LECTURE #1: STRESS LECTURE #2: STRAIN

 NORMAL STRESS (Perpendicular) is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of

a body.
NORMAL FORCE (P) – The component of the resultant
that is perpendicular to the cross section, tending to  NORMAL STRAIN – is defined as the elongation per
elongate or shorten the bar. unit length (also known as axial strain).
𝑃 (𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) 𝛿 − 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜎(𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝜖 (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛) =
𝐴 (𝐶𝑆𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) 𝐿 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
NOTE: IF THE CROSS CUT IS INCLINED USE 𝐿 𝐿
𝛿 (𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝛿 = ∫ 𝜖𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 0
𝜎(𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐴
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT AND HOOKE’S LAW – Stress
𝐴 (𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦) is proportional to Strain (𝜎𝛼𝜖).
𝐴 (𝐶𝑆𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 (𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
 SHEAR STRESS (Tangential)
ELASTIC LIMIT - the stress beyond which the material is
SHEAR FORCE (V) – The component of the resultant no longer elastic.
lying in the plane of the cross section, tending to shear
(slide) one segment of the bar relative to the other YIELD POINT - The point where the stress-strain diagram
segment. becomes almost horizontal, corresponding stress is
known as the yield stress or yield strength.
𝑉 (𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝜏( 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = ULITIMATE STRESS (ULTIMATE STRENGTH) –
𝐴 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)
Highest stress on the stress strain curve.
RUPTURE STRESS - the stress at which failure occurs.
 BEARING STRESS
HOOKE’S LAW AXIAL STRAIN
If two bodies are pressed against each other, 𝛿
compressive forces are developed on the area of contact. 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 𝜖= 𝐿
The pressure caused by these surface loads is called
bearing stress. EQUATE:

𝑃 𝑃 𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝜎𝑏 (𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = = 𝛿= =
𝐴 𝑡𝑑 𝐸 𝐸𝐴

 WORKING STRESS (ALLOWABLE STRESS) LECTURE #3: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

 Is the maximum safe axial stress used in design.
PROBLEMS
𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝜎𝑤 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑤 = Using two or more equation to solve a problem particularly
𝑁 𝑁
the Equilibrium equations and Compatibility equations.
Where:
𝜎𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
LECTURE #4: GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
POISSON’S RATIO - the ratio of the transverse strain to
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 the axial strain.

𝜖𝑡 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙)
TORQUE (T) – Resultant that tends to twist. =−
𝜖𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙)
BENDING MOMENT (M) – Resultant that tends to bend.
UNIAXIAL LOADING
SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE - The difference between
the effects of two different but statically equivalent loads
become very small at sufficiently large distances from the 𝜖𝑦 = 𝜖𝑧 = −𝜖𝑥
load. 𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸𝜖𝑥
𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = 0
MULTIAXIAL LOADING (BIAXIAL)  HALLOW SHAFT
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝐽 = (𝑅4 − 𝑟 4 ) = (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
2 32
𝜖𝑥 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸
2𝑇𝑅 16𝑇𝐷
1 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 4
=
𝜖𝑦 = (𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 ) 𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
𝐸

𝜖𝑧 = − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸
MULTIAXIAL LOADING (TRIAXIAL) LECTURE #7: TORSION OF THIN-WALLED TUBES
𝑞 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 𝜏(𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) ∙ 𝑡 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)
𝑇
𝑞 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) =
2𝐴𝑜
𝑇𝐿𝑆
𝜃=
4𝐺𝐴𝑜 2 𝑡

Where: θ = angle of twist S = perimeter

T = torsion G = rigidity
L = length t = thickness
LECTURE #8: STRESSES DUE TO COMBINED
LOADS
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
𝜎𝐶 (𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 2𝜎𝐿 (𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)
∆𝑉
𝑒= = 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 + 𝜖𝑧 
𝑉 CYLINDRICAL VESSEL

 SHEAR STRAIN 𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) ∙ 𝑟(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)

𝜎𝑐 (𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) =
𝑡(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)
𝜏(𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = G(modulus of rigidity) ∙ 𝛾(𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛)

𝐸 (𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝜋𝑟 2

G(modulus of rigidity) =
2(1 + )  SPHYRICAL VESSEL
𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) ∙ 𝑟(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)
𝜎𝐶 (𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) =
LECTURE #5: THERMAL STRESS 2𝑡(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)

∆𝐿 (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 4
𝜀𝑡 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛) = = 𝛼∆𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
𝐿𝑜 (𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 3

Where: α = coefficient of thermal expansion

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼∆𝑇𝐿

LECTURE #6: TORSION

𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑁𝑚) ∙ 𝜌 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝑚/𝑚𝑚)
𝜏(𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) =
𝐽 (𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑚4 /𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) ∙ 𝐿 (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
𝜃(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑎𝑑) =
𝐽(𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) ∙ 𝐺 (𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝜑(𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)
𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) =
2𝜋𝑓(𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)

 SOLID SHAFT
𝜋 𝜋 2𝑇 16𝑇
𝐽= 𝑟4 = 𝑑4 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
4 32 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜋𝑑 3