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ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering
Procedia Engineering00 (2017)
211 000–000
(2018) 124–130
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

2017 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering
Study
Study on Urban
on (on
Urban Fire
Fire Station
Station
the Development Planning
Planning based
based
of Performance-based on
on Fire
Fire Code) Fire Risk
Risk
Study
Study on Urban Fire
Assessment Station
and Planning
GIS based
Technology on Fire Risk
Study on
on Urban
Urban Fire
Assessment
Fire
Assessment
Station
and
Station
and
Planning
GIS
GIS
based
Technology
Planning based
Technology
on
on Fire
Fire Risk
Risk
Assessment
Assessment
Xin-ming DONG, and
Ye LI, Yue-leiand GIS Technology
GIS Technology
PAN,Ya-jun HUANG, Xu-dong CHENG*
Xin-ming DONG, Ye LI, Yue-lei PAN,Ya-jun HUANG, Xu-dong CHENG*
Xin-ming
Xin-ming DONG,
DONG,
State Key
Ye
Laboratory Ye
LI,
of FireLI,
Yue-lei
Yue-lei
Science,
PAN,Ya-jun
PAN,Ya-jun
University
HUANG,
HUANG,
of Science and Technology
Xu-dong
Xu-dong
of China,
CHENG*
Hefei 230027,CHENG*
China
Xin-ming DONG,
State Key Laboratory Ye
of FireLI, Yue-lei
Science, PAN,Ya-jun
University HUANG,
of Science and Technology Xu-dong
of China, Hefei 230027,CHENG*
China
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
This paper focuses on the planning of fire station in Lanshan District, Linyi City, Shandong Province. It mainly aims at the deficiency of
Abstract
Thisfire
paper focusesplanning
on the planning of fire station in the
Lanshan District, Linyi City,
the
Thisfire protection
paper focusesplanning in Lanshan
on the planning district
of fire station andin the new problems
Lanshan brought
District, Linyi by Shandong
City, Shandong
Province. It mainly
the rapid development
Province. It mainly
aims The
of the city. at the
aims The
at the
deficiency
fire of
risk of city
deficiency of
the
This paper
buildings protection
infocuses
Lanshan onDistrictinwasLanshan
the planning district
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methods. and peer-review under responsibility of the Academic Committee of fire stations in
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection
Linyi
© 2017City by the
The comprehensive
Authors. Published utilization
by Elsevierof various methods. and peer-review under responsibility of the Academic Committee
Ltd. Selection
of
© ICFSFPE
© 2017
2018 The 2017. Published
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Authors. PublishedbybyElsevier
ElsevierLtd. Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Academic Committee
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© ICFSFPE
2017
Peer-review 2017. responsibility
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Authors. Published by
of Elsevier
the Ltd. Selection
organizing committeeand peer-review
of ICFSFPE under responsibility of the Academic Committee
2017.
of ICFSFPE
© 2017 2017. Published by Elsevier
The Authors. Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Academic Committee
of ICFSFPE
Keywords: 2017. planning, fire station, fire risk assessment, GIS
fire protection
of ICFSFPE
Keywords: 2017. planning, fire station, fire risk assessment, GIS
fire protection
Keywords: fire protection planning, fire station, fire risk assessment, GIS
Keywords: fire protection planning, fire station, fire risk assessment, GIS
Keywords: fire protection planning, fire station, fire risk assessment, GIS
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
With the great improvement of economy during the latest 30 years, China has entered a rapid development period. The
Introduction
With the great improvement of economy during themore
latestfunctional
30 years, diversity.
China hasThe entered a rapid development period. The
construction
With of city
the great scale becomes
improvement much larger
of economy during andthemore
latestfunctional
30 years, diversity.
China hasThe number
entered a rapid of population
development has increased
period. The
construction
dramatically of city
With the great
and the scale
improvement
traffic becomes
roads ofaremuch
economy
more larger
during and
crisscross. theTherefore,
latest 30 years,
it can China
be saidhas
that the number
entered city ofvery
a israpid
a population
development
complex has increased
period.
and dynamicThe
construction
With the
dramatically of
great
and city scale
improvement
theurban becomes of
trafficconstruction much
economy
roads aremuchmore larger
during and
crisscross. the more
latest functional
Therefore, 30 years,
it acan diversity.
China has
be connection
said thatThe number
entered
thewith a
citythe of
rapid population
development
is acity's has increased
period. The
construction
system. In theofcity,
city scale becomes and larger
people's and more functional
activities have diversity.
close The number ofvery complexhas
population
geographical andincreased
dynamic
attributes
dramatically
construction
system. and
of
In theand the
city
city, traffic
scale roads
becomes are more
much crisscross.
larger and Therefore,
more it
functionalcan be said
diversity.thatThethe city
number is aofvery complex
population and
has dynamic
increased
dramatically
and restricted by theurban
it. trafficconstruction
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the cityare and people's
more
developmentcrisscross. activities
brings Therefore, haveit acan
about economic close
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said that
growth, thewith
it also citythe
brings acity's
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verythe
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increaseandofattributes
dynamic
fire risk.
system.
and In theand
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more
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about haveit acan
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said that
growth, it thewith
also citythe
brings acity's
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verythe
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increase and
of attributes
dynamic
fire risk.
system.
Urban In the
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high fire
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and [1-2]. At by
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[3]. extinguishing
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[3].
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are Besides,
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included, the
andsuchprocess
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as of urban
facilities are
factories, expansion,
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warehouses and buildings,
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so roads
on. These should
are quite
buildings not
narrow exist
and
are in residential
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often the engines
original are not easy
source of areas,
to enter
fire and
[3].
fire
are Besides,
often with
extinguishing
included, the
and process
rescue of urban
facilities expansion,
are not the
complete. buildings,
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are should
quite not
narrow exist
and in
the residential
fire engines orarecommercial
not easy to areas,
enter
[3]. Besides,
explosion thesuch
withTherefore,
[4-5]. asthe
process factories,
ofold
urban warehouses
expansion,planning
fire protection andbuildings,
the so cannot
on. Thesemeetbuildings
which should
the notareexist
demand ofoften
thein the cities,
original
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which are of
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on. These
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geography buildings
has laid manyare often
hidden the original
firecities,
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for the of
city fire
and and
has
explosion
are often
and growing [4-5].
included,
all Therefore,
the such as
while. the
The old fire protection
factories,
complicatedwarehouses
layout of urban so cannot
on. These
geographymeethasthelaid
demand
buildings manyareof the new
often
hidden the
fire original
hazardswhich arecity
source
for the developing
of fire
and and
has
explosion [4-5]. Therefore, the old fire protection planning cannot meet the demand of the new cities, which are developing
and growing
explosion all the
[4-5]. while. The
Therefore, the complicated layout planning
old fire protection of urban cannot
geographymeethasthelaid manyof
demand hidden
the new firecities,
hazards for the
which arecity and has
developing
and growing all the while. The complicated layout of urban geography has laid many hidden fire hazards for the city and has
and growing all the while. The complicated layout of urban geography has laid many hidden fire hazards for the city and has

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-551-6360-6957; fax: +86-551-6360-6981.

* Corresponding
E-mail author. Tel.: +86-551-6360-6957; fax: +86-551-6360-6981.
address: chengxd@ustc.edu.cn
* Corresponding
E-mail author. Tel.: +86-551-6360-6957; fax: +86-551-6360-6981.
address: chengxd@ustc.edu.cn
* Corresponding
E-mail author. Tel.: +86-551-6360-6957; fax: +86-551-6360-6981.
address: chengxd@ustc.edu.cn
* Corresponding
1877-7058
E-mail © 2018
address: author.
TheTel.: +86-551-6360-6957;
Authors.
chengxd@ustc.edu.cn Published byfax:Elsevier
+86-551-6360-6981.
Ltd.
E-mail address:
Peer-review chengxd@ustc.edu.cn
under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICFSFPE 2017
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.129
 Xin-ming DONG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 124–130 125
Xin-ming DONG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

put forward higher requirements for the layout of urban fire protection planning, which has brought difficulties to the layout
design of urban fire protection.
GIS (Geographic Information System) is the product of the combination of geographic information technology and
computer technology. By means of the cooperation of computer software and hardware, the geospatial information is
processed to achieve the input and storage of information, the retrieval and operation analysis of information and the display
and output of information [6]. Using the GIS technology to deal with the corresponding information about the building
layout and the personnel distribution in urban fire protection planning, it can obviously improve the work efficiency and
achieve satisfactory results. The GIS technology not only can accomplish the management of fire protection planning, but
also can help the design of fire protection planning. The GIS technology should make adequate preparations before carrying
out planning and design of urban fire protection. The main work is to creating a database of the related cities, including the
detail information of the city, the fire key units of the location, the distribution of dangerous source, the distribution of fire
facilities, road traffic arrangement and so on.
After setting up such a detailed database and combining relevant theoretical knowledge and calculation model, we can
scientifically and rationally carry out accurate fire protection planning for the city and obtain credible results. However, the
current work in this area is not perfect enough and the application of GIS in fire protection planning and design is not yet
mature. There is great space for the development of fire protection facilities layout based on fire risk assessment and GIS
technology, which can integrate the existing urban construction information and grasp the dynamics of urban development.
This paper will combine the methods of fire risk assessment with GIS technology to solve the planning and optimizing
issues of the fire station layout in Lanshan District, Linyi city. This method is not only suitable for Linyi City, but also has
great practical value for most cities in China.

1. Main optimization process of fire station layout

Based on fire risk assessment and GIS technology, the optimization process of fire station layout is shown in Figure 1.

Analysis of fire risk

Confirmation of fire
0-2 minute Analysis
demand point
buffer tools: analysis
of service area
Searching and
selecting

Rough candidate set

of fire station
Analysis tools: analysis
of recent facility Reverse checking

Eliminating Preliminary collection

redundancy of fire station location

Principle: average Eliminating redundancy once

Physical truth
distance is minimum again

Final layout optimization set

of fire station

Fig. 1. Optimization process of fire station layout based on fire risk

126 Xin-ming DONG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 124–130
Xin-ming DONG et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

Firstly, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to classify the fire
safety grades in Lanshan District. The distribution profiles of fire risk, fire protection capacity and fire safety in each
industry area have been drawn out. The key fire protection areas of the city were defined and the high fire risk demand
points were confirmed. The high fire risk demand point is taken as the highest risk level polygon centroid and a point
instead of area is used to indicate high fire risk area.
Secondly, on the basis of "demand map of high fire risk", candidates of fire station are determined preliminarily. The
"demand map of high fire risk" is a high fire risk area and the constraint response time of fire emergency is 2 min. By
starting from the demand map of high fire risk, the overlapping areas reached within 2 min can be obtained by running GIS.
These areas are served as candidates of fire station and a plurality of candidate fire station are obtained accordingly. For the
next step, a rough set candidate of fire station is provided for the fire station optimization.
Finally, it is needed reverse checking which based on candidate of the fire station. The demand for emergency response
time is fulfilled at any point in the rough set. Therefore, on this basis, the shortest path constraints are added to simplify the
rough sets furtherly. The average path of fire stations to multiple demand points is calculated. By selecting the average
shortest path, the preliminary set of candidate fire station is obtained. Combined with other constraint conditions with some
experts’ experience, the fire site is simplified furtherly.

2. Fire risk assessment of Lanshan District

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) [7-10] is a common method in the field of fire risk assessment. It mainly aims at
solving the problem of target selection and achieving optimization of the objective. Weight calculation is an important step
whether the AHP can succeed or not.
Each factor in the system of evaluation index can be sorted by weight, so as to make decision and optimization. At the
same time, it can be used as another input parameter of evaluation method to evaluate and analyze it more deeply. Fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation method [11-14] is also a common method of fire risk assessment. The main advantage of this
method is that the qualitative data can be quantified, which made the results more intuitional and comparable. As is said
about the evaluation of fire risk, some evaluation is qualitative, and even difficult to quantify. But the comprehensive fuzzy
evaluation method can solve this problem well. By means of the theory of fuzzy mathematics and the calculation method of
membership degree, the result is clear and scientific. Based on the above two fire risk assessment methods, the fire risk
demand distribution map [15] of Lanshan district is obtained, as shown in figure 2. More details about the weight
calculation during the fire risk assessment can also been found in the author’s previous paper [15].

Fig. 2. Demand map of high fire risk

3. Constraints of planning layout

Constraints of fire emergency response time: Taking the city fire station construction standards into account, firefighters
should arrive at the farthest point of the responsible area within 5 minutes after receiving the alarm.
 Xin-ming DONG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 124–130 127
Xin-ming DONG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

Constraints of road traffic: There are two major aspects to consider: (1) traffic management, including the driving
direction, driving time, road traffic and other constraints; (2) traffic capacity: including vehicle capacity and road congestion
and other constraints. Constraints of road traffic are vital when choosing the shortest path in the area planning calculation.
Constraints of shortest path: In the planning of fire station layout, the fire station should be considered to be close to the
major fire risk point as far as possible.
Constraints of major fire risk emergency rescue: The relevant fire regulations specify that fire emergency response time
is 5 min under normal conditions. On this basis, the standard of high risk fire demand point is raised and the emergency
response time should be less than 2 min.

4. Generating network topology and processing data

4.1 Generating network topology

The network topology is generated by the actual road nodes and paths in Linyi city. The principles of network topology
are generated as follows: (1) The network topology is abstracted from the actual road network and a small number of road
networks are simplified; (2) In order to guarantee the calculation accuracy and reduce the operation time base, the
topological nodes should be simple and accurate as much as possible; (3) The road of network topology should be the places
of frequent fire accidents as far as possible; (4) The path length between topological nodes is expressed by travel time of fire
vehicle. Fig. 3 is the obtained network topology map of the fire passage in Lanshan district according to the above method.

Fig. 3. Network topology map of the fire passage in Lanshan district.

Table 1 is the speed setting of fire engines at different roads, which is determined by the actual road conditions, speed
limit regulations and other conditions. In the software, the fire station candidate should be located at the road intersection
and non-road intersection. Then, the candidate sites are automatically generated by software calculations under other
constraints.

Table 1. Speed setting of fire engine at different roads

Road at all levels Setting speed of fire engine designed speed at on the road
National Rd or Fast lane 60 80
Main road 50 50~60
secondary main road 40 40
Access road 30 30
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4.2 Fire demand point data

According to the fire risk assessment, sub areas with different dangerous grades are obtained, and the demand of fire
spots in the area are determined.

4.3 Fire supply point data

The data of Lanshan district map is obtained from fire brigade. These map images, description data, built fire station
locations and related data are imported into the GIS software. The data and images are matched one by one, and then a
digital map is established [16].
Fire station data processing steps are as follows: (1) Marking the distribution location of regional fire station that is
investigated digital map in Lanshan District; (2) Region of vector of *.dwg format in CAD is imported into ArcMap in
Linyi district and the ArcMap map is generated; (3) The land boundary layer is converted into *.shp format and the
boundary attribute parameter data is added; (4) The fire station boundary condition is converted as the central point data and
the fire station data in the area is obtained.

5. Optimization and discussion of fire station layout

In the ArcGIS 9.3 platform, according to the actual situation of Linyi city, network topology is generated as shown in
figure 3. According to the optimization process as shown in Figure 1, the constraints are added to optimize the solution.
Based on the fire risk assessment results, the demand points with high fire risk are obtained, and the candidate area of fire
station is obtained preliminarily. These demand points with high risk fire are high level of fire risk areas in fire evaluation.
Therefore, 2 min is used as the constraint condition of fire emergency response time, which means that the firefighters can
reach these demand points with high fire risk within 2 min. The overlapping service range of "high risk demand point" is
analysed further, and the polygons in overlapping areas are considered as points data. The central points are chose as
primary candidate of the fire station. Figure 4 shows 67 candidates of fire station which is generated by ArcGIS.

Fig. 4. Candidates of fire station

In order to further optimize the layout, two constraints are added. One constraint condition is the shortest average
distance between fire stations and the high fire risk demand points, and the other is the maximum demand points with high
fire risk within the service range. It is used for reversely checking the candidate fire station, and then designing further. It
gets 67 candidates of fire station preliminarily, around which there are 15 high fire risk demand points. The average distance
between 67 candidate points of fire station and 15 demand points of high fire risk is calculated respectively by road network
topology. Considering the fire station candidate as the centre and selecting 1200 m as the radius of the buffer analysis, the
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number of fire risk requirements covered by the area can be calculated out. The weights of these two constraints are
assigned, and then 15 fire station optimization sites can be obtained after weighting calculation, as shown in figure 5.

Fig. 5. Optimization point of fire station

Based on the 15 fire stations, taking the existing fire stations, urban planning, capital costs and other constraints into
consideration, 10 optimized fire stations are obtained by artificial screening. Among these 10 fire stations, 6 are existing fire
sites, as shown in figure 6.

Fig. 6. Spatial layout of fire station

In this method, the layout plan of fire station takes the existing fire sites into account based on certain conditional
assumptions. A big adjustment is not necessary and lots of construction cost is saved. The layout plan of fire station can
achieve the following two objectives: (1) Using fire stations to cover the overall service area as few as possible; (2) The
response to high fire risk areas is quite rapid.
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6. Conclusion

The new method for urban fire station layout planning was put forward by comprehensively analyzing urban overall
planning, urban regional function, road traffic and current fire station status. (1) Urban comprehensive assessment of fire
risk was used to confirm the key fire protection areas and their spatial distribution. According to the assessment results of
fire risk, the fire station is optimized. The layout of fire station is more balanced and the high fire risk areas are mainly
protected. (2) Taking the traffic capacity of main city road, secondary trunk road and branch road into consideration, the
scope of fire station area was determined, which can ensure that fire brigade arrive at the edge of fire control area within 5
min after fire alarm. (3) Four new fire stations were suggested to build to meet the demand of the high fire risk area nearby,
which should be located close to the main urban road.

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