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1192 Seal PDF
1192 Seal PDF
1 CEU)
11-14-13
ASHA Conference Seal, Wilson,
& Gaul
Chicago, IL ASHA 2013
Instructor: Brenda C. Seal, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Office: 3201 SLLC, Gallaudet University
Department of Hearing, Speech,
and Language Sciences
Seal et al.
Professional research ASHA 2013
Learner Outcomes:
Students should leave this course, able to:
• Define speechreading and associated
terminology
• Identify common strategies that facilitate
speechreading and contrast them with
situations that make speechreading difficult
• Explain how speechreading parallels reading
fingerspelling
• Show progress in meeting speechreading goals
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Lecture 1: Speechreading Basics
Terminology
Definitions
The What’s, Who’s, When’s, Where’s,
Why’s and How’s of Speechreading
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What is it?
The improved recognition of spoken language
and sign language from visible movements of
the face, mouth, and supportive gestures (Seal)
The integration of visual information with
auditory information for enhanced under-
standing of speech (Sumby & Pollack, 1954; Tye-
Murray et al., 2010)
Also referred to as lipreading, “the perception of
speech by interpreting visually available
movements of the face, mouth, and tongue”
(Feld & Sommers, 2009, p. 1555). Seal, et al.
ASHA 2013
When and where do we do it?
In all face-to-face human communication (here
and now)
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We use “The 3 Cs”
Context: the language
the topic, setting, register, familiarity of
communication partners
Speechreading requires
linguistic literacy.
Lecture 2: Where’s the evidence to support
speechreading and speechreading training?
To date: no experimental research with
randomly assigned participants, no meta-
analysis of the literature.
Descriptive reports suggest:
1. Speechreading performance varies broadly
across individuals (children and adults, those
with hearing loss and those with normal
hearing [Erber, 1969; Lyxell & Holmberg,
2000]; males and females, and across
education levels [Dancer et al., 1994]). Seal et al.
ASHA 2013
2. Young adults (avg. age = 21) perform better
than older adults (avg. age = 76) on measures
of speechreading (Feld & Sommers, 2009).
3. Speechreading performance declines in aging
(commensurate with decreased visual acuity
and auditory acuity) such that word
recognition declines from 6% to 13% per
decade beyond 60 yrs. of age (Sommers et
al., 2005).
4. Speechreading performance appears to
be influenced (predicted) by several
cognitive tasks that also diminish in aging:
1. working memory (especially spatial
word memory on a computer screen)
2. processing speed (classification tasks
on a computer screen) (Feld & Sommers,
2009).
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5. “It remains unclear whether and
how this [speechreading] ability can be
significantly improved with training”
(Richie & Kewley-Port, 2008, p. 1607).
Auditory-Visual Integration
Spoken language is both auditory and visual.
Spoken language is NOT just an auditory
language; it is very much a visual language.
Individuals with normal hearing and individuals
with hearing loss rely on the integration of
auditory and visual representations of spoken
language to derive meaning.
Lecture 3: Assessment to determine if
training makes a difference
1. Assess at a perceived level (self- or
caregiver- or observer as informant):
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Reliance on and Success at Speechreading
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
None 0% Minimal 25% Moderate: 50% A lot: 75% Totally Reliant: 100%
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Not 0% Minimal 25% Moderate: 50% Good: 75% Very Good: 100%
____________________________________________________________________
Important to improving your speechreading skills is personal
awareness of how well you do in different settings and with
different individuals. Choose 3 different settings/3 different
individuals, and rate your reliance on and success with
speechreading.
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Visual Tracking or
Continuous Narration, Monologue, or
Discourse Tracking
Continuous Discourse Tracking
Connected Discourse Tracking
90
80
70
60
Percentage
50
40
30
20
10
0
CID BAS Craig Sentences Binnie Visual tracking
Test
Individual Goals or Targets
On the Midterm exam:
I will improve my speechreading skills by _______
(Choose your top 5 preferences)
___Working on vocabulary from my difficult courses.
___Working on phrases my hearing friends use.
___Working on sentences from texting conversations.
___Working on paragraphs from my most difficult courses.
___Working on speech sounds that give me trouble (e.g., l, r, k, g, ng, h)
___Working on words that look the same on the mouth (e.g., prevent, befriend)
___Working with computer programs and internet exercises
___Working with different speakers (not just my classmates)
___Working in different noise conditions
___Working in different light conditions
Anything else you’d like to work on? ___________________________________
Lecture 4: Speechreading Training
• Training across meaningful language:
Academic language, social language, personal interests
With multiple speakers: Various dialects, ages, across
varying hearing levels (including deaf speakers)
• Training at an analytical level:
Stress patterns, consonant combinations, new words
e.g., rebel and rebel, present and present, contract and
contract, content and content, etc.
• Training at a synthetic level: Seal et al.
ASHA, 2013
Personal anecdotes, short paragraphs, textbook
readings, video-recorded speakers/VLOGs
Group or Individual Activities
• Value in both
• But as we customize the material for their
goals, the activities become more individual.
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With or without audition?
With or without signing?
With or without print?
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Sample Analytical
• Quiero que trabajar.
Activity
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Post-Instruction Scores
Visual Tracking
Test
BAS
March
May
CID
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percentage
References
Seal et al.
ASHA, 2013
Bonino, A. Y., Leibold, L. J., & Buss, E. (2012). Release from perceptual masking for
children and adults: Benefit of a carrier phrase. Ear & Hearing, 34, 3-14.
Boothroyd, A., Hanin, L., & Hnath-Chisolm, T. (1985). A sentence test of speech
perception: Reliability, set equivalence, and short-term learning (Internal Report
RCI 10). NY: City University of New York.
Dancer, J., Krain, M., Thompson, C., Davis, P., & Glen, J. (1994). A cross-sectional
investigation of speechreading in adults: Effects of age, gender, practice, and
education. Volta Review, 96, 31-40.
Erber, N. (1969). Interaction of audition and vision in the recognition of oral speech
stimuli. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12, 423-425.
Feld, J. E., & Sommers, M. S. (2009). Lipreading, processing speed, and working
memory in younger and older adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 52, 1555-1565.
Gosselin, P. A., & Gagne, J.-P. (2011). Older adults expend more listening effort than
young adults recognizing speech in noise. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 54, 944-958.
Lewkowicz, D. J., & Hansen-Tift, A. M. (2012). Infants deploy selective attention to the
mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 109, 1431-1436.
Lyxell, B., & Holmberg, I. (2000). Visual speechreading and cognitive performance in
hearing-impaired and normal hearing children (11-14 years). British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 70, 505-518.
Seal et al.
References ASHA, 2013
Preminger, J. E., Hwei-Bing, L., Payen, M., & Levitt, H. (1998). Selective visual
masking in speechreading. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 41, 564-575.
Richie, C., & Kewley-Port, D. (2008). The effects of audio-visual vowel
identification training on speech recognition under difficult listening
conditions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 1607.
Sommers, M., Tye-Murray, N., & Spehar, B. (2005). Auditory-visual speech
perception and auditory-visual speech enhancement in normal hearing
younger and older adults. Ear & Hearing, 26, 263-275.
Sumby, W. H., & Pollack, I. (1954). Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in
noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 212-215.
Tye-Murray, N., Sommers, M., Spehar, B. (2007). The effects of age and gender
on lipreading abilities. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 18,
882-892.
Tye-Murray, N., Sommers, M., Spehar, B., Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (2010). Aging,
audiovisual integration and the principle of inverse effectiveness. Ear &
Hearing, 31, 636-644.
Thank you for attending!
For a fun look at the McGurk effect and political
humor, see:
www.badlipreading.com
Questions?
Final Exam:
1. Define speechreading. How is it alike/different from
reading fingerspelling? Reading handwriting?
2. What evidence is there that infants use speechreading
3. What are the 3Cs of speechreading?
4. What do we know from the research literature about
the impact of aging on speechreading?
5. What cognitive skills appear to predict speechreading
skills?
6. Identify an analytical speechreading test.
7. Identify a synthetic speechreading test.
9. Explain the value of self assessment in speechreading.
10. Rate your own learning from this course.