RESEARCH 1 Correlational; Descriptive; Experimental;

REVIEWER Descriptive Correlational)

MIXED APPROACH – inquiry involving
RESEARCH collecting both quantitative and
- Coined from the French word cerhier, qualitative data, and integrating the two
which means “seek” and the prefix “re” means forms of data. (Types of Mixed
to repeat. Approach: Convergent Parallel;
- is a systematic process geared towards Explanatory Sequential; Exploratory
working on exhaustive inquiry, investigation or Sequential)
experimentation with the aim of finding new o Convergent Parallel –researcher
facts in explaining the problems associated with merges quantitative and
our day to day relations with our environments qualitative data; typically
and coming up with solutions in facing them. collects both forms of data
simultaneously.
Philosophical Views in Research o Explanatory Sequential -
1. POST-POSITIVIST - Researchers in this researcher first conducts
category subscribes to the idea that quantitative research and builds
everything should be quantified to on the results to explain them in
produce meaningful concrete results. more detail.
2. CONSTRUCTIVIST - Researchers believe o Exploratory Sequential -
that experience expressed through researcher begins with a
words can paint a better picture of a qualitative approach and builds
certain phenomena. findings to develop a
3. TRANSFORMATIVE - Researchers quantitative phase.
support the idea that research should be
Qualitative VS. Quantitative
conducted to increase quality of life and
produce better societies. QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
4. PRAGMATIC - Researchers promote the Subjective Objective
use of both quantitative and qualitative Inductive approach Deductive approach
data in expressing research findings. Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions
Descriptive Predictive
Approaches in Research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH – an approach

for exploring and understanding the
meaning individuals or groups ascribe to
a social or human problem. (Most
common Designs: Narrative;
Phenomenological; Ethnography; Case
studies; Grounded theory)
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - an
approach for testing objective theories
by examining the relationship among
variables. (Most common Designs:
***
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - aim to explore human
phenomena which may involve a single or a
group of people experiencing the same situation.
- based on realities and different
viewpoints of individuals.
- Results are descriptive rather than
predictive.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research:
– Human understanding and
interpretation
 – Inductive approach
– Flexible
– Contextualized
– The researcher is the main instrument
– Subjective
– Open-ended questions
– Wide and in-depth analysis
Advantages of Qualitative Research:
– It has in-depth and detailed evaluation
of the issues and topics studied.
– The framework of the study can be
revised when information and findings
have been collected.
– It is less costly.
– Wide variety of information can be
gathered since questions are open-
ended.
– Less number of respondents are needed.
– The data gathered from this type of
research is stronger than those in
quantitative.
Disadvantages of Qualitative Research:
– The research quality depends on the
skills of the researcher.
– Factors are easily influenced by personal
judgment and biases of the researcher.
– Validity and reliability of the data is hard
to determine.
– Time-consuming
– The data may sometimes be difficult to
interpret.
– Its open-ended questions obtain a lot of
data which makes it hard for the
researcher to sort and transcribe it,
requiring longer time to analyze data.
Types/Designs of Qualitative Research:
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH – systematic
study of past events.
- examines the documents of the past to help
researcher understand and connect it in the
present time.
2. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH – involves
observing, exploring, documenting, and
analyzing the ways and cultural beliefs of
a group of people most especially the
indigenous or minority group.
2 perspectives involve in Ethnography:
 Emic – the way members of the culture
envision their own world; insider’s view
 Etic – people outside a particular culture
are the ones who interpret that culture’s
experiences; outsider’s view
3 aspects of information in Ethnography:
 Cultural behavior
 Cultural speech
 Cultural artifacts
3. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH –
systematic study of the lived
experiences of individuals.
- its main objective is to understand life
experiences and what makes it meaningful.
- a study on how people experience a
phenomenon.
4. CASE STUDY – in-depth analysis of a
single entity or a small group.
- it is often used in the discipline of sociology,
nursing and psychology.
-researchers seek to understand and
answer the question why such situation
occurred.
5. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS – focuses on a
specific story as the subject matter of
inquiry.
- the premise of a narrative study is on how
individuals make sense of their world by
being able to communicate through
constructing, reconstructing, and narrating
stories.
6. GROUNDED THEORY – systematic
collection of data through observation
and interview to generate a
comprehensive explanation of a
phenomenon grounded in reality.
- seeks to understand the actions by
discovering first the main problem and then
the person’s behavior on resolving a
problem.
Research Process:
CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE
- This is where the topic is identified.
DESIGN PHASE
- Known as the planning phase where
researchers decide on the detailed
procedures in gathering and analyzing
data.
- The phase wherein how, where, and
when will the study be conducted and
analyzed is addressed.
A RESEARCH TOPIC or problem is an
intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the
form of scientific inquiry.
 Research topics must follow the 3Ts:
timely, trending, and trailblazing.
Research topic – area of the study, common
ground
Intellectualized topic – specificity of study,
distinctiveness of your research
Reconnaissance – process of reviewing
literature

EMPIRICAL PHASE
- Actual data gathering and collection.
- In this phase, the researchers are
equipped with the necessary attitude,
behavior, and tools in gathering data
from different prospective sources.
- In qualitative studies, respondents are
known as ‘key informants’ or co-
researchers.

ANALYTICAL PHASE
- Most challenging phase of the research.
- Phase wherein data are being
interpreted and schematized to identify
themes that have emerged in the study.

DISSEMINATION PHASE
- Most valuable but often neglected by
the researchers.
- Research results in the form of a well-
written full research manuscript are
advised to be shared to the general
public.