A) Kids given a lift to school likely lose
vital social and physical advantages
(B) Taking kids to school makes them
deprived individuals when they grow
up
(C) Schooling means not only learning In
classes but also socializing with
Others
(D) Parents spoil their kids future social
and physical life by giving them a lift
(E) When a child needs physical and
training, parents should facilitate them
9. Dr. Garrard's statement"... where children
are just active as part of everyday life, they
do not have to be sporty ..." (paragraph 3
line 5) may be best restated that....
(A) Children who are active do not
(B) Being muscular should not be the elm
of children who are naturally active
(C) Children's physical fitness is not
closely related with their daily activities
(D) Activeness in children does not mean
to make these children physically lift
(E) When naturally active, children need
no more scheduled sports activities

10. The part following the passage above most
likely contains information on ....
(A) Advice to parents for their children to
have enough physical activities
(B) The decreasing trend of children to do
physical activities at their will
(C) Parental motives behind chauffeuring
their children to school
(D) Reasons for children not to do fun and
incidental activities
(E) Effects of having children not to be
given a lift to school
11. The author develops some ideas in
paragraph 2 by ....
(A) Explaining reasons for
chauffeuring and their advantages
(B) Describing parent's chauffeuring
followed by its effects
(C) Discussing the function of
chauffeuring and the impacts
(D) Arguing for chauffeuring practices
for children's safety
(E) Exposing how parents chauffeur
and its drawbacks
Text 4
Passage A
People still collect books as valuable
antiques or for a hobby, but you get virtually all the
information you need from the viewscreen of your
home computer system. The computer Is linked to a
library - not a library of books but an electronic
library where information on every subjects is stored
in computer memory banks.
Having this service at your fingertips is like
having a huge brand-new encyclopedia in your
homes at all times. The computer can tell you
anything you want to know, and the information is
always the very latest available. There need be only
one central library to which computers in homes,
offices, schools and colleges are connected. At the
library experts are constantly busy, feeding in the
very latest information as they receive it. in theory
one huge electronic library could serve the whole
world!
(blogs.smithsonianmag.com)
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Passage B
E-books have not spelled the demise of
the local library in New York. In fact, according to a
new report from the Center for an Urban Future,
40.5 million people visited the city's public libraries,
more than all of the city's professional sports teams
and major cultural institutions combined.
The report "Branches of Opportunity" looks
at the changing role of the city's libraries in the
digital age. It finds that while public libraries are
serving more New Yorkers than ever, they are
“undervalued by policymakers and face growing
threats." New York City's library system is a unique
hybrid. Three organizations - the New York Public
Library, along with the Brooklyn and Queens
libraries - operate 206 local branches throughout
the five boroughs.
(www.wnyc.org)
12. The topic discussed in both passages is…
(A) The electronic library establishment in
the digital era
(B) The number of public library visitors in
New York
(C) The advanced technology in
managing libraries
(D) The importance of libraries in the
computer era
(E) The preference to choosing
public libraries
13. Which idea in passage 5 is different from
that in passage 4?
(A) E-libraries require sophisticated IT
expertise
(B) Access to information in e-libraries is
unlimited
(C) Collections 6f e-libraries are regularly
updated
(D) In reality most people are still e-library
illiterate
(E) Libraries function as a huge
information bank
14. The following statements is true according
to both passages?
(A) People would rather go to the library
than watch sporting events
(B) Access to information in an e-library
requires a good IT system
(C) Libraries provide quick access to free
e-books and newspapers
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(D) The role of library changes fast due to

advanced IT technology
(E) People still dream of using libraries in
spite of time and space

15. Based on the information in both

passages, it can be hypothesized that....
(A) Policies should be made to conserve
common libraries
(B) Conventional libraries will continue
despite of the threats
(C) Unpopularity of ordinary libraries is
obvious
(D) Electronic libraries will gain much
popularity
(E) Threats to book publishers becomes
more serious

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