LESSON 1: Occupational safety and health (OSH)

Occupational safety and health (OSH) isplanned system of work to prevent illness and injury by recognizing and identifying
hazards and risks. It is also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace
health and safety (WHS), is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. These terms
also refer to the goals of this field, so their use in the sense of this article was originally an abbreviation of occupational safety and
health program/department etc.

The goals of occupational safety and health programs include to foster a safe and healthy work environment. OSH may also
protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the workplace
environment. In the United States, the term occupational health and safety is referred to as occupational health and occupational
and non-occupational safety and includes safety for activities outside of work.

Harm - is something that can cause harm.

Examples:

 Chemicals
 Working up with ladder
 Noise
 Stress

Risk – is a chance, that any hazard will actually cause harm.

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3 STEPS TO MANAGE HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

1. Spot the Hazard /Hazard Identification

During working hours, you must remain alert to anything that may be dangerous. If you see, hear or smell anything odd,
take note. If you think it could be a hazard, tell someone.

2. Assess the Risk/Risk Assessment

Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that a hazard will harm someone and how serious the harm could be.

3. Make the Changes/Risk Control

It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards. Sometimes you may be able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long as
you don't put yourself or others at risk.

COMMON HAZAEDS ENCOUNTERED BY COMPUTER TECHNICIANS AND USERS

Physical Hazard

- Are conditions or situation that can cause the body physical harm or intense stress. It can be natural or human-made
accidents.

EXAMPLES:

 cables running across the floor

 leaving tools on top of ladders

 placing electronic equipment in precarious positions or on support that is not sturdy enough or not designed for
holding electronic equipment.

Mechanical Hazard

- a harmful or danger posing situation that involves machines mostly in working environment. These hazards is common in
construction and mining area.

EXAMPLES:

 When working on electronic equipment always be alert to any possibility of being hurt by moving parts, hot
components, or sharp edges.

Chemical Hazard

- Exist in the form of gases, dust, liquids and corrosives. These chemicals can be dangerous to people when inhaled or
absorbed through skin. This can cause breathing problems, skin irritation, and burns.

EXAMPLES:

 chemicals can be harmful if accidentally swallowed, get on bare skin, or get in eyes

 before using any chemicals for electronic equipment always read the warnings and instructions on the label

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Electric Shock Hazard

- occur upon any contact of body parts with any source of electricity that causes a sufficient current through the muscles,
skin, or hair.

EXAMPLES:
 inside computers and electronic equipment, there is a range of voltages from 3.3 volts to 25 volts, most of which
are harmless

OHS PROCEDURES

OHS refers to safeness of people in the workplace.

1. Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer.

2. Do not work alone so that there is someone who can take care of you in case of accident or emergency.

3. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit.

4. Use anti-static devices and rubber footwear to disperse static electricity.

5. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.

6. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.

7. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or soft drinks near your working area or near computers.

8. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire, and other emergencies are recognized.

9. Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization procedures and practice.

10. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or eliminate risk to co‐workers,
workplace, and environment.

11. Hold the components by edges and do not touch the IC’s.

12. Read and follow instructions on the manual carefully.

13. Do not use excessive force if things do not quite slip into place.

14. Be careful with the sharp edges inside the computer case.

15. Do not clean your system with wet clothes or any liquid detergents.

16. Use brush, compressed air or blower in cleaning the computer system.

ACTIVITY:

Use the clue to reveal the answers.

A=Z B=Y C=X

1. Something that can cause harm. (SZAZIW)

2. A chance that you take. (IRHP)
3. Planned system of work to prevent Injuries. (LSH)
4. (LXXFKZGRLMZO SVZOGS ZMW KILXYWFIVH)
5. (VOVXGIL HGZGRX WRHXSZITV)

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LESSON 2: USE OF TOOLS IN PC HARDWARE SERVICING

 A tool is a handled device that aids in accomplishing a task.

 Tools range from a traditional metal cutting part of a machine to an element of a computer program that activates and
controls a particular function.

 All tools should be kept in good condition with regular maintenance

 The right tool should be properly use

 Tools should be examined and damaged or defective tools should not be used

Hardware tool

For every job there is the right tool. Make sure that you are familiar with the correct use of each tool and that the correct tool is
used for the current task. Skilled use of tools and software makes the job less difficult and ensures that tasks are performed
properly and safely.

A toolkit should contain all the tools necessary to complete hardware repairs. As you gain experience, you learn which tools to
have available for different types of jobs. Hardware tools are grouped into four categories:

 ESD tools
 Hand tools
 Cleaning tools
 Diagnostic tools

ESD Tools
Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) Tools
 Static electricity is easily generated by friction on carpets, tile flooring, clothing, hair, fabric,
and etc.
 Grounded antistatic work mats used with antistatic wrist straps provide the most basic means
for the controlled discharge of electrostatic electricity.

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 Antistatic wrist strap: Protects computer equipment when grounded
to a computer chassis.

Antistatic mat: Protects computer equipment by preventing static electricity from

accumulating on the hardware or

Proper Use of Anti-static Wrist Strap

1. Connect the cable to the metal chassis of the computer.
2. Wrap the strap around your wrist.
3. The connection will keep your body at the same voltage (potential) as the computer.
4. Attach the wire on the same side of the equipment as the arm wearing the antistatic wrist strap to keep the wire
out of the way while you are working.
Proper Use of Anti-static Mat

1. Lay the computer on the mat.

2. Connect the mat to a reliable electrical ground with its cable.

3. Now, you and the computer are at the same ground potential.

Hand Tools

Most tools used in the computer assembly process are small hand tools. They are available individually or as part of a computer
repair toolkit. Toolkits range widely in size, quality, and price. Some common hand tools and their uses
A hand tool is a device for performing work on a material or a physical system using only hands.
Hand tools can be used manually or electrically powered, using electrical current.

Flat-head screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen slotted screws.

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 Phillips-head screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen cross-headed screws.

Torx screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen screws that have a star-like depression on the top,
a feature that is mainly found on laptops.

Hex driver: Used to tighten or loosen nuts in the same way that a screwdriver tightens or loosens
screws (sometimes called a nut driver).

Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small parts.

Wire cutters: Used to strip and cut wires.

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 Tweezers: Used to manipulate small parts.

Flashlight: Used to light up areas that you cannot see well.

Wire stripper: A wire stripper is used to remove the insulation from wire so that it can
be twisted to other wires or crimped to connectors to make a cable.

Crimper: Used to attach connectors to wires.

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 Punch-down tool: Used to terminate wire into termination blocks. Some cable
connectors must be connected to cables using a punch down tool

A computer technician needs proper tools to work safely and prevent damage to the computer equipment. A technician uses many
tools to diagnose and repair computer problems:

 Straight-head screwdriver, large and small

 Phillips-head screwdriver, large and small
 Tweezers or part retriever
 Needle-nosed pliers
 Wire cutters
 Chip extractor
 Hex wrench set
 Torx screwdriver
 Nut driver, large and small
 Three-claw component holder
 Wire stripper
 Crimper
 Punch-down tool
 Digital multimeter
 Wrap plugs
 Small mirror
 Small dust brush
 Soft, lint-free cloth
 Cable ties
 Scissors
 Small flashlight
 Electrical tape
 Pencil or pen
 Compressed air

Various specialty tools, such as Torx bits, antistatic bags and gloves, and integrated circuit pullers, can be used to repair and
maintain computers. Always avoid magnetized tools, such as screwdrivers with magnetic heads, or tools that use extension
magnets to retrieve small metal objects that are out of reach. Using magnetic tools can cause loss of data on hard drives and floppy
disks. Magnetic tools can also induce current, which can damage internal computer components

Cleaning Tools

Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when maintaining and repairing computers. Using the appropriate cleaning tools
helps ensure that computer components are not damaged during cleaning. Cleaning tools include the following:
Keeping computers clean inside and out is a vital part of a maintenance program. Dirt can cause problems with the physical
operation of fans, buttons, and other mechanical components. On electrical components, an excessive buildup of dust acts like an
insulator and traps the heat. This insulation impairs the ability of heat sinks and cooling fans to keep components cool, causing
chips and circuits to overheat and fail.

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 Soft cloth: Used to clean different computer components without scratching or leaving
debris

Compressed air: Used to blow away dust and debris from different computer parts without
touching the components

Cable ties: Used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a computer

Parts organizer: Used to hold screws, jumpers, fasteners, and other small parts and prevents
them from getting mixed together

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Diagnostic Tools
Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools include the following:

Digital multimeter: is a device that can take many types of measurements. It tests the integrity of
circuits and the quality of electricity in computer components. A digital multimeter displays the information on an LCD or LED.

Loopback adapter:is also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.

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ACTIVITY: match according to the picture.

 Flat head
screwdriver

 Philip head
screwdriver

 Torx
Screwdriver

 Hex Driver

 Needle nose
plier

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LESSON 3: COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer system is a basic, complete and functional computer, including all the hardware and software required to make it
functional for a user.
It should have the ability to receive user input, process data, and with the processed data, create information for storage and/or
output.
The components of computer system

Typically consist of the following functional parts:

 Hardware

 Software

 Peopleware or Liveware

Hardware - Hardware refers to the physical, tangible computer equipment and devices, which provide support for major functions
such as input, processing (internal storage, computation and control), output, secondary storage (for data and programs), and
communication.

1. The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the main part of a desktop computer. It includes
the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system unit also includes the case that houses the internal
components of the computer.

2. A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components
of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The
main circuit board of a computer. It contains circuit and component that gives function to the system.

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3. The central processing unit (CPU) is the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer. To control
instructions and data flow to and from other parts of the computer, the CPU relies heavily on a chipset, which is a group of
microchips located on the motherboard.The processor is the main “brain” or “heart” of a computer system. It performs all
of the instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through a computer.

4. Primary storage- (internal storage, main memory or memory) is the computer's working storage space that holds data,
instructions for processing and processed data (information) waiting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary
storage is a collection of RAM chips

Types of Memory

a. ROM – (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even when the power is ON or OFF.
b. RAM – (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the power is on. When the power is
off, RAM's contents are lost.

\
5. Expansion Bus - A bus is a data pathway between several hardware components inside or outside a computer. It does not
only connect the parts of the CPU to each other, but also links the CPU with other important hardware.

6. Adapters- Printed-circuit boards (also called interface cards) that enable the computer to use a peripheral device for which
it does not have the necessary connections or circuit boards. They are often used to permit upgrading to a new different
hardware.

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 7. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Installed in the back corner of the PC case, next to the motherboard. It converts 120vac
(standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other components in the PC.

8. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Also known as hard drive, is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. The
hard drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer, the hard drive is usually configured as the C:
drive and contains the operating system and applications.

9. Optical Drive- An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. There are three
types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD).

10. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - Designed to optically access data stored on a DVD. A laser moves back and forth near the
disk surface and accesses data at a very fast rate.

Activity: Complete the sentence.

1. The system unit, also known as a "tower" or is the main part of a desktop computer.
2. ROM is , meaning it holds data even when the power is ON or OFF.
3. RAM is , meaning it holds data only when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
4. The processor is the main of a computer system.
5. A is a data pathway between several hardware components inside or outside a computer.

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LESSON 4: SOFTWARE

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. Opposite of hardware,
which describes the physical aspects of a computer, software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs
that run on a device. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part.

o It refers to the program or set of instructions that enable the computer system to operate effectively.

o It also refers to the collection of electronic instruction that tells the computer what to do.

o It is a computer program that is installed in your computer.

TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE:

System Software- is a computer program that coordinates the activities of a computer. System software is a type of computer
program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a
layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.

The operating system (OS) is the best-known example of system software. The OS manages all the other programs in
a computer.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Examples :
1) Microsoft Windows
2) Linux
3) Unix
4) Mac OSX
5) DOS
6) BIOS Software
7) HD Sector Boot Software
8) Device Driver Software i.e. Graphics Driver etc.
9) Linker Software
10) Assembler and Compiler Software

Other examples of system software and what each does:

 The BIOS (basic input/output system) gets the computer system started after you turn it on and manages the
data flow between the operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video
adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
 The boot program loads the operating system into the computer's main memory or random access memory
(RAM).
 An assembler takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.

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  A device driver controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer, such as a keyboard or a
mouse. The driver program converts the more general input/output instructions of the operating system to
messages that the device type can understand.
 According to some definitions, system software also includes system utilities, such as the
disk defragmenter and System Restore, and development tools such as compilers and debuggers.

System software and application programs are the two main types of computer software. Unlike system software, an
application program (often just called an application or app) performs a particular function for the user. Examples
(among many possibilities) include browsers, email clients, word processors and spreadsheets.

a. Word processing software - Creates, edits, saves, and prints documents.

b. Spreadsheet software - An electronic spreadsheet consisting of rows and columns is used to present and analyze
data.
c. Database management software - Used to structure a database, a large collection of computer programs. Data is
organized as fields and records for easy retrieval.
d. Graphic software - Graphics programs display results of data manipulation for easier analysis and presentation

ACTIVITY: Encircle the correct answer.

1. Creates, edits, saves, and prints documents.

a) Word Processing software
b) Spreadsheet software
c) Database management software
d) Graphic software
2. An electronic spreadsheet consisting of rows and columns is used to present and analyse data.
a) Word Processing software
b) Spreadsheet software
c) Database management software
d) Graphic software
3. Used to structure a database, a large collection of computer programs. Data is organized as fields and records for easy
retrieval.
a) Word Processing software
b) Spreadsheet software
c) Database management software
d) Graphic software
4. Graphics programs display results of data manipulation for easier analysis and presentation
a) Word Processing software
b) Spreadsheet software
c) Database management software
d) Graphic software
5. Is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks
a) Operating Software
b) Software
c) System Software
d) Application Software

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LESSON 5: LIVEWARE OR PEOPLEWARE

Peopleware is a term used to refer to one of the three core aspects of computer technology, the other two being hardware and
software.Personnel who works in data processing department and those involve in the computer industry.

System Analyst

• Responsible for studying the requirements of the company’s computer-based applications, specifying their design, and
developing appropriate systems documentation

Programmer

• Develops, writes, compiles, tests, and develops logic

• Analysis program specifications provided by the systems analyst

• Prepares program documentation

Application Programmer

• Prepares and develops program for specific tasks

Data Encoder

• Converts source documents into computer acceptable form by using keyboard

Computer Technician

• Responsible for the troubleshooting, repair, and maintenance of computer equipment

Computer Engineer

• Designs computer systems

• Adopting the latest technology and development for fast and efficient use

ACTIVITY: Enumerate 5 examples of peopleware.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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LESSON 6: INPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES
-Are devices used for entering data or instructions to the central processing unit.
-Are classified according to the method they use to enter data.

1. Keyboard Entry – designed for data entry operations


Keyboard is the first input device developed for PC’s. Data is transferred to the PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin
Mini-din connector that plugs at the back of the motherboard. Keyboard (similar to a typewriter) is the main input device of
a computer . It contains three types of keys-- alphanumeric keys, special keys and function keys. Alphanumeric keys are
used to type all alphabets, numbers and special symbols like $, %, @, A etc. Special keys such as <Shift>, <Ctrl>, <Alt>,
<Home>, <Scroll Lock> etc. are used for special functions. Function keys such as <Fl>, <F2>, <F3> etc. are used to give
special commands depending upon the software used e.g.F5 reloads a page of an internet browser. The function of each
and every key can be well understood only after working on a PC. When any key is pressed, an electronic signal is
produced. This signal is detected by a keyboard encoder that sends a binary code corresponding to the key pressed to
the CPU. There are many types of keyboards but 101 keys keyboard is the most popular one.

How the keys are organized:

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

 Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a
traditional typewriter.
 Special (Control) keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain actions. The most
frequently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows key, and ESC.
 Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to
F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
 Cursor Movement (Navigation) keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or WebPages and editing
text. They include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT and ARROW KEYS.
 Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a bloclike

a conventional calculator or adding machine.

2. Direct Entry – devices that create machine-readable data on paper, magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s
system.

A. POINTING DEVICES
Are devices that enter data and instructions into the computer using a pointer that appears on the screen. The items to be entered
are selected by either pointing to or clicking on them.e.g mice, joystick, touch sensitive screen, trackballs

 Mouse - A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in
many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit
by a long wire that resembles a tail and the connector which can either be PS/2 or USB. Some newer mice are wireless.
 Touch screen- A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Used in myriad applications, including
ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation and industrial controls. The touch screen became wildly
popular for smartphones and tablets.
 Light Pen - A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or select menu options. The user brings
the pen to the desired point on screen and presses the pen button to make contact.
 Digitizer tablet - A graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or tracing old ones. Also called a "graphics
tablet," the user contacts the surface of the device with a wired or wireless pen or puck. Often mistakenly called a mouse,
the puck is officially the "tablet cursor."

B. SCANNING DEVICES
A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translates the information into a form the computer can use.

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C. VOICE-INPUT DEVICES
Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for
processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the computer
in order to record a voice message or navigate software.

ACTIVITY: Identification.

1. is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
2. A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus.
3. A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or select menu options.
4. A graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or tracing old ones
5. designed for data entry operations.

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LESSON 7: OUTPUT DEVICES

1. COMPUTER DISPLAY MONITOR

It displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is
called the screen or video display terminal.

Types of monitor
a. CRT Monitors
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16"
deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs).
b. LCD Monitors - Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops for some time. It has recently been
made commercially available as monitors for desktop PCs.
c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) A display and lighting technology used in almost every
electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and
perimeter lighting.

2. LCD projectors
A type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.

3. Smart Board
A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen, which is similar to a touch
screen.

4. Printer
A device that prints text or illustrations on paper.

TYPES OF PRINTER

Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer

- sprays ink on a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and graphics.
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 Laser Printer
- Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics.

LCD and LED Printer

- Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image
on the drum.

Line Printer
- Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but
produce low-quality print.

Thermal Printer
- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are
widely used in calculators and fax machines.

5. Speaker
Used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to
music and hear sound effects from your computer.

PORTS

• Parallel Port - Also called as printer port. This is only for old model printer. It has 25 pins. It is a female port.
• Serial Port - Intended for serial type mouse and older camera
• VGA (Video Graphic Array) Port - Used to connect monitors. It has 15 pins and it is a female port.
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port - High speed serial interface that is used with almost all devices. It is used to connect
latest model printers, pen drives, cell phones etc.
• PS/2 Port - Simple, 6-pin, low-speed serial connections commonly dedicated to a keyboard and mouse.
• Power Port - Intended for power cord.
• S-Video Port - S-Video connections are available on certain source components and video display devices, and offer a
higher level of video performance over composite video signals.
• Audio Port - Intended for plugging in the speaker or headset.
• LAN (Local Area Networking) Port - A physical interface often used for terminating twisted pair type cables used to
connect computers into a local-area networks (LAN), especially Ethernet RJ-45 connectors

CABLES AND WIRES

These jacks are intended for the PS/2 port specifically for PS/2 type of keyboard and mouse.

This type of jack is intended for the audio and microphone port.

S-video jack is for S-Video port, a technology for transmitting video signals over a cable by dividing the video information into two
separate signals: one for color (chrominance), and the other for brightness (luminance).

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This monitor jack is intended for the VGA (Video Graphic Array) port

This USB (Universal Serial Bus) plug is intended for USB port. Modern or new model of peripherals like printer, camera, scanners
and even other portable computer attachments used USB type of plugs.

This printer cable jack is intended for the parallel port

RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for Ethernet networking

Power cord is the most important cord because it connects the computer to the main source of electricity to make it functional.

Activity: Differentiate Input devices and output using the Venn diagram

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LESSON 8: PC DISASSEMBLY

Steps in PC disassembly:
1. Prepare all hand tools needed.
2. $hut down the PC.
3. Unplug all cables from the PC.
4. Remove the system fan.
5. Remove the power supply unit.
6. Remove the optical drive.
7'. Remove the HDD
8. Remove the CPU fan.
9. Remove the RAM.
10. Remove the motherboard.

ACTIVITY: Write the steps on how to disassemble PC.

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