Botanical Latine Primer PDF

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A Primer of
Botanical Latin with
Vocabulary
Latin is one of two acceptable languages for describing new plants, and
taxonomists must be able to translate earlier texts in Latin. Providing a
simple explanation of Latin grammar along with an in-depth vocabu-
lary, this is an indispensable guide for systematic botanists worldwide.
All relevant parts of speech are discussed, with accompanying
examples, as well as worked exercises for translating diagnoses and
descriptions to and from Latin. Guidelines for forming specific epithets
are also included. The authors cross-reference their grammar to Stearn’s
Botanical Latin and to articles in the International Code of Nomenclat-
ure for Algae, Fungi and Plants. The comprehensive vocabulary is
enhanced with terms from recent glossaries for non-flowering plants –
lichens, mosses, algae, fungi and ferns – making this an ideal resource
for anyone looking to hone their understanding of Latin grammar and
to translate botanical texts from the past 300 years.
Emma Short worked for 5 years at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK,
on the Index Kewensis database, before co-editing the Authors of Plant
Names database with R. K. Brummitt. She has regularly checked Latin
for Australian Systematic Botany, and has recently taught courses in
Botanical Latin.
Alex George is an Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of

Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth. He
was a botanist with the Western Australian Herbarium for 21 years, then
Editor of the Flora of Australia for 12 years. He studied Latin to Tertiary
level and has used it in describing some 400 new taxa, translating for
others and editing.
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
A Primer of
Botanical Latin with
Vocabulary
Emma Short
Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
Alex George (AM)

Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To my parents Tudor and Enid Powell, who encouraged the Latin, and
Edward Mason who taught the botany: multae gratiae. (ES)
To ‘Foureyes’, my Latin teacher at school (also known as Edward

J. Price): gratias reddo; semper meminero. May the Roman gods be
smiling upon you. (AG)
Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgments x
Introduction xi
Part I Grammar
1 The noun 3
2 The adjective and the participle 21
3 The adverb 34
4 The preposition 36
5 The conjunction 38
6 The pronoun 40
7 The verb 47
8 Numerals, measurements 50
9 Prefixes and suffixes 57
10 Miscellany 59
Part II Exercises in translation

11 Exercises 67
12 Answers to the exercises 78
Part III Translating

13 Translating into Latin 91
14 Translating from Latin into English 103
Part IV Vocabulary
References and further reading 335

Index 338
Preface
This primer is based on short courses in botanical Latin run in Australia at the
Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin, and the Western Australian Herb-
arium, Perth. We presented these independently and, on discovering that we
had similar approaches, decided to combine them as a book.
Between 1 January 1935 and 31 December 2011 it was mandatory that new
plant names be accompanied by a diagnosis or description in Latin. For non-
fossil algae the period was 1 January 1958 to 31 December 2011, while for
fossil plants published on or after 1 January 1996 either Latin or English could
be used. From 1 January 2012, descriptions of all of these will be permissible in
either Latin or English. Besides this, there will always remain a need for
translating from Latin in order to understand the many botanical texts in this
language.
William Stearn’s wonderful Botanical Latin appeared in 1966 and has gone
through many new impressions and editions, as well as a Chinese translation.
It provides almost all one could require for translating to and from Latin, but a
primer (in the sense of works such as Kennedy’s Shorter Latin Primer,
providing the basic needs) may be useful for those who need to translate the
more straightforward diagnoses and short descriptions now widely used when
describing new taxa. Besides its concise approach, our work also differs from
Stearn’s in including many more terms (especially from cryptogamic groups)
in the vocabulary, while excluding many terms not used in descriptions.
Acknowledgements
Our gratitude goes to those who read and commented upon our manuscript,
especially to Vivienne Kent, who worked her way through the book and taught
herself botanical Latin in the process, to Katherine Challis, who checked for
inconsistencies, Matthew Barrett who suggested some fruitful glossaries of
fungi, and William Powell, who gave advice. A number of colleagues assisted
with advice on terms to be included.
To those who attended our courses, which provided the inspiration for Alex
George’s course notes, and Emma Short’s Aide-mémoire, and who attended
our classes faithfully in spite of the seemingly indigestible nature of Latin
grammar, many thanks.
We are grateful to the Northern Territory Herbarium for providing desk
space for our working bees (Apis mellifera).
Introduction
Classical Latin – that used by the Romans – is fairly different in many respects
from modern Latin, and from scientific Latin, in particular. In scientific Latin
the basic grammar and syntax remain but much of the vocabulary is different –
understandably, as many terms were unknown to the Romans. In particular, in
botanical Latin we tend to omit most verbs, making a kind of telegraphic style,
so avoiding one of the more difficult parts of the language.
This primer aims to teach you the very basics of botanical Latin, so that
when the time comes for you to compose your own first description or
diagnosis, starting off will not be the drama you feared, as at least you will
understand the basic workings of the language and the methods used in
translation. Likewise, with this primer as a guide, you should be able to
translate most botanical texts written in Latin. Bear in mind that early
botanical Latin – say, until 1850 or later – is more akin to classical Latin,
and so texts from that time will require wider knowledge of grammar, or
assistance from a Latin scholar.
In many examples in this book, we give the literal translation into English as
well as the colloquial so that the differences between the two languages can be
demonstrated. This means that the English may sometimes appear slightly
unusual or stilted, as the word order will be a bit eccentric.
Whereas classical Latin is a dead language, botanical Latin is very much
alive and kicking and has evolved to include a goodly smattering of Greek
words – which are then ‘forced’ into behaving as Latin words instead of being
declined in a Greek way, which can cause wincing, groans and horror in the
Classical establishment. The classical Latin alphabet comprised 23 letters, that
is, the modern Latin alphabet minus ‘j’, ‘u’ and ‘w’. The letter ‘k’ was rarely
used and ‘y’ appeared in few words, mainly of Greek origin. The letter ‘u’,
which was pronounced as a vowel, was represented by ‘v’ and came into use
when lower-case letters were developed much later. (Did you know that lower
case letters didn’t exist when letters were first invented?) In botanical Latin we
use the whole English alphabet. The letter ‘j’ represents the consonantal or
classical ‘i’ and is pronounced like the ‘y’ in ‘yes’.
Latin is a highly inflected language which means that not only do words
change according to whether they are singular or plural, e.g. ‘flower’ and
xii Introduction
‘flowers’ in English, but also the relationship of the word to the rest of the
sentence, whether it is the subject or object, whether it is governed by a
preposition, and so on, can be deduced from the ending of the word. In other
words, the subject and object of a verb are not denoted by their positions
relative to the verb within the sentence (in English, sentence construction is
based upon subject, verb and object in that order), but the sense is incorpor-
ated into the nouns themselves, e.g.
The boy picked the fruit
Puer fructum carpit or fructum carpit puer or fructum puer carpit
In each of the three Latin examples above, exactly the same words with
therefore exactly the same meanings are used, although they are written in
three different orders. Grammatically, the sentences are still the same,
although the emphasis has been changed. If this is tried in English, however,
the sentence is rapidly reduced to nonsense (unless the author is writing
Romantic poetry: Alexander Pope ‘Pleasures the sex, as children birds, pursue,
Still out of reach, yet never out of view …’) (Epistle II. To a Lady. Of the
Characters of Women 1743).
A few curiosities about Latin:
• there is no article (the, a, an), and

• there are no words for ‘yes’ and ‘no’ – instead you make a statement in the
positive or negative.
Why do botanists need Latin?

A good explanation was given by Lack (2011), although it was published just
before the XVI International Botanical Congress in Melbourne and thus with
the future of botanical Latin uncertain. We set out the main reasons thus:
1. It is one of two languages allowed for describing new taxa under the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne
Code, in preparation). See below for requirements from 1935 to 2011.
2. We need it in order to understand the many texts written in Latin,
especially those without a translation into any other language.
3. Latin can help us to know plants if an epithet is descriptive and hence to
apply that name; e.g. if our plant has white flowers then we can be
reasonably sure that it is not a species with the epithet coccineus (scarlet).
4. It’s a great language and can help in understanding both English grammar
and the origin of many words, not only English but also of other Romance
languages.
Why do botanists need Latin? xiii
5. It now belongs to no country, so is impartial, and it enables a reader

anywhere to understand a description or diagnosis, even if the accompany-
ing text is in a language that they cannot read.
Although it is no longer mandatory to provide a Latin description or diagno-
sis, it is important to understand the requirements that were in force previ-
ously. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code,
McNeill et al., 2006) refers to Latin in four Articles – 23, 32, 36 and 60. Of
these the most important is Article 36.
Article 36.1 On or after 1 January 1935 a name of a new taxon (algal and
all fossil taxa excepted) must, in order to be validly published, be
accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference
to a previously and effectively published Latin description or
diagnosis.
Article 36.2 In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon of
non-fossil algae published on or after 1 January 1958 must be accom-
panied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference to a
previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis.
Article 36.3 In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon of
fossil plants published on or after 1 January 1996 must be accom-
panied by a Latin or English description or diagnosis or by a
reference to a previously and effectively published Latin or English
description or diagnosis.
Recommendation 36A.1 Authors publishing names of new taxa of non-fossil
plants should give or cite a full description in Latin in addition to the
diagnosis.
These rules ceased to be effective on 1 January 2012 but still apply to names
published between the dates cited and 31 December 2011. At the Nomenclat-
ure Sessions of the XVIII International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne,
Australia, in July 2011 a decision was taken to allow new taxa to be accom-
panied by a description in either Latin or English from 1 January 2012. The
relevant Articles in the Melbourne Code will be 39, 43 and 44.
Note that nowhere does the Code stipulate that a description or diagnosis
must be correct Latin. Examples abound of errors, some so serious that the
diagnosis or description is nonsensical.
Article 23 of the Code explains how the names of species should be formed.
Article 60 explains the orthography and gender of names. They can be formed
using only letters of the modern Latin alphabet (which is the same as the
English alphabet).
xiv Introduction
It is worth reading the introductory parts of William Stearn’s Botanical

Latin. You will find his text both instructive and entertaining. It’s even better,
of course, to read the whole book, though it is not the kind of work that you
read from cover to cover – rather, you refer to it for advice or information.
In this Primer, references to Stearn’s Botanical Latin are to the 4th edition
(1992 and later reprintings).
Incidentally, the names of languages are usually written with an initial
capital, hence it should always be Latin.
A word of advice right now. If in doubt, look it up. don’t guess!
Consulting a Latin dictionary or vocabulary

When searching for a word in a Latin dictionary, remember that you have to
look under the nominative singular for a noun, the masculine nominative
singular for an adjective (and often for the comparative forms), and the first
person indicative active of a verb. You will also see horizontal lines over many
vowels; these are macrons and are placed there by modern editors to indicate
pronunciation, an integral part of classical Latin. Botanists, however, leave
them out, and a good diagnosis doesn’t depend upon rhythm and scansion!
Overview
We start with the parts of speech. Those that we normally require for botanical
Latin are:
• noun
• adjective
• adverb
• pronoun
• preposition
• conjunction
• verb.
We have to know about declensions, i.e. declining nouns, adjectives and
pronouns. There are five declensions.
We have to know about comparison, i.e. comparing adjectives and
adverbs. There are three degrees though, in practice, we think only of two –
comparative and superlative.
We have to know about gender, i.e. whether nouns are masculine, feminine
or neuter.
We have to know about number, i.e. singular and plural.
Overview xv
We have to know about conjugating verbs, i.e. distinguishing person,

number, tense and voice. There are four conjugations.
Like most languages, Latin has some irregularities with words that are
treated differently from the rest.
These topics are expanded in the following pages.
Bear in mind that you do not have to learn everything by rote (as we were
expected to do at school). The part of speech is always indicated in the
dictionary or vocabulary, likewise the declension or conjugation, gender, etc.
And books such as Stearn’s explain fully declensions, comparison of adjectives
and conjugations. But clearly, the more you learn the better, as it will speed up
your work.
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Part I
Grammar
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1
The noun (Stearn pp. 57–88)
A noun is the name of a thing, person, place or quality, e.g. plant, Bentham,
Australia, air, knowledge, beauty. A generic name is also a noun. A Latin noun
has number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine or neuter). It is
declined by changing the ending of the word in order to give different meanings
and to show its relationship to other words in a sentence. These endings are
called cases. There are five groups, or declensions, of nouns, called simply the
First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Declensions. Nouns of each declension
form their word endings (cases) in the same way when they are declined. The
various endings are attached to the stem of the word, which is the ‘core’ or basic
part of a word that remains the same when letters are added to give different
cases. The stem of a noun is derived differently according to its declension. To
decline a noun fully is to list its forms in all the cases, both singular and plural.
Within a declension there are, for practical purposes, six cases, but for
botanical Latin you need to know just five. Then, there are two numbers –
singular when there is just one, and plural when there are two or more. The
case endings are changed to indicate the plural form. Unfortunately, some case
endings are used more than once with different meanings.
The cases are (Stearn pp. 62–66)
Nominative – used when the noun is the subject of a sentence (We use
‘sentence’ in the sense of a group of words terminated with a full stop;
normally it includes a verb but botanical Latin commonly omits the verb in
its telegraphic style.)
Accusative – used when the noun is the object, either of a sentence or after a
noun within a compound sentence. It is commonly used with a preposition.
Genitive – indicates possession, the ‘of ’ case, e.g. the surface of a leaf, also
given in English as the leaf ’s surface (the possessive ‘s’, not to be confused
with’s showing one or more missing letters, as in ‘she’s right’.
Dative – indicates ‘to’ or ‘for’ something, e.g. ‘A’ is related to [or similar to] ‘B’
(but not when some motion or action is involved, e.g. ‘joined to the stem’,
when you use the accusative). It also indicates possession, e.g. mihi (literally ‘to
me’, i.e. ‘mine’) and nobis (‘to us’, i.e. ‘ours’).
4 The noun
Ablative – indicates ‘by’, ‘with’, ‘from’ or ‘in’ something, e.g. anther with
apiculum, fruit with horns, written by Linnaeus.
We now come to the declensions themselves. Where possible we use
botanical terms as the examples and, for many of them, since you may have
access to Stearn, different examples from his. The genders are denoted by m.
(masculine), n. (neuter) and f. (feminine).
First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68)

When you look up the Latin for a noun, always check not only the declension
number, but also the gender, especially if you are going to add further descrip-
tion of the noun, e.g. white petals. Usually the gender is indicated by the
ending of the nominative case of a noun, but there are exceptions. Thus, nouns
of the First Declension are usually feminine, but we also give the masculine
agricola below.
Example: macula (f.) a spot
Case Singular Plural
Nominative macula the/a spot (subject) maculae the spots (subject)

Accusative maculam the/a spot (object) maculas the spots (object)
Genitive maculae of a spot macularum of the spots
Dative maculae to/for a spot maculis to/for the spots
Ablative macula by/with/from a maculis by/with/from the
spot spots
Example: agricola (m.) field-dweller
Nominative agricola the/a field-dweller agricolae the field-dwellers

(subject) (subject)
Accusative agricolam the/a field-dweller agricolas the field-dwellers
(object) (object)
Genitive agricolae of a field-dweller agricolarum of the field-dwellers
Dative agricolae to/for a field-dweller agricolis to/for the field-dwellers
Ablative agricola by/with/from a field- agricolis by/with/from the field-
dweller dwellers
First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68) 5
Note that the main part of the noun – in these examples ‘macul-’ and
‘agricol-’ – remains the same: this is called the stem (not to be confused with
the stem of a plant, although it is the part of a noun to which other parts are
attached). In nouns of the First Declension, the stem is usually the nominative
of the noun less its final letter. Note also that some endings are the same for
different cases. This is less of a problem when translating into Latin, since you
determine the appropriate ending and use it. When translating from Latin, you
can usually determine the case from the position of the word in the sentence
and any associated words.
Many names of genera ending in -a are declined like macula. You rarely
need to decline them unless comparing one genus with another, e.g. Grevillea
with Hakea, but you can avoid this by abbreviating them (G., H.), provided
that your meaning is unambiguous.
Likewise, many geographical names end in -a (e.g. Australia) and are also
declined this way, though, again, you rarely need to do so, and almost never in
the plural form.
Feminine personal names such as Helena and Julia are declined in the First
Declension.
Words ending in -cola (which means inhabitant) are often used as specific
epithets. Examples include saxicola (inhabitant of rocks), nivicola (inhabitant
of snow), planticola (inhabitant of plants, for an epiphyte). When used as
epithets, they are used as nouns in apposition and are of common gender, i.e.
masculine, feminine or neuter, and so, regardless of the gender of a generic
name, they are declined like agricola, above.
Some nouns of Greek origin, ending in -e, are First Declension and have
some different case endings. They are generally used only in the singular.
Examples are pseudoraphe and generic names such as Aloe, Anemone,
Michrochaete.
Example: micropyle (f.) micropyle
Case Singular
Nominative micropyle micropyle (subject)

Accusative micropylen micropyle (object)
Genitive micropyles of a micropyle
Dative micropylae to/for a micropyle
Ablative micropyle by/with/from a micropyle
6 The noun
Second declension (Stearn pp. 68–71)

To the Second Declension belong most nouns ending in -us, and also -um and
-er. In those ending in -er the stem is also slightly modified once you leave the
nominative singular. Nouns of this declension ending in -us are almost all
masculine, exceptions being virus which is neuter, and the names of trees,
which are commonly feminine; those ending in -um are neuter; and those
ending in -er are either masculine or, occasionally, feminine.
Thus, we need several examples to illustrate this declension. First, words
ending in -us.
Example: ramus (m.) a branch
Nominative ramus the/a branch (subject) rami the branches (subject)

Accusative ramum the/a branch (object) ramos the branches (object)
Genitive rami of a branch ramorum of the branches
Dative ramo to/for a branch ramis to/for the branches
Ablative ramo by/with/from a branch ramis by/with/from the branches
Here the stem is ram-, i.e. you drop the last two letters, us. Most generic
names ending in -us (e.g. Eriochilus, Sonchus) are declined this way, and most
are masculine except those containing all or mostly trees, such as Eucalyptus,
which are feminine (the Romans believed that every tree was the home of a
female nymph or dryad). Most Latinised masculine personal names are also
declined like ramus, e.g. Linnaeus. The Greek -anthos is declined in the same
way as its more common Latin ending -anthus, i.e. apart from the nominative
singular it’s like ramus.
Next, words ending in -um.
Example: rostrum (n.) a beak
Nominative rostrum the/a beak (subject) rostra the beaks (subject)

Accusative rostrum the/a beak (object) rostra the beaks (object)
Genitive rostri of a beak rostrorum of the beaks
Dative rostro to/for a beak rostris to/for the beaks
Ablative rostro by/with/from a beak rostris by/with/from the beaks
Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) 7
Like the last, the stem is formed by dropping the last two letters, thus rostr-.
Here you have to remember that rostrum is neuter, hence the plural -a ending
differs in meaning from the singular -a ending of nouns of the First
Declension.
Generic names ending in -um are all neuter and are declined this way, e.g.
Crinum. So, also, are nouns and generic names taken from Greek and ending
in -on (e.g. Abutilon), treating the -on ending as if it were -um.
Then, words ending in -er. Here there is a complication because the stem is
modified, but in botanical Latin you have to deal with very few, most -er nouns
being in the Third Declension. Our example is liber (a book, inner bark), an
important word to know in order to avoid confusion with the adjective liber
(free), which we will meet later. To form the stem, the -er ending is changed
to -r, giving libr-. Here sit a few generic names such as Cotoneaster and
personal names such as Solander.
Example: liber (m.) a book
Nominative liber the/a book (subject) libri the books (subject)

Accusative librum the/a book (object) libros the books (object)
Genitive libri of a book librorum of the books
Dative libro to/for a book libris to/for the books
Ablative libro by/with/from a book libris by/with/from the books
Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87)

In the Third Declension we deal with nouns of all genders, with the nomina-
tive case ending in -al, -ar, -as, -ax, -e, -en, -er, -es, -ex, -i, -in, -is, -ix, -ma, -nx,
-o, -on, -or, -os, -s (after a consonant), -us, -ut, -ux, -ys and -yx. You rarely
have to deal with some of these, so we will not go further here with those
ending in -i, -in and -ys.
Here we have cases tyically ending in -em (accusative singular), -is (genitive
singular), -i (dative singular), -e or -i (ablative singular), -es or -a (nominative
and accusative plural), -um (genitive plural), and -ibus (dative and ablative
plural).
Note that in some, the nominative and accusative singular have the same
ending, but in others these cases differ. In all nouns of the Third Declension,
the nominative and accusative plural are the same.
8 The noun
At this point, we have to confess a slight complication. Comparing the

endings of the Third Declension above carefully with the tables of nouns over
the next few pages, you will notice that some form the ablative singular with -i,
and the nominative, accusative and genitive plural also with an extra -i. These
are called i-stem nouns. They retain an -i at the end of their stem and
are divided into two groups: neuter nouns that end in -al, -ar and -re, and
masculine or feminine nouns, which are almost all monosyllabic, ending in -s
or -x while having two consonants at the end of the genitive stem (e.g. dens,
dentis, masculine, tooth, and nox, noctis, feminine, night). The extra -i- tends
to feature in masculine and feminine i- stems in the genitive plural only,
whereas in neuter nouns the i appears in the ablative singular, nominative,
accusative and genitive plurals.
Nouns ending in -al

Botanical Latin words with this ending are few, but we include an example in
case you have to use one. They are neuter.
Example: animal (n.) an animal
Nominative animal the/an animal (subject) animalia the animals (subject)

Accusative animal the/an animal (object) animalia the animals (object)
Genitive animalis of a animals animal animalium of the animals
Dative animali to/for an animals animalibus to/for the animals
Ablative animali by/with/from an animals animalibus by/with/from the animals
Nouns ending in -ar

Example: par (n.) a pair
Nominative par the/a pair (subject) paria the pairs (subject)

Accusative par the/a pair (object) paria the pairs (object)
Genitive paris of a pair parium of the pairs
Dative pari to/for a pair paribus to/for the pairs
Ablative pari by/with/from a pair paribus by/with/from the pairs
Further examples are calcar (a spur), nectar (nectar [not nectary, which is
nectarium]). These are neuter.
Nouns ending in -as
Nominative varietas the/a variety (subject) varietates the varieties (subject)

Accusative varietatem the/a variety (object) varietates the varieties (object)
Genitive varietatis of a variety varietatum of the varieties
Dative varietati to/for a variety varietatibus to/for the varieties
Ablative varietate by/with/from a variety varietatibus by/with/from the varieties
Sometimes a ‘t’ is inserted before the case endings, as in the example below, and at
other times a ‘d’, so generic names such as Cycas form the genitive singular Cycadis.
Example: varietas (f.) a variety
Nouns ending in-ax
Nominative Smilax the/a Smilax (subject) Smilaces the Smilaxes (subject)

Accusative Smilacem the/a Smilax (object) Smilaces the Smilaxes (object)
Genitive Smilacis of a Smilax Smilacum of the Smilaxes
Dative Smilaci to/for a Smilax Smilacibus to/for the Smilaxes
Ablative Smilace by/with/from a Smilax Smilacibus by/with/from the Smilaxes
Botanical Latin words with this ending seem to be all genera, but we include
an example in case you have to use one. Some are masculine, some feminine.
Nouns ending in -e
The stem is formed by removing the final ‘e’. These nouns are neuter.
Example: vegetabile (n.) a plant
Nominative vegetabile the/a plant (subject) vegetabilia the plants (subject)

Accusative vegetabile the/a plant (object) vegetabilia the plants (object)
Genitive vegetabilis of a plant vegetabilium of the plants
Dative vegetabili to/for a plant vegetabilibus to/for the plants
Ablative vegetabili by/with/from a plant vegetabilibus by/with/from the plants
Like vegetabile is mare (the sea).

10 The noun
Nouns ending in -en

The stem is the nominative form modified to legumin-. These nouns are all neuter.
Example: legumen (n.) a pod
Nominative legumen the/a pod (subject) legumina the pods (subject)

Accusative legumen the/a pod (object) legumina the pods (object)
Genitive leguminis of a pod leguminum of the pods
Dative legumini to/for a pod leguminibus to/for the pods
Ablative legumine by/with/from a pod leguminibus by/with/from the pods
Another example is cacumen (a peak, summit).
Nouns ending in -er

The stem is the nominative form. These are all neuter.
Example: Papaver (n.) a genus of Papaveraceae
Nominative Papaver the/a poppy (subject) Papavera the poppies (subject)

Accusative Papaver the/a poppy (object) Papavera the poppies (object)
Genitive Papaveris of a poppy Papaverum of the poppies
Dative Papaveri to/for a poppy Papaveribus to/for the poppies
Ablative Papavere by/with/from a poppy Papaveribus by/with/from the poppies
Nouns ending in -es

The stem is formed by dropping the -es and adding -it- These are either
masculine or feminine.
Example: caespes (m.) a tuft
Nominative caespes the/a tuft (subject) caespites the tufts (subject)

Accusative caespitem the/a tuft (object) caespites the tufts (object)
Genitive caespitis of a tuft caespitum of the tufts
Dative caespiti to/for a tuft caespitibus to/for the tufts
Ablative caespite by/with/from a tuft caespitibus by/with/from the tufts
So also stipes (a stipe). Note variation for paries (a wall) in retaining the ‘e’
for the stem, e.g. parietis.
Nouns ending in -ex

The stem is formed by dropping the -ex and adding -ic-. These are either
masculine or feminine.
Example: frutex (m.) a shrub
Nominative frutex the/a shrub (subject) frutices the shrubs (subject)

Accusative fruticem the/a shrub (object) frutices the shrubs (object)
Genitive fruticis of a shrub fruticum of the shrubs
Dative frutici to/for a shrub fruticibus to/for the shrubs
Ablative frutice by/with/from a shrub fruticibus by/with/from the shrubs
Be careful not confuse frutex with the genitive, dative and ablative plural of
fructus, a fruit, Fourth Declension). So also cortex. Generic names declined
thus include Atriplex, Carex and Vitex.
Nouns ending in -is

This is the standard declension for a noun ending in -is, i.e. the stem drops the
‘is’ from the nominative. These nouns are masculine or feminine.
Example: axis (m.) an axis
Nominative axis the/an axis (subject) axes the axes (subject)

Accusative axem the/an axis (object) axes the axes (object)
Genitive axis of an axis axium of the axes
Dative axi to/for an axis axibus to/for the axes
Ablative axe by/with an axis axibus by/with the axes
Some -is nouns have a different stem, inserting ‘d’ after the ‘i’, as in the
following example, epidermis. The stem replaces the final ‘s’ of the nominative
form with ‘d’. Another example is rhachis, although this can also be declined
12 The noun
like axis. Of similar formation but with ‘n’ or ‘t’ instead of ‘d’ are some genera,
e.g. Stenactis (Genitive Stenactinis), Eleocharis (Genitive Eleocharitis).
Example: epidermis (f.) epidermis
Nominative epidermis the/an epidermis epidermides the epidermises

(subject) (subject)
Accusative epidermidem the/an epidermis epidermides the epidermises
(object) (object)
Genitive epidermidis of an epidermis epidermidum of the epidermises
Dative epidermidi to/for an epidermis epidermidibus to/for the epidermises
Ablative epidermide by/with/from an epidermidibus by/with/from the
epidermis epidermises
A commonly used word derived from Greek is basis (base), which we

decline in all its anomalous glory below.
basis (f.) base
Nominative basis the/a/ base (subject) bases the bases (subject)

Accusative basim/basin/basem the/a base (object) bases the bases (object)
Genitive basis/baseos of the base basium of the bases
Dative base to/for the base basibus to/for the bases
Ablative basi/base by/with/from the base basibus by/with/from the bases
Similarly declined is anthesis.
Nouns ending in -ix

The stem is formed by replacing the ‘x’ with ‘c’. Other examples are cicatrix
(a scar), filix (a fern) and radix (a root). These nouns are all feminine.
Example: spadix (f.) a spadix
Nominative spadix the/a spadix (subject) spadices the spadices (subject)

Accusative spadicem the/a spadix (object) spadices the spadices (object)
Genitive spadicis of a spadix spadicum of the spadices
Dative spadici to/for a spadix spadicibus to/for the spadices
Ablative spadice by/with/from a spadix spadicibus by/with/from the spadices
Another example is nix (f.) snow, the stem of which is formed slightly
differently, the ‘x’ being replaced by ‘v’.
Nominative nix the snow (subject) nives the snow (subject)

Accusative nivem the snow (object) nives the snow (object)
Genitive nivis of the snow nivum of the snow
Dative nivi to/for the snow nivibus to/for the snow
Ablative nive by/with/from the snow nivibus by/with/from the snow
Nouns ending in -ma

The stem is formed by adding ‘t’ to the nominative case. Other examples are
stigma (a stigma) and rhizoma (a rhizome). They are derived from Greek and
all are neuter.
Example: trichoma (n.) a trichome, hair
Nominative trichoma the/a hair (subject) trichomata the hairs (subject)

Accusative trichoma the/a hair (object) trichomata the hairs (object)
Genitive trichomatis of a hair trichomatum of the hairs
Dative trichomati to/for a hair trichomatibus to/for the hairs
Ablative trichomate by/with a hair trichomatibus by/with the hairs
Noun ending in -nx

There’s only one, phalanx (f.) a bundle, with the stem formed by removing ‘x’
from the nominative case and adding ‘g’.
Nominative phalanx the/a bundle (subject) phalanges the bundles (subject)

Accusative phalangem the/a bundle (object) phalanges the bundles (object)
Genitive phalangis of a bundle phalangium of the bundles
Dative phalangi to/for a bundle phalangibus to/for the bundles
Ablative phalange by/with a bundle phalangibus by/with the bundles
14 The noun
Nouns ending in -o
In most, the stem is formed by adding ‘n’ to the nominative form, but in some
the ‘o’ is dropped first. In caro (flesh), the stem is just car-, hence the genitive is
carnis, ablative carne etc. Some have the genitive singular form -inis (e.g.
margo), others -onis (e.g. mucro). Most of these nouns are feminine, but some
are masculine.
Example: stolo (m.) a stolon
Nominative stolo the/a stolon (subject) stolones the stolons (subject)

Accusative stolonem the/a stolon (object) stolones the stolons (object)
Genitive stolonis of a stolon stolonum of the stolons
Dative stoloni to/for a stolon stolonibus to/for the stolons
Ablative stolone by/with a stolon stolonibus by/with the stolons
Example: margo (m. or f.) a margin
Nominative margo the/a margin margines the margins

(subject) (subject)
Accusative marginem the/a margin margines the margins
(object) (object)
Genitive marginis of a margin marginum of the margins
Dative margini to/for a margin marginibus to/for the margins
Ablative margine by/with a margin marginibus by/with the
margins
Nouns ending in -on

There are two forms. In some the stem is the same as the nominative singular.
These are either masculine or feminine. In others (generic names) the stem is
formed by adding ‘t’ to the nominative singular. Some genera ending in -on
are masculine (e.g. Leontopodon), some are feminine (e.g. Cotyledon) and
others neuter (e.g. Lycopersicon). If you are unsure, then you should probably
refer to the International Plant Names Index, and see what other botanists
have done.
Example: cotyledon (f.) a cotyledon
Nominative cotyledon the/a cotyledon cotyledones the cotyledons

(subject) (subject)
Accusative cotyledonem the/a cotyledon cotyledones the cotyledons
(object) (object)
Genitive cotyledonis of a cotyledon cotyledonum of the cotyledons
Dative cotyledoni to/for a cotyledon cotyledonibus to/for the cotyledons
Ablative cotyledone by/with a cotyledon cotyledonibus by/with the
cotyledons
Example: Erigeron (m.) a genus of Asteraceae
Nominative Erigeron the/an Erigeron Erigerontes the Erigerons

(subject) (subject)
Accusative Erigerontem the/an Erigeron (object) Erigerontes the Erigerons (object)
Genitive Erigerontis of an Erigeron Erigerontum of the Erigerons
Dative Erigeronti to/for an Erigeron Erigerontibus to/for the Erigerons
Ablative Erigeronte by/with an Erigeron Erigerontibus by/with the Erigerons
Nouns ending in -or

The stem is the same as the nominative form. Some are masculine, some
feminine. Similarly declined are color (a colour), auctor (an author) and the
genus Mucor.
Example: odor (m.) a scent
Nominative odor the/a scent (subject) odores the scents (subject)

Accusative odorem the/a scent (object) odores the scents (object)
Genitive odoris of a scent odorum of the scents
Dative odori to/for a scent odoribus to/for the scents
Ablative odore by/with a scent odoribus by/with the scents
16 The noun
Nouns ending in -os

To form the stem, the ‘s’ of the nominative is replaced by ‘r’. These are
masculine.
Example: flos (m.) a flower
Nominative flos the/a flower (subject) flores the flowers (subject)

Accusative florem the/a flower (object) flores the flowers (object)
Genitive floris of a flower florum of the flowers
Dative flori to/for a flower floribus to/for the flowers
Ablative flore by/with/from a flower floribus by/with/from the flowers
Nouns ending in -s after a consonant (usually ‘b’, ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘p’ or ‘r’)
The stem is formed by replacing the ‘s’ of the nominative singular with ‘t’ or ‘d’.
Note that, in this group, the genitive plural has an ‘i’. Other examples are frons,
Genitive frondis (a frond) [but note also frons, Genitive frontis (the front, fore-
head)], glans, Genitive glandis (a gland). Some are masculine, some feminine.
Example: dens (m.) a tooth
Nominative dens the/a tooth (subject) dentes the teeth (subject)

Accusative dentem the/a tooth (object) dentes the teeth (object)
Genitive dentis of a tooth dentium of the teeth
Dative denti to/for a tooth dentibus to/for the teeth
Ablative dente by/with/from a tooth dentibus by/with/from the teeth
Nouns ending in -us

Yes, just to confuse you (and us!) there are nouns in the Third Declension
ending in -us, the common ending in the Second and Fourth Declensions.
Those in the Third Declension are neuter. Generally they are declined like
nouns ending in -er. Like genus (given below) are latus (a side), litus (littus),
Genitive litoris (a shore, bank). Note that the generic name Pinus may be
either Second or Fourth Declension.
Example: genus (n.) a genus
Nominative genus the/a genus (subject) genera the genera (subject)

Accusative genus the/a genus (object) genera the genera (object)
Genitive generis of a genus generum of the genera
Dative generi to/for a genus generibus to/for the genera
Ablative genere by/with/from a genus generibus by/with/from the genera
Nouns ending in -ut

There are very few of these, but if you are describing a plant with heads then
you may use caput (rather than capitulum which is really a diminutive form
and Second Declension). The accusative singular repeats the nominative and
then the stem replaces -ut with -it. Nominative and accusative plural end in ‘a’.
These are neuter.
Example: caput (n.) head
Nominative caput the/a head (subject) capita the heads (subject)

Accusative caput the/a head (object) capita the heads (object)
Genitive capitis of a head capitum of the heads
Dative capiti to/for a head capitibus to/for the heads
Ablative capite by/with/from a head capitibus by/with/from the heads
Nouns ending in -ux

For the stem, the ‘x’ is replaced with ‘c’.
Example: nux (f.) a nut
Nominative nux the/a nut (subject) nuces the nuts (subject)

Accusative nucem the/a nut (object) nuces the nuts (object)
Genitive nucis of a nut nucum of the nuts
Dative nuci to/for a nut nucibus to/for the nuts
Ablative nuce by/with/from a nut nucibus by/with/from the nuts
18 The noun
Nouns ending in -ys

These are Greek words, in botany found only in compound generic names.
Our example is botrys for which we adopt botryd- as the stem. Some names
such as Hypopitys simply drop the ‘s’ to form the stem, to which the standard
Third Declension endings are added.
Example: botrys (m.) a cluster of grapes
Nominative botrys the/a cluster of grapes botrydes the clusters of grapes

(subject) (subject)
Accusative botrydem the/a cluster of grapes botrydes the clusters of grapes
(object) (object)
Genitive botrydis of a cluster of grapes botrydum of the clusters of grapes
Dative botrydi to/for a cluster of botrydibus to/for the clusters of
grapes grapes
Ablative botryde by/with/from a cluster botrydibus by/with/from the clusters
of grapes of grapes
Nouns ending in -yx

Again, there are few of these, but they include calyx. For the stem the ‘x’ is
replaced with ‘c’.
Example: calyx (m.) a calyx
Nominative calyx the/a calyx (subject) calyces the calyxes (subject)

Accusative calycem the/a calyx (object) calyces the calyxes (object)
Genitive calycis of a calyx calycum of the calyxes
Dative calyci to/for a calyx calycibus to/for the calyxes
Ablative calyce by/with/from a calyx calycibus by/with/from the calyxes
Fourth declension (Stearn pp. 87–88)

In this declension the nouns have a stem ending in ‘u’. The nominative
singular ends in either ‘us’ (masculine or feminine) or just ‘u’ (all neuter).
Fifth declension (Stearn p. 88) 19
Nouns ending in -us

The stem drops the ‘us’. Fructus (a fruit) is a noun that we warned about
earlier – do not confuse some cases (especially dative and ablative plural) with
fruticibus (from frutex, a shrub). Note, too, that the nominative and genitive
singular and the nominative and accusative plural all end in ‘us’. Like fructus
are habitus (habit) and lacus (a lake).
Example: fructus (m.) a fruit
Nominative fructus the/a fruit (subject) fructus the fruits (subject)

Accusative fructum the/a fruit (object) fructus the fruits (object)
Genitive fructus of a fruit fructuum of the fruits
Dative fructui to/for a fruit fructibus to/for the fruits
Ablative fructu by/with/from a fruit fructibus by/with/from the fruits
Nouns ending in -u
Example: cornu (n.) a horn The stem is the same as the nominative
singular.
Nominative cornu the/a horn (subject) cornua the horns (subject)

Accusative cornu the/a horn (object) cornua the horns (object)
Genitive cornus of a horn cornuum of the horns
Dative cornui to/for a horn cornuibus to/for the horns
Ablative cornu by/with/from a horn cornuibus by/with/from the horns
Fifth declension (Stearn p. 88)

Few nouns of this declension are used in botanical Latin, though two are
taxonomic ranks – species and series (and variants thereof such as subspecies).
All end in -es and drop the ‘s’ to form the stem. Like species is superficies
(a surface).
20 The noun
Example: species (f.) a species
Nominative species the/a species (subject) species the species (subject)

Accusative speciem the/a species (object) species the species (object)
Genitive speciei of a species specierum of the species
Dative speciei to/for a species speciebus to/for the species
Ablative specie by/with/from a species speciebus by/with/from the species
2
The adjective and the participle
(Stearn pp. 89–102)
An adjective qualifies or adds meaning to a noun or pronoun by expressing a
quality, e.g. a red flower, a prostrate shrub, a sweet scent, small spores, larger
fronds. A Latin adjective must be declined so that its case, gender and number
agree with those of the noun being qualified.
A participle is a part of a verb that can have the same function as an
adjective, e.g. a climbing plant. It may be either a present participle (indicating
something current) or a past participle (indicating something that has
happened). In English the present participle is usually indicated by the ending
‘-ing’ (e.g. climbing, narrowing), and the past participle by the ending ‘-ed’
(e.g. rolled, folded). Past participles may have other endings, e.g. torn, seen.
Most descriptive specific epithets are either adjectives or adjectival in form,
that is they describe an attribute of the plant. Sometimes we use a noun as an
epithet and it is said to be in apposition since it is not necessarily explaining or
qualifying the generic name and does not have to agree with it in number or
gender. Unless it is indeclinable, however, its case does agree. This is import-
ant when it comes to writing diagnoses and both generic name and epithet
may have to be in the dative or genitive, e.g. Nymphaea lotus (dative Nym-
phaeae loto), Asclepias fruticosa (genitive Asclepiadis fruticosae).
An example of an indeclinable epithet is Ipomoea nil; in other words, this is
the only form of the word that exists; likewise Eucalyptus wandoo (an indigen-
ous word). Thus, whenever the generic name is changed, as may occur in a
diagnosis, the epithets nil and wandoo remain the same.
Epithets commemorating people are either singular or plural nouns in the
genitive form (clementii, wittwerorum) or adjectival (hookerianum). These do
not change when the generic name is declined.
Adjectives and participles must both be declined so that the case, gender
and number agree with those of the noun being qualified. The cases are the
same as for nouns, and most are placed in just two main groups for declension.
These are called simply Group A and Group B. There is a third, small Group,
C, for adjectives derived from Greek words.
In Groups B and C, some words are declined in the same way in the
masculine and feminine and so are combined in some examples below – see
bicolor, elegans and schoenoides. As with nouns, there is a stem, which is the
22 The adjective and the participle
‘core’ or basic part of an adjective that remains unaltered even as the endings
change for the different cases.
In botanical Latin, an adjective is always placed after the noun that it
qualifies, except occasionally for emphasis.
In the tables below the abbreviations Masculine, Feminine and Neuter
indicate masculine, feminine and neuter.
In Group A (Stearn pp. 90–92) are those adjectives and participles with the
nominative singular ending in -us (masculine), -a (feminine) or -um (neuter),
or in -er (masculine), -ra (feminine) or -rum (neuter).
Example: hirsutus (hirsute). The stem is formed by dropping -us from
the nominative singular.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative hirsutus hirsuta hirsutum hirsuti hirsutae hirsuta

Accusative hirsutum hirsutam hirsutum hirsutos hirsutas hirsuta
Genitive hirsuti hirsutae hirsuti hirsutorum hirsutarum hirsutorum
Dative hirsuto hirsutae hirsuto hirsutis hirsutis hirsutis
Ablative hirsuto hirsute hirsuto hirsutis hirsutis hirsutis
Example: liber (free) [not to be confused with the noun liber, book,
inner bark of a tree]. The stem is the same as the nominative masculine
singular.
Singular Plural
Nominative liber libera liberum liberi liberae libera

Accusative liberum liberam liberum liberos liberas libera
Genitive liberi liberae liberi liberorum liberarum liberorum
Dative libero liberae libero liberis liberis liberis
Ablative libero libera libero liberis liberis liberis
But some adjectives in -er are declined differently, the stem being formed by
dropping the -er.
The adjective and the participle 23
Example: integer (entire).
Singular Plural
Nominative integer integra integrum integri integrae integra

Accusative integrum integram integrum integros integras integra
Genitive integri integrae integri integrorum integrarum integrorum
Dative integro integrae integro integris integris integris
Ablative integro integra integro integris integris integris
In Group B (Stearn pp. 92–95) are adjectives and participles with the
nominative singular ending in -is (masculine and feminine), -e (neuter), -er
(masculine), -ris (feminine) and -re (neuter), and those ending in -or, -x, -ens
and -ans in which the nominative singular is the same for all three genders.
Note also that the ablative singular -i and genitive plural -ium are back; in
other words, Group B adjectives are declined in the same way as i-stem nouns.
Example: laevis (smooth). Note that the masculine and feminine are the
same.
Singular Plural
Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter
Nominative laevis laeve laeves laevia

Accusative laevem laeve laeves laevia
Genitive laevis laevis laevium laevium
Dative laevi laevi laevibus laevibus
Ablative laevi laevi laevibus laevibus
Example: acer (sharp, pungent).
Singular Plural
Nominative acer acris acre acres acres acria

Accusative acrem acrem acre acres (acris) acres (acris) acria
Genitive acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium
Dative acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Ablative acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Example: simplex (simple). Similar is tenax (tough) but with ‘a’ instead
of ‘i’ in the stem. Note that the masculine and feminine are the same.
Singular Plural
Nominative simplex simplex simplices simplicia

Accusative simplicem simplex simplices simplicia
Genitive simplicis simplicis simplicium simplicium
Dative simplici simplici simplicibus simplicibus
Ablative simplici simplici simplicibus simplicibus
Example: bicolor (two-coloured), for which the whole nominative acts

as the stem. Note that masculine and feminine are the same. Like bicolor
is dispar (unlike, unequal).
Singular Plural
Nominative bicolor bicolor bicolores bicoloria

Accusative bicolorem bicolor bicolores bicoloria
Genitive bicoloris bicoloris bicolorium bicolorium
Dative bicolori bicolori bicoloribus bicoloribus
Ablative bicolori bicolori bicoloribus bicoloribus
Example: elegans (elegant), with the ‘s’ replaced by ‘t’ to form the stem.
Note that the ablative singular usually ends in ‘i’ but may end in ‘e’ (and
that masculine and feminine are the same).
Singular Plural
Nominative elegans elegans elegantes elegantia

Accusative elegantem elegans elegantes elegantia
Genitive elegantis elegantis elegantium elegantium
Dative eleganti eleganti elegantibus elegantibus
Ablative eleganti (-e) eleganti (-e) elegantibus elegantibus
The adjective and the participle 25
Example: teres (terete), also with the ‘s’ replaced by ‘t’ to form the stem.
Similar to teres is iners, inertem. Note that masculine and feminine are
the same.
Singular Plural
Nominative teres teres teretes teretia

Accusative teretem teres teretes teretia
Genitive teretis teretis teretium teretium
Dative tereti tereti teretibus teretibus
Ablative tereti tereti teretibus teretibus
Group C adjectives are all derived from the Greek (Stearn pp. 95–96).
Those ending in -us are declined as Group A adjectives. Those ending
in -oides and -odes are similar to Group B adjectives. As with some
Group B adjectives, in these the masculine and feminine are always the
same (in both singular and plural), hence are combined in the second
example.
Example (like Group A): arachnoideus (spidery).
Singular Plural
Nominative arachnoideus arachnoidea arachnoideum arachnoidei arachnoideae arachnoidea

Accusative arachnoideum arachnoideam arachnoideum arachnoideos arachnoideas arachnoidea
Genitive arachnoidei arachnoideae arachnoidei arachnoideorum arachnoidearum arachnoideorum
Dative arachnoideo arachnoideae arachnoideo arachnoideis arachnoideis arachnoideis
Ablative arachnoideo arachnoidea arachnoideo arachnoideis arachnoideis arachnoideis
Example (like Group B): schoenoides (like Schoenus). Like schoenoides

are adjectives ending in -odes (e.g. euodes, physodes). Note that the
ablative singular always ends in ‘e’, and there is no ‘i’ in the genitive
plural or in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. Note that
masculine and feminine are the same.
Singular Plural
Nominative schoenoides schoenoides schoenoides schoenoida

Accusative schoenoidem schoenoides schoenoides schoenoida
Genitive schoenoidis schoenoidis schoenoidum schoenoidum
Dative schoenoidi schoenoidi schoenoidibus schoenoidibus
Ablative schoenoide schoenoide schoenoidibus schoenoidibus
Compound adjectives
You may want to use one adjective to qualify another, e.g. ‘stellate-pubescent’,
‘greenish-white’. When using this form in Latin, the ending of the first adjective is
modified to end in ‘o’ if it is group A, in ‘i’ if it is group B or C. They are sometimes
joined by a hyphen. The first adjective of the pair is not declined, only the second.
Do not use this form to show a range from one to another – for this use the
word ‘to’ (‘oblong to elliptic’) or an en rule (‘oblong–elliptic’), but the latter
could be mis-interpreted by the reader as a hyphen. If it is either one state or
another (i.e. no gradation), then use ‘or’, e.g. ‘pubescent or glabrous’.
In some instances it is better to use an adverb, e.g. ‘narrowly oblong’ rather
than ‘narrow-oblong’, ‘prominently ridged’.
If you use a string of adjectives, they should be separated by commas except
after the last before the noun they qualify, e.g. ‘short, sparse, stellate hairs’.
Examples
Greyish brown: using the Group A adjective griseus, -a, -um, removing
the ending and replacing it with a linking ‘o’, and then adding the
relevant part of brunneus, -a, -um (another Group A adjective) gives
griseobrunneus, -a, -um.
Dark purple, atropurpureus, -a, -um, is formed from ater, atra, atrum meaning
dull black and purpureus, -a, -um meaning purple.
Yellowish-green, flavovirens, -entis, is formed from flavus, -a, -um, and
virens (part. B, meaning ‘being green’).
Complex adjectives (termed compounds by Stearn pp. 94, 95,

96–97)
These consist of two words joined together, commonly the second a noun but
the whole functioning as an adjective. The first part remains unchanged when
the word is declined, and the second part is declined more or less as though it
Complex adjectives (termed compounds by Stearn pp. 94, 95, 96–97) 27
were a noun. There are two forms, some being declined like adjectives of
Group B with different endings for masculine/feminine and neuter, the
others having just a single declension regardless of gender. Examples of
the former are brevipes (having a short foot) and longicuspis (having a long
cusp).
Also given below is an example of a compound adjective derived from a
noun (genitive singular) and the rather useful suffix -fer (derived from the verb
fero, I bear), the whole then being declined like a Group A adjective. Other
adjectives like this are nucifer (bearing nuts), aculeifer (bearing needles or
points) and florifer (bearing flowers).
Example: brevipes (short-footed)
Singular Plural
Nominative brevipes brevipes brevipedes brevipedia

Accusative brevipedem brevipes brevipedes brevipedia
Genitive brevipedis brevipedis brevipedum brevipedum
Dative brevipedi brevipedi brevipedibus brevipedibus
Ablative brevipedi brevipedi brevipedibus brevipedibus
In other compound adjectives, the noun shows no difference between the

genders and, again, the whole functions as an adjective. Thus, there is just a
single declension, i.e. no sex change but still with singular and plural.
Examples are inops (without support, i.e. weak) and brachystachys (having a
short spike). Virtually all are formed from nouns of the Third Declension and
so are declined in the same way.
Example: inops (weak)
Singular Plural
Nominative inops inopes

Accusative inopem inopes
Genitive inopis inopum
Dative inopi inopibus
Ablative inope inopibus
Example: brachystylis (with a short style)
Singular Plural
Nominative brachystylis brachystylides

Accusative brachystylidem brachystylides
Genitive brachystylidis brachystylidum
Dative brachystylidi brachystylidibus
Ablative brachystylide brachystylidibus
Example: gemmifer (bearing buds)
Singular Plural
Nominative gemmifer gemmifera gemmiferum gemmiferi gemmiferae gemmifera

Accusative gemmiferum gemmiferam gemmiferum gemmiferos gemmiferas gemmifera
Genitive gemmiferi gemmiferae gemmiferi gemmiferorum gemmiferarum gemmiferorum
Dative gemmifero gemmiferae gemmifero gemmiferis gemmiferis gemmiferis
Ablative gemmifero gemmifera gemmifero gemmiferis gemmiferis gemmiferis
Comparison of adjectives (Stearn pp. 97–99)

An adjective may be modified in its form to indicate a stronger intensity of the
quality concerned. This is called the comparison of adjectives. There are three
states of adjectives – positive (or normal), comparative (a first degree of increase
in intensity) and superlative (the most or greatest increase). Examples in English
include hard, harder, hardest; good, better, best; long, longer, longest. With
some English words, the comparative is expressed by placing ‘more’ before the
adjective, e.g. ‘more useful’. The superlative may also be expressed in English by
‘very’ or ‘most’, thus hairy, hairier, hairiest or very/most hairy. Latin adjectives
may be modified in exactly the same way, usually by adding different endings to
the stem of the positive form. Typically, the comparative adds -ior (masculine,
feminine) and -ius (neuter) to the stem of the adjective, and the superlative
adds -issimus (masculine), -issima (feminine) or -issimum (neuter); thus hirsu-
tus -a -um, hirsutior or hirsutius, hirsutissimus -a -um.
Formation of comparatives
To form a comparative, take the stem of the main state of the adjective (the
positive) and add -ior for the masculine or feminine and -ius for the neuter.
Formation of superlatives 29
Taking the Group A adjective crassus (thick): the stem is crass-. Now add -ior
to the stem to form the masculine or feminine (crassior), or add -ius to form
the neuter (crassius). Now decline these like standard Group B adjectives, but
note that the dative and ablative singular end in -i and -e respectively, and in
the nominative and accusative plural the -i is omitted, as follows:
Adjectives ending in -eus, -ius, -uus form comparatives using the compara-
tive (magis) and superlative (maxime), parts of the irregular adverb magnopere
(see p. 00), as follows:
Singular Plural
Nominative crassior crassius crassiores crassiora

Accusative crassiorem crassius crassiores crassiora
Genitive crassioris crassioris crassiorum crassiorum
Dative crassiori crassiori crassioribus crassioribus
Ablative crassiore crassiore crassioribus crassioribus
roseus, red; magis roseus, redder, more red; maxime roseus, reddest, very red.
Formation of superlatives
This form of the adjective is used to express longest, shortest, narrowest, very
hairy, very thin, very shiny, etc. Again, the stem of the positive is taken and to it,
if the complete word ends in us or is, you add -issimus, -issima or -issimum;
hence brevis, short, brevissimus, -a, -um, very short or shortest. If, however, the
full word ends in -er, then -errimus, -errima or -errimum is added to the stem;
hence pulcher beautiful, pulcherrimus, -a, -um, very beautiful or most beautiful.
Example of a superlative: tenuissimus (very slender) from tenuis.
Singular Plural
Nominative tenuissimus tenuissima tenuissimum tenuissimi tenuissimae tenuissima

Accusative tenuissimum tenuissimam tenuissimum tenuissimos tenuissimas tenuissima
Genitive tenuissimi tenuissimae tenuissimi tenuissimorum tenuissimarum tenuissimorum
Dative tenuissimo tenuissimae tenuissimo tenuissimis tenuissimis tenuissimis
Ablative tenuissimo tenuissima tenuissimo tenuissimis tenuissimis tenuissimis
Example: similis (like). Like similis are dissimilis (dissimilar), facilis

(easy), difficilis (difficult), gracilis (slender), humilis (low). Note that
similis and dissimilis require the noun that they refer to to be in either
the genitive or dative.
Singular Plural
Nominative simillimus simillima simillimum simillimi simillimae simillima

Accusative simillimum simillimam simillimum simillimos simillimas simillima
Genitive simillimi simillimae simillimi simillimorum simillimarum simillimorum
Dative simillimo simillimae simillimo simillimis simillimis simillimis
Ablative simillimo simillima simillimo simillimis simillimis simillimis
Example: pulcherrimus formed from pulcher (pretty). Other adjectives

forming their superlatives in the same way are: acer (sharp, bitter) and
celer (swift).
Singular Plural
Nominative pulcherrimus pulcherrima pulcherrimum pulcherrimi pulcherrimae pulcherrima

Accusative pulcherrimum pulcherrimam pulcherrimum pulcherrimos pulcherrimas pulcherrima
Genitive pulcherrimi pulcherrimae pulcherrimi pulcherrimorum pulcherrimarum pulcherrimorum
Dative pulcherrimo pulcherrimae pulcherrimo pulcherrimis pulcherrimis pulcherrimis
Ablative pulcherrimo pulcherrima pulcherrimo pulcherrimis pulcherrimis pulcherrimis
Irregular forms
A number of adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and
superlative. Two that are widely misused are parvior (and parvissimus) for
the comparative and superlative of parvus (small). There are no such words in
Latin, the correct forms being minor (smaller) and minimus (smallest or very
small). Others that you are likely to use are:
The participle (Stearn pp. 89–90) 31
externus (outside), exterior (m., f.), exterius (n). (both outer), extremus
(outermost)
inferus (below, lower), inferior (m., f), inferius (n) (both lower), infimus
(lowest)
magnus (great), major (m., f.), majus (n.) (greater), maximus (greatest)
multus (much, great), multi (many, m.) multae (f.), multa (n.); plus (in
sing. only, more), plures (m., f.), plura (n.) (pl., more numerous);
plurimi (m.), plurimae (f.), plurima (n.) (pl., most)
Comparative forms are declined like the Second Declension if they end in -us,
-a, or -um; and like the Third Declension of they end in -or or -ius.
Note that there is no comparative of some adjectives that already denote an
absolute state, e.g. sessile, evergreen.
Quam
Finally, to complete this section on adjectives, we must look at the adverb
quam (than), as it is frequently used with comparative adjectives. Nouns being
compared take the same case before and after quam, for example:
tuba corollae longior quam calyx the tube of the corolla longer than the
calyx
margines foliorum magis rosei quam laminae margins of the leaves
redder than the blades
In these examples the nouns being compared (underlined) are in the same case
(nominative). Sometimes the nouns are in the ablative:
vexillo maculosiore quam ala with the standard with more spots than
the wing
When a comparison involves two adjectives, both are given as comparatives
and both are in the same case, for example:
folia longiora quam latiora leaves longer than wide
The participle (Stearn pp. 89–90)

Participles are formed from verbs but function as adjectives and are declined
like adjectives. There are two kinds – the present and the past participle.
As the adjective implies, the present participle is used when describing a
trait that is present or is happening now (even if it means on a herbarium
specimen), e.g. tegens (covering), decrescens (growing smaller). They all end in
-ans or -ens and are declined like adjectives of the same ending in
Group B. They are formed by taking the stem of a verb and adding -ans to
verbs of the First Conjugation (thus habitans from habitare, to inhabit) and -
ens to the stem of the other declensions (thus rumpens from rumpere, to burst).
Example: repens (creeping). Note that masculine and feminine are the
same.
Singular Plural
Nominative repens repens repentes repentia

Accusative repentem repens repentes repentia
Genitive repentis repentis repentium repentium
Dative repenti repenti repentibus repentibus
Ablative repenti (-e) repenti (-e) repentibus repentibus
Note that the ablative singular may end in ‘i’ or ‘e’.

A past participle describes something that has already happened, e.g. inser-
tus (inserted), angustatus (narrowed). They all end in -us and are declined like
adjectives of Group A. Their formation is more complex than that of a present
participle and we will not discuss it here.
Singular Plural
Nominative angustatus angustata angustatum angustati angustatae angustata

Accusative angustatum angustatam angustatum angustatos angustatas angustata
Genitive angustati angustatae angustati angustatorum angustatarum angustatorum
Dative angustato angustatae angustato angustatis angustatis angustatis
Ablative angustato angustata angustato angustatis angustatis angustatis
Examples
folia pilis glandulosis dispersis leaves with hairs glandular scattered, or
leaves with scattered glandular hairs
frutex ramis patentibus shrub with spreading branches
herba odorata caulibus repentibus perfumed herb with creeping stems
calyx corollam longitudine aequans the calyx equalling the corolla in
length
Notes 33
Notes
When a single adjective is used to qualify two nouns of different gender, it is
given the gender of the noun that is closer to it in the sentence.
When a single adjective is used to qualify two nouns of different number
(i.e. singular or plural), it is given the number of the noun that is closer to it in
the sentence.
Although participles are treated like adjectives, they are in fact verbs, so it is
better for them to be placed at the end of the sentence or clause, which is
where verbs appear in classical Latin.
The adjectival form -cola (inhabiting) is a noun in apposition and, regard-
less of the gender of the generic name, is declined like agricola (p. 00). The
endings -fer and -ger (carrying, bearing) are already masculine singular so
should not be given the ending -us, but they take -a and -um for the feminine
and neuter singular. Examples are Gyrostemon racemiger (a Gyrostemon
bearing racemes); Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (‘a cabbage bearing buds’
or Brussels’ sprout).
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 3 Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
3
The adverb (Stearn pp. 103–106)
An adverb qualifies a verb, adjective, participle, or sometimes another adverb,

e.g. narrowly, never, transversely. It can give a more accurate or refined
meaning to such a word when placed next to it, e.g. ‘grows commonly’,
‘narrowed abruptly’, ‘slightly scabrid’, ‘pungent, sometimes prominently’,
‘rarely minutely mucronate’. Many are formed from adjectives. In English,
an adverb formed from an adjective is typically indicated by the ‘-ly’ ending. In
Latin it is formed in several ways.
With adjectives of Group A you add -e to the stem, e.g. dense from densus to
form ‘densely’, and with those of Group B you add -ter or -iter, e.g. promi-
nenter from prominens to form ‘prominently’, irregulariter from irregularis,
‘irregularly’. Adverbs are not declined, nor do they change with gender or
number.
Examples
minute hirsutus minutely hairy
foliis minute hirsutis with leaves minutely hairy
fructus lateraliter complanatus fruit laterally flattened
Many words are adverbs in their own right. Some examples are saepe (often),
mox (soon), saltem (at least), iterum (again, a second time), deinde (there-
after). Stearn has a list of Latin adverbs on pp 104–106.
Be mindful of several adverbs that differ in just the final letter and have
different meanings:
certe (at least), certo (certainly)
rare (thinly), raro (seldom)
crebre (closely, compactly), crebro (repeatedly)
As with adjectives there is comparison of adverbs. The comparative is formed
by adding ‘-ius’ (accusative singular neuter) to the stem, e.g. densius (more
densely). The superlative is formed by changing the ending of the nominative
singular superlative adjective from ‘-us’ to ‘-e’, e.g. angustissime (very nar-
rowly). The good news is that, like ordinary adverbs, the comparative and
superlative forms are not declined.
The adverb 35
Examples
Species A foliis minute hirsutis Species A with minutely hairy
leaves
Species B foliis minutius hirsutis Species B with more minutely
hairy leaves
Species C foliis minutissime hirsutis Species C with very minutely
hairy leaves
Some adverbs have irregular comparison:
bene well melius better optime best
magnopere much magis more maxime greatest, most
male badly peius worse pessime worst
multum much plus more plurimum most
paulum a little minus less minime least
prope near propius nearer proxime nearest
Note that magis means more in degree and plus more in quantity.
4
The preposition (Stearn pp. 125–127)
A preposition is a part of speech that expresses a relation between a noun or

pronoun (as the object in a sentence or phrase) and another word. Examples in
English are ‘in’, ‘into’, ‘to’, ‘before’, ‘from’, ‘near’, ‘within’, ‘above’. There are
quite a few, and a number of English prepositions are translated into Latin
using the same word, e.g. inter can mean ‘amid’, ‘among’ or ‘between’.
There are also compound prepositions consisting of two or three words in
English that are represented by one or two words in Latin. Examples are
‘except for’ (praeter), ‘next to’ (juxta), ‘out of ’ (a, ab, ex) and ‘up to’ (usque ad)
In Latin, a preposition governs the case of the noun or pronoun that follows
it. Some take the accusative, others the ablative (see below). In the Vocabulary
we indicate the case taken by each.
A few take either, depending on the meaning. Those used in botanical Latin
in this context are in, subter and super. A general rule is that when some
motion into or towards is meant they take the accusative, but when the motion
is from or out of they take the ablative. It is usually the ablative when a fixed
state is meant:
stamina in disco inserta stamens inserted on a disc
in margine folii on the margin of the leaf
in epidermum radicis hospitis penetrans penetrating [into] the epider-
mis of the root of the host
A very few prepositions take the genitive. One that seems rare in botanical Latin
but which would be useful is tenus (up to, down to, as far as), that may take the
genitive or ablative and is always placed after the noun or pronoun that it governs:
arbor cortice rugoso rami primi tenus tree with rough bark up to the
first branch
In general, a preposition is placed before the noun that it governs, but versus
(towards) goes afterwards:
herba praeter folia glabra herb glabrous except leaves
stylo apicem versus glanduloso with the style glandular towards the
apex
Prepositions with ablative 37
It is usually unnecessary to include the words ‘by’, ‘from’ or ‘with’ in Latin,

since they are already indicated by the ablative case, e.g. foliis (with leaves), but
sometimes it is needed or required for clarity, e.g. folliculi ab latere visi
applanati (follicles seen from the side flattened, better in English as ‘follicles
flattened in side view’).
Prepositions with accusative
ad to, at, towards ob because of

ante before post after
circum around subter below, beneath
extra outside trans across
inter between, among versus towards.
Examples:
infra corollam below the corolla
inter nodos between the nodes
folia praeter margines viridia leaves bright green except for the margins
petala nectariis prope bases petals with nectaries close to their bases.
Prepositions with ablative
a, ab from, by pro for, on behalf of

cum with sine without
de concerning subter beneath, below
e, ex from, out of super upon
Examples:
in marginibus foliorum on the margins of the leaves
subter silva fagarum habitat it lives beneath beech wood (literally ‘a
wood of beech’)
planta sine chlorophyllo plant without chlorophyll
… sed ab eo differt but it differs from it
a Ranunculo acri differt it differs from Ranunculus acris
A and ab both mean ‘from’ or ‘by’, but a is used before a consonant and
ab before a vowel.
5
The conjunction (Stearn pp. 128–129)
A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

Those most commonly used are ‘and’ (et, atque), ‘or’ (ant, vel) and ‘but’ (sed).
Some may be used in pairs, but in Latin the same word is repeated; these we
have ‘both … and’ (et … et), ‘either … or’ (vel … vel), ‘neither … nor’ (nec …
nec). Several may consist of two or three words in English, e.g. ‘and also’
(atque, ac), ‘or if ’, ‘or else’ (seu, sive), ‘so that’ (ut).
In general, where two nouns are joined by a conjunction, the second takes
the same number and case as the first. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions have
no control over the grammar.
The conjunction ‘and’ may also be shown by adding -que to the end of the
last word of a phrase or clause:
folia et flores or folia floresque leaves and flowers
and in place of vel, -ve may be added;
folia vel flores or folia floresve leaves or flowers
The conjunctions et, nec and vel may be used in pairs to give emphasis (in
English ‘both … and’, ‘neither … nor’, ‘either … or’);
et sepala et petala flava both sepals and petals yellow
nec flores nec fructus visi neither flowers nor fruit seen
folia pilis vel simplicibus vel glandulosis leaves with either simple or
glandular hairs
With ut (‘so that’, ‘in order that’), a complication arises since it is followed by a
verb in the subjunctive, a difficult area of Latin grammar that is best avoided in
botany. It is simpler to write the description in such a way that you don’t have
to use it.
Further examples
folia vel glabra vel minute hirsuta leaves either glabrous or minutely
hirsute
Further examples 39
folia marginibus albis et undulatis leaves with margins white and

undulating
pileus cremeus in juventute sed in maturitate brunneus cap cream when
young [literally: in youth], but in maturity brown
folium pagina adaxiali glabra licet abaxiali cum indumento leaf with
upper surface glabrous although the lower with an indumentum.
6
The pronoun (Stearn pp. 118–124)
A pronoun indicates a person, thing, place, or quality without specifically naming

it, e.g. I, you, they, it, the same, that, another. It is also used to replace a noun and
so avoid the need to repeat it. In botanical Latin, you will almost never use the
personal pronouns I, you, he, she, we and they, but you will probably want to use
others. Commonly used are the personal pronoun is (it); the demonstrative ones
hic (this, these) and ille (that, those); the possessive one suus (its, their); the
relative one quod (which); and the definitive one idem (the same).
Two pronoun-like words (called pronoun-adjectives or determiners) are
alius and alter. The first means ‘another’ or ‘other’ and is used when more than
two items are being discussed. It is also used when contrasting items: ‘one …,
the other …’, plural ‘some …, others …’.
aliae plantae prostratae, aliae erectae some plants prostrate, others erect
The second is used when just two items are under discussion:
stamina 2, inaequalia, alterum 5 mm longum, alterum 10 mm longum
stamens 2, unequal, one 5 mm long, the other 10 mm long
A pronoun takes the same number and gender of the noun that it is replacing or
referring to, but its case comes from the context in which it is used. Pronouns
must be declined like nouns and the important ones are set out below.
Incidentally, if you are trying to learn declensions such as pronouns and adjec-
tives, the usual way is to recite each case across the genders, first in the singular,
then in the plural, e.g. is, ea, id; eum, eam, id; eius, eius, eius … ei, eae, ea; ….
Personal pronouns
Case Singular
Nominative ego I tu you (subject)

Accusative me me te you (object)
Genitive mei mine tui yours
Dative mihi to/for me tibi to/for you
Ablative me by/with/from me te by/with/from you
The determinative pronoun 41
Case Plural
Nominative nos we vos you (subject)

Accusative nos us vos you (object)
Genitive nostrum ours vestrum yours
Dative nobis to/for us vobis to/for you
Ablative nobis by/with/from us vobis by/with/from you
Possessive pronouns
These are treated like adjectives, and behave like them. The pronoun agrees
with the item that is ‘possessed’ in number, gender and case.
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative meus mea meum mei meae mea

Accusative meum meam meum meos meas mea
Genitive mei meae mei meorum mearum meorum
Dative meo meae meo meis meis meis
Ablative meo mea meo meis meis meis
The determinative pronoun

is (he), ea (she), id (it)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative is ea id ei eae ea
Accusative eum eam id eos eas ea
Genitive ejus (eius) ejus (eius) ejus (eius) eorum earum eorum
Dative ei ei ei eis eis eis
Ablative eo ea eo eis eis eis
42 The pronoun
sed ab eis haec Pinus distincta but from them this Pinus [is] distinct
boletus nemoralis, is in silvis fagorum habitat a woodland mushroom, it
lives in beech woods [literally, in woods of beeches]
The demonstrative pronoun (also used as pronoun adjectives)

hic (this)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative hic haec hoc hi hae haec

Accusative hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
Genitive hujus (huius) hujus (huius) hujus (huius) horum harum horum
Dative huic huic huic his his his
Ablative hoc hac hoc his his his
hae species septem simillimae these seven species [are] very similar
sed ab his hoc Fucus distinctus but this Fucus [is] distinct from these
ille (that)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative ille illa illud illi illae illa

Accusative illum illam illud illos illas illa
Genitive illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum
Dative illi illi illi illis illis illis
Ablative illo illa illo illis illis illis
corolla ab illa speciei alius differt the corolla differs from that of the
other species [singular].
The words ‘former’ and ‘latter’ are translated by ille and hic respectively. Think
of ille (that) as referring to the one that is farther away in the sentence and hic
the closer:
The relative pronoun 43
stamina et staminodia alternantia, illa 10 mm longa, haec 5 mm longa

stamens and staminodes alternating, the former 10 mm long, the
latter 5 mm long
The intensive pronoun

ipse (himself), ipsa (herself), (ipsum) itself
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa

Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ablative ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
characteres a me ipso haud observati characters by me myself not

observed [Stearn p. 122]
The relative pronoun

qui (who, which)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative qui quae quod qui quae quae

Accusative quem quam quod quos quas quae
Genitive cuius (cujus) cuius (cujus) cuius (cujus) quorum quarum quorum
Dative cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ablative quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
specierum alterarum similis a quibus in calyce hirsutissimo differt similar

to the other species [plural] from which it differs in the very hairy
calyx.
44 The pronoun
The definitive pronoun
idem (the same); formed from is with -dem as a kind of suffix, so you
decline the ‘i’ like is (with a few modifications) while dem remains
unchanged.
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem

Accusative eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem
Genitive ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
(eiusdem) (eiusdem) (eiusdem)
Dative eidem eidem eidem isdem isdem isdem
Ablative eodem eadem eodem isdem isdem isdem
in eadem specie color floris variat in the same species the colour of the
flower varies
flores masculi et feminei in planta eadem occurrunt male and female
flowers occur on the same plant
Indefinite pronouns
aliquis (someone, something)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative aliquis aliqua aliquid aliqui aliquae aliquae

Accusative aliquem aliquam aliquid aliquos aliquas aliquae
Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum
Dative alicui alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Ablative aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Pronoun-adjectives 45
quidam (a certain, some)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative quidam quaedam quoddam quidam quaedam quaedam

Accusative quendam quandam quoddam quosdam quasdam quaedam
Genitive cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam quorundam quarundam quorundam
Dative cuidam cuidam cuidam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Ablative quodam quadam quodam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
quisque (each, everyone)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative quisque quaeque quidque or quique quaeque quaeque

quodque
Accusative quemque quamque quidque quosque quasque quaeque
Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque quorumque quarumque quorumque
Dative cuique cuique cuique quibusque quibusque quibusque
Ablative quoque quaeque quoque quibusque quibusque quibusque
Pronoun-adjectives
alius (other, another)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative alius alia aliud alii aliae alia

Accusative alium aliam aliud alios alias alia
Genitive alius alius alius aliorum aliarum aliorum
Dative alii alii alii aliis aliis aliis
Ablative alio alia alio aliis aliis aliis
46 The pronoun
alter (the other, one of two, the second)
Singular Plural
Case
Nominative alter altera alterum alteri alterae altera

Accusative alterum alteram alterum alteros alteras altera
Genitive alterius alterius alterius alterorum alterarum alterorum
Dative alteri alteri alteri alteris alteris alteris
Ablative altero altera altero alteris alteris alteris
7
The verb (Stearn pp. 130–139)
‘Botanists manage verbs best by avoiding them altogether’

(Stearn p. 130)
A verb is a doing word, i.e. it denotes an action. The most important aspects of
verbs are person (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), number (singular, plural), voice
(active, passive), tense (present, past, future, etc.), and mood (indicative,
subjunctive, imperative). In Latin, each of these attributes is indicated by a
single form of the verb, e.g. lego (I collect), legunt (they collect), legitur (it is
collected), legistis (you have collected), lege! (collect!), lexerim (I might have
collected). The basic part of a verb is called the stem, and the letters after it tell
you the rest.
If you must know, the verb finite (i.e. limited by person and number) has
three persons, two numbers, six tenses and three moods, while the verb infinite
(not so limited) has infinitives, three participles, the gerund and gerundive and
two supines. And there are two voices. And, on top of that, there are conjuga-
tions, four of them, plus – you guessed it – irregular, defective and what are
called impersonal verbs. Fortunately, there is no need to learn these in detail,
since those verbs used nowadays are mostly third person singular, as set out
below.
Botanical diagnoses and descriptions can be written without verbs since, in
our telegraphic style, we commonly use participles that are declined as adjec-
tives, e.g. instead of ‘It grows in swamps’ we say ‘growing in swamps’. It was a
different matter in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when Latin
was spoken as an international language and botanical texts were sometimes
written wholly in the language. You need knowledge of verbs in order to
understand these (or find a friendly Latin scholar to translate for you – but
remember that such a person, while erudite, may have no understanding of
botany and hence may struggle with the terminology). So it is useful to have at
least a little knowledge of this complex area of grammar and syntax. For
modern work you can manage with just a few verbs such as the commonly
used differt (it differs) and distinguitur (it is distinguished).
48 The verb
In classical Latin the verb is always placed at the end of a sentence or clause.
This rule is best also followed in botanical Latin, but need not be adhered to
strictly.
To elaborate just briefly on the main features of a verb:
Person refers to the subject of the verb, i.e. first, second, third. Thus, for the
first person there is ‘I’ (singular) and ‘we’ (plural), for second person ‘you’
(both singular and plural), and for third person ‘he’, ‘she’ or it' (all singular)
and ‘they’ (plural). Number indicates whether one or more than one person
forms the subject. Tense tells us about the timing of the action – the tenses
most commonly used are present, past (or perfect) and future.
The voice of a verb may be active or passive. In the active voice it tells us
what the subject is doing (e.g. I saw it), while in the passive voice it indicates
something being done to the subject (e.g. It was seen).
If the verb is followed by a preposition, remember to check if the following
noun should be in the accusative or ablative.
The verbs most commonly used in Latin diagnoses and descriptions are all
third person and usually singular, as follows:
differt it differs … [‘it’ usually referring to a new taxon being described];
followed by a preposition: from in English, in Latin a or ab; also
present participle differens (differing) followed by the same
prepositions
distinguitur it is distinguished …; followed by a preposition: from in
English, in Latin a or ab
accedit it approaches [i.e. resembles] … [then a qua followed by differt
or distinguitur]; preposition none in English, in Latin ad or none
comparatur it is compared … followed by a preposition: with in English,
in Latin use the ablative case
caret, deest it lacks … followed by the characters or states that are lacking
Others sometimes used are:
crescit it grows …; also the present participle crescens (growing)
habitat it grows or lives …; also the present participle habitans (living)
invenitur it is found …
occurrit it occurs …; also the present participle occurrens (occurring)
These all take a preposition such as in, on, around, near etc. in English, in
Latin in, ad, circa, prope. Remember that other expressions such as ‘resem-
bling …’, ‘similar to …’ are translated with participles or adjectives.
Apart from the above, a verb that you may use is sum (I am) from esse (to
be), or one of its compounds. Here is the first person present tense:
The verb 49
sum I am
es you are (singular)
est he, she or it is
sumus we are
estis you are (plural)
sunt they are
And, of course, we all use ‘determinavit’ slips, the verb meaning ‘he or she (the
person annotating the slip) determined’ [the specimen]; likewise ‘confirmavit’,
‘he or she confirmed’ [a determination already made].
These and other Latin verbs are commonly abbreviated:
‘conf.’ from confirmavit (he or she confirmed)
‘del.’ from delineavit (he or she drew) (used on plates)
‘det.’ from determinavit (he or she determined)
‘emend.’ from emendavit (he or she amended)
‘leg.’ from legit (he or she collected); also the past participle lectum
(collected [by]), neuter singular, if it refers to a specimen (Latin
specimen) or lecta, feminine singular, if it refers to a collection
(Latin collectio)
‘pinx.’ from pinxit (he or she painted) (used on plates)
‘sculpt.’ from sculpsit (he or she engraved) (used on plates).
In early works the abbreviations ‘v.v.’ and ‘v.s.’ were often used. These are from
‘vidi vivam’ (I saw [the plant] living) or visa viva (seen alive, nominative/
ablative), and vidi siccam (I saw it dried) or visa sicca (seen dried, nominative/
ablative).
A little-used part of a verb is the gerundive, which is an adjective derived
from a passive verb and denotes something that must or should be done, e.g.
distinguendus from distinguere (it must be distinguished), and rejiciendus from
rejicere (it must be rejected). As the gerundive is an adjective, it agrees with its
noun in number, gender and case.
There is also the gerund which is a neuter noun formed from a verb, but it is
almost never used in botanical Latin.
Unlike those of other languages, Latin verbs are listed in a dictionary not by
the infinitive (to live, to grow), but by the first person singular of the present
indicative active (a real mouthful, but if you want to look up the correct part of
the verb you want, you need to know this, as tables of Latin verbs can look
quite daunting). In other words, you look up sum (I am), not esse (to be), or
cresco (I grow), not crescere (to grow).
8
Numerals, measurements
(Stearn pp. 107–117)
Like us, the Romans had both words and numerals for numbers, and had both
cardinal numbers – answering the question ‘How many?’ (one, two…) – and
ordinal numbers, answering the question ‘Which one in a series?’ (first,
second…). A third set of numerals is the distributive adjectives answering
the question ‘How many each?’ (one each, two each…). Roman numerals were
in the form I, II, II, IV, V… X… C…. Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
10… 100…) were developed in India in about the sixth century AD and
arrived in Europe via the Arabs of North Africa during the Middle Ages.
In Latin, only the first three cardinal numerals – unus (1), duo (2), tres (3) –
are declined (like adjectives). The others remain the same whatever the case
and gender of the noun they are qualifying. In botanical descriptions it is
easiest to avoid the words altogether by using numerals – and it saves space.
This may be done regardless of the gender, number and case of the noun they
are associated with.
Cardinal numbers
1 unus 11 undecim
2 duo 12 duodecim
3 tres 13 tredecim
4 quattuor, quatuor 14 quatuordecim
5 quinque 15 quindecim
6 sex 16 sedecim
7 septem 17 septemdecim
8 octo 18 duodeviginti
9 novem 19 undeviginti
10 decem 20 viginti
30 triginta 100 centum
40 quadraginta 1000 mille
50 quinquaginta
Cardinal numbers 51
unus one, singular only
Singular
Case
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative unus una unum

Accusative unum unam unum
Genitive unius unius unius
Dative uni uni uni
Ablative uno una uno
duo two, plural only
Singular
Case
Nominative duo dua duo

Accusative duos duas duo
Genitive duorum duarum duorum
Dative duobus duabus duobus
Ablative duobus duabus duobus
tres three, plural only
Singular
Case
Nominative tres tres tria

Accusative tres tres tria
Genitive trium trium trium
Dative tribus tribus tribus
Ablative tribus tribus tribus
Examples:
bractea una (Nominative sing. feminine) one bract
bractae duae (Nominative pl. feminine) two bracts
folia duo (Nominative pl. neuter) two leaves
52 Numerals, measurements
folia tria (Nominative pl. neuter) three leaves

fructu uno (Ablative sing. masculine) with one fruit
ovulis tribus (Ablative pl. neuter) with three ovules
You may want to use general terms such as few (paucus), many (multus), none
(nullus), numerous (numerosus), solitary (solitarius, unicus). These are all
treated and declined as adjectives of Group A to agree in gender, number
and case with the noun they qualify, e.g. sporocarpia pauca (sporocarps few),
cocci multi (cocci many), flos unicus (flower solitary).
Ordinal numbers
These are primus (first), secundus (second), tertius (third) and so on and they
are all declined like longus, -a, -um. The Latin for 13th to 17th consists of two
words (tertius decimus etc.), and both words must be declined.
1st primus 11th undecimus

2nd secundus 12th duodecimus
3rd tertius 13th tertius decimus
4th quartus 14th quartus decimus
5th quintus 15th quintus decimus
6th sextus 16th sextus decimus
7th septimus 17th septimus decimus
8th octavus 18th duodevicensimus
9th nonus 19th undevicensimus
10th decimus 20th vicensimus
30th tricensimus 40th quadragensimus
50th quinquagensimus 100th centensimus, centesimus
1000th millensimus
primus (first, singular only)
Nominative primus prima primum

Accusative primum primam primum
Genitive primi primae primi
Dative primo primae primo
Ablative primo prima primo
Ordinal numbers 53
septimus (seventh)

Nominative septimus septima septimum
Accusative septimum septimam septimum
Genitive septimi septimae septimi
Dative septimo septimae septimo
Ablative septimo septima septimo
Examples
capitulum primum flosculis femineis factum first capitulum formed
with female florets only
stratum secundum cellularum elongatum second layer of cells elongate.
Distributive numerals
These tell us the number of parts present in each of a set of features, e.g. folia
verticillata, in quoque verticillo quaterna vel quina (leaves whorled, in each
whorl four or five). Those up to 12 are:
singuli one each septeni seven each

bini two each octoni eight each
terni three each noveni nine each
quaterni four each deni ten each
quini five each undeni eleven each
seni six each duo deni twelve each
They are declined like plural adjectives of Group A.
Example:
octoni
Nominative octoni octonae octona

Accusative octonos octonas octona
Genitive octonorum octonarum octonorum
Dative octonis octonis octonis
Ablative octonis octonis octonis
folia verticillata septeni vel octoni leaves in whorls, seven or eight in

each
fructus fasciculati seni vel septeni fruit [plural] in clusters, six or seven
in each
Numerical adverbs
There are also several numerical adverbs (ordinal) that indicate how many
times something happens, e.g. leaves twice pinnate. Those most commonly
required are:
semel once sexies, sexiens six times

bis twice septies, septiens seven times
ter thrice octies, octiens eight times
quater four times nonies, noniens nine times
quinquies, quinquiens five times decies, deciens ten times
Examples
non plus quam semel not more than once
plus quam quinquies more than five times
folia longiora quam latiora quater leaves four times longer than wide
species bis non semel per annum florens species flowering twice, not
once, per year
Although they are rarely used in modern Latin, it is useful to know the units
(nouns) that were commonly used in early botanical descriptions:
capillus a hair’s width (c. 0.18 mm)
digitus the length of the index finger (c. 5.3 cm) (but in classical usage
was about 2.5 cm)
linea a line (c. 2.25 mm)
orgya (adj. orgyalis) the distance between the tips of the middle fingers
when the arms are outstretched (c. 1.95 m)
palmus (adj. palmaris) the width of the four fingers closed together
(c. 8 cm)
pes (adj. pedalis) a foot (c. 32.5 cm)
pollex (adj. pollicaris) the length of the upper joint of the thumb
(c. 2.7 cm)
unguis (adj. uncialis) the length of a finger nail (c. 1.35 cm)
On relative length (Stearn pp. 114–117) 55
On relative length (Stearn pp. 114–117)

You may want to express the size of an organ relative to another in the same
taxon, or to the same organ in another taxon, or compare two aspects of the
same organ. This is where the comparison of adjectives and adverbs often
comes in. In such an expression the object is put into the accusative case or,
when the comparative form is used, into the ablative.
Usually no numerals are involved, e.g.
folia ad costam dimidia parte divisa leaves divided half-way to midrib

(literally ‘by a half part’)
Remember that ‘half’ may be either a noun (Latin dimidium) or an adjective

(Latin dimidius).
lobi calycis minus profunde divisi lobes of the calyx less deeply divided
petala sepala aequantia petals equalling [as long as] sepals
staminodia staminibus dimidio longiora staminodes half as long as
stamens (literally ‘longer by half’) or you can say staminodia
staminibus 2-plo breviora (‘stamens shorter by half than the
staminodes’)
inflorescentia foliis duplo longiora inflorescence twice as long as leaves
pistillum triente longitudinis exsertum pistil exserted for one-third its
length
foliola duplo longiora quam latiora leaflets twice as long as wide
folliculi 4- vel 5-plo longiori quam latiori follicles 4 or 5 times as long as
wide
folia ratione longitudinis:latitudinis 6–8; or you could say
foliorum ratio longitudinis:latitudinis 6–8 ratio of length:width of
leaves 6–8
Fractions such as 3/4 are best left as numerals.

To express angles:
sub angulo 35º oriens (or exoriens) arising at an angle of 35º
ad angulum 70º patens spreading at an angle of 70º
Characters or states of the taxon being compared are usually included in

parentheses:
Ad speciem X affinis sed …, seminibus minoribus, 2.5–3 mm longis

(in specie X 4.5–6 mm), … differt Affinity to species X but differs
in …, seeds smaller, 2.5–3 mm long (in species X 4.5–6 mm)
Useful participles and adverbs are:

aequans equalling (¼ as long as)
superans exceeding
haud not at all
fere almost
multo much
paulo a little
plus minusve more or less (or use ±)
vix scarcely
Finally, when describing relative lengths, the word ‘quam’ can be used, and
this is discussed on p. 00.
9
Prefixes and suffixes
A prefix or suffix is a part of a word that often cannot stand on its own, but
which alters the meaning of the noun or adjective to which it is added. A prefix
is attached to the front of the stem, and the suffix to the end. An example in
English is the suffix ‘-ly’ which, when added to the adjective ‘quick’, converts it
into the adverb ‘quickly’; another suffix is ‘-ment’ which, when added to the
verb ‘enjoy’, produces the noun ‘enjoyment’. ‘Dis-‘ is an example of a prefix
and alters nouns and verbs, sometimes dramatically, e.g. disfigure, disinterest,
dislike; another is ‘un-’ giving us words such as unhappy, uncluttered and
unclean.
Botanical Latin, similarly, uses prefixes and suffixes, of both Latin and Greek
origin, although a Greek prefix or suffix should be added only to a Greek stem,
and a Latin prefix or suffix only to a Latin stem. Some prefixes can exist on
their own and can be used separately, such as the prepositions circum, around
(circumsessilis), super, above (superficies), and trans, across (transectio),
whereas others, such as eu- (eucarpic) and re- (reflexus), cannot.
Taking the word punctum, meaning ‘dot’, the stem is punct- to which can be
added several suffixes to produce the different meanings:
punctatus dotted
punctiformis dot-like
punctatio dotting
impunctatus not dotted; in this case both a suffix and a prefix have been
added.
Similarly, taking albus (white) we can form:
albidus whitish
albens whitened
albescens becoming white,
and we can add re- to form words such as:
reflexus bent back on itself
reduncus bent backwards
refluxus back flow, ebb
58 Prefixes and suffixes
with, finally, a few Greek:

endolithicus growing within stone
hypogaeus below ground
anemonoides similar to an anemone
hyalinus like glass ¼ transparent
petraeus growing among, belonging to rocks
For a further discussion, Stearn (pp. 293–302) goes into the matter thoroughly
and gives Latin and Greek prefixes as well as substantival, adverbial and
adjectival suffixes, again in both Latin and Greek.
We have included many prefixes and suffixes in the Vocabulary but gener-
ally have omitted adverbial suffixes since users will never (or rarely) need to
use them, although many adverbs listed include such a suffix.
10
Miscellany
Time
You may wish to express time, e.g. the time when a flower opens or the fruit
matures, or the season of flowering. To express a time at which something
happens (date, time of day, season etc.), we use the ablative, e.g. hieme (in
winter), nocte (at night). The time within which something happens is also
shown by the ablative:
semina mensibus duobus [2] maturescentia seed ripening within 2
months
And the time during which something happens is shown by the accusative:
planta annuos quinque [5] vivens plant living for 5 years
Some useful expressions are:
in alabastro in bud
in maturitate at maturity
in juventute in youth, at a young state
ad anthesin/anthesem at flowering time
post anthesin/anthesem after the flower opens
Habitat (Stearn pp. 197–200)

A plant’s habitat is usually included in a Latin description only if it is
significant in distinguishing the taxon from a closely related one, e.g. growing
on dry hills in contrast to one that grows in swamps. The common relevant
verbs are:
habitat it lives
crescit it grows
occurrit it occurs
incolit it inhabits
60 Miscellany
The ecological terms are usually to be found in a vocabulary. When translated

they are preceded by a preposition, either in followed by the terms in the
ablative, or ad followed by the accusative; thus:
in glareosis in gravelly places
ad basim montium at or towards the base of hills
Geography (Stearn pp. 201–228)

When constructing a diagnosis or description, you will rarely translate geo-
graphical terms – either general such as river, or proper such as Australia – but
you may want to translate them from Latin in older works. If you do use them,
however, you find the Latin word in the vocabulary and use the appropriate
preposition such as:
in flumine by the river
in montibus on mountains
in Australia in Australia
Stearn has a list of the Latin equivalents of geographical proper names on pp.
210–227; see also Roman Life and Culture, pp. 11–19 in Collins Latin Diction-
ary plus Grammar (1997). For names not listed in these, there are numerous
websites listing places (especially European ones) in their Latin form, and
antique maps sometimes include Latin names.
New country names are best left in their original form and hence not
declined, although a translation may be possible. We were asked to translate
Lesser Sunda Islands, which was not listed in Latin in any paper or electronic
resource, and settled on Insulae Minores Sundae (literally, Lesser Islands of
Sunda) in the nominative which became Insulis Minoribus Sundae in the
ablative, ‘Sundae’ remaining in the genitive.
Colour
Although Stearn has a very useful (and entertaining) chapter on colour terms
(pp. 229–251), they are not discussed here since, grammatically, they are
adjectives and handled in the same way as described above. Note that it is
usually unnecessary to include the word ‘colour’ since this is plain from the
colour term itself (i.e. ‘petals white’ is sufficient, not ‘petals white in colour’).
Many colour terms are given in the Vocabulary, mainly under the basic
colours such as brown, green, red.
Punctuation (Stearn pp. 194–196) 61
Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols and abbreviations (Stearn pp. 350–358) are simply used as they are,
in both English and Latin. Just bear in mind that, if an abbreviation is a verb
(e.g. hab., habitat) or preposition (e.g. c., circa), an accompanying word (if
necessary with a preposition) will have to be translated in the correct case, e.g.
hab. in glareosis (it lives in gravelly soil).
Punctuation (Stearn pp. 194–196)

The Romans used no punctuation as we know it today.
A full stop (also called a period) ends a sentence. It also ends an abbrevi-
ation, but not a contraction (which retains the first and last letters of the word,
e.g. dr for doctor).
A comma is used between adjectives except the last before the noun. It also
separates clauses or phrases (used in place of ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘but’). It may be
needed for unambiguity, e.g. tea, bread and butter, and cake. It may be used in
place of brackets (and make sure that the second one is included). It should
never be used to separate sentences!!
A semicolon separates clauses of equal importance that could stand as
separate sentences; it is useful for indicating separate items, especially if they
themselves include commas.
A colon separates two clauses, the second of which expresses an effect or
result of the first. It is also used to introduce examples. Never add a hyphen or
dash after a colon.
An often mis-used punctuation mark is the hyphen. Correctly, it is used to
break a word at the end of a line and between two words that, by common
usage, are not fully joined but must be linked. It should not be used to indicate
a range (a substitute for the word ‘to’), such as between figures, or between
shapes that grade from one to another. In these places the correct mark is the
longer en rule or en dash. Thus, write 5–10 mm, not 5-10 mm; oblong–elliptic
(when the intended meaning is oblong to elliptic). But use ‘or’, not an en dash,
between consecutive whole numbers when describing the number of parts,
since you don’t have intermediate fractions. Thus, 3 or 4 petals, not 3–4 petals;
but 3–5 petals is correct when there are 3, 4 or 5.
Longer again than the en dash is the em rule or em dash, which can be
used – instead of the comma or parentheses – to mark off a phrase or clause
within a sentence, or to set off a final explanatory statement. You will rarely, if
ever, use an em rule in botanical Latin. Neither rule should have spaces
between it and the adjacent words.
62 Miscellany
Forming specific epithets

The process of forming specific epithets is governed by the rules laid out in the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (soon to be International Code
of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants), and we recommend that, before
you embark on this process, you read Article 60 and all its recommendations
(A–H). Stearn also discussed the subject in Chapter XX. It is a good idea to
explain the etymology or derivation of your new name as suggested in
Recommendation 60H of the Code. It can avoid confusion later on!
Suffice it to say, epithets can be formed from morphological characteristics,
from place names and localities, in honour of people (dead or alive), from the
names of other genera, even in an arbitrary way. They can be nouns in
apposition, in which case they do not have to agree in gender with the generic
name, or they can be adjectives that must agree.
The best way to determine the gender of a genus is to look at the names of
other species in that genus and see what other botanists have done, but again
we have to preach caution here as a noun in apposition might resemble a
masculine adjective. A case that springs to mind is Eucalyptus globulus (which
confused one of the authors, newly arrived in Australia), where Eucalyptus is
feminine and globulus looks masculine, but is a noun meaning ‘little ball’. By
referring to a list of species, you will see that, for example, Eucalyptus miniata,
E. caesia and E. marginata are obviously feminine, so any epithet chosen by
you will also have to be feminine.
Geographical epithets may be in the genitive and derived from a country or
locality, such as Crotalaria (f.) novae-hollandiae [of New Holland ¼ Austra-
lia], Adenanthos cygnorum [of the swans ¼ Swan River, Australia]. Alterna-
tively, they may be adjectival in form and end in -ensis, -(i)anus, -inus or -icus
and agree in gender (given in parentheses in the following examples) with the
generic name. Examples include: Citrus (m.) sinensis, Gyrocarpus (m.) amer-
icanus, Laburnum (n.) alpinum, Lecanora (f.) queenslandica, Dillenia (f.)
indica.
Some epithets are, in fact, other generic names as is the case with the
following: Moraea sisyrhinchium, Nymphaea lotus, Frangula rhamnus. These
are nouns in apposition so do not agree in number and gender, although their
case (nominative) does.
Double-barrelled (compound) epithets are allowed, but care must be taken
in use of the hyphen (see Article 60.9 of the Code). Examples are Macrozamia
pauli-guilielmi (after Paul Wilhelm), Scandix pecten-veneris (Venus’s comb,
already a genitive, so is not declined with the generic name), Silene (f.) coeli-
rosa (literally, pink of the sky), Neottia nidus-avis (bird’s nest), Melaleuca
Forming specific epithets 63
dorrien-smithii (after the Dorrien-Smith family), Amyema cycnei-sinus (Bay of

Cygnet, i.e. Cygnet Bay; sinus is a noun in apposition), Impatiens noli-tangere
(formed from two verbs meaning ‘do not touch’).
Morphological characteristics of the taxon are commonly used: Ranunculus
(m.) acris, Fucus (m.) saccharinus, Chondrus (m.) crispus, Amphinidium (n.)
operculatum, Asplenium (n.) gracillimum, Trichoglossum (n.) hirsutum, Usnea
(f.) scabrida, Coltricia (f.) cinnamomea and Mittenia (f.) plumula.
To indicate that a feature is borne by the species, use an adjective ending in -
fer or -ger (with Latin words) or -phorus (with Greek words): Racopilum (n.)
cuspidigerum (bearing cusps), Metopium (n.) toxiferum (bearing poison),
Gyrostemon (m.) racemiger (bearing racemes), Marsilia (f.) costulifera (bearing
costules), Caulerpa (f.) corynephora (bearing clubs).
For a plant that resembles another or has a feature recalling an object, the
suffix -odes, or -oides is commonly used: Amanita phalloides (resembling
Phallus), Tillandsia usneoides (resembling Usnea), Polypodium phymatodes
(resembling a tumour).
Epithets named after people are usually either genitive (singular or plural)
or adjectival. Examples of genitives include Cochlospermum (n.) fraseri (liter-
ally Cochlospermum of [Charles] Fraser) and Verticordia (f.) brownii (Verti-
cordia of [Robert] Brown). The plural is used if more than one person is
commemorated, e.g. Darwinia wittwerorum (Darwinia of [Ernst and Magda]
Wittwer). The use of -i or -ii at the end of the epithet depends on the previous
letters: a stem ending in -er takes -i, but the others take -ii (all mentioned in
the Code). These genitives are based on men’s names, but if the person after
whom the plant is named is a woman then the genitive has the feminine
ending -ae, e.g. Conospermum (n.) eatoniae (named for Alice Eaton). There
are variations on this depending on whether the plant was named after two
men, two women or after a man and a woman, but again, we refer you to
Article 60 of the Code. In a diagnosis where the generic name may have to be
translated into the genitive or dative, an epithet in the genitive remains
unchanged as it still means, for example, ‘of Fraser’.
Examples of adjectival epithets formed from a person’s name are Banksia
(f.) hookeriana (literally meaning the Hookerian Banksia), Convolvulus (m.)
hookerianus and Asplenium (n.) hookerianum. Note that the adjectival ending
agrees in gender with the generic name.
When considering an epithet, bear in mind that our Vocabulary contains
mainly terms used for describing plants. There are many other useful words.
Particularly useful for providing an appropriate word is Brown (1956), who
listed words for all scientific disciplines.
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part II Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Part II
Exercises in translation
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part II Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
11
Exercises
It’s time to be brave and get to grips with translating. Below are exercises, with
answers starting on p. 00. These are also useful if you are running a course in
botanical Latin.
In exercises where several Latin words are available and correct, we give just
one. The vital point is that the word you choose has the correct ending, in case,
gender and number.
Where necessary, consult the Vocabulary for the declension and gender of a
noun and for the group of an adjective. Don’t guess. One example that comes
to mind – and we have seen this several times – is the word folia (Second
Declension Nominative, Accusative n. pl.), which looks like a First Declension
Nominative f.sing. noun, and then errors such as foliae, and folias suddenly
appear in the description!
A few compound adjectives are listed in the Vocabulary, but others you will
have to construct.
You may find it useful to revise the relevant section in the grammar before
doing these.
1. Declining
1.1. Declining nouns and adjectives (answers on p. 00)
State the declension and gender of each of the following nouns and then
decline in full – singular and plural:
ampulla (bladder), sorus (sorus), velum (veil), Quercus (oak), superficies
(surface), frons (frond), sipho (tube), lemma (lemma).
Now translate and decline the following nouns with their adjectives in full (all
cases, singular and plural):
yellow corolla(s) (use luteus, -a, -um)
yellow stamen(s)
yellow style(s)
stipe(s) slender, red (use gracilis, -e and ruber, -a, -um)
pileus (pilei) stinking (use foetens), gelatinous
68 Exercises
rhizome(s) fibrous, creeping (use repens)

anther(s) versatile, brown (use brunneus, -a, -um)
1.2. Taxonomic ranks (answers on p. 00)

Translate in the nominative:
new species
new subspecies
new variety
new form
new genus
new subgenus
new section
new series
new name
1.3. Exercises in the nominative (answers on p. 00)

Give the number and gender of the following nouns in the nominative, then
add the correct form of the given adjectives:
herb
annual perennial slender robust creeping prostrate decumbent suckering
floating
shrub
(use frutex) erect suckering robust much-branched
tree
evergreen deciduous mature
stem
terete angular glabrous red villous
1. Declining 69
stems
winged smooth hirsute flattened dark purple
stipules
minute setaceous triangular leaf-like membranous spinescent absent
leaf
sessile petiolate spreading (use patens) appressed decurved simple pinnate
terete lanceolate orbicular fusiform flat channelled obtuse emarginate acute
pungent entire serrate glabrous hirsute
leaves
alternate opposite whorled rosetted basal cauline imbricate
inflorescence
axillary globose racemose loose umbellate subtended
inflorescences
terminal cauliflorous spicate paniculate
bract
lanceolate persistent
bracts
caducous amplexicaul overlapping many
flower
very small fragrant pedicellate unisexual
70 Exercises
flowers
axillary pedicellate nodding
calyx
five-lobed ribbed papery
sepals
imbricate enlarged succulent reflexed glandular
corolla
tubular bilabiate zygomorphic spurred glandular glabrous
petals
free unequal concave dentate shiny glabrous
stamens
incurved caducous united exserted numerous
anthers
versatile basifixed bilocular apiculate sessile
filament
terete flat bearded cream
filaments
smooth warty thread-like fleshy
pistil
simple elongated bifurcate geniculate
1. Declining 71
gynoecium
fleshy rudimentary
style
straight short filiform much-branched
ovary
inferior superior stipitate glabrous bilocular
stigma
capitate three-lobed feathery small decurrent orange
stigmas clavate linear sticky dry
fruit
dehiscent drupaceous fusiform beaked
seed
globose flat angular winged arillate brown
stipe
purple swollen upright striate rough pitted obese club-shaped bulbous
caps
umbonate foetid liquefying domed gelatinous silky flexuous viscid excentric
gills
buff sinuate free decurrent crowded forked adnate
thallus
coiled constricted narrow strap-like thick mucilaginous monoecious/mono-
icous leafy dark red
72 Exercises
1.4. Exercises in the accusative (answers on p. 00)

Translate, giving the declension, gender and number of the nouns
underlined:
corolla pink tubular hairy bell-shaped
petals reflexed red overlapping spreading
thallus dry entire warty pitted furrowed curled rigid
spores black powdery sticky similar reddening
before anthesis
towards the top
at the base
to the tip
stamens united in bundles
corolla equalling bracts
1.5. Exercises in the genitive (answers on p. 00)

Translate:
margins of the leaves [leaf margins]
tube of corolla
upper surface of leaf
canal of alar cell
surface of the valves
mass of spores
grain of pollen
flesh of receptacles
base of stipe
[with] face of valve
similar [s. Neuter] to Agaricus [Masculine]
similar [s. Masculine] to Delessaria sinuosa
flesh of stipe drying
1.6. Exercises in the dative (answers on p. 00)

Translate:
Dryandra meganotia is similar to Dryandra armata
This genus is similar to Nitophyllum
This genus is similar to Cladonia
2. Adjectives 73
1.7. Exercises in the ablative (answers on p. 00)

Translate:
with petals equalling sepals in length
leaves glossy with papery margins
low shrub with spreading branches
erect herb with basal rosette
pileus red with remnants of volva visible
leaf variegated with three veins
flowers blue at maturity
frond crimson with calcareous white crust
cap with flexuose margins
surface with scattered, irregular pink spots
seed ridged, black, with terminal tuft of bristles
frond glossy, with naked sori
fruit circumscissile, with numerous ridges
margin undulating, with many sharp teeth
2. Adjectives
2.1. Positive (absolute) adjectives (answers on p. 00)
2.1.1. State whether the following adjectives are Group A or Group B and then
decline fully, i.e. masculine, feminine and neuter, singular and plural:
roseus, rosea, roseum (rosy pink)
incolor, incolor, incolore (colourless)
2.1.2. Give the:

singular neuter nominative of foetidus (smelly)
plural feminine accusative of rostriformis (beak-shaped)
singular masculine genitive of affinis (related)
singular masculine accusative of plicatus (folded)
plural neuter ablative of planus (flat)
plural masculine accusative of acer (bitter)
plural feminine nominative of umbelliformis (umbel-shaped)
singular masculine dative of inermis (unarmed: without prickles, spines
or thorns)
plural feminine genitive of purpureus (reddish purple)
singular feminine nominative of niger (black)
74 Exercises
plural neuter dative of tenax (tough)

singular neuter genitive of iners (sluggish, stagnant)
plural neuter accusative of gracilis (slender)
singular neuter nominative of simplex (simple)
2.1.3. Translate:
ovate-lanceolate
greyish-white
thick-walled
depressed-ovoid
bearing glands (glandular)
2.2. Comparative adjectives (answers on p. 00)

2.2.1. Translate:
with wider leaves
longer, narrower petals
with more hirsute follicles
shorter staminodes
species with taller habit
with paler margins
with pinker petals
branches more slender
2.3 Superlative adjectives (answers on p. 00)

2.3.1. Translate:
very slender stems
the tallest variety
leaves with very dense indumentum
very long, narrow fruit
stalk upright, very swollen at base
frond very thick, strap-like
2.4. Comparisons (answers on p. 00)

2.4.1. Translate:
sepals longer than petals
with petals longer than sepals
4. Adverbs 75
with fruit (singular) wider than long

standard petal longer than wide
the corolla tube longer than the calyx
with the calyx shorter than the corolla tube
the keel equals the standard in length
3. Participles (answers on p. 00)

3.1. Decline in full for the gender cited (all cases, singular and
plural):
scattered: dispersus (feminine)
straggling: effusus (masculine)
spreading: patens (neuter)
reddening: rufescens (masculine)
3.2. Translate the following:

linking spine
leaves narrowed
with creeping stems
hairs scattered sparsely
with cells arranged in palisade
lobes arising from base
sori developed in dense clusters
with spores laterally compressed
4. Adverbs
4.1 Positive (absolute) adverbs (answers on p. 00)
4.1.1. Translate the following adjectives, state whether they are Group A or
Group B, and then form their associated adverbs:
irregular
weak
acute
narrow
easy
thick
slender
strong
76 Exercises
4.1.2. Translate the following:

leaves red, irregularly dentate, slightly papery
pileus with flesh easily bruised, foetid
with leaf margins slightly undulating
thallus densely branched
4.2. Comparative and superlative adverbs (answers on p. 00)

4.2.1. Translate:
with stems more densely hairy
tips of sepals tapering more narrowly
the species with most distinctly fleshy leaves
the tip of the frond very tightly rolled
with yellow, very strongly perfumed flowers
with the flesh of the pileus more easily bruised
thallus very deeply dissected, leathery
spores more prominently verrucose
species mostly riparian
5. Conjunctions (answers on p. 00)

5.1. Translate:
flowers nodding with the corolla either white or pink
upper surface of leaf smooth but lower hairy
both leaves and stems pale
glands more or less regularly scattered
neither frond nor stipe with a calcareous crust
both stipe and pileus fibrous
6. Pronouns (answers on p. 00)

6.1. Translate:
this species differs from the others
these varieties similar
the three upper petals longer than the others
two stamens long, the others are short
[it is] similar to this species but differing from it
7. Verbs (answers on p. 00) 77
sepals and petals 10–15 mm long, the former pale green, papery, the
latter dark red, spotted
7. Verbs (answers on p. 00)

7.1. Translate:
this species grows on dry, rocky hillsides
it lives on the banks of damp, shaded streams
it occurs in cultivated fields
these species differ from the others in this genus
it is found on the edge of melting snow
12
Answers to the Exercises
1. Declining
1.1. Declining nouns and adjectives
ampulla First Declension feminine
Nominative ampulla ampullae

Accusative ampullam ampullas
Genitive ampullae ampullarum
Dative ampullae ampullis
Ablative ampulla ampullis
sorus Second Declension masculine
Nominative sorus sori

Accusative sorum soros
Genitive sori sororum
Dative soro soris
Ablative soro soris
velum Second Declension neuter
Nominative velum vela

Accusative velum vela
Genitive veli velorum
Dative velo velis
Ablative velo velis
Quercus Fourth Declension feminine
Nominative Quercus Quercus

Accusative Quercum Quercus
Genitive Quercus Quercuum
Dative Quercui Quercibus
Ablative Quercu Quercibus
1. Declining 79
superficies Fifth Declension feminine
Nominative superficies superficies

Accusative superficiem superficies
Genitive superficiei superficierum
Dative superficiei superficiebus
Ablative superficie superficiebus
frons Third Declension feminine
Nominative frons frondes

Accusative frondem frondes
Genitive frondis frondium
Dative frondi frondibus
Ablative fronde frondibus
sipho Third Declension masculine
Nominative sipho siphones

Accusative siphonem siphones
Genitive siphonis siphonum
Dative siphoni siphonibus
Ablative siphone siphonibus
lemma Third Declension neuter
Nominative lemma lemmata

Accusative lemma lemmata
Genitive lemmatis lemmatum
Dative lemmati lemmatibus
Ablative lemmate lemmatibus
Nominative corolla lutea corollae luteae

Accusative corollam luteam corollas luteas
Genitive corollae luteae corollarum lutearum
Dative corollae luteae corollis luteis
Ablative corolla lutea corollis luteis
80 Answers to the Exercises
Nominative stamen luteum stamina lutea

Accusative staminem luteum stamina lutea
Genitive staminis lutei staminum luteorum
Dative stamina luteo staminibus luteis
Ablative stamine luteo staminibus luteis
Nominative stylus luteus styli lutei

Accusative stylum luteum stylos luteos
Genitive styli lutei stylorum luteorum
Dative stylo luteo stylis luteis
Ablative stylo luteo stylis luteis
Nominative stipes gracilis, ruber stipites graciles, rubri

Accusative stipitem gracilem, rubrum stipites graciles, rubros
Genitive stipitis gracilis, rubri stipitum gracilum, rubrorum
Dative stipiti gracili, rubro stipitibus gracilibus, rubris
Ablative stipite gracili, rubro stipitibus gracilibus, rubris
Nominative pileus foetens, gelatinosus pilei foetentes, gelatinosi

Accusative pileum foetentem, gelatinosum pileos foetentes, gelatinosos
Genitive pilei foetentis, gelatinosi pileorum foetentium, gelatinosorum
Dative pileo foetenti, gelatinoso pileis foetentibus, gelatinosis
Ablative pileo foetenti, gelatinoso pileis foetentibus, gelatinosis
Nominative rhizoma fibrosum, repens rhizomata fibrosa, repentia

Accusative rhizoma fibrosum, repens rhizomata fibrosa, repentia
Genitive rhizomatis fibrosi, repentis rhizomatum fibrosorum, repentium
Dative rhizomati fibroso, repenti rhizomatibus fibrosis, repentibus
Ablative rhizomate fibroso, repenti rhizomatibus fibrosis, repentibus
Nominative anthera versatilis, brunnea antherae versatiles, brunneae

Accusative antheram versatilem, brunneam antheras versatiles, brunneas
Genitive antherae versatilis, brunneis antherarum versatilium, brunnearum
Dative antherae versatili, brunneae antheris versatilibus, brunneis
Ablative anthera versatili, brunnea antheris versatilibus, brunneis
1. Declining 81
1.2. Taxonomic ranks

Species nova, subspecies nova, varietas nova, forma nova, genus novum,
subgenus novum, sectio nova, series nova, nomen novum.
1.3. Exercises in the nominative

herba (Feminine sing.) annua perennis gracilis robusta repens prostrata
decumbens surculescens natans
frutex (Masculine sing.) erectus surculescens robustus ramosissimus
arbor (Feminine sing.) sempervirens decidua matura (or adulta)
caulis (Masculine sing.) teres angulatus glaber ruber villosus
caules (Masculine pl.) alati laeves hirsuti complanati (or applanati)
atropurpurei
stipulae (Feminine pl.) minutae setaceae triangulares foliaciae (or folii-
formes) membranaceae spinescentes absentes
folium (Neuter sing.) sessile petiolatum patens adpressum (or
appressum) decurvatum (or decurvum) simplex pinnatum terete
lanceolatum orbiculare fusiforme planatum canaliculatum obtusum
emarginatum acutum pungens integrum serratum glabrum hirsutum
folia (Neuter pl.) alterna opposita verticillata rosularia basalia caulina
imbricata
inflorescentia (Feminine sing.) axillaris globosa racemosa laxa umbellata
subtenta
inflorescentiae (Feminine pl.) terminales cauliflorae spicatae paniculatae
bractea (Feminine sing.) lanceolata persistens (or perdurans)
bracteae (Feminine pl.) caducae amplexicaules imbricatae multae
flos (Masculine sing.) parvulus (or pusillus) fragrans pedicellatus
unisexualis
flores (Masculine pl.) axillares pedicellati nutantes
calyx (Masculine sing.) 5-lobatus costatus papyraceus
sepala (Neuter pl.) imbricata amplificata (or ampliata) succulenta (or
carnosa) reflexa glandulosa
corolla (Feminine sing.) tubularis bilabiata zygomorpha calcarata glan-
dulosa glabra
petala (Neuter pl.) libera inaequalia concava dentata nitentia glabra
stamina (Neuter pl.) incurvata caduca unita exserta numerosa
antherae (Feminine pl.) versatiles basifixae biloculares apiculatae sessiles
filamentum (Neuter sing.) teres planum barbatum cremeum
filamenta (Neuter pl.) laevia filiformia verrucosa carnosa
pistillum (Neuter sing.) simplex elongatum bifurcatum geniculatum

gynoecium (Neuter sing.) carnosum rudimentale
stylus (Masculine sing.) rectus brevis filiformis ramosissimus
ovarium (Neuter sing.) inferius superius stipitatum glabrum biloculare
stigma (Neuter sing.) capitatum 3-lobatum plumosum parvum decur-
rens aurantiacum
stigmata (Neuter pl.) clavata linearia glutinosa sicca
fructus (Masculine sing.) dehiscens drupaceus fusiformis rostratus
semen (Neuter sing.) globosum planatum angulatum (or angulare)
alatum arillatum brunneum
stipes (Masculine sing.) purpureus tumidus erectus striatus rugosus
foveatus (or alveolatus) obesus claviformis (or clavatus) bulbosus
pilei (Masculine pl.) umbonati foetidi deliquescentes tholiformes gelati-
nosi sericei flexuosi viscidi excentrici
lamellae (Feminine pl.) bubalinae sinuatae liberae decurrentes aggrega-
tae (or confertae) furcatae adnatae
thallus (Masculine sing.) helicus constrictus angustus ligulatus crassus muci-
laginus monoecius (or monoicus) frondosus (or foliosus) atroruber
1.4. Exercises in the accusative

corollam (First Declension Feminine sing.) roseam tubularem hirsutam
campanulatam
petala (Second Declension Neuter pl.) reflexa rubra imbricata patentia
thallum (Second Declension Masculine sing.) siccum integrum verruco-
sum foveatum sulcatum crispum rigentem
sporas (First Declension Feminine pl.) nigras farinaceas (or pulveraceas)
viscidas similares erubescentes
ante anthesin
ad basem
ad apicem
stamina in fasciculos conflata
corolla bracteas aequans
1.5. Exercises in the genitive

margines foliorum
tuba corollae
1. Declining 83
pagina supera folii (or superficies folii)

canalis cellulae alaris
superficies valvarum
massa sporarum
granum pollinis
caro receptaculorum
basis stipitis
pagina valvae
Agarici simile
Delessariae sinuosae similis
caro stipitis arescens
1.6. Exercises in the dative

Dryandra meganotia Dryandrae armatae similis
Hoc genus Nitophyllo simile
Hoc genus Cladoniae simile
1.7. Exercises in the ablative

petalis in longitudine sepala aequantibus
folia nitida (or polita) marginibus papyraceis (or chartaceis)
frutex humilis ramis patentibus (or expansis)
herba erecta rosula basali
pileus ruber vestigiis volvae visibilibus
folium variegatum nervis (or venis) tribus
flores in maturitate caerulei
frons coccinea crusta calcarea alba
pileus marginibus flexuosis
pagina maculis irregularibus roseis sparsis (or dispersis)
semen porcatum, nigrum, caespite setarum terminali
frons nitida, soris nudis
fructus circumscissilis, cristis (or porcis) numerosis
margo undulata (or undulatus) dentibus multis acutis [margo may be
feminine or masculine]
2. Adjectives
2.1. Positive (absolute) adjectives
2.1.1.
Group A
roseus rosea roseum

roseum roseam roseum
rosei roseae rosei
roseo roseae roseo
roseo rosea roseo
rosei roseae rosea

roseos roseas rosea
roseorum rosearum roseorum
roseis roseis roseis
roseis roseis roseis
Group B
incolor incolor incolor

incolorem incolorem incolor
incoloris incoloris incoloris
incolori incolori incolori
incolori incolori incolori
incolores incolores incoloria

incolores incolores incoloria
incolorium incolorium incolorium
incoloribus incoloribus incoloribus
incoloribus incoloribus incoloribus
2.1.2.
foetidum
rostriformes
affinis
plicatum
planis
acres
umbelliformes
inermi
purpurearum
2. Adjectives 85
nigra
tenacibus
inertis
gracilia
simplex
2.1.3.
ovato-lanceolatus, -a, -um
griseoalbus, -a, -um
crasso-parietalis, -is, -e
depresso-ovoideus, -a, -um
glandifer, glandifera, glandiferum, or glandulifer, -a, -um
2.2. Comparative adjectives

2.2.1.
foliis latioribus
petala longiora, angustiora
folliculi hirsutiores
staminodia breviora
species habitu altiore
marginibus pallidioribus
petalis magis roseis
rami graciliores
2.3. Superlative adjectives

2.3.1.
caules gracillimi
varietas altissima (or elatissima)
folia indumento densissimo
fructus longissimus, angustus
stipes erectus, basi tumidissimus
frons crassissima, ligulata
2.4. Comparisons
2.4.1.
sepala longiora quam petala
petalis longioribus quam sepalis
fructu longiore quam latiore
vexillum longius quam latius

tuba corollae longior quam calyx [longior agrees with tuba, not corollae]
calyce breviore quam tuba corollae [tuba looks the same in Nominative
and Ablative]
carina in longitudine vexillum aequans
3. Participles
3.1.
dispersa dispersae
dispersam dispersas
dispersae dispersarum
dispersae dispersis
dispersa dispersis
effusus effusi
effusum effusos
effusi effusorum
effuso effusis
effuso effusis
patens patentia
patens patentia
patentis patentium
patenti patentibus
patenti patentibus
rufescens rufescentes
rufescentem rufescentes
rufescentis rufescentium
rufescenti rufescentibus
rufescenti rufescentibus
4. Adverbs 87
3.2.
spina iungens
folia angustata
caulibus repentibus (or reptantibus)
pili sparsim dispersi (or adspersi)
cellulis in vallo dispositis
lobi e basi orientes (or exorientes)
sori in fasciculis densis evolutis
sporis lateraliter compressis
4. Adverbs
4.1. Positive (absolute) adverbs
4.1.1.
irregularis (Group B): irregulariter
pallidus (Group A): pallide; or dilutus (Group A): dilute; or exiguus
(Group A): exigue
acutus (Group A): acute
angustus (Group A): anguste
facilis (Group B): facile
crassus (Group A): crasse
gracilis (Group B): graciliter
fortis (Group B): fortiter; or validus Group A: valide
4.1.2.
folia rubra, irregulariter dentata, leniter (or parum) papyracea
pileus carne faciliter contusa, foetida [note that participle contusa agrees
with carne]
marginibus foliorum leviter undulatis
thallus dense ramosus
4.2. Comparative and superlative adverbs

4.2.1.
caulibus densius hirsutis
apices sepalorum angustius contracti
species foliis distinctissime carnosis
apex frondis ar[c]tissime involutus
floribus flavis, fortissime fragrantibus

carne pilei facilius contusa
thallus profundissime dissectus coriaceus
sporae magis manifeste verrucosae [prominens, which seems the obvious
choice, is a participle and has no adverbial form]
species plerumque riparia
5. Conjunctions
5.1.
flores nutantes corolla vel alba vel rosea
pagina supera (or superna) folii laevis sed infera (or inferna) pilosa
et folia et caules pallidi
glandes plus minusve regulatim dispersae (or adspersae)
neque frons neque stipes crusta calcarea (or nec… nec…)
et stipes et pileus fibrosi
6. Pronouns
6.1.
haec species ab aliis differt
haec varietates similares
petala supera quam alia tria longiora
stamina duo longa, alia brevia
huius speciei similis sed ab ea differt (or huic) speciei similis sed ab ea
differt
sepala et petala 10–15 mm longa, illa pallido-viridia papyracea, haec
atrorubra, maculata (or punctata)
7. Verbs
7.1.
haec species in collibus aridis, petrosis crescit
in ripis humidis rivulorum umbrosorum habitat
in agris cultis occurrit
hae species ab aliis in hoc genere differunt
ad marginem nivis deliquescentis invenitur
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part III Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Part III
Translating
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part III Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
13
Translating into Latin
Some tips
It’s good practice to get into the way of a standard sequence for describing the
organs. A sound one was developed by the Flora of Australia Editorial
Committee and refined through the experience of preparing volumes of the
Flora of Australia (Flora of Australia Guide for Contributors, ABRS, 3rd edn
1993, p. 8). The same format was adopted for the Species Plantarum Project
(Orchard, 1999). Within organs, it is best to follow the sequence of attributes:
position, number, overall shape, apex, base, length, breadth, indumentum,
venation, texture. There may be no need to include all attributes, e.g. those
common to all species of a genus, or not relevant to a particular organ. For
leaves, the lamina is usually described before the petiole and stipules; for
stamens, the filaments before the anthers; for the pistil, the ovary before the
style and stigma.
Avoid unnecessary articles (the, a, an). Use a short or plain-English word
rather than a long or technical one of the same meaning, e.g. warty (not
verrucose), funnel-shaped (not infundibuliform), jointed (not articulate). You
want the reader to understand what you are saying, not close the book.
Likewise, use ‘standard’ botanical Latin rather than try to be erudite by using
a classical word, e.g. porca (adj. porcatus) or crista (adj. cristatus) for ridge(d),
not columen which, when declined, can look like a misspelling of column.
Avoid unnecessary words, e.g. ‘leaves lanceolate with entire margins’ may be
written as ‘leaves lanceolate, entire’; ‘altogether glabrous’ is a tautology. Be
aware of terms that have both a general and a particular meaning, e.g.
pubescence (a useful general term for hair-covering is indumentum, or just
say ‘hairy’).
Note that an author’s name within a description or diagnosis is cited in the
same way in both English and Latin, that is, it is not translated.
Notes to help in translation
(1) Keep it simple. Don’t make the task harder than it already is. Several
simple clauses or phrases are preferable to one convoluted one, and are
92 Translating into Latin
easier for you to deal with. Use numerals instead of words. If you
have difficulty translating English into Latin, see if you can amend the
English in order to make the translation simpler but without losing the
meaning.
(2) Write out the English well spaced and with lots of space between lines.
(3) Write in all your workings immediately below the English, in pencil, as
you will probably be correcting and re-correcting this stage.
(4) When writing descriptions or diagnoses, keep a vocabulary for each. It
saves repeated reference to the dictionary and you can add extra notes to
this sheet too, so when you come to check it later, all the words you
require are there in front of you, along with jottings regarding your
choice of words, and so on.
(5) Work out the cases: main characters in nominative, lesser characters
(usually found on the main ones) in ablative. Underline the subordinate
clauses.
(6) Mark in possessives, e.g. calyx tube [literally: tube of calyx], to be put in
genitive.
(7) Highlight the prepositions.
(8) Determine the case of a noun that goes with any preposition; write it in.
(9) Determine which adjectives go with which noun. Be very exact at this
stage, and label them if you wish. Write in the number, gender and case.
(10) Write the nouns beneath the English in pencil; note their Declensions so
that, when you refer back to your work later, you can pick it up where
you left off.
(11) Write in the stem of each adjective and what Group it is. Referring to its
noun in number, gender and case, work out the ending, and put it in. By
writing in the stems of the adjectives only (and not the masculine form as
it is in the vocabulary or dictionary), you have to think about each and
every word as you come to it. Many errors are made when brains become
numb and the author forgets to change the adjectival ending from the
nominative masculine singular to another part.
(12) Do you need comparatives? superlatives? adverbs?, etc.
(13) Work out the appropriate endings and insert them all in pencil, with the
Latin words below the English. This will take some time and maybe
several sessions if you feel that your brain is about to pop!
(14) Keep checking ‘number, gender, case’ like a robot; this is where many
errors occur.
(15) When your Latin seems to be as perfect as you can make it, re-write it
and sort out the word order as you do so. In general, adjectives come
after their nouns, and verbs and participles come at the end of their
Abbreviations 93
clauses or sentences. In classical Latin, the Romans tended to ‘paint

pictures’ with their words. Aim for this.
(16) At this point, leave the whole lot for a week or so, the longer the better.
Then look at your neat version and try to translate it back into English
(remember: number, gender, case!!) – and any errors should stand out.
Sort out the errors by starting each word afresh, and then check your
original version to see where you went wrong. You may want to skip
this phase, but try not to. Tired translators make numerous mistakes,
and leaving it for a week or so means that you approach it with a fresh
mind.
Parsing
To get into the swing of translating and to get into the practice of using the
tables in this book, try a little parsing, that is, describing grammatically the
parts of speech of words (e.g. noun) and groups of words (e.g. phrase). This
used to be part of English lessons, but since teaching grammar is out of vogue
it’s not often done. It can seem boring, but is a really good way of getting to
grips with what you do or don’t know, and what you do or don’t understand.
It is also a good way to revise Latin after a spell of not using it for a while.
Take a few sentences in a description or a diagnosis, and, for each word, say
what it is, e.g. folia (leaves) can be either nominative or accusative neuter
plural Second Declension noun. Haec (this, these) can be nominative, singu-
lar, feminine, or nominative or accusative, plural, neuter pronoun. By the
time you have done this for a description, you really begin to see how the
language works.
Abbreviations
Use of abbreviations avoids the need to decline and saves space. Besides
numerals and units (mm, cm etc.), some that you may want to use are:
c. (circa) about
diam. (diametro) in diameter
excl. (exclusus) excluded
incl. (inclusus) included
The symbols ♀ and ♂ may be used instead of the words for female ( femineus)
and male (masculus).
We now give an example of a description followed by two diagnoses.
The description
Translation of a description adapted from George Bentham’s
Handbook of the British Flora
Notes about the English
The main phrases of the description below are in bold; the secondary
(subordinate) phrases are left in light type. A few words have been para-
phrased and appear in square brackets in the relevant places. Do this when a
simple phrase already exists, you can’t find a word in the dictionary, or the
English could be simplified. For example, in his Vocabulary Stearn doesn’t give
a word for ‘notched’ (but you could use ‘emarginate’), although there is the
noun incisura, hence there is some re-phrasing.
Perennial or occasionally annual [plant] with shortly creeping rootstock,
and erect or ascending stems, either glabrous or slightly downy, rarely more
than 30 cm tall. Leaves opposite, ovate, coarsely toothed, glabrous, with
some reddening along the main vein. Peduncles axillary, 5 cm long or more
[at least 5 cm long], with a single, showy [prominent, large] yellow flower.
Calyx tubular with 5 prominent angles and 5 short teeth. Corolla with a
broad tube, the inside of which is white with a few dark purple spots, and
with 5 flat lobes arranged in two lips; the upper lip 2-lobed [and] sometimes
erect, the lower one spreading and 3-lobed, with the central lobe often
notched [with notch]; lobes bright yellow with sometimes a large reddish-
purple spot. Stamens 4, equal to the corolla tube in length. Fruit a capsule
with 5 lobes, densely packed with seeds, opening into 2 valves. Seeds very
small, with rough surface, black.
Found [lives] on the banks of streams and in moist, shady places

The following abbreviations are used: abl. ablative, acc. accusative, adj. adjective,
adv. adverb, comp. comparative, conj. conjunction, decl. declension, f. feminine,
gen. genitive, ind. indicative, m masculine, n. neuter, nom. nominative, part.
participle, pl. plural, prep. preposition, sing. singular, sub. subordinate
Notes about the Latin in order of appearance.
(1) In the description above, the word ‘with’ indicates the start of a subordinate
clause. It is not translated as such, but is part of the meaning of the ablative case.
(2) One can become somewhat confused by the words tube, tuba and tubus.
Tuba (Nominative sing.), tubae (Genitive sing.), f., trumpet, refers to the
straight-sided Roman war-trumpet, and conical or trumpet-shaped
floral parts! The masculine tubus (Nominative sing.), tubi (Genitive
sing.), tube, refers to parallel-sided tubes or pipes.
Plant perennial or occasionally annual with (1) shortly creeping
Planta perennis vel interdum annua breviter repente
noun 1 s. f. adj.B s. f. conj. adv. adj.A s. f. start sub. adv. part.B s. m.
Nominative Nominative Nominative clause Ablative
rootstock and erect or ascending stems either glabrous
caudice et erectis aut ascendentibus caulibus vel glabris

Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 13
noun 3 s.m. conj. adj.A pl. m. conj. adj.B pl. m. noun 3 pl. m. conj. adj.A pl. m.
Ablative Ablative Ablative Ablative Ablative
or slightly downy rarely more than 30 cm tall. [in height]
vel leviter pubescentibus rare plus quam 30 cm in altitudine alta?
conj. adv. adj.A pl. m. adv. comp. adv. adv. noun 3 s. f.
Ablative Ablative
Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Leaves opposite ovate coarsely toothed glabrous with some

Folia opposita ovata grosse dentata glabra nonullus
noun 2 pl. n. adj.A pl. n. adj.A pl. n. adv. adj.A pl. n. adj.A pl. n. Start sub. adv.
Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative clause
reddening along the main vein. Axillary peduncles 5cm long
rufescente secus costam Axillares pedunculi 5 cm longi
part.B prep. noun 1 s. f. adj.B pl. m. noun 2 pl. m. adj.A pl. m.
(þAccusative) Accusative Nominative Nominative Nominative
or more with single showy yellow flower. Calyx
plus minusve unica magnifica canarina flore Calyx
comp.adverbs start sub. adj.A s. m. adj.A s. m. adj.A s. m. noun 3 s. m. noun 3 s. m.
with -ve suffix ¼ clause Ablative Ablative Ablative Ablative Nominative
‘or’
tubular with 5 prominent angles and 5 short
tubularis 5 prominentibus angulis et 5 brevibus
adj.B s. m. start sub. numeral part.B pl. m. noun 2 pl. m. conj. numeral adj.B pl. m.
Nominative clause Ablative Ablative Ablative
teeth. Corolla with a broad tube (2) the inside of which (4)
dentibus Corolla lata tuba interior (3) pars cujus

noun 3 pl. m. noun 1 s. f. adj.A s. f. noun 1 s. f. adv. noun 3 s. f. pron. s. f. Genitive

Ablative Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative
is white with a few dark purple spots and 5 flat
alba paucis atropurpureis maculis et 5 planis
adj.A s. f. start sub. adj.A pl. f. adj.A pl. f. noun 1 pl. f. conj. numeral adj.A pl. m.
Nominative clause Ablative Ablative Ablative Ablative
lobes arranged in (5) two lips the upper lip 2-lobed

lobis dispositis in duobus labiis superum labium bilobatum
noun 2 pl. m. part.A pl. m. þAblative num. decl. noun 2 pl. n. adj.A s. n. adj.A s. n.
Ablative Ablative Ablative Nominative Nominative
and sometimes erect the lower one spreading and (6) 3-lobed
interdum erectum inferum patens et trilobatum
adv. adj.A s. n. adj.A s. n. pron. s. n. part.B s. n. conj. adj.A s. n.
Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative
with the central lobe often with notch; lobes bright yellow
centrali lobo saepe incisura lobi canarini
start sub. clause adj.B s. m. noun 2 s. m. adv. noun 1 s. f. noun 2 pl. m. adj.A pl. m.
Ablative Ablative Ablative Nominative Nominative
with sometimes a large reddish- spot. Stamens 4 equal
purple
interdum magna purpurea macula Stamina 4 aequantia
start sub. clause adv. adj.A s. f. adj.A s. f. noun 1 s. f. noun 3 pl. n. numeral part.B pl. n.
Ablative Ablative Ablative Nominative Nominative þ

Accusative
to the (7) corolla tube in length Fruit a capsule with 5
corollae tubam in longitudine Fructus capsula 5
noun 1 s. f. noun 1 s. f. noun 3 s. f.a noun 4 s. m. noun 1 s. f. start sub. numeral
Genitive Accusative bl. Nominative Nominative clause
lobes, densely packed with seeds opening into 2 valves.
lobis dense impletus seminibus aperiens in duas valvas

noun 2 pl. m. adv. part.A s. m. noun 3 pl. n. part.B s. m. prep. þ num. decl. noun 1 pl. f.
Nominative Nominative Ablative Nominative Accusative Accusative
Seeds very small diff black. with rough Lives on the banks of streams
from descr? surface
semina minutissima nigra rugosa habitat in ripis rivulorum
noun 3 pl. n. sup. adj. pl. n. adj.A pl. n. adj. A pl. n. 3rd pers. pres. prep. þ noun 1 pl. f. noun 2 pl. f.
Nominative Nominative Nominative Nominative ind. act. Ablative Ablative Ablative
and moist shady places
et humidis umbrosis locis
conj. adj.A pl. m. adj.A pl. m. noun 2 pl. m.
Ablative Ablative Ablative
(3) ‘Interior’ is translated using the phrase ‘interior part’.

(4) ‘of which’: when selecting the correct pronoun, remember to choose
the one with the correct meaning, in this case, qui, quae, quod. The
word tuba is feminine so you need part of quae, it is singular, and it
means ‘of which’ so you need the genitive. i.e. feminine, singular, genitive
‘cujus’.
(5) in with accusative implies motion towards or into something, whereas
when used with the ablative motion is not involved.
(6) et is used to join two items of equal ‘weight’; in this case it connects two
adjectives. As it is not necessary to the sentence, it is probably better to
leave it out.
(7) ‘to the’: this is indicated by the use of the accusative and so is not
translated independently.
This may now be written in the correct Latin format, with the sentences and
clauses numbered for ease of reference in the ‘Notes’ below:
(1) Planta perennis vel interdum annua, (2) caudice breviter repente et cau-
libus erectis aut ascendentibus, vel glabris vel leviter pubescentibus, rare
plus quam 30 cm alta. (3) Folia opposita, ovata, grosse dentata, glabra
secus costam nonullus rufescente. (4) Pedunculi axillares, saltem 5 cm
longi, flore unica magnifica canarina. (5) Calyx tubularis angulis 5 pro-
minentibus et dentibus 5 brevibus. (6) Corollae tuba lata, cujus pars
interior alba maculis paucis atropurpureis, et lobis planis 5 in labiis
duobus dispositis; labium superum bilobatum interdum erectum, inferum
trilobatum et patens lobo centrali saepe incisura; (7) lobi canarini, inter-
dum macula magna purpurea. (8) Stamina 4, tubam corollae in long-
itudine aequantia. (9) Fructus capsula lobis 5, seminibus dense impletus,
in duas valvas aperiens. (10) Semina minutissima, rugosa, nigra. (11) In
ripis rivulorum et locis humidis umbrosis habitat.
Notes:
In (2) use aut for the first ‘or’, otherwise vel … vel … vel will appear in the
same sentence meaning ‘either … or … or’.
In (6), as this sentence is about the corolla the word corollae comes first,
even though it is in the genitive case and is translated together with tuba as
‘the tube of the corolla’. Remember that it is case that confers meaning on a
noun, not its position in the sentence.
In (8), aequantia is the participle of the verb and so requires an object in the
accusative. The object in this case is tubam, while corollae remains in the
genitive because its relationship with ‘the tube’ hasn’t changed.
How to start a diagnosis 99
In (9) we have two nouns in apposition – fructus is masculine and capsula is

feminine and, even though they are closely associated, no change in ending is
made.
The diagnosis
A diagnosis (Stearn p. 143) is a short account of the characters that distinguish
an organism. It may be a statement, or a comparison with a presumed related
organism (or organisms). All taxonomic ranks may be described this way, and
the characters chosen should be appropriate for the rank. A character
common to all taxa in a family or genus, for example, should not be included
in a diagnosis for one in a lower rank.
How to start a diagnosis

If possible, compare it to its closest relative:
Affinity/Related to [taxon] from which it differs by … [Taxon name in
dative] affinis, a qua … differt. Note that the pronoun ‘which’ refers
to the rank of the taxon cited (e.g. ‘from which species’); thus, if it is
a rank below subgenus (section, species, subspecies etc.) it is femi-
nine, qua; if the taxon is a genus or subgenus (neuter) then it is quo
(see p. 00).
Affinity/Related to [taxon] but it differs by … [Taxon name in dative]
affinis, sed … differt.
Affinity/Related to [taxon] from which it is distinguished by … [Taxon
name in dative] affinis, a qua … distinguitur. As above, note that
the pronoun ‘which’ refers to the rank of the taxon cited, thus if it is
a rank below subgenus (section, species, subspecies etc.) it is femi-
nine, qua; if the taxon is a genus or subgenus (neuter) then it is quo.
Affinity/Related to [taxon] but it is distinguished by … [Taxon name in
dative] affinis, sed … distinguitur.
In this context always use ‘affinis’ in full, not the abbreviation ‘aff.’ commonly
used in other text.
Similar to [taxon] but it differs by … [Taxon name in dative] similis,
sed … differt.
From [taxon] it is distinguished by … Ab [taxon name in ablative] …
distinguitur.
From all other species it differs … Ab speciebus aliis omnibus … differt.
From [taxon] it is distinguished by the following combination of char-

acters: … [may then continue in nominative] Ab [taxon name in
ablative] turma sequenti characterum distinguitur: …
If it appears to have no close relative, you may say:
A very distinctive species in its … Species bene distincta [continue in
ablative] ……
You may be comparing it with more than one taxon and then (in the Latin)
must use the plural form of ‘which’.
Affinity to [taxon] and [taxon] from which it differs by … [Taxon name
in dative] et [taxon name in dative] affinis, a quibus … differt.
In order to avoid possible confusion or ambiguity, it is good practice to give
the name of the taxon being compared in full, with its author. With the forms
‘affinity/related to’ and ‘similar to’, the name of the taxon being compared goes
into the genitive or dative case (both generic and specific names). When using
‘from …’, the name goes into the ablative. In declining the names remember
that the genus is a noun (with a gender) and the epithet usually an adjective
(but some may be nouns in apposition).
Commemorative epithets such as stuartii and wittwerorum are nouns in the
genitive and should be left in that case. Geographical epithets such as leseur-
ensis and hamersleyensis are adjectival and should be declined.
If you don’t wish to (or can’t) relate the new taxon to another, you may have
just a diagnosis with the main terms in the nominative.
You can have part of a diagnosis in the ablative and part in the nominative, e.g.
Differs from other varieties [of taxon name] in the more slender,
decumbent stems and slightly smaller flowers. Sepals 2–2.2 mm
long. Lamina of petals 1.7–1.8 mm long, 1.6–1.9 mm wide.
In the above English diagnosis, the parts to be translated into the nominative
are in bold, those to be in the ablative have been left light, with the taxon name
in the genitive. In the third sentence, ‘of petals’ will be in the genitive
Here are two worked diagnoses, i.e. set out as suggested above.
Calothamnus roseus
Affinity to Calothamnus rupestris Schauer, from which it differs in the gener-
ally longer leaves (25–45 mm long), the hypanthium with reflexed indumen-
tum, the staminal bundles pink, the shorter pistil (20–25 mm long), and the
larger fruit (13–16 mm long).
How to start a diagnosis 101
Note: abbreviations used to explain the translation are the same as those
used in translating the description on p. 00.
Affinity to Calothamnus rupestris Schauer from

affinis ad Calothamnum rupestrem Schauer a
adj. B s. m. prep. noun 2 s. m. adj. B s. f. prep.
Nominative (þ Accusative) Accusative Accusative (þ Ablative)
which it differs in the generally

qua differt plerumque
pron. s. m. verb, 3rd pers. adv.
Ablative s. ind. act.
longer leaves (25–45 mm long), the hypanthium

longioribus foliis (25–45 mm longis), hypanthio
adj. B comp. noun 2 pl. n. adj. A pl. noun 2 s. n.
pl. n. Ablative Ablative n. Ablative Ablative
with reflexed indumentum, the staminal bundles

reflexo indumento, staminalibus fasciculis
start of adj. A s. n. noun 2 s. n. adj. B pl. m. noun 2 pl.
Ablative Ablative Ablative Ablative m. abl
phrase
pink, the shorter pistil (20–25 mm long)
roseis, breviore pistillo (20–25 mm longo)
adj. A pl. m. adj. B comp. s. noun 2 s. adj. A s. n.
Ablative n. Ablative n. Ablative Ablative
and the larger fruit (13–16 mm long).
et majore fructu (13–16 mm longo).
conj. adj. comp. s. noun 4 s. adj. A s. m.
m. Ablative m. Ablative
Ablative
This is now written out correctly as follows, with the verb at the end:
Ad Calothamnum rupestrem Schauer affinis, a qua foliis plerumque longioribus
(25–45 mm longis), hypanthio indumento reflexo, fasciculis staminalibus roseis,
pistillo breviore (20–25 mm longo), et fructu majore (13–16 mm longo), differt.
The following is an example in a different style, with the subordinate
phrases in the nominative and ablative.
Differs from Calothamnus borealis Hawkeswood subsp.

Differt a Calothamno boreali Hawkeswood subsp.
verb prep. noun 2 s. m. adj. B s. f.
(Ablative) Ablative Ablative
borealis as follows: leaves narrowly linear
boreali ut sequente: folia anguste linearia
adj. adv. part. s. noun 2 pl. n. adv. adj. B pl. n.
B s. m. Ablative Nominative Nominative
Ablative
but thick, usually 1.5–2 mm wide, with
sed crassa, plerumque 1.5–2 mm lata,
conj. adj. 2 pl. n. adv. adj. A pl. n. start of
Nominative Nominative Ablative
phrase
persistent indumentum; fruit 8–10 mm long, with
persistente indumento; fructus 8–10 mm longus,
part. B s. noun 2 s. n. noun 2 s. n. adj. A s. m start of
n. Ablative Nominative Nominative Ablative
Ablative phrase
the sepals persistent as woody lobes.
sepalis persistentibus ut pote lignosis lobis.
noun 2 n. pl. part. B n. pl. adv. phrase adj. A pl. m. noun A s.
Ablative Ablative Ablative m. Ablative
Differs from Calothamnus borealis Hawkeswood subsp.
Differt a Calothamno boreali Hawkeswood subsp.
verb prep. noun 2 s. m. adj. B s. f.
(þ Ablative) Ablative Ablative
Calothamnus borealis subsp. cinereus

Differs from Calothamnus borealis Hawkeswood subsp. borealis as follows:
leaves narrowly linear but thick, usually 1.5–2 mm wide, with persistent
indumentum; fruit 8–10 mm long, with the sepals persistent as woody lobes.
This is now written out correctly as follows, with the verb at the end of the
first clause:
Ab Calothamno boreali Hawkeswood subsp. boreali ut sequente differt: folia
anguste linearia, crassa, plerumque 1.5–2 mm lata, indumento persistente;
fructus 10 mm longus, sepalis persistentibus ut pote lobis lignosis.
14
Translating from Latin into English
The key steps are:
• work out the part of speech of each word, i.e. is it a noun, adjective, adverb,
pronoun, verb?
• for a noun, find its Declension, gender and case
• for an adjective, determine which noun it is associated with.
This process is called parsing, i.e. describing a word or series of words
grammatically (see above, p. 00).
If you are unfamiliar with Latin, there is no alternative, to begin with, to
looking up each word in the vocabulary. There is no problem with a noun or
adjective in the nominative singular, since this is the case under which they are
listed. If the word is in another case, you will usually find it by looking it up as
it is spelt in the description, since the stem (even if you don’t recognise it as
such) will lead you to the correct word. In our Vocabulary we have tried to
anticipate the difficulty of those words that change their form markedly when
declined, and have listed the latter, with a cross-reference to the nominative
singular entry.
Remember that, in Latin it is usual for adjectives to follow the noun they
describe, and that a verb (even as a participle) goes at the end of its phrase,
clause or sentence.
When determining which words are associated, look at the punctuation.
Words without intervening punctuation such as a comma are usually closely
associated. A comma indicates that the following word is associated with the
immediately preceding noun. A semicolon indicates a break in the flow and is
usually followed by a noun introducing the next character being described.
And a full stop indicates the end of a sentence.
It may help to write down your translation in the same order as the text and
then make it into more natural-sounding English.
A difficulty that cannot be resolved by any manual is an error in the Latin.
It’s a common problem and may involve a typographical error, wrong deter-
mination of the gender or case ending, or even the wrong word to start with.
At worst (horror!), it may not even be a Latin word!
104 Translating from Latin into English
Finally, when you think you have completed it, read your translation and try
to picture the plant. Does the description make sense?
Let’s dissect the following example, breaking the text into individual words
and looking them up in the vocabulary. For this exercise the punctuation
associated with each word is included. At the end of each word, the cumulative
meaning associated with the character being described is given.
Melaleuca acerosa Schauer foliis confertis, alternis, linearibus subtereti-
busve, brevipetiolatis, pungentibus, glabris, nitidis; capitulis paucifloris;
hypanthio obconico, pubescente; calycis phyllis membranaceis, truncatis, cilio-
latis, corolla quadruplo brevioribus; phalangibus oligandris, unguibus elonga-
tis corolla triente longioribus.
Frutex 2–4-pedalis, erectus, inferne simplex, superne ramosus, ramis erectis,
ramulis foliisque novellis pilosis. Folia crassiuscula, acerosa, subtus biseriatim
punctata, subrecurva, 4–6 lin. longa, semilineam lata, laete viridia. Flores parvi,
flavi. Fructus pisiformes, 3–6 coacervati, fusco-cinerei, laeves, hypanthio ad
orificium subcontracto. (C.Lehmann (ed.), Plantae Preissianae 1: 137, 1844.
Hambarg: Meissner.)
In the first paragraph the subject is the plant’s name, and the subsequent
text describes it in one long ‘sentence’.
foliis the most similar word is folium, a neuter noun of the Second
Declension; checking this declension we find that the -is ending is
either dative or ablative plural, and since the dative is almost never
used when describing the main characters we can assume that our
word is ablative; meaning ‘with leaves’,
confertis, the only matching word is confertus, a participle of Group A;
the -is ending is either dative or ablative plural for each gender, but
the word is associated with foliis so it must be the latter; meaning
‘crowded’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded,
alternis, matching word alternus, an adjective of Group A, in either
dative or ablative plural, preceded by a comma so it is associated
with foliis; meaning ‘alternate’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate,’
linearibus matching word linearis, an adjective of Group B; the -ibus
ending is either dative or ablative plural of any gender; again, the
preceding comma indicates association with foliis; meaning ‘linear’,
i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear’; note that there is no
comma after linearibus, indicating a link with the following word,
subteretibusve, there is no equivalent word in the vocabulary, but note
that there is a prefix sub- meaning ‘almost or somewhat’; then,
looking up the next part of our word we find teres, an adjective of
Translating from Latin into English 105
Group B with the stem tereti- and the same ending as the preceding
word; but the word ends in -ve’ which we find is a suffix meaning
‘or’; hence the whole word means ‘or subterete’, i.e. ‘with leaves
crowded, alternate, linear or subterete,’
brevipetiolatis, in the vocabulary we find not the whole word, but
just brevis (adjective, Group B) meaning ‘short’; this indicates
that there are two adjectives linked, so we then find petiolatus
(adjective, Group A with ablative plural ending) meaning ‘petiolate’
so we can deduce that the leaves are short- (or shortly) petiolate,
i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly
petiolate,’
pungentibus, the words of the diagnosis are still separated by commas
indicating that they refer back to foliis; here the only possibility is
pungens, an adjective of Group B, with ablative plural ending;
meaning ‘pungent’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or
subterete, shortly petiolate, pungent,’
glabris, this is slightly tricky, since the only appropriate word in the
vocabulary is glaber, an adjective of Group A, but in its stem the ‘e’
is dropped, hence glabris is ablative plural; meaning ‘glabrous’, i.e.
‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly peti-
olate, pungent, glabrous,’
nitidis; note that is is the final word of the initial string since it is follwed
by a semicolon; the vocabulary leads us to nitens and nitidus, and
we clearly have the second, an adjective of Group A, again ablative
plural; meaning ‘shining’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate,
linear or subterete, shortly petiolate, pungent, glabrous, shining;’
capitulis following a semicolon, this is starting a new phrase; the most
similar word is capitulum, a neuter noun of the Second Declension;
the -is ending is either dative or ablative plural; we have decided (at
foliis, above) that the main words (characters) in the description are
in the ablative; meaning ‘with heads’,
paucifloris; going to paucus we find that pauci- is the first part of a
compound meaning ‘few-’, -floris is less easy since it could be
derived from either -florus or flos, but a check of the declension
of flos shows that it has no part with this case ending, hence this
must be from -florus, an adjectival suffix of Group A, ablative
plural; meaning ‘-flowered’, i.e. ‘with few-flowered heads;’
hypanthio this is preceded by a semicolon so is the start of a new phrase,
describing a new character; the word is clearly from hypanthium, a
neuter noun of the Second Declension, ablative singular; meaning

‘with hypanthium’,
obconico, there is no equivalent word in the vocabulary, but note that
there is a prefix ob- meaning ‘inversed, reversed’; then, looking up
the next part of our word we find conicus, an adjective of Group A,
ablative singular agreeing with hypanthio; meaning ‘inversed con-
ical’or obconical, i.e. ‘with hypanthium obconical,’
pubescente; matching word pubescens (not pubescentia which has no
case ending in -e), an adjective of Group B, ablative singular
agreeing with hypanthio; meaning ‘pubescent’, i.e. ‘with
hypanthium obconical, pubescent;’; it’s followed by a semicolon
marking the end of the attributes of the hypanthium
calycis the most similar word is calyx – the words starting with calyc- are
too long; masculine noun of the Third Declension, genitive singu-
lar; meaning ‘of the calyx’ indicating that the following word(s) will
describe some feature of it
phyllis matching word phyllum, neuter noun of the Second Declension,
ablative plural (again, extrapolated from foliis at the start); meaning
‘with leaves’ or, as here, ‘a leaf-like part’ ¼ ‘sepal’, i.e. ‘with sepals
of calyx’
membranaceis, matching word membranaceus, an adjective of Group A,
ablative plural and hence associated with ‘phyllis’; meaning ‘mem-
branous’, i.e. ‘with sepals of calyx membranous,’
truncatis, matching word truncatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative
plural; meaning ‘truncate’, i.e. ‘with the sepals of the calyx mem-
branous, truncate,’
ciliolatis, matching word ciliolatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative
plural; meaning ‘ciliolate’, i.e. ‘with sepals of calyx membranous,
truncate, ciliolate,’
corolla matching word corolla, feminine noun of the First Declension,
here singular but what case? Not nominative since it is in the
middle of the ‘sentence’, thus it must be ablative but ‘by’ or ‘with
a corolla’ doesn’t make sense here – it’s necessary to look at the
following word(s)
quadruplo matching word quadruplo, an adverb so it must be qualifying
something; meaning ‘four-fold’ ¼ four times, to be taken with the
preceding and following words
brevioribus; the ‘ior’ in the word tells us that this is a comparative
adjective, so its normal form is a shorter word: matching word
brevis, an adjective of Group B, ablative plural of the comparative;

meaning ‘with shorter’; so going back to the previous words we can
see that it agrees in case and number with the noun ‘phyllis’ (sepals)
which, therefore, are being described as shorter than something; the
only other noun within the phrase is ‘corolla’, which thus must be
in the ablative; ignoring the adjectives immediately after ‘phyllis’ for
the moment, we see that the sepals are being described as ‘shorter
than the corolla’, and we can then see that they are shorter ‘quad-
ruplo’, by ‘four-fold’ or ‘four times’, which is best expressed in
English as ‘a quarter’; thus, the sepals are a quarter the length of
the corolla, and the whole phrase is ‘with sepals of calyx mem-
branous, truncate, ciliolate, a quarter the length of the corolla;’
phalangibus follows a semicolon so is starting a new phrase; the most
similar word is phalanx, a feminine noun of the Third Declension,
ablative plural; meaning ‘with [staminal] bundles’
oligandris, there is no matching word but there is a prefix olig- (meaning
‘few’), so we look up ‘andris’ and find the suffix -andrus (meaning
‘male’, here referring to the anthers), adjectival, Second Declension,
ablative plural, i.e. ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers,’
unguibus the most similar word is unguis, masculine noun of the Third
Declension, ablative plural; meaning ‘with claws’, i.e. ‘with stam-
inal bundles having few anthers, with claws’
elongatis matching word elongatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative
plural, meaning ‘elongate’ and linked to ‘unguibus’ since there is no
comma between, i.e. ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers,
with claws elongate’
corolla with this and the two following words we have a situation similar
to ‘corolla … brevioribus’ in the previous character, but with a noun
instead of an adverb
triente the most similar word is triens, a masculine noun of the Third
Declension, ablative singular, meaning ‘by a third’, to be taken with
the preceding and following words
longioribus. the ‘ior’ in the word tells us that this is a comparative
adjective, so its normal form is shorter: matching word longus, an
adjective of Group A, ablative plural of the comparative; we can see
that it agrees in case and number with the noun ‘phalangibus’
which, therefore, are being described as longer than something;
the only other noun within the phrase is ‘corolla’, which thus must
be in the ablative; again, ignoring the adjectives immediately after
‘phalangibus’ for the moment, we see that the bundles are being
described as ‘longer than the corolla’, and we can then see that they
are longer ‘triente’, by a third; thus the final clause of the descrip-
tion is ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers, with claws
elongate, longer than the corolla by a third.’
The second paragraph follows a different format, using shorter ‘sentences’.
Frutex matching word frutex, a masculine noun of the Third Declension,
nominative singular and the subject of the sentence; meaning ‘A
shrub’
2–4-pedalis, two numerals joined by an en dash and linked by a hyphen to
the word pedalis, an adjective of Group B in the nominative singular,
meaning ‘a foot long [or high]’ and thus describing the plant; it is
singular in Latin to agree with Frutex but becomes plural in English
when the numerals are included; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high,’
erectus, matching word erectus, an adjective of Group A, nominative
singular and thus agreeing with Frutex, meaning ‘erect’; i.e. ‘A
shrub 2–4 feet high, erect,’
inferne the most similar word is inferior which leads to inferne, an
adverb meaning ‘below’; since there is no comma it is linked to
the following word
simplex, matching word simplex, an adjective of Group B, nominative
singular, meaning ‘simple’, agreeing with Frutex, linked with the
previous word giving ‘below simple’, better as ‘simple below,’; i.e. ‘A
shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below,’
superne matching word superne, an adverb meaning ‘upwards’ and, with
no comma, linked to the following word
ramosus, matching word ramosus, an adjective of Group A, nominative
singular, meaning ‘branched’, agreeing with Frutex, linked with the
previous word giving ‘upwards branched’ or ‘branched upwards’;
i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards,’
ramis matching word ramus, a masculine noun of the Second Declension,
ablative plural meaning ‘with branches’; since it is preceded by a comma
it is linked to Frutex and continues its description; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet
high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches’
erectis, matching word erectus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural
meaning ‘erect’ and with no intervening comma linked with the
preceding word ramis; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple
below, branched upwards, with branches erect,’
ramulis matching word ramulus, a masculine noun of the Second

Declension, ablative plural meaning ‘with branchlets’ and starting
a new phrase; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below,
branched upwards, with branches erect, with branchlets’
foliisque firstly, the matching word is folium, a neuter noun of the
Second Declension, ablative plural meaning ‘with leaves’ plus the
conjunctival suffix -que meaning ‘and’, hence linking it with the
preceding ramulis; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below,
branched upwards, with branches erect, with branchlets and leaves’
novellis matching word novellus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural,
meaning ‘new’ and, with no intervening comma, describing the two
preceding words; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below,
branched upwards, with branches erect, with new branchlets and
leaves’
pilosis. matching word pilosus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural,
meaning ‘pilose’ and also describing the branchlets and leaves;
followed by a period this ends the first sentence; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4
feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches
erect, with new branchlets and leaves pilose.’
Folia following a period this starts a new sentence; matching word
folium, a neuter noun of the Second Declension, nominative plural,
meaning ‘Leaves’
crassiuscula, matching word crassiusculus, an adjective of Group A,
neuter plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘moderately
thick’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick,’
acerosa, matching word acerosus, an adjective of Group A, neuter
nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning
‘needle-shaped’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped,’
subtus matching word subtus, an adverb meaning ‘below, beneath’; since
there is no comma it is linked to the following words
biseriatim matching word biseriate giving biseriatus, the ending -im
indicating the abverbial form, meaning ‘biseriately’; with no
comma before or after it is linked with subtus and punctata
punctata, matching word punctatus, an adjective of Group A, neuter
nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘dotted’
and qualified by the preceding two adverbs; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately
thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseriately,’
subrecurva, sub is here a prefix meaning ‘somewhat’, qualifying the main
matching word recurvus, an adjective of Group A, neuter
nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘some-

what recurved’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped,
dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved,’
4–6 lin. two numerals joined by an en dash and associated with an
abbreviation of linea, a noun meaning ‘line’, an early measurement
(here understood as plural because of the numerals); with no
following comma it is linked to the next word
longa, matching word longus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nomina-
tive plural meaning ‘long’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-
shaped, dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines
long,’
semilineam here we find semi-, a prefix meaning ‘half ’, joined with
lineam, matching word linea (here in full), a feminine noun of
the First Declension, accusative singular, together meaning ‘half a
line’, and linked to the following word
lata, matching word latus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nominative
plural meaning ‘wide’, i.e. ‘half a line wide’; altgether we have
‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseri-
ately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines long, half a line wide,’
laete matching word laete, an adverb meaning ‘lightly’ or ‘brightly’,
linked to the following word
viridia. matching word viridis, an adjective of Group B, neuter nomina-
tive plural, meaning ‘green’; followed by a period, this ends the
sentence; ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below
biseriately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines long, half a line wide,
light[ly] green.’
Flores following a period, this starts a new sentence; slightly tricky since
there are other words starting with flore- but the appropriate word
is flos, a masculine noun of the Third Declension, nominative
(being the subject of the sentence) plural, meaning ‘Flowers’
parvi, matching word parvus, an adjective of Group A, masculine nom-
inative plural to agree with Flores, meaning ‘small’; i.e. ‘Flowers
small,’
flavi. matching word flavus, an adjective of Group A, masculine nom-
inative plural, meaning ‘yellow’; followed by a period this ends the
sentence; i.e. ‘Flowers small, yellow.’
Fructus following a period this starts a new sentence; matching word
fructus, a masculine noun of the Fourth Declension meaning ‘fruit’;
the -us ending can be nominative or genitive singular, or
nominative or accusative plural, but since it starts the sentence is

likely to be nominative; the following adjectives provide the answer
(in English, too, ‘fruit’ may be singular or plural)
pisiformes, matching word pisinus leading us to pisiformis, an adjective
of Group B, nominative or accusative plural, meaning ‘pea-shaped’;
i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped,’
3–6 coacervati, two numerals joined by an en dash and associated with
the following word which has the prefix co- (‘together with’) and
the matching word acervatus, an adjective of Group A meaning
‘heaped’ but here ‘grouped’, and here the case and number of the
previous words is confirmed since this is nominative plural; i.e.
‘Fruit pea-shaped, grouped 3–6 together,’
fusco-cinerei, first we find the matching word fuscus, an adjective of
Group A meaning ‘dark’, joined with (and qualifying) cinereus,
another adjective of Group A meaning ‘ash grey’ to form a com-
pound adjective, nominative plural (from the ending of cinerei),
together meaning ‘dark ash grey’; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped, grouped
3–6 together, dark ash grey,’
laeves, matching word laevis, an adjective of Group B, nominative (as we
now know) plural meaning ‘smooth’; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped,
grouped 3–6 together, dark ash grey, smooth,’
hypanthio matching word hypanthium, neuter noun of the Second
Declension, ablative singular, meaning ‘with the hypanthium’;
and with no following comma this is associated with the following
words
ad matching word ad, a preposition taking the accusative case, meaning
‘to’ or ‘at’, referring on to the following word
orificium matching word orificium, a neuter noun of the Second Declen-
sion, here singular and accusative since it follows the preposition
ad, meaning ‘orifice’; with no comma it is associated with the
following word
subcontracto. sub is here a prefix meaning ‘somewhat’, qualifying the
main matching word contractus, an adjective of Group A, ablative
singular and hence describing hypanthio, meaning ‘contracted’;
followed by a period this ends the sentence; i.e. ‘with the
hypanthium somewhat contracted to or at the orifice.’ This is
now added to the previous description of the fruit: ‘Fruit pea-
shaped, grouped 3–6 together, dark ash grey, smooth, with the
hypanthium somewhat contracted to or at the orifice.’
Comp. by: AbdulMalik Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part IV Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Part IV
Vocabulary
When searching for a Latin word in this vocabulary, remember that you have
to look under the nominative singular for a noun and under the masculine
nominative singular for an adjective (and for its comparative and superlative
forms).
To save space, we have kept the length of entries to a minimum and not
included definitions. Hence, the Vocabulary should be used in conjunction
with glossaries, several of which are listed in the bibliography, and Stearn’s
Botanical Latin.
Where Latin and English words of the same meaning are the same or so
similar that they would appear side by side, they are listed once, under either
the English or the Latin term. The Latin may be recognised by the part of
speech given immediately afterwards, in brackets. Closely related terms (e.g.
aequalis, aequans; alternate, alternately) are grouped in one entry.
Entries are included for many prefixes and suffixes. We indicate whether
these are of Greek or Latin origin, since they should be associated with words
of the same language when new epithets or terms are coined. We also indicate
whether the associated word is a noun or verb (it’s rarely an adjective). Note
that the declension and gender are not given for prefixes, since these are joined
to a following word, but they are for suffixes since these terminate a compound
word.
Numbers for nouns refer to the Declension. Letters for adjectives and
participles refer to the Group.
The plus sign (þ) indicates the case to be used for a following word.
Cross-references ‘[see p. 00]’ are given after all words and closely related
words that are given in full in the grammar, e.g. both frutex and suffrutex are
cross-referenced to the table declining frutex.
Explanatory terms and notes are set in italic and included within square
brackets, e.g.
dark [colour] atratus (part. A); dark [gloomy, shaded] tenebrosus (adj. A)
kidney-shaped reniformis (adj. B) [flat object], nephroideus (adj. A) [solid
object].
Abbreviations and contractions: abl. ablative, acc. accusative, act. active, adj.
adjective, adv. adverb or adverbial, app. apposition, c. common [gender],
114 Vocabulary
comp. compound, compar. comparative, conj. conjunction, dat. dative, def.

definitive, decl. declined dem. demonstrative, determ. determinative, distr.
distributive, Eng. English, esp. especially, f. feminine, gen. genitive, ger. ger-
undive, Gk Greek, ind. indicative, indecl. indeclinable, indef. indefinite, Lat.
Latin, lit. literally, m. masculine, n. neuter, nom. nominative, num. number/
numerical, ord. ordinal, p. page, part. participle, pass. passive, pers. person,
phr. phrase, pl. plural, possess. possessive, pref. prefix, prep. preposition, pres.
present, pron. pronoun or pronominal, q.v. quod vide (which see), rel. relative,
sing. singular, suff. suffix, sup. superlative, usu. usually.
Vocabulary 115
A
a, ab (prep. þ Ablative) away from, out of, by, from [see p. 00]; also pref. in
Lat. comp.
a-, an- (pref. in Gk comp.) without, not, less
abaxial abaxialis (adj. B); abaxial side dorsum (noun n. 2)
abbreviatus (adj. A) shortened
aberrans (part. B) aberrant
abhorrens (part. B) differing from
abhymenialis (adj. B) abhymenial, opposite the hymenium
abiens (part. B) departing, changing suddenly to, leaving off
-abilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability
abnormal abnormalis, abnormis (both adj. B); anomalus, atypicus,
monstruosus, monstrosus (all adj. A); abnormally abnormaliter (adv.)
abode sedes (noun f. 3), habitatio (noun f. 3)
abortion abortio (noun f. 3), abortus (noun m. 4); aborted,
abortive abortivus (adj. A). See also tabescens
about circa (adv.), circiter (adv.), de (prep. þ Ablative), fere (adv.), quasi
(adv.); about (pref. in Gk comp.) peri-
above super (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative), supra (prep. þ Accusative),
insuper (prep. þ Ablative, rarely Accusative); (pref. in Gk comp.) hyper-;
from above desuper (adv.), insuper (adv.), superne (adv.)
above-ground supraterraneus (adj. A)
abrumpens breaking off (part. B)
abrupt abruptus (adj. A); abruptly abrupte (adv.)
abscissus (part. A) cut off, steep
absconditus (part. A) hidden
absence absentia (noun f. 1); absent absens (part. B), carens (part. B)
absorbing bibulus (adj. A); absorbing again resorptus (part. A)
absque (prep. þ Ablative) without
abstriction abstrictio (noun f. 3)
abundant abundus, amplus, largus (all adj. A), abundans (part. B);
abundantly abundanter (adv.), copiose (adv.)
ac (conj.) and
116 Vocabulary
acanth-, acantho- (in Gk comp.) spiny, prickly

acanthophyllus (adj. A) acanthophyll
acanthophysis acanthophysis (noun f. 3)
acarodomatium (noun n. 2) acarodomatium
acaulescens (part. B), acaulis (adj. B) stemless
accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative) approaching,
resembling
accessorius (adj. A) accessory
accidental fortuitus (adj. A); accidentally fortuito (adv.)
acclivis (adj. B) sloping upwards
accompanied concomitatus (part. A þ Ablative), comitatus (adj. A þ
Ablative)
according to teste; fide; secundum (all prep.)
accordingly ergo (adv.)
accrescent accrescens (part. B), auctus (part. A), increscens (part. B)
accretus (part. A) grown together
accumbens (part. B) accumbent
accurate, accuratim (adv.) accurately; accuratus (part. A) careful, exact [but
for persons use diligens, part. B]
-aceae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to genitive stem of name of the
type genus, or the full name if the genitive cannot be determined, to
form the name of a family
acer (adj. B), acerbus (adj. A) bitter, sharp [to taste]
acerosus (adj. A) needle-shaped
acervatus (part. A) heaped, piled; acervulatus (part. A) in small piles;
acervus (noun m. 2) pile; acervulus (noun m. 2) small pile; acervatim
(adv.) in heaps
acetabuliformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped
-aceus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) resembling
achenium (achaenium) (noun n. 2) achene
achlamydeus (adj. A) achlamydeous
achromaticus, achromus (both adj. A) colourless
acicularis (adj. B) acicular, needle-pointed
aciculatus (adj. A) having very fine irregular streaks
acid acidum (noun n. 2); acidus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 117
acies (noun f. 5) a sharp edge, angle

aciformis (adj. B) needle-like
acorn glans (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; acorn cup cupula (noun f. 1)
acranthus (adj. A) with terminal flowers
acrid acer (adj. B)
acrocarpus (adj. A) with terminal fruit
acrodromus (adj. A) acrodrome [veining]
acrogenus (adj. A) borne or growing at apex
acropetus (adj. A) acropetal
acrophyllus (noun m. 2) adult lamina on high portions of some climbing
ferns
acropleurogenous acropleurogenus (adj. A)
acroscopicus (adj. A) facing apex
across dia- (pref. in Gk comp.)
acrostichoid acrostichoideus (adj. A)
acrotonic acrotonicus (adj. A)
acta (noun n. 2, pl.) reports, transactions
actino- (pref. in Gk comp.) raylike, radiating out
actinodromous actinodromus (adj. A)
actinomorphus (adj. A) actinomorphic, regular
active agilis (adj. B)
aculeatus (adj. A) prickly; aculeus (noun m. 2) a prickle
-aculum (Lat. suff., noun n. 2, with verb as stem) indicates means of action
acumen (noun n. 3) acumen
acuminatus (part. A) acuminate
acus (noun f. 4) husk
acutangularis (adj. B), acutangulatus (adj. A), acutangulus (adj. A)
sharp-angled
acutus (adj. A) acute; acute (adv.) acutely; acutatus (adj. A) forming a sharp
angle; acutiusculus (adj. A) slightly acute; also acuti- in Lat. comp.
ad (prep. þ Accusative) to, at, near to [place at which]; ad huc (adv.) hitherto
adamantinus (adj. A) hard as steel
adaxialis (adj. B) adaxial
added adjectus (part. A); added to auctus (part. A)
118 Vocabulary
ademptus (part. A) taken away from

aden- (in Gk comp.) gland-
adest (verb 3rd pers. sing. ind. act.) it is present
adhering adhaerens (part. B þ Dative); adligans, alligans (both part. B þ
Accusative); haerens (part. B þ Dative)
adhibitus (part. A) used
adhuc, ad huc (adv.) hitherto, until now, as yet
adjectus (part. A) added
adjoining contiguus (adj. A), confinis (adj. B usu. þ Dative)
adligans, alligans (part. B) clasping, adhering to
admodum (adv.) fully, wholly, much, essentially
admonens (part. B) suggesting
adnascens (part. B) growing upon or to
adnatus (part. A) adnate
adnexus, annexus (part. A) adnexed
adpressus, appressus (part. A) appressed
adscendens (part. B) ascending
adspersus, aspersus (part. A) scattered
adsunt (verb. 3rd pers. pl. ind. act.) they are present
adulescens (part. B) not yet mature
adult adultus (part. A), maturus (adj. A)
adumbratio (noun f. 3) outline, sketch
aduncus (adj. A) hooked
advectus (part. A) carried, brought
adventitious adventitius (adj. A)
adversum (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) opposite to, against; adversus
(part. A) turned towards
aecidium (noun n. 2) aecidium
aeciospora (noun f. 1) aeciospore
aecium (noun n. 2) aecium
aeger (adj. A) diseased
aegre (adv.) with difficulty, scarcely; aegerrime (sup. adv.) with very great
difficulty
aegrotus (adj. A) diseased
aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A) rivalling, emulating
Vocabulary 119
aeneus (adj. A) bronze

aequabilis (adj. B) uniform, consistent
aequalis (adj. B) equal; aequans (part. B) equalling; aequabiliter
(adv.) equally, evenly; aequaliter (adv.) equally, evenly; aeque
(adv.) equally; aequi- (in comp.) equal, even
aequator (noun m. 3) equator; aequatorius (adj. A) equatorial
aequatus (part. A) even, levelled
aequidistans (adj. B) equidistant
aequilaterus (adj. A) equal-sided
aequilongus (adj. A) of the same length
aequimagnus (adj. A) of equal size
aequus (adj. A) equal
aerenchyma (noun n. 3) aerenchyma
aerial aerius (adj. A)
aerobic aerobius (adj. A)
aerophore aerophorum (noun n. 2)
aerugineus, aeruginosus (both adj. A) verdigris
aestas (noun f. 3) summer; aestivalis (adj. B), aestivus (adj. A) pertaining to
summer
aestivation aestivatio, praefloratio (both noun f. 3)
aestualis (adj. B) tidal
aestuans (part. B) moving to and fro, oscillating
aestuarium (noun n. 2) estuary
aestus (noun m. 4) tide
aetas (noun f. 3) age
aethalium (noun n. 2) aethalium
-aeus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates sense of belonging
affectus (part. A) affected (by)
affinis (adj. B) allied to; affinitas (noun f. 3) affinity, relationship
affixus (part. A) attached to, fastened to, fixed to
after post (adv. or prep.), postea (adv.); immediately after subinde (adv.)
afternoon, opening in the postmeridianus (adj. A)
again denuo, iterum (both adv.); re- (pref. in Lat. comp.); ana-
(pref. in Gk comp.); again and again etiam atque etiam, iterum
atque iterum
120 Vocabulary
against adversum (adv. or prep. þ Accusative), contra (adv. or prep. þ

Accusative); also re- (pref. in Lat. comp.); anti-, cat-, cata- (pref. in Gk
comp.)
agamicus, agamus (both adj. A) asexual
agar (noun m. 2, Genitive sing. agari) agar
age aetas (noun f. 3); aged vetus (adj. B, Genitive veteris); old age vetustas
(noun f. 3); of great age longaevus (adj. A); of the same age coaetaneus
(adj. A)
ager (noun m. 2) field, district
agger (noun m. 3) mound, earth rampart or bank
agglomeratus (part. A) collected into a head
agglutinatus, adglutinatus (part. A) glued to, adhering as if glued
aggregatus (part. A) clustered, grouped
agilis (adj. B) active, agile
-ago (Lat. suff., noun f. 3, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or
connection
agrarius (adj. A) relating to the land
agreeable gratus (adj. A)
agreeing congruens (part. B), conveniens (part. B), consentaneus (adj. A);
all þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative
agrestis (adj. B) relating to fields
agricola (noun c. 1) field-dweller [see p. 00]
agrosto- (in Gk comp.) grass-; agrostologia (noun f. 1) the study of grasses
air chamber cavernula (noun f. 1) aeria (adj. A)
air pore pneumathodium (noun n. 2); or porus (noun m. 2) aerifer (adj. B)
akinetum (noun n. 2) akinete, non-motile spore
ala (noun f. 1) wing
alabastrum (noun n. 2) flower bud
alar cell cellula (noun f. 1) alaris (adj. B)
alaris (adj. B) axillary
alatus (adj. A) winged
albens (part. B) whitened; albescens (part. B) becoming white; albidus
(adj. A) whitish; albus (adj. A) white (esp. dull)
albumen (noun n. 3) albumen; albuminatus (adj. A) having albumen;
albuminosus (adj. A) having copious albumen
Vocabulary 121
alcalinus (adj. A) alkaline

alcohol alcohol (noun n. 3); alcoholic or producing alcohol alcoholicus (adj. A)
-ales (suff., adj. B, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of the type family
to form name of an order
aletus (adj. A) alete, of a spore formed alone
aleurioconidium (noun n. 2) aleurioconidium
aleuriospora (noun f. 2) aleuriospore
alga (noun f. 1) alga; pertaining to an alga algaceus (adj. A), algensis (adj. B);
plant body of an alga phycoma (noun n. 3); thread of alga filum
(noun n. 2); relating to algae (in Gk comp.) phyco-
algidus (adj. A) cold
alibi (adv.) elsewhere
alicubi (adv.) anywhere
alicunde (adv.) from elsewhere
alienus (adj. A) alien, foreign, not related
aliformis (adj. B) wing-shaped
alike similaris, conformis (both adj. B)
alio modo (adv. phrase) differently
aliquam (adv.) somehow; aliquamdiu (adv.), aliquantisper (adv.) for a
while; aliquando (adv.) at some time, sometimes; aliquanto
(adv.) somewhat, rather; aliquantum (adv.) somewhat, considerably
aliqui, aliquae, aliquod (adj., decl. like qui, see p. 00) some; aliquot (adv.)
somewhat (with numbers); aliquot (indecl. number) some, several
aliquis, aliqua, aliquod (indef. pron.) someone, something [see p. 00]
aliquoties (adv.) several times
-alis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) usu. in Lat. comp., meaning
belonging to, similar to
aliter (adv.) otherwise, differently
alius, alia, aliud (adj. A) another, other [of several] [see p. 00]; alius …
alius … the one … the other …
alive vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A)
alkaline alcalinus (adj. A)
all omnis (adj. B), totus (adj. A)
allantoideus (adj. A) sausage-shaped
allatus (part. A) brought
122 Vocabulary
alliaceus (adj. A) like onion or garlic

allied to affinis (adj. B); closely allied fraternus (adj. A)
alligans see adligans
allo- (pref. in Gk comp.) other, another
allochrous (adj. A) changing from one colour to another
allopatric allopatricus (adj. A)
alluring illecebrosus (adj. A)
alluvio (noun f. 3) alluvial land
almost fere, paene, propemodo, quasi (all adv.); sub- (pref.)
alone solus (adj. A); solum (adv.)
along secus (prep. þ Accusative); along with cum (prep. þ Ablative)
alpha-spore alphaspora (noun f. 1)
alpinus (adj. A) alpine
also etiam (adv.)
alte (adv.) high up, deeply
alter (adj. A) other [of two], second; also alter, altera, alterum (pron.) the
other [see p. 00]
altered mutatus, transmutatus (both part. A)
alternate alternus (adj. A); alternately alternatim (adv.), alterne (adv.);
alternating alternans (part. B); alternation alternatio (noun f. 3);
alternative alternativus (adj. A)
although etsi (conj.), quamquam (conj.)
altitudo (noun f. 3) altitude, depth
altogether omnino (adv.)
altum (noun n. 2) a height, depth; altus (adj. A) high, tall
alutaceus (adj. A) pale brown, leather-coloured
alveiformis (adj. B) trough-shaped
alveola (noun f. 1) a cavity, alveoli, pore; alveolaris (adj. B), alveolatus
(adj. A) pitted, alveolate, honeycombed; alveolus (noun m. 2) a small
cavity
always semper (adv.); almost always persaepe (adv.)
amabilis (adj. B) pleasing
amanitoideus (adj. A) Amanita-like
amans (part. B) loving; amat (verb, amo, to love) it loves, it likes
amarus (adj. A) bitter
Vocabulary 123
amb-, ambi- (pref.) around

amber-coloured sucinacius (adj. A); succineus (adj. A)
ambiens (part. B) surrounding
ambiguus (adj. A) doubtful, uncertain
ambitus (noun m. 4) circumference, outline
ambly- (in Gk comp.) blunt, obtuse
ambo (num. adj.) both together
ambustus (part. B) burned
amentaceus (adj. A) like a catkin; amentum (noun n. 2) a catkin
amerospora (noun f. 1) amerospore
amethysteus (adj. A), amethystinus (adj. A) amethyst, violet
ammo- (in Gk comp.) sand-
amnis (noun m. 3) a torrent
amoeba (noun f. 1) amoeba; amoeboid amoeboideus (adj. A)
amoene (adv.) beautifully; amoenus (adj. A) pleasing, beautiful
among inter (prep. þ Accusative); met-, meta- (pref. in Gk comp.)
amorphus (adj. A) shapeless, of indefinite shape
amotus (part. A) removed, withdrawn
amphi-, ampho- (pref. in Gk comp.) around, double, on both sides
amphicarpicus (adj. A) amphicarpic
amphigastrium (noun n. 2) amphigastrium
amphigenous amphigenus (adj. A)
amphispore amphispora (noun f. 1)
amphistomaticus (adj. A) amphistomatic
amphithecium (noun n. 2) amphithecium
amphitropus (adj. A) amphitropous
ample amplus (adj. A); amply ample, abunde (both adv.)
amplectens (part. B) clasping, embracing
amplexicaulis (adj. B) stem-clasping, amplexicaul
amplexifolius (adj. A) with leaves clasping stem
amplexus (adj. A) clasping, encircling
ampliatus, amplificatus (both part. A) enlarged, increased, magnified
amplificatio (noun f. 3) enlargement
amplus (adj. A) ample, abundant, great
124 Vocabulary
ampulla (noun f. 1) flask-like bladder; ampullaceus (adj. A), ampullaris

(adj. B), ampulliformis (adj. B) flask-shaped
amygdalinus (adj. A) almond-like
amyloideus (adj. A) starch-like, amyloid, staining blue, purple or reddish in iodine
amylum (noun n. 2) starch; amylaceus (adj. A) starchy; amyloideus (adj. A)
starch-like
an (conj.) or, perhaps [indicates doubt]
an- (pref. in Gk comp. before a vowel) without, lacking
ana- (pref. in Gk comp.) upwards, back, again
anadromus (adj. A) anadromous
analysis analysis (noun f. 3), explicatio (noun f. 3)
anamorphus (adj. A) asexual stage characterised by the production of conidia
anandrus (adj. A) lacking stamens
anantherus (adj. A) antherless
anastomosans (part. B) anastomosing; anastomosis (noun f. 3) a network of
joined veins or hyphae
anatomia (noun f. 1) anatomy
anatropus (adj. A) anatropous
anceps (adj. B), ancipitius (adj. A) two-edged
ancistrus (adj. A) barbed with small hooks
and et, necnon, neque non (all conj.); also ac and atque before consonants;
also shown by adding the suff.-que to a noun when closely related to
previous word
andro-, -andrus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) male
androecium (noun n. 2) androecium
androgynus (adj. A) androgynous
androphorum (noun n. 2) androphore
androspora (noun f. 1) androspore; androsporangium (noun n. 2)
androsporangium
anemo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to the wind; but note anemonoides, like
Anemone
-aneus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or source
material
anfractuosus (adj. A) sinuous, gently zigzag
anfractus (part. A) winding, bending, crooked
Vocabulary 125
angle angulus (noun m. 2); [sharp] acies (noun f. 5); angled angulatus
(part. A), angularis (adj. B); -angled (in Lat. comp.) -angulus
(adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -gonus (adj. A); sharp-angled acutangularis
(adj. B), acutangulatus (adj. A), acutangulus (adj. A), acutatus (adj. A);
strongly angled angulosus (adj. A)
anguilliformis (adj. B) worm- or eel-like
angularis (adj. B), angulatus (adj. A) angled; see angle
angulus (noun m. 2) angle q.v.
angustatus (part. A) narrowed [see p. 00]; angustus (adj. A) narrow; anguste
(adv.) narrowly; angusti- (in Lat. comp.) narrow
animal animal (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; animalcule animalculum (noun n. 2)
anisatus (adj. A) scented or flavoured like aniseed; anisodorus (adj. A)
scented like aniseed
aniso- (pref. in Gk comp.) unequal, uneven
anisogameta (noun f. 1) a type of motile gamete
anisomorphus (adj. A) anisomorphic
anisophyllus (adj. A) [of mosses and ferns] anisophyllous
anisotomus (adj. A) branching unequally with main axis and smaller side branches
anisovalvatus (adj. A) when both valves of sporangium are unequal in size
annellophorum (noun n. 2) annellophore
annexus (part. A) adnexed
anniculus (adj. A) a year old
annotinus (adj. A) of or belonging to last year
annual annuus (adj. A); annually quotannis (adv.)
annularis (adj. B) ring-shaped, annular; annulatim (adv.) arranged in a ring;
annulatus (adj. A) marked with rings, bordered by raised rings or
bands; annuliformis (adj. B) ring-shaped; annulus (noun m. 2) an
annulus or ring
annulatio (noun f. 3) annulation, formed like or in a ring, often pigmented
annulus annulus (noun m. 2), gyroma (noun n. 3), gyrus (noun m. 2)
annus (noun m. 2) a year; annuus (adj. A) annual
anomalus (adj. A) abnormal
another, other alius (adj. A); allo- (pref. in Gk comp.)
ant formica (noun f. 1); pertaining to ants formicarius (adj. A); full of ants
formicosus (adj. A); pertaining to ants (in Gk comp.) myrme-,
myrmec-, myrmeco-; ant plant planta formicosa (noun f. 1 þ adj.)
126 Vocabulary
ant-, anti- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, opposite to

antapex (noun f. 3) antapex, in diatoms posteriormost part of cell body excl.
spines etc.
ante (prep. þ Accusative; also pref. in Lat. comp.) before, in front of
antea (adv.) previously, before, formerly
antecedens (part. B) preceding, in space þ Accusative, in time þ Dative
anterior anticus (adj. A)
anteris (noun f. 3) buttress
anthela (noun f. 1) anthela
anther anthera (noun f. 1); anther-bearing antherifer (adj. A); locule of
anther sacculus (noun m. 2)
antheridium androecium (noun n. 2)
antheridiophore antheridiophorum (noun n. 2)
antheridium antheridium (noun n. 2)
antherifer (adj. A) anther-bearing
antherless anantherus (adj. A)
antherozoid antherozoideus (noun m. 2)
anthesis (noun f. 3) anthesis, time of flowering [see p. 00]
anthocarpium (noun n. 2) anthocarp
anthodium (noun n. 2) head [in Asteraceae]
anthoecium anthoecium (noun n. 2)
anthophorum (noun n. 2) anthophore
anthracinus (adj. A) coal black
anti- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, opposite to
antice (adv.) in front; anticus (adj. A) anterior, at the front, turned away
from the axis
anticlinalis (adj. B) anticlinal
anti-clockwise antihelicte (adv.)
anticus (adj. A) anterior
antidromus (adj. A) antidromous
antihelicte (adv.) anti-clockwise, dextrorse
antiligula (noun f. 1) antiligule
antipetalus (adj. A) antipetalous
antisepalus (adj. A) antisepalous
antitropus (adj. A) antitropal
Vocabulary 127
antrorsus (adj. A) antrorse

anularis, anulus see annularis, annulus
-anus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) belonging to, esp. to form an
epithet from a place or personal name
anvil-shaped incudiformis (adj. B)
any ullus (adj. A); anywhere alicubi, ubicumque (both adv.); at any time
aliquando (adv.)
ap-, apo- (pref. in Gk comp.) from, away, downwards
apart seorsum (adv. þ Ablative); distans (part. B)
aperiens (part. B) opening
apertus (adj. A) open; aperturatus (adj. A) having pores; apertura (noun f. 1)
an opening [hole]; apertio (noun f. 3) opening [unfolding, e.g. of a
flower]
apetalus (adj. A) without petals
apex apex (noun m. 3); borne at apex acrogenus (adj. A); facing
apex acroscopicus (adj. A)
apex stillans (noun m. 3 þ part. B) drip tip
aphanoplasmodium (noun n. 2) aphanoplasmodium
aphyllus (adj. A) without leaves
apical apicalis (adj. B)
apicifixus (adj. A) attached by the apex; apiculatus (adj. A) apiculate, with a
short point; apiculum (noun n. 2) apiculum
aplanospora (noun f. 1) aplanospore
apo- (pref. in Gk comp.) from, away from, out of, free
apoblastus (noun m. 2) apoblast [a vigorous shoot after pruning]
apocarpus (adj. A) apocarpous
apodus (adj. A) sessile
apogamus (adj. A) apogamous
apomictus (adj. A) apomictic
apophysis (noun f. 3) apophysis; apophysate apophysatus (adj. A)
apothecium apothecium (noun n. 2); having apothecia lecideinus (adj. A)
apotropus (adj. A) apotropous
apparatus (noun m. 4) apparatus
apparens (part. B) appearing
apparently apparenter (adv.), ut videtur [lit., as it appears]
128 Vocabulary
appearance, general facies (noun f. 5), aspectus (noun m. 4)

appearing apparens, sistens (both part. B)
appendiculatus (adj. A) appendiculate
appendix (noun f. 3) appendix, appendage
applanatus (adj. A) flattened, horizontally extended
apple-green pomaceo-viridis (adj. B)
applicitus (part. A) lying upon or close to
appositus (part. A) placed against, side by side with
appressus, adpressus (part. A) appressed
apprime (adv.) especially
approaching accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative)
approbavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. perf.) he or she has approved or confirmed
[name on herbarium sheet]
appropriate aptus (part. A)
approved probatus (part. A)
approximately circa, circum, quasi (all adv.)
approximatus (part. A) near each other, more or less
apricot-coloured armeniacus (adj. A)
apricum (noun n. 2) an open, sunny place; apricus (adj. A) uncovered,
growing in the sun
aptatus, aptus (both part. A) suitable, fit for, appropriate
apud (prep. þ Accusative) with, near, in the works of
aqua (noun f. 1) water; aquae (noun f. 1, pl.) medicinal springs; aquaticus
(adj. A), aquatilis (adj. B) aquatic, growing in water; aqueus
(adj. A) clear as water; aquosum (noun n. 2) a watery place; aquosus
(adj. A) watery
arachnoideus, araneosus (both adj. A) cobwebby
arbor (noun f. 3) tree; arborescens (part. B) becoming tree-like; arboretum
(noun n. 2) arboretum; arboreus (adj. A) tree-like; arboricola (adj. A)
living in a tree; arbuscula (noun f. 1) a small tree; arbustum (noun
n. 2) a shrub
arc arcus (noun m. 4)
arch fornix (noun m. 3); arched arcuatus (adj. A); arched inwards recavus
(adj. A); having an arch-like structure fornicatus (adj. A);
archedly arcuatim (adv.)
Vocabulary 129
arche- (pref. in Gk comp.) primitive, original

archegoniophore archegoniophorum (noun n. 2)
archegonium archegonium (noun n. 2)
archi- (pref. in Gk comp.) chief
archicarp archicarpus (noun m. 2)
archipelago archipelagus (noun n. 2)
arcte, arte (adv.) closely, tightly
arctic arcticus (adj. A)
arctus, artus (adj. A) close, confined, tight
arcuatus (part. A) curved like a bow, arched; arcuatim (adv.) archedly; arcus
(noun m. 4) curve, arc
ardella (noun f. 1) ardella
ardesiacus (adj. A) slate-coloured
area area (noun f. 1)
arefactus (part. A) dried
arena (noun f. 1) sand, sandy place; arenaceus (adj. A) sandy; arenarius
(adj. A) growing in sand, sandy; arenosum (noun n. 2) sandy place;
arenosus (adj. A) very sandy
arenosaxum (noun n. 2) sandstone
areola (noun f. 1) areole; areolatus (adj. A) areolate; areolatio
(noun f. 3) areolation
arescens (part. B) becoming dry
argenteus (adj. A) silvery
argilla (noun f. 1) clay; argillaceus (adj. A) clayey, growing in clay; argillosus
(adj. A) full of clay
argute (adv.) sharply; argutus (adj. A) sharp, sharp-toothed
argyr- (in Gk comp.) silver-
aridus (adj. A) dry [habitat]
aril arillus (noun m. 2); arillate arillatus (adj. A)
arillode arillodium (noun n. 2)
-aris (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) belonging to, resembling, used esp.
with nouns ending in l or r
arisen from ortus, exortus (both part. A); arising oriens, exoriens, nascens,
surgens (all part. B); arising from exoriens (part. B), enascens (part. B)
arista (noun f. 1) arista, awn; aristatus (adj. A) aristate, awned
130 Vocabulary
-arius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun or numeral as stem) indicates possession
or connection
arm brachium (noun n. 2); arm-length brachialis (adj. B)
armatus (part. A) equipped, armed
armeniacus (adj. A) apricot-coloured
armillarioideus (adj. A) Armillaria-like
armoured thecatus (adj. A)
aromatic aromaticus (adj. A)
around circa, circum (both adv., or prep. þ Accusative); (pref. in Lat. comp.)
amb-, ambi-, circum-; (pref. in Gk comp.) amphi-, peri-
arranged dispositus, ordinatus, digestus (all part. A)
arrangement collocatio, dispositio (both noun f. 3); arrangement of leaves
phyllotaxis (noun f. 3) or dispositio (noun f. 3) foliorum (noun n. 2
Genitive pl., remains unchanged if dispositio is declined)
arrectus (adj. A) erect, directed upwards at angle of less than 30º
arrhizus (adj. A) without roots
arrow-headed sagittatus (adj. A)
arte (adv.) closely, tightly
arthro- (in Gk comp.) jointed
arthroconidium (noun n. 2) arthroconidium
arthrodontus (adj. A) arthrodontous
arthrospore arthrospora (noun f. 1)
articulatus (part. A) articulate, jointed; articulus (noun m. 2) joint or
segment between nodes
artificial artifactus (adj. A), artificialis (adj. B), artificiosus (adj. A), factitius
(adj. A)
arvalis (adj. B), arvensis (adj. B) pertaining to fields or cultivated land; arvum
(noun n. 2) cultivated land
as [in like manner] atque (conj.); as [in comparison of size] quam (adv.);
as far as tenus (prep. þ Ablative); as in ut (conj. þ in þ Dative);
as if velut (adv.); as yet adhuc (adv.); just as pro (prep. þ Ablative)
ascending adscendens, ascendens (part. B)
-ascens (Lat. suff., part. B, with noun or adj. as stem) indicates a process of
becoming, or not fully reached
ascidiatus (adj. A) ascidiate
Vocabulary 131
ascidium (noun n. 2) pitcher

ascocarp ascocarpus (noun m. 2)
ascogenus (adj. A) ascogenous
ascogonium (noun n. 2) ascogonium
ascohymenialis (adj. B) having asci and paraphyses arranged as a hymenium
ascolocularis (adj. B) having asci in cavities
ascoma (noun n. 3) ascoma
ascospore ascospora (noun f. 1)
ascus ascus (noun m. 2)
ascyphous ascyphosus (adj. A)
asepalus (adj. A) asepalous
aseptatus (adj. A) without septa
asexual agamicus, agamus (both adj. A), asexualis (adj. B)
aspectabilis (adj. B) visible, worthy of notice
aspectus (noun m. 4) general appearance
asper (adj. A) rough to touch, uneven, harsh
asperatus (adj. A) rough with points or short stiff hairs; asperitas
(noun f. 3) roughness
aspergilliformis (adj. B) brush-shaped
aspersus, adspersus (both part. A) scattered
asperulus (adj. A) slightly rough
aspiciens (part. B) facing forward
aspicilioideus (adj. A) aspicilioid
asservatus (part. A) preserved, kept
assimilating assumens, assimilans (both part. B)
associated consociatus (part. A), concomitatus (adj. A);
association consortio (noun f. 3), consortium (noun n. 2)
assumens (part. B) taking up, assimilating
assurgens (part. B) rising upwards
aster (noun m. 3) star, starwort
-aster (noun m. 2), -astra (noun f. 1), -astrum (noun n. 2) (all Lat. suff., with
noun as stem) denoting some likeness or inferiority, also a diminutive
sense
asterinus (adj. A) aster-violet
132 Vocabulary
astero-, astro- (in Gk comp.) stellate, starry

astictus (adj. A) without spots
astomous astomus (adj. A)
astrictus (part. A) tight, drawn together
astylus (adj. A) without a style
asymmetricus (adj. A) asymmetric, irregular; asymmetrice (adv.)
asymmetrically
at (conj.) but, yet
at [at which, place where] ad (prep. þ Accusative); in (prep. þ Ablative)
at last demum, denique (both adv.)
at least saltem, quidem (both adv.)
at length demum, denique (both adv.)
at present nunc (adv.)
ater (adj. A) black [esp. dull]
athecatus (adj. A) unarmoured
-aticus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth
-atilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth
atomatus (adj. A) sprinkled with small particles
atque (conj.) and
atrans (adj. B) darkening
atratus (part. A) blackened, dark
atri-, atro- (in Lat. comp.) dark-
atrovirens (adj. B) deep green
attached to affixus (part. A)
attacking invadens (part. B); attacked invasus (part. A)
attaining attingens (part. B)
attamen (adv.) nevertheless
attenuate attenuatus (part. A)
attingens (part. B) attaining, reaching
attractive illecebrosus (adj. A)
-atus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession or likeness;
also (Lat. suff., part. A, with noun) denotes something completed
atypicus (adj. A) atypical, abnormal
auctor (noun m. or f. 3) author, writer [see p. 00]
Vocabulary 133
auctus (part. A) enlarged, added to, accrescent, magnified

augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2) growth, increase
aulac- (in Gk comp.) furrow
aurantiacus (adj. A) orange
auratus (adj. A) flecked with gold
aureus (adj. A) golden; aureolinus (adj. A) aureolin yellow; aurei-, aureo-,
auri- (in Lat. comp.) golden
auricle auricula (noun f. 1); auriculate auriculatus, auritus (both adj. A)
auriformis (adj. A) ear-shaped
aurum (noun n. 2) gold
australis (adj. B) southern
aut (conj.) or
aut-, auto- (pref. in Gk comp.) self
autem (conj.) but, however
authentic authenticus, genuinus, verus (all adj. A)
author auctor (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]
autoicus (adj. A) autoecious, autoicous
autophragm autophragma (noun n. 3)
autumn autumnus (noun m. 2); autumnal autumnalis (adj. B)
auxiliary auxiliaris (adj. B)
auxospore auxospora (noun f. 1)
available suppetens (part. B)
avellaneus (adj. A) hazel [colour], nut brown
avenis (adj. B), avenius (adj. A) veinless, without visible veins
avenue [of trees] ambulacrum (noun n. 2)
aversus (part. A) turned backward, on the back
away from a, ab (prep. þ Ablative; also pref.); (pref. in Lat. comp.) di-, dis-,
(pref. in Gk comp.) ap-, apo-
awl-shaped subulatus (adj. A), lesiniformis (adj. B)
awn arista (noun f. 1); awned aristatus (adj. A); awnless muticus (adj. A)
axe-shaped dolabriformis (adj. B)
axil axilla (noun f. 1); axillary axillaris (adj. B), alaris (adj. B); placed above
an axil superaxillaris, supra-axillaris (both adj. B)
axis axis (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; axialis (adj. B) axial, along the axis
azonatus, azonus (both adj. A) without zones
134 Vocabulary
azureus (adj. A) azure, deep blue

azygospore azygospora (noun f. 1)
B
bacca berry (noun f. 1); baccans becoming juicy and berry-like (part. B)
baccarium (noun n. 2) aggregate fruit made of attached drupelets
baccatus berry-like, pulpy (adj. A)
baccifer bearing berries (adj. A); bacciformis shaped like a berry
(adj. B)
bacillaris, bacilliformis, baculiformis (all adj. B) rod-shaped, rod-like
back dorsum (noun n. 2); turned backward, on the back aversus (part. A);
backwards recessim, retro (both adv.); curved or bent backwards
reduncus (adj. A); back- (pref. in Lat. comp.) re-, retro-, (pref. in Gk
comp.) noto-, opistho-; backwards and forwards ultro citroque, ultro
et citro (adv.)
bacterium (noun n. 2) bacterium
bactrosporous bactrosporus (adj. A)
baculatus (adj. A) baculate [of a spore]
bad malus (adj. A), dys- (pref. in Gk comp.); very bad pessimus (adj. A);
badly male (adv.) [see p. 00]
badius (adj. A) bay, red-brown, dull brown, chocolate brown
bald calvus (adj. A); becoming bald calvescens (part. B); made bald
calvatus (adj. A), calvifactus (part. A)
ballistoconidium (noun n. 2) forcibly discharged conidium
ballistospora (noun f. 1) ballistospore
balsameus (adj. A) balsamic, with resinous smell
balteiformis (adj. B) belt-shaped
band taenia (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) -desma (noun f. 3);
banded fasciatus (adj. A); band-shaped vittiformis (adj. B), taeniatus
(adj. A), fasciarius (adj. A); band-like (in Gk comp.) taeni-, taenio-
bank [of earth] agger (noun m. 3), crepido (noun f. 3)
bank [of river] ripa (noun f. 1); pertaining to banks riparius (adj. A)
banner-petal vexillum (noun n. 2)
bar [cross beam] transtrum (noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 135
barb hamus (noun m. 2), uncus (noun m. 2), hamulus (noun m. 2)

barba (noun f. 1) beard; barbatus (adj. A) bearded; barbellatus (adj. A)
with short, stiff hairs
barbed, with small hooks ancistrus (adj. A), hamatus (adj. A), uncinatus
(adj. A), glochideus (adj. A)
bare nudus (adj. A)
barely vix (adv.)
bark cortex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; with bark peeling off decorticans
(part. B); with bark peeled off decorticatus (part. A); without bark
ecorticatus (adj. A); inner bark liber (noun m. 2)
barrel dolium (noun n. 2); barrel-shaped cupiformis, doliiformis,
orculiformis (all adj. B); like a small barrel cupelliformis (adj. B)
barren sterilis (adj. B)
bary- (in Gk comp.) heavy
basal basalis, basilaris (both adj. B)
basally basaliter (adv.)
base basis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; attached at base basifixus (adj. A)
basic basicus (adj. A)
basidioma (noun n. 3) basidioma
basidiospore basidiospora (noun f. 1); basidiosporous basidiosporus
(adj. A)
basidium basidium (noun n. 2)
basifixus (adj. A) attached at base
basilaris (adj. B) basal
basin pelvis (noun f. 3)
basin-shaped crateriformis, lebetiformis, pelviformis (all adj. B)
basipetalous basipetalus (adj. A)
basiramifer (adj. A) branches borne from base
basis (noun f. 3) base [see p. 00]
basiscopicus (adj. A) directed towards base
bathyphyllum (noun n. 2) basal lamina in some high-climbing ferns
beach litus, littus (both noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
beak rostrum (noun n. 2) [see p. 00]; beaked rostratus (adj. A); slightly
beaked rostellatus (adj. A); having a beak (in Gk comp.) rhynch-,
rhyncho-, (in Lat. comp.) rostri-, -rostrus (adj. A)
136 Vocabulary
bean-shaped fabiformis, phaseoliformis (both adj. B)

beard barba (noun f. 1), pogon (noun m. 3); bearded barbatus (adj. A);
beardless imberbis (adj. B)
bearing ferens (part. B þ Accusative), gerens (part. B þ Accusative);
praeditus (part. A. þ Ablative); instructus (part. A þ Ablative)
beautiful amoenus, concinnus, formosus, pulcher, venustus (all adj. A);
(in Gk comp.) calli-, calo-
beautifully amoene (adv.), pulchre (adv.)
because of ob (prep. þ Accusative), propter (prep. þ Accusative)
becoming (in Lat. comp.) -ascens, -escens (both part. B)
bed lectus (noun m. 2)
beetroot-coloured betinus (adj. A)
before [in place] ante (prep. þ Accusative); [in time] antea (adv.), antequam
(conj.); (pref. in Lat. comp.) prae-, (pref. in Gk comp.) pro-, proso-,
prostho-
beginning initium (noun n. 2), nascens (part. B)
behind post (prep. þ Accusative), opistho- (pref. in Gk comp.)
bell- campani- (in Lat. comp.), codon- (in Gk comp.)
bell-shaped campanulatus (adj. A), campaniformis (adj. B)
belonging pertinens (part. B)
below inferne (adv.), infernus (adj. A), inferus (adj. A), infra (adv. and
prep. þ Accusative), sub (prep. þ Ablative), subter (prep. þ Ablative);
(pref. in Gk comp.) cat-, cata-, cato-, hyp-, hypo-
below-ground hypogaeus, subterraneus (both adj. A)
belt-shaped balteiformis (adj. B)
bend flexus (noun m. 4); bent flexus (part. A); bent downwards or
forwards declinatus (part. A), [ from the horizontal] inclinatus (part. A);
bent inwards inflexus, introflexus, uncatus (all adj. A); sharply
bent infractus (part. A); bent upon itself intortus (part. A);
(in Gk comp.) campo-, campso-, campto-, campylo-
bending anfractus (part. A)
bene (adv.) well [see p. 00]
beneath sub (prep. þ Accusative or Ablative), subter (prep. þ Ablative)
benthicus (adj. A) benthic
berry bacca (noun f. 1); berried baccatus (adj. A); berry-bearing baccifer
(adj. B); becoming berry-like baccans (adj. B)
Vocabulary 137
berry-shaped bacciformis (adj. B)

beside juxta (adv. or prep. þ Accusative), para- (pref. in Gk comp.)
besides extra (prep. þ Accusative)
betinus (adj. A) beetroot-coloured
better melior (adj. compar.), melius (adv.)
between inter (prep. þ Accusative); placed between interjectus, interpositus
(both part. A); (pref. in Lat. comp.) di-, dis-
beyond extra (prep. þ Accusative), ultra (adv.), ulterius (adv.); (pref. in Gk
comp.) hyper-
bi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) two-
biatorinus (adj. A) biatorine, having lecideine-type apothecia
bibulus (adj. A) absorbing moisture
biconjugatus (adj. A) twice-conjugate
bicuspidatus (adj. A) bicuspid
biennial biennis (adj. B)
bifariam (adv.), bifarius (adj. A) in two rows
biflagellatus (adj. A) biflagellate
bifurcatus (adj. A) bifurcate
bifusiformis (adj. B) bifusiform
big grandis (adj. B), magnus ( adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) grandi-, magni-;
(in Gk comp.) macro-, mega-, megalo-; very big giganteus (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) megisto-
bigeminatus (adj. A) twice-conjugate
bijugatus (adj. A) bijugate
bilabiate bilabiatus (adj. A)
bilateralis (adj. B) bilateral
-bilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability
bilocularis (adj. B) bilocular
binarius (adj. A) binary
binatim (adv. ) in pairs; binatus (adj. A) paired, twinned [as of leaflets]
binding together colligans (part. B)
bini (num. adj. distr. pl.) two each
bipartitio (noun f. 3) splitting into two
bipinnatus (adj. A) bipinnate
bis (num. adv.) twice
138 Vocabulary
biscoctiformis (adj. B) slightly rounded-oblong with slight constriction in

middle
bisculptus (part. A) with two different elements in ornamentation
biseriate biseriatus (adj. A)
bisexualis (adj. B) bisexual, hermaphrodite
bistratose bistratus (adj. A), distromaticus (adj. A)
bistre sepiaceus (adj. A)
bit frustum (noun n. 2)
bitter acerbus, acidus, amarus (all adj. A), acer (adj. B); (in Gk comp.) picro-
bitunicatus (adj. A) with two distinct walls
-bius (Gk suff., adj. A) -living
black ater (adj. A) [dull], niger (adj. A) [glossy]; coal black anthracinus
(adj. A); ebony black ebeneus (adj. A); becoming black nigrescens
(part. B); blackened atratus, denigratus, nigrifactus (all part. A);
blackening denigricans (part. B); blackish nigricans (part. B); black
as pitch piceus (adj. A); black- (in Lat. comp.) atri-, atro-, nigr-,
(in Gk comp.) mel-, mela-, melano-
bladder vesica (noun f. 1), ampulla (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) physo-;
bladder-like or having bladders utricularis (adj. B), utriculatus,
utriculosus (both adj. A); covered with small bladders vesiculosus
(adj. A)
blade lamina (noun f. 1); blade-like laminaris, laminiformis (both adj. B)
blast-, blasto- (in Gk comp.) shoot-
blastidium blastidium (noun n. 2)
blastoconidium (noun n. 2) conidium formed by blastic conidiogenesis
blastospore blastospora (noun f. 1)
blephari-, blepharid-, blepharo- (in Gk comp.) fringed with hairs or cilia
blepharoplast blepharoplastus (noun m. 2)
blight robigo (noun f. 3)
blistered bullatus (adj. A); covered with small blisters vesiculosus (adj. A)
blister-shaped pustuliformis (adj. B)
blood-coloured haematicus, haematochrous (both adj. A)
bloom [waxy, whitish, powdery covering] pruina (noun f. 1)
blotch macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00]; blotched maculatus (part. A)
blown out inflatus, sufflatus (both part. A)
Vocabulary 139
blue lazulinus (adj. A); cobalt blue cobaltinus (adj. A); deep blue azureus
(adj. A), cyaneus (adj. A); gentian blue gentianus (adj. A); greyish
blue nubilus (adj. A); heavenly blue caelestis (adj. B); hyacinth
blue hyacinthinus (adj. A); indigo blue indigoticus (adj. A); lavender
blue caesius (adj. A); sky blue caelestis (adj. B); brilliant sky-
blue caeruleus (adj. A); slate blue lazulino-ardesiacus (adj. A);
Venice-blue venetus (adj. A); becoming blue cyanescens (part. B);
becoming sky blue caerulescens (part. B); staining blue
amyloideus (adj. A); blue- (in Lat. comp.) caesio-, (in Gk comp.)
cyan-, cyano-
blunt obtusus (adj. A); ambly- (in Gk comp.); blunted obtusatus (part. A)
boat navicula (noun f. 1); boat-shaped navicularis, naviculiformis,
cymbiformis (all adj. B)
body corpus (noun n. 3)
bog palus (noun f. 3); peat-bog turbarium (noun n. 2); boggy uliginosus
(adj. A)
bole truncus (noun m. 2)
bombycinus (adj. A) silky
bone os, Genitive sing. ossis (noun n. 3)
bonus (adj. A) good
bony osseus (adj. A); bone-shaped ossiformis (adj. B)
book liber (noun m. 2) [see p. 00]
border margo (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]; bordered marginatus (adj. A),
praetextus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) lomato-; bordering on
conterminus (adj. A, þ Dative or Genitive)
borealis (adj. B) northern
born natus, genitus (both part. A); born within innatus (part. A þ Dative, or
with ‘in’ þ Ablative)
borne portatus (part. A)
boss umbo (noun m. 3); bossed umbonatus (adj. A)
bostryx (noun m. 3) bostryx, helicoid cyme
botanic, botanical botanicus (adj. A); botanist botanicus (noun m. 2);
botany botanica (noun f. 1), phytologia (noun f. 1)
both … and … et … et …
both sides, on utrinque, utrinsecus (both adv.); amphi- (pref. in Gk comp.).
both together ambo (num. adj.)
140 Vocabulary
bothr- (in Gk comp.) pit

bothryospermus (adj.A.) with pitted seeds
botryoideus (adj. A) grape-like [in a cluster]; -botrys (noun m. 3, in Gk
comp.), botry- (in Gk comp.) bunch, raceme
bottom fundus (noun m. 2)
botuliformis (adj. B) sausage-shaped
boundary finis (noun f. 3); limes (noun m. 3)
bounded definitus, limitatus (both part. A)
bowed arcuatus (adj. A)
bowl cratera (noun f. 1), crater (noun m. 3); bowl-shaped crateriformis
(adj. B)
brachialis (adj. B) as long as an arm [approx. 2 feet, 70 cm]
brachiatus (adj. A) having branches with arms
brachium (noun n. 2) arm
brachy- (in Gk comp.) short
brachyblastus (noun m. 2) short shoot, spur
brackish salsugineus, salsuginosus (both adj. A)
bract bractea (noun f. 1); bracteate bracteatus (adj. A)
bracteolate bracteolatus (adj. A); bracteole bracteola (noun f. 1)
brain-like cerebriformis (adj. B)
bran-like furfuraceus (adj. A)
branch ramus (noun m. 2); bearing branches ramifer (adj. A);
branched ramosus (adj. A); very branched ramosissimus (adj. A sup.);
belonging to a branch ramealis (adj. B), rameus (adj. A);
branching ramificatio (noun f. 3), ramificans (part. B); clad-
(Gk pref.),-cladus (adj. A, in Gk comp.); 2-branched
[e.g. hairs] dibrachiatus (adj. A); branched- (in Lat. comp.) rami-
branchlet ramulus (noun m. 2)
breadth longitudo (noun f. 3)
breaking frangens (part. B); breaking apart rumpens (part. B); breaking
forth erumpens, prorumpens (both part. B); breaking off abrumpens,
disrumpens (both part. B); breaking open refringens (part. B)
brevi- (in Lat. comp.) short-
breviarium (noun n. 2) summary
brevis (adj. B) short; brevissimus (adj. A sup.) very short; breviter (adv.)
shortly
Vocabulary 141
brevipes (adj. B) short-footed [see. p.00]

brevitas (noun f. 3) shortness
brick-red latericius, lateritius, testaceus (all adj. A)
bridge pons (noun m. 3), ponticulus (noun m. 2)
bright clarus (adj. A), vividus (adj. A); brightly clare, laete, splendide,
vivide (all adv.); bright-coloured fulgens (part. B), fulgidus (part. A);
bright (in Gk comp.) lampro-
bringing forth edens, efferens, gignens, pariens (all part. B)
bristle seta (noun f. 1); bristle-bearing setifer (adj. A); bristle-like setaceus
(adj. A); bristle-shaped setiformis (adj. B); bristly setosus (adj. A),
echinatus (adj. A), hispidus (adj. A), horricomis (adj. B), intonsus
(adj. A); -bristle (in Gk comp.) -chaeta, -chaete (both noun f. 1)
brittle fragilis (adj. B), friabilis (adj. B); brittleness fragilitas (noun f. 3)
broad latus (adj. A); broadly late (adv.); very broadly perlate (adv.); broad
(in Lat. comp.) lati-, (in Gk comp.) platy-; broad-leaved frondosus
(adj. A)
broken fractus, ruptus (both part. A); broken off disruptus, effractus (both
part. A); broken through perruptus (part. A); broken in pieces
diffractus (part. A); abruptly broken off succisus (part. A)
bronze aeneus (adj. A)
brook rivus (noun m. 2); pertaining to brooks rivalis (adj. B);
brooklet rivulus (noun m. 2)
broom-like [fastigiately] scoparie (adv.), [like a brush] scopiformis (adj. B),
scopulatus (adj. A)
brought [from] advectus (part. A); allatus (part. A), usu. with ex
brown brunneus (adj. A); bay badius (adj. A); buff bubalinus (adj. A);
chestnut brown castaneus (adj. A); chocolate brown badius (adj. A);
dark brown fuscus, pullatus (both adj. A); deep reddish-brown
spadiceus (adj. A); dirty brown luridus (adj. A); fawn hinnuleus
(adj. A); light reddish-brown cinnamomeus (adj. A); nut brown
avellaneus (adj. A); pale brown alutaceus (adj. A);
brownish brunneolus, infuscatus (both adj. A)
bruise contusum (noun n. 2); bruised contusus, sugillatus, tritus (all part. A)
brumalis (adj. B) wintery
brunneolus (adj. A) brownish
brush-shaped aspergilliformis (adj. B), penicillatus (adj. A)
142 Vocabulary
bryo- (in Gk comp.) relating to mosses

bryophytum (noun n. 2) bryophyte
bubalinus (adj. A) buff
bubble bulla (noun f. 1); bubble-like bulliformis (adj. B)
buccinatus, buccinatorius (both adj. A) trumpet-shaped [somewhat curved]
bud gemma (noun f. 1); bud (of a flower) alabastrum (noun n. 2); bud-
bearing gemmatus (adj. A), gemmifera (adj. B), gemmiparus (adj. A);
budding gemmatio (noun f. 3); bud-like gemmiformis (adj. B);
budding off pullulans (part. B)
buff bubalinus (adj. A)
bulb bulbus (noun m. 2); bulb-shaped bulbiformis (adj. B)
bulbil, bulblet bulbilus (noun m. 2)
bulbotuber (noun n. 3) [in early authors] corm
bulbous bulbosus (adj. A)
bulge protuberatio (noun f. 3); bulging protuberans, tumescens
(both part. B)
bulla (noun f. 1) bubble; bullatus (adj. A) blistered; bulliformis (adj. B)
bubble-like
bunch [like grapes] (in Gk comp.) botry-, -botrys (noun m. 3)
bundle fascis (noun m. 3), fasciculus (noun m. 2), also phalanx (noun f. 3);
bundle -desma (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.)
-bundus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates something in
progress, or completed
bung obturamentum (noun n. 2)
buried defossus, infossus, obrutus (all part. A)
burned ambustus, ustulatus (both part. A)
burr lappa (noun f. 1); burr-like lappaceus (adj. A)
bursicule bursicula (noun f. 1)
bursting rumpens (part. B); bursting elastically dissiliens (part. B);
bursting forth eruptio (noun f. 3), also prorumpens (part. B)
bush frutex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; bushy fruticosus (adj. A), dumalis
(adj. B); of bushy habit dumosus (adj. A); becoming bushy
frutescens (part. B)
but at (conj.), autem (conj.), sed (conj.); but for praeter (prep. þ Accusative)
buttery butyraceus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 143
button-like globuliformis (adj. B)

buttress anteris (noun f. 3)
butyraceus (adj. A) buttery
by [by whom or which something is done] a, ab (prep. þ Ablative), per
(prep. þ Accusative), also expressed by Ablative without prep.;
[near] ad (prep. þ Accusative); [along] secundum (prep. þ Accusative)
byssaceus, byssinus, byssoideus (all adj. A) cobwebby, cottony, with fine
threads
C
cacumen (noun n. 3) peak, very top [see p. 00]
cadens (part. B) falling
caducus (adj. A) falling, dropping early, caducous
caelestis (adj. B) heavenly blue
caelum (noun n. 2) the sky
caeoma (noun n. 3) caeoma
caeruleo-griseus (adj. A) sky grey
caerulescens (part. B) becoming sky blue; caeruleus (adj. A) brilliant
sky-blue
caesariatus (adj. A) hairy
caesio- (in Lat. comp.) blue; caesius (adj. A) lavender blue
caespes (noun m. 3) tuft, turf, sward [see p. 00]; caespitulus (noun m. 2)
little tuft; caespiticius (adj. A) turf-like; caespitosus, cespitosus
(both adj. A) growing in tufts
caeterum (adv.) otherwise
calathidium, calathium (both noun n. 2) capitulum [in Asteraceae];
calathiformis (adj. B), calathinus (adj. A) cup-shaped
calcar (noun n. 3) spur, hollow appendage on calyx or corolla [see p. 00];
calcaratus (adj. A) spurred; calcariformis (adj. B) spur-like
calcareus (adj. A) calcareous, chalky, limy
calceiformis (adj. B), calceolatus (adj. A) slipper-like
calcificatio (noun f. 3) calcification; calcium (noun n. 2) calcium
calculation ratio (noun f. 3)
caldarium (noun n. 2) hot-house
144 Vocabulary
calendulinus (adj. A) marigold orange

calidus (adj. A) hot, warm
calli- (in Gk comp.) beautiful
callifer (adj. A), callosus (adj. A) callose; callus (noun m. 2) callus
calm tranquillus (adj. A)
calo- (in Gk comp.) beautiful
calvatus (adj. A) bald; calvescens becoming bald (part. B); calvifactus
(part. A) made bald
calvus (adj. A) bald
calx (noun f. 3) lime
calyciformis (adj. B) calyx-like; calycinus (adj. A) belonging to the calyx
calyculus (noun m. 2) epicalyx; calyculatus (adj. A) with a calyculus
-calymma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) covering, veil
calyptra calyptra (noun f. 1); calyptratus (adj. A) having a calyptra;
calyptriformis (adj. B) shaped like a conical cap
calyx calyx (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; within the calyx intracalycinus (adj. A)
cambium cambium (noun n. 2)
campani- (in Lat. comp.) bell-
campanulatus (adj. A), campaniformis (adj. B) bell-shaped
campanulinus (adj. A) campanula violet
campanuloides (adj. B) resembling a campanula
campester (adj. B), campestris (adj. B) pertaining to fields and plains
campo-, campso-, campto-, camplyo- (in Gk comp.) bent
camptodromus (adj. A) camptodrome
campylidia (noun n. 2, pl.) campylidia
campylotropus (adj. A) campylotropous
canaliculatus (adj. A) grooved, channelled; canalis (noun m. 3) groove,
channel
canarinus (adj. A) canary yellow
cancellatus (adj. A) latticed
candelabriformis (adj. B) candelabriform
candidus (adj. A) pure, glossy white; candidans (part. B) becoming white
cane harundo (noun f. 3) [grass reed], virga (noun f. 1) [rod]
caneolithus (noun m. 2) caneolith
canescens (part. B) canescent, becoming grey
Vocabulary 145
canino- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to dogs

canker robigo (noun f. 3), cancer (noun m. 2)
canopy canopeum (noun n. 2)
canus (adj. A) grey
cap calyptra (noun f. 1), operculum (noun n. 2), pileus (noun m. 2),
pyxidium (noun n. 2)
cap-shaped pileatus (adj. A)
cape [Geography] caput (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
caperatus (adj. A) wrinkled
capiens (part. B) containing
capillaceus (adj. A), capillaris (adj. B), capilliformis (adj. B) capillary-like,
hair-like
capillitium capillitium (noun n. 2)
capillus (adj. A) hair, hair’s breadth
capitatus (adj. A) with a rounded head or tip, capitate
capitulum (noun n. 2) head; [in Asteraceae] anthodium (noun n. 2),
calathidium (noun n. 2) calathium (noun n. 2); capit-, capiti-
(in Lat. comp.) head-
capreolus (noun m. 2) tendril
capsicinus (adj. A) capsicum red
capsularis (adj. B) capsular
capsule capsula (noun f. 1)
capucinus (adj. A) nasturtium red
caput (noun n. 3) head, cape [Geography] [see p. 00]
carbo (noun m. 3) carbon, charcoal
carbonaceus (adj. A) brittle and black
carbonarius (adj. A) pertaining to coal
carbonas (noun m.3) carbonate
cardia-, cardio- (in Gk comp.) heart-
cardinalis (adj. B) cardinal red
careful accuratus (adj. A) but use diligens for persons; carefully diligenter
(adv.)
careless neglectim, negligenter (both adv.)
carens (part. B) lacking, absent
caries (noun f. 3) decay
146 Vocabulary
carina (noun f. 1) keel; carinalis (adj. B) belonging to the keel; carinatus

(adj. A) with a keel, keeled
cariosus (adj. A) rotten, decayed, decomposed
carmesinus (adj. A) crimson
carmine carminus, carmineus, coccineus, carmesinus (all adj. A)
carneus (adj. A) flesh-coloured
carnosulus (adj. A) slightly fleshy; carnosus (adj. A) succulent, fleshy
caro (noun f. 3) flesh, substance [see p. 00]
carp-, carpo- (in Gk comp.) relating to the fruit
carpel carpellum, carpidium (both noun n. 2)
carpicus (adj. A) relating to the fruit
carpidium (noun n. 2) carpel
carpocephalum carpocephalum (noun n. 2)
carpogonial carpogonialis (adj. B); carpogonium carpogonium (noun n. 2);
carpogonium-bearing carpogonifer (adj. A)
carpophorum (noun n. 2) carpophore
carpospora (noun f. 1) carpospore
carposporangium (noun n. 2) carposporangium
carposporophytum (noun n. 2) carposporophyte
carpotetrasporangium (noun n. 2) carposporangium containing 4
carpospores
-carpus (noun m. 2), -carpa (noun f. 1), -carpium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.)
-fruit, -fruited
carried portatus (part. A), vectus (part. A); carried [ from] advectus (part. A)
usu. with ex
carrot-red daucinus (adj. A); carrot-shaped dauciformis (adj. B)
carrying ferens (part. B þ Accusative); gerens (part. B þ Accusative);
(in Lat. comp.) -fer , -ger (both adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -phorus (adj. A)
cartilaginous cartilagineus (adj. A); like cartilage chondroideus (adj. A)
caruncula (noun f. 1) caruncle; carunculatus (adj. A) carunculate
caryo- (in Gk comp.) nut-, nucleus-
caryopsis caryopsis (noun f. 3)
-case [container] (in Gk comp.) -theca (noun f. 1)
cask-shaped cupiformis, doliiformis, orculiformis (all adj. B); like a small
cask cupelliformis (adj. B)
Vocabulary 147
cassideus (adj. A) helmet-shaped

cassis (noun f. 3) helmet
cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative) empty
cast off exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A), rejectus (part. A)
castaneus (adj. A) chestnut brown
castratus (adj. A) castrated, emasculated
cat-, cata- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, along, below
catadromus (adj. A) catadromous
catalogue catalogus (noun m. 2), index (noun m. 3)
cataphyll cataphyllum (noun n. 2)
cataract cataracta (noun f. 1)
catathecium catathecium (noun n. 2)
catena (noun f. 1) chain; catenatus (adj. A) linked as in a chain; catenulatus
(adj. A) in short chains
caterva (noun f. 1) crowd, group; catervatim (adv.) in groups,
crowdedly
catilliformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped; catillus (noun m. 2) plate [platter],
saucer
catkin amentum (noun n. 2); like a catkin amentaceus, julaceus
(both adj. A)
cato- (pref. in Gk comp.) downwards, below
caudatus (adj. A) with a tail-like appendage
caudex (noun m. 3) rootstock
caudicle caudicula (noun f. 1)
cauliflorus (adj. A) cauliflorous
caulis (noun m. 3) stem; caulinus (adj. A) cauline
caulonema (noun n. 3) caulonema
caulorhiza (noun f. 1) rootstock
causing efficiens (part. B)
cautes (noun f. 3) pointed rock
cave caverna, spelunca (both noun f. 1)
cavernosus (adj. A) full of cavities
cavernula (noun f. 1) aeria (adj. A) air chamber
cavitas (noun f. 3) cavity
148 Vocabulary
cavity alveola (noun f. 1), cavum (noun n. 2), cavitas (noun f. 3); small
cavity alveolus (noun m. 2); full of cavities cavernosus (adj. A)
cavum (noun n. 2) hole
cavus (adj. A) hollow
ceasing desinens (part. B)
cecidiophorus (adj. A) gall-bearing
celans (part. B) hiding, concealing; celatus (part. A) hidden, concealed
celeriter (adv.) quickly
cell cellula (noun f. 1); within a cell intracellularis (adj. B);
cellular cellulosus (adj. A)
-celled -cellularis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.)
cellula (noun f. 1) alaris (adj. B) alar cell
cellulosa (noun f. 1) cellulose
-cellus, -cillus, -culus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates diminutive form
celsus (adj. A) high, lofty
centensimus (adj. A) a hundredth
centi- (in Lat. comp.) hundred-; centiens, centies (both adv.) hundred-fold
centimetre centimetrum (noun n. 2)
central centralis (adj. B), medius (adj. A)
centralium centralium (noun n. 2)
centre centrum (noun n. 2)
centrifugus (adj. A) developing from centre outwards
centripetus (adj. A) developing from outside towards centre
centrum (noun n. 2) centrum, centre
centum (num. adj. indecl.) hundred
cephal-, cephalo- (in Gk comp.) head; -cephalus (adj. A, in Gk comp.)
-headed
cephalium (noun n. 2) cephalium
cephalodium cephalodium (noun n. 2)
-ceps (adj. B, in Lat. comp.) -headed
cera (noun f. 1) wax
-ceras, -ceros (both noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) -horn, horny projection
cerasinus (adj. A) cherry-red
cerato- (in Gk comp.) horned-
Vocabulary 149
cerebriformis (adj. B) brain-like in appearance

cereus (adj. A) waxy, dull yellow
cernuus (adj. A) drooping, descending
certainly certe, nempe, nimirum (all adv.)
certus (adj. A) definite, settled, specified
cespitosus (adj. A) growing in tufts (see caespitosus)
cetera, ceteroquin, ceterum (all adv.) otherwise; ceterus (adj. A) the other
[the rest]
-chaeta, -chaete (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) bristle, long hair
chaffy paleaceus (adj. A)
chain catena (noun f. 1); chained catenatus (adj. A); chain-like cateniformis
(adj. B)
chalaza chalaza (noun f. 1)
chalky calcareus, cretaceus (both adj. A) [use also for chalk-white]
chalybeus (adj. A) steel grey
chamae- (in Gk comp.) lowly, creeping
chamber cubiculum (noun n. 2); chambered locellatus (adj. A)
changeable inconstans, mutabilis (both adj. B); changed mutatus,
transmutatus, transformatus (all part. A); changing suddenly to
abiens (part. B)
channel canalis (noun m. 3), [strait] fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4);
channelled canaliculatus (adj. A)
character character (noun m. 3)
characteristic proprius (adj. A); characteristically proprie (adv.)
chartaceus (adj. A) papery
cheil-, cheilo- (in Gk comp.) lip
cheilocystidium cheilocystidium (noun n. 2)
chequered, checkered tessellatus (adj. A)
cherry-red cerasinus (adj. A)
chestnut brown castaneus (adj. A)
chiastobasidium (noun n. 2) chiastobasidium
chief primarius (adj. A), archi- (pref. in Gk comp.); chiefly imprimis (adv.)
-chilus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) lipped
chion- (in Gk comp.) snow
150 Vocabulary
chiton (noun m. 2) chitin; also -chiton (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.)

covering, tunic
chlamyd- (in Gk comp.) cloaked, wearing a cloak
chlamydocyst chlamydocystis (noun f. 3)
chlamydospora (noun f. 1) chlamydospore
chlamys (noun f. 3) mantle, cloak
chlor-, chloro- (in Gk comp.) green-
chloride chloridum (noun n. 2); chlorine chlorinum (noun n. 2)
chlorinus (adj. A) yellow-green
chloronema (noun n. 3) chloronema
chlorophyll chlorophyllum (noun n. 2); chlorophyllose chlorophyllosus
(adj. A)
chloroplast chloroplastus (noun m. 2)
chocolate brown badius (adj. A)
chondroideus (adj. A) chondroid, like cartilage
chorate [in diatoms] choratus (adj. A)
chori- (pref. in Gk comp.) separate, free
chosen lectus, excerptus (both part. A)
chrom-, chromato- (in Gk comp.) relating to colour
chromatophore chromatophorum, phaeophorum (both noun n. 2)
chromatropic chromatropicus (adj. A)
chromosome chromosoma (noun f. 1)
-chromus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) relating to colour
chrys-, chryso- (in Gk comp.) golden-
chrysocystidium (noun n. 2) cystidium that turns yellow in alkali solution
cibarius (adj. A) relating to food
cibus (noun m. 2) food
cicatricatus (adj. A) scarred; cicatricosus (adj. A) covered in scars; cicatrix
(noun f. 3) scar [see p. 00]
-cidus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) killing
ciliate ciliatus (adj. A); ciliated (in Gk comp.) blephari-, blepharid-, blepharo-
cilium cilium (noun n. 2)
-cillus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj. as stem) indicates diminutive form
cincinnus cincinnus (noun m. 2)
Vocabulary 151
cinctus (part. A) encircled, girdled

cinereus, cineraceus (both adj. A) ash grey; cinerascens (part. B) becoming
ash grey
cingens (part. B) encircling, girdling
cingulum (noun n. 2) cingulum, girdle
cinnabarinus (adj. A) vermilion
cinnameus (adj. A) smelling of cinnamon; cinnamomeus (adj. A) light
reddish brown; cinnamominus (adj. A) relating to cinnamon
circa, circum (both adv., or prep. þ Accusative) about
circinatus (adj. A) coiled inwards
circiter (adv., or prep. þ Accusative) about
circle orbis (noun m. 3), gyrus (noun m. 2); coiled into a circle cyclicus
(adj. A); rolled up circularly cyclicalis (adj. B); almost circular
rotundus (adj. A); circular (in Gk comp.) cyclo-. See also ring
circum- (pref. in Lat. comp.) around
circumcinctus (part. A) surrounded
circumcirca (adv.) all around
circumdatus (part. A) encircled; circumdans (part. B) encircling, girdling
circumference ambitus (noun m. 4), circumferentia (noun f. 1),
circumscriptio (noun f. 3), peripheria (noun f. 1)
circumnexus (part. A) wrapped around, surrounding
circumscissilis (adj. B), circumscissus (part. A) circumscissile
circumscriptio (noun f. 3) circumference, outline
cirratus, cirrosus (all adj. A) having tendrils; cirrifer (adj. A) bearing tendril(s);
cirriformis (adj. B) tendril-like; cirrus (noun m. 2) tendril
cis (prep. þ Accusative) on this side; cis- [in geographical comp.] on this side
of, e.g. cisalpinus
cisterna (noun f. 1) cistern, reservoir [esp. underground]
cito (adv.) quickly, soon
citrinus (adj. A) lemon yellow; citriformis (adj. B) lemon-shaped;
citriodorus (adj. A) lemon-scented
city urbs (noun f. 3)
clad-, -cladus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) branch, shoot
cladocarpus (adj. A) cladocarpous
cladode cladodium (noun n. 2)
152 Vocabulary
cladophyll cladophyllum (noun n. 2)

clamp colligatio (noun f. 3), zygodesma (noun n. 3); clamp
connection fibula (noun f. 1); provided with clamps fibulatus (adj. A);
bearing clamps fibuliger (adj. A)
clandestinus (adj. A) concealed, hidden
clare (adv.) brightly, clearly; clarus (adj. A) bright
clasping adligans, alligans, amplectens, complectens (all part. B), amplexus
(adj. A)
class classis (noun f. 3)
clathratus (adj. A) latticed
clausus (part. A) closed
clava (noun f. 1) club; clavatus (adj. A) clavate, club-shaped; claviformis
(adj. B) clavate
clavi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) club-
clavis (noun f. 3) key (to species etc.)
clavula (noun f. 1) a small club
clavus (noun m. 2) peg
claw unguis (noun m. 3); clawed unguiculatus (adj. A)
clay argilla (noun f. 1); clayey, growing in clay, clay-coloured argillaceus
(adj. A); full of clay argillosus (adj. A)
clear liquidus, pellucidus, hyalinus, lucidus, translucidus (all adj. A),
translucens (part. B); clearly clare, evidenter, manifeste, perspicue,
plane (all adv.)
cleft fissura (noun f. 1); fissus (part. A); cleft (in Gk comp.) schist-, schisto-,
schiz-, schizo-
cleistocarpus (adj. A) cleistocarpous
cleistogamus (adj. A) cleistogamous
cleistothecium (noun n. 2) cleistothecium
-clema (noun n. 3), -clemus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) shoot, branch, twig
cliff scopulus (noun m. 2), praeruptum (noun n. 2)
climbing scandens (part. B)
clinandrium (noun n. 2) clinandrium
clinging adhaerens, haerens, cohaerens (all part. B)
clitocybioideus (adj. A) Clitocybe-like
clivus (noun m. 2) hillside
Vocabulary 153
cloak chlamys (noun f. 3); cloaked (in Gk comp.) chlamyd-

clockwise helicte (adv.)
clone clon (noun m. 3); clonal clonalis (adj. B)
close arctus, artus (both adj. A); (in Gk comp.) pycn-, pycno-; closed clausus
(part. A), inapertus (adj. A), impervius (adj. A), reconditus (part. A);
closed up occlusus (part. A); closely arcte, arte (both adv.); close
together approximatus (part. A), confertus (part. A), creber (adj. A)
clothed vestitus (part. A); clothed with indutus (part. A þ Ablative); clothed
with withered parts induviatus (adj. A)
cloud nubes (noun f. 3); clouded nebulosus (adj. A); cloudy nubilus (adj. A)
club clava (noun f. 1); a small club clavula (noun f. 1); club-shaped
clavatus (adj. A), claviformis (adj. B); club- (in Lat. comp.) clavi-;
(in Gk comp.) coryne-, coryno-, rhopalo-
clump caespes (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; clumped caespitosus (adj. A)
cluster fasciculus (noun m. 2), consocies (noun f. 3); clustered aggregatus
(part. A), fasciculatus (adj. A); clustered as in a sphere conglomeratus
(part. A)
clypeatus (adj. A) shaped like a circular shield; clypeus (noun m. 2) shield-
like stromatic growth
co- (before vowels, h), col- (before l), com- (before b, m, p), con-
(before c, d, f, g, j, n, qu, s, t, v), cor- (before r) (pref. in Lat. comp.)
together with
coacervatus (part. A) heaped together, crowded
coactus (part. A) felted
coadnatus (part. A) united, fused
coaetaneus, coetanus (adj. A) of the same age, at the same time
coalescens (part. B) coming together by growth; coalitus (part. A) united by
growth
coal-like carbonaceus (adj. A); pertaining to coal carbonarius (adj. A)
coarctatus (part. A) pressed together
coarse grossus (adj. A); coarsely grosse (adv.)
coast ora, maritima (both noun f. 1)
coaxial coaxialis (adj. B)
cobaltinus (adj. A) cobalt
cobwebby arachnoideus, araneosus, byssaceus, byssoideus (all adj. A)
154 Vocabulary
coccineus (adj. A) crimson

coccoideus (adj. A) coccoid
coccolith coccolithus (noun m. 2)
coccosphere coccoglobus (noun m. 2)
coccus coccus (noun m. 2)
cochleariformis, cochlearis (both adj. B) spoon-like; also, when one item
or segment encloses the others
cochleatus (adj. A) coiled like a snail’s shell
codon- (in Gk comp.) bell-
coelo- (in Gk comp.) hollowed
coelospermus (adj. A) hollow-seeded
coenobium (noun n. 2) colony
coenocyte coenocytum (noun n. 2); coenocytic coenocyticus (adj. A)
coenosorus (noun m. 2) fused sorus
cognatus (adj. A) related
cognitus (part. A) known, understood
cohaerens (part. B) clinging together, cohering; cohaerentia (noun f. 1) coherence
cohort cohors (noun f. 3)
coil gyrus (noun m. 2), spira (noun f. 1); coiled helicus (adj. A), (in Gk
comp.) helic-; coiled inwards circinatus (adj. A)
-cola -dweller (suff. in comp., treated as noun in app. & of common gender,
i.e. m., f. or n., so, regardless of the gender of a generic name, is
declined like agricola [see p. 00]; when adj., declined as Group A)
colboid colboideus (adj. A)
cold frigidus, gelidus, algidus (all adj. A)
collapsed collapsus (part. A); collapsing collabens (part. B)
collar collum (noun n. 2); collared collariatus (adj. A), collaris (adj. B)
collateralis (adj. B) being side by side
collected lectus (part. A); collection collectio (noun f. 3), collectanea
(noun n. 2, p1.); collector collector (noun m. 3)
collective collectivus (adj. A)
collenchymatous collenchymatosus (adj. A)
colliculosus (adj. A) colliculose
colligans (part. B) binding together; colligatus (part. A) joined together;
colligatio (noun f. 3) a ligature, clamp
Vocabulary 155
collinus (adj. A) pertaining to hills; collis (noun m. 3) a hill

collocatio (noun f. 3) arrangement
collum (noun n. 2) neck, collar
collybioideus (adj. A) Collybia-like
colony colonia (noun f. 1), coenobium (noun n. 2); colonial colonialis
(adj. B)
colour color (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; coloured coloratus, fucatus (both part. A);
-coloured -color (adj. B, in Gk comp); changing colour allochrous
(adj. A), versicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; of a different colour discolor
(adj. B) [see p. 00]; uniform in colour concolor (adj. B) [see p. 00],
concolorans (part. B), concolorus (adj. A); many-coloured (in Gk
comp.) poecil-, poecilo-
colourless achromaticus (adj. A), achromus (adj. A), diaphanus [almost
transparent] (adj. A), incolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], incoloratus (adj. A)
colpus colpus (noun m. 2)
colubrinus (adj. A) serpent-like
columella columella (noun f. 1)
column columna (noun f. 1); columnar columnaris (adj. B); column
(in Gk comp.) -stela, -stele (noun f. 1)
coma (noun f. 1) coma, tuft; comalis (adj. B) relating to a coma
comb pecten (noun m. 3); comb-like pectinatus (adj. A); comb-
(in Lat. comp.) pectini-, (in Gk comp.) cten-, cteno-
comestibilis (adj. B) edible
combinatio (noun f. 3) a combination, joining; combinatus
(part. A) combined, united
coming forth egrediens, oriens, prodiens, proveniens (all part. B)
comitatus (adj. A þ Ablative) accompanied
commiscens (part. B) intermingling
commissure commissura (noun f. 1); commissural commissuralis
(adj. B)
commixtus (part. A) intermingled
commode (adv.) conveniently, aptly
common [shared] communis (adj. B), [widespread] vulgaris (adj. B),
[widespread] pervagatus (part. A), [very common] pervulgatus (part. A);
commonly plerumque (adv.); in common communiter, conjunctim
(both adv.)
156 Vocabulary
comosus (adj. A) having a tuft of hairs

compact compactus (part. A); compactly confertim, spisse (both adv.)
compaginatus (part. A) packed closely, one over the other
comparable comparandus (adj. A)
comparate (adv.) comparatively, relatively
comparison comparatio (noun f. 3)
complanatus (part. A) flattened; complanus (adj. A) on the same
plane, level
complectens (part. B) clasping, enfolding
complens (part. B) filling
complete [whole] totus (adj. A), [ filled ] completus (part. A);
completed effectus (part. A); completely perfecte (adv.); completely
(in Gk comp.) eu-
complex complexus (part. A), tortuosus (adj. A)
complicatus (part. A) folded upon itself
compluriens, compluries (both adv.) several times
composed of constatus (part. A)
compositus (part. A) compound, made up [of ]
compound compositus (part. A)
compressed contractus (part. A)
compressus (part. A) flattened [usu. laterally]
concatenatus (part. A) linked, connected
concave concavus (adj. A)
concealed absconditus, celatus, occultus, reconditus, tectus (all part. A),
clandestinus (adj. A)
concentric concentricus (adj. A)
conceptacle conceptaculum (noun n. 2)
concerning de (prep. þ Ablative)
conchatus (adj. A), conchiformis (adj. B) shell-shaped; conchifer (adj. A)
shell-bearing
concinnus (adj. A) neat, beautiful
concolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], concolorans (part. B), concolorus (adj. A)
uniform in colour, of the same colour
concomitatus (part. A þ Ablative) accompanied, associated
concretus (part. A) grown together, also thickened, hardened
Vocabulary 157
condensatus (part. A) condensed [e.g. an inflorescence]

condition status (noun m. 4); habitus (part. A)
conditus (part. A) stored
conduplicatus (part. A) conduplicate
condyle condylus (noun m. 2)
cone [of a conifer] strobilus (noun m. 2), [solid figure] conus (noun m. 2);
cone-shaped conicus, conoideus (both adj. A); cone-like strobiliformis
(adj. B), strobilaceus (adj. A), strobilinus (adj. A); cone-bearing conifer
(adj. A)
conferruminatus (part. A) fused together
confertus (part. A) close together, crowded, dense; confertim (adv.)
compactly, densely
confervaceus, confervoideus (both adj. A) composed of loose filaments like
Conferva
confestim (adv.) immediately [quickly]
confined to limitatus (part. A with ad þ Accusative)
confinis (adj. B usu. þ Dative) adjoining
confirmavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. act. perf.; abbreviation conf.) he or she
confirmed [a determination]
conflatus (part. A) melded together, united
confluens (part. B) confluent, running together
conformatio (noun f. 3) shape, form
conformis (adj. B) alike, agreeing closely, the same shape as
confused confusus (part. A)
congener (noun m. 2) member of same genus; congenericus (adj. A)
congeneric
congestus (part. A) crowded together
conglobatus (part. A) pressed together
conglomeratus (part. A) clustered e.g. as in a sphere
conglutinatus (part. A) glued together
congruens (part. B þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing with
conicus (adj. A), conoideus (adj. A) cone-shaped, conical; conice (adv.)
conically; conifer (adj. A) cone-bearing
conidiogenus (adj. A) producing conidia
conidiolum (noun n. 2) secondary conidium
158 Vocabulary
conidioma (noun n. 3) structure bearing conidia

conidiophore conidiophorum (noun n. 2); without conidiophores
histogenus (adj. A)
conidiosporangium (noun n. 2) conidiosporangium
conidium (noun n. 2) conidium
conifer (adj. A) cone-bearing
coniocyst coniocysta (noun f. 1)
conjugation conjugatio (noun f. 3), copulatio (noun f. 3);
conjugating conjungens (part. B)
conjugatus, conjunctus (both part. A) joined, connected
conjunctio (noun f. 3) union, fusion
connatus (part. A) joined, connate, fused, united
connected concatenatus, conjunctus, connexus, consociatus (all part. A);
connecting jungens (part. B)
connective connectivum (noun n. 2)
connexus (part. A) connected
connivens (part. B) connivent, converging
conoideus (adj. A) almost conical
consentaneus (adj. A þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing with
consequently itaque (adv.)
conservatus (part. A) preserved, conserved
considerably aliquantum (adv.)
consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) similar in all respects, equal
consistent aequabilis (adj. B)
consistentia (noun f. 1) texture, consistency
consisting of constans (part. B, þ ex and Ablative)
consociatus (part. A) associated, connected, united; consocies (noun f. 3)
cluster
consortio (noun f. 3), consortium (noun n. 2) association
conspecificus (adj. A) conspecific
conspectus (noun m. 4) survey, conspectus
conspersus (part. A) sprinkled
conspicuus (adj. A) conspicuous, striking; conspicue (adv.) conspicuously
constans (part. B, þ ex and Ablative) consisting of
constantly constanter, perpetuo (both adv.)
Vocabulary 159
constatus (part. A) composed of

constipatus (part. A) crowded closely together
constricted constrictus (part. A); constriction constrictio (noun f. 3),
strictura (noun f. 1); with a constriction isthmoideus (adj. A)
constructed constructus, contextus, exstructus, fabricatus (all part. A)
consuete (adv.) customarily
contained contentus (part. A); containing capiens, continens (both part. B)
contaminatus (part. A) impure, polluted, contaminated
contents contentum (noun n. 2)
contentus (part. A) contained
conterminus (adj. A, þ Dative or Genitive) bordering on
contextus (part. A) woven together, constructed; also (noun m. 4) hyphal
mass in pileus
contiguus (adj. A usu. þ Dative) adjoining
continens (part. B) containing
continentalis (adj. B) continental
continuus (adj. A) continuous, uninterrupted, non-septate
contorted contortus (part. A)
contortuplicatus (adj. A) entangled, intricate
contra (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) against, opposite to; also pref. in Lat.
comp.
contractile contractilis (adj. B); contractile vacuole vacuola (noun f. 1)
contractilis (adj. B)
contractus (part. A) contracted, narrowed, compressed
contrarius (adj. A) contrary, in an opposite direction
contrary il- (pref. in Lat. comp. before l), im- (before b, m, p), in- (before
vowels, most consonants)
contrary, on the immo (adv.)
contributing contribuens, donans (both part. A)
contusum (noun n. 2) bruise; contusus (part. A) bruised
conus (noun m. 2) cone [solid figure]
convariety convarietas (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
conveniens (part. B þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing
conveniently commode (adv.)
converging connivens (part. B)
160 Vocabulary
conversus (part. A) reversed

convexus (adj. A) convex
convolutus (part. A) convolute, rolled together
copiose (adv.) abundantly
coppery cupreus, cuprinus (both adj. A)
coprophilus (adj. A) dung-loving [growing on dung]; copro- (in Gk comp.)
pertaining to dung
copula (noun f. 1) the intercalary band of a diatom
copulatio (noun f. 3) conjugation [of cells]
coralliformis (adj. B) coral-like [in form]; coralloides (adj. B) of coral, coral-
like; corallinus (adj. A) coral red
corculum (noun n. 2) plumule
cord [slender rope] funiculus (noun m. 2)
cordatus (adj. A) cordate; cordiformis (adj. B) heart-shaped; cordi- (in Lat.
comp.) heart-
coriaceus (adj. A) coriaceous, leathery; corium (noun n. 2) rind, covering
cork suber (noun n. 3); corky suberosus (adj. A)
corm cormus (noun m. 2); bulbotuber [in early authors] (noun n. 3)
corner angulus (noun m. 2)
corneus (adj. A) horny, hard but not brittle
cornflower blue cyaninus, cyaneus (both adj. A)
corniculatus (adj. A) having small horn-like appendage; corniculum
(noun n. 2) a small horn-like appendage
cornu (noun n. 4) horn, spur [see p. 00]; cornutus (adj. A) horned;
cornuatus (adj. A) horn-shaped; -cornis, -cornu (both adj. B, in Lat.
comp.), -cornutus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -horned; corni- (in Lat comp.)
horned
corolla (noun f. 1) corolla; corollaceus (adj. A) corolla-like; corollatus
(adj. A) having a corolla; corolliflorus (adj. A) having calyx, corolla
and ovary inserted on a disc and stamens inserted on corolla; corollinus
(adj. A) belonging to or inserted on corolla; epicorollinus (adj. A)
inserted on corolla
corona (noun f. 1) corona; coroniformis (adj. B) having the form of a
corona; coronans (part. B) crowning; coronatus (part. A) crowned;
coronarius (adj. A) of a wreath, coronary
coronule coronula (noun f. 1)
Vocabulary 161
corpus (noun n. 3) body

corpuscule corpusculum (noun n. 2)
correction emendatio (noun f. 3); corrected emendatus (part. A);
correctly rite (adv.)
corresponding to congruens (part. B), consentaneus (adj. A)
corrugatus (part. A) corrugated, crumpled
cortex (noun m. 3) bark, cortex [see p. 00]; corticalis (adj. B), corticeus
(adj. A) cortical; corticatus (adj. A) covered with bark or a cortex,
[in lichens] having outer layer made up of compacted hyphae
corticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of bark
cortina (noun f. 1) cortina; cortinatus (adj. A) cortinate
corymb corymbus (noun m. 2); corymbose corymbosus (adj. A);
corymbosely corymbose
cosmopolitanus (adj. A) world-wide
costa (noun f. 1) midrib, rib; costalis (adj. B) relating to the midrib;
costatus (adj. A) ribbed with one or more primary veins or ridges
costapalmatus (adj. A) costapalmate
costula (noun f. 1) costule
cottony byssaceus, byssinus, byssoideus, gossypinus (all adj. A)
cotyledon cotyledon (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
countless innumerus (adj. A), innumerabilis (adj. B); pref. in Gk comp.,
myri-, myrio-
covered tectus, obtectus, obductus, velatus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.)
crypt-, crypto-; a covering corium (noun n. 2), tegmen (noun n. 3),
tegmentum (noun n. 2); covering tegens, obtegens, obducens
(all part. B); (in Gk comp.) -calymma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.);
covered over with obsitus (part. A); -cover (in Gk comp.) -theca
(noun f. 1)
coxal coxalis (adj. B)
crack rima, fissura (both noun f. 1); cracked rimosus (adj. A); minutely
cracked rimulosus (adj. A)
craspedromus (adj. A) craspedromus [veining]
crassus (adj. A) thick; crasse (adv.) thickly; crassiusculus
(adj. A) moderately thick; crassities (noun f. 5) thickness
crater (noun m. 3) bowl; crateriformis (adj. B) basin-shaped, bowl-shaped
craticula craticula (noun f. 1)
162 Vocabulary
cream [colour] cremeus (adj. A), cremicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], [ivory]
eburneus (adj. A)
creber (adj. A) close together, frequent; crebiter, crebro (both adv.) often,
repeatedly
creeping repens [see p. 00], reptans, serpens (all part. B); (in Gk comp.)
chamae-
cremeus (adj. A), cremicolor (adj. B) cream [colour] [see p. 00]
cremocarp cremocarpium (noun n. 2)
crenatus (adj. A) crenate, scalloped; crenulatus (adj. A) crenulate
crepido (noun f. 3) a bank [of soil, rocks]
crescens (part. B) growing, increasing, inhabiting
crescent-shaped lunaris (adj. B), lunatus (adj. A)
crest crista (noun f. 1); (pref. in Gk comp.) loph-, lophio-, lopho-;
crested cristatus (adj. A)
cretaceus (adj. A) chalky, chalk-white
crevice rima, fissura (both noun f. 1)
cribratus, cribrosus (both adj. A) sieve-like, much perforated
cribrum (noun n. 2) cribrum
crimson carmesinus, coccineus, kermesinus (all adj. A)
crinis (noun m. 3) the hair; crinitus (adj. A) with tufts of long,
weak hairs
crispatus (part. A), crispus (adj. A) crisped, irregularly wavy
crista (noun f. 1) crest; cristatus (adj. A) crested
croceus (adj. A) saffron yellow
crooked anfractus (part. A)
cross crux (noun f. 3); cross-shaped cruciatus (adj. A); cross-wise cruciatim
(adv.)
cross-beam transtrum (noun n. 2)
cross-wall septum (noun n. 2)
crowd caterva, turba (both noun f. 1); crowded aggregatus, coacervatus,
coarctatus, confertus (all part. A), creber (adj. A), [surrounded] stipatus
(part. A); crowded closely together congestus, conglomeratus,
constipatus (all part. A); crowdedly catervatim, confertim, crebro
(all adv.)
crown corona (noun f. 1); crowning coronans (part. B); crowned coronatus
(part. A)
Vocabulary 163
cruciatus (adj. A) cross-shaped; cruciatim (adv.) cross-wise

crudus (adj. A) raw, uncooked, unripe
crumbling fatiscens (part. B)
crumpled corrugatus (part. A)
crushed obtritus (part. A)
crusta (noun f. 1) crust, upper surface of pileus or thallus; crustaceus
(adj. A) hard, thin and brittle, crustaceous
crustosus (adj. A) crustose, crust-like
crux (noun f. 3) cross; cruciatus (adj. A) cross-shaped; cruciatim (adv.)
cross-wise
crypt-, crypto- (in Gk comp.) covered, hidden
cryptocotularis (adj. B) germination in which cotyledons remain enclosed
in seed
cryptogamicus, cryptogamus (both adj. A) cryptogamic
cryptolecanorinus (adj. A) with inapparent thalline margin
cryptosome cryptosoma (noun n. 3)
crystal crystallum (noun n. 2); crystalline crystallinus (adj. A)
cten-, cteno-, -ctenium (noun n. 2) (in Gk comp.) comb
-ctonus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) killing
cubical cubicus (adj. A), cubiformis (adj. B); more or less cubical tessularis
(adj. B)
cubiculum (noun n. 2) chamber
cucullatus (adj. A) hooded; cucullus (noun m. 2) hood
cujus (Genitive sing. of qui) of which, of whose; cujusvis (m.), cujavis (f.),
cujumvis (n.) of anyone
culm culmus (noun m. 2)
cultivated cultus (part. A); cultivated land arvum (noun n. 2); cultivated
land, pertaining to arvalis, arvensis (both adj. B); cultivar cultivarietas
(noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; cultigen cultigenum (noun n. 2);
cultivation cultura (noun f. 1)
culture cultura (noun f. 1)
cultratus (adj. A) cultrate; cultriformis (adj. B) cultriform
-culus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj.) indicates diminutive form
cum (prep. þ Ablative) along with; also as conj., when, while, whereas
cumulatus (part. A) heaped; cumulus (noun m. 2) a heap, pile
164 Vocabulary
-cundus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates a tendency

cuneate cuneatus (adj. A), cuneiformis (adj. B)
cuniculus cuniculus (noun m. 2)
cup cupula (noun f. 1) e.g. of an acorn; cup- (in Gk or Lat. comp.) calath-,
cotyl-, cyath-, cymbio-, scyph-; (in Lat. comp.) acetabul-, pocul-;
(in Gk comp.) peli-, scyph-, scyphi-, scypho-
cupelliformis (adj. B) like a small cask
cupiformis (adj. B) barrel-or cask-shaped
cupola-shaped cupuliformis (adj. B)
cupreus, cuprinus (both adj. A) coppery
cup-shaped cupulatus, calathinus (both adj. A), calathiformis, cyathiformis,
poculiformis (all adj. B)
cupule cupula (noun f. 1)
curled crispus, crispatus (both adj. A)
cursus (noun m. 4) direction
curtus (adj. A) short
curve arcus (noun m. 4), curvamen (noun n. 2); curve- (in Lat. comp.)
cuvi-, (in Gk comp.) cyrto-; curved curvus (adj. A), curvatus, arcuatus
(both part. A); curvature curvatura (noun f. 1); curved downwards or
forwards declinatus (part. A); curved inwards incurvatus, incurvus
(both adj. A); curved in one direction homotropus (adj. A)
cushion pulvinus (noun m. 2); cushion-shaped pulvinatus (adj. A),
pulviniformis (adj. B)
cusp cuspis (noun f. 3); cuspidate cuspidatus (adj. A)
customarily consuete (adv.)
cut scissus (part. A); cut to midrib sectus (part. A); cut deeply incisus
(part. A); cut more than half-way to midrib partitus (part. A); cut
half-way or less to midrib fissus (part. A); cut off abscissus (part. A);
cut into insculptus (part. A); cut out excisus, exsectus (both part. A);
a cut incisura (noun f. 1)
cuticle cuticula (noun f. 1), cutis (noun f. 3); cuticular cuticularis (adj. B)
cyaneus, cyaninus (both adj. A) deep or cornflower blue; cyanescens (part. B)
becoming blue; cyan-, cyano- (in Gk comp.) blue
cyanobacterium (noun n. 2) cyanobacterium
cyanobiont cyanobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
cyath- (in Gk & Lat. comp.) cup-; cyathiformis (adj. B) cup-shaped
Vocabulary 165
cyathium (noun n. 2) cyathium

cyclicus (adj. A) coiled into a circle; cyclicalis (adj. B) rolled up circularly;
cyclo- (in Gk comp.) circular; -cyclus (adj. A, in Lat. & Gk comp.)
whorled
cygneus (adj. A) curved like neck of swan
cylinder cylindrus (noun m. 2); cylindrical cylindraceus, cylindricus,
cylindratus (all adj. A); cylindrically cylindrice (adv.)
cymba (noun f. 1) woody spathe
cymbiformis (adj. B) boat-shaped
cyme cyma (noun f. 1); cymose cymosus (adj. A)
cyphella (noun f. 1) cyphella
cypsela cypsela (noun f. 1)
cyst cysta (noun f. 1); (in Gk comp.) cysto-, -cystis (noun f. 3)
cystidiole cystidiola (noun f. 1)
cystidium cystidium (noun n. 2), setula (noun f. 1)
cystocarp cystocarpium (noun n. 2)
cystolith cystolithus (noun m. 2), furunculus (noun m. 2)
cystosorus (noun m. 2) cystosorus
cystospore cystospora (noun f. 1)
cyto- (in Gk comp.) relating to the cell; cytologia (noun f. 1) cytology;
cytoplasma (noun f. 3) cytoplasm
D
dacryoideus (adj. A) tear-or pear-shaped, dacryoid
dactyl dactylus (noun m. 2); dactylinus, dactyloideus (both adj. A) divided
into finger-like structures; dactyl- (in Gk & Lat. comp.) finger-
dagger-shaped pugioniformis (adj. B)
damage laesio (noun f. 3); damaged laesus (adj. A)
damp humectus, humidus, udus (all adj. A), (in Gk comp.) hygro-;
dampened humectatus, humefactus (both part. A)
dark [colour] atratus (part. A); dark [gloomy, shaded] tenebrosus (adj. A);
darkened fuscatus (adj. A); darkening atrans, fuscans (both adj. B);
dark- (in Lat. comp.) atri-, atro-, (in Gk comp.) phae-, phaeo-; very
dark (in Gk comp.) mel-, mela-, melano-
dasy- (in Gk comp.) shaggy
166 Vocabulary
data (noun n. 2, pl.) data [sing. datum]

date-coloured spadiceus (ad. A)
datus (part. A) given
dauciformis (adj. B) carrot-shaped; daucinus (adj. A) carrot-red
daughter filia (noun f. 1); daughter cell cellula (noun f. 1) filialis (adj. B)
day dies (noun m. 5); of day-time diurnus (adj. A); every day,
daily quotidianus (adj. A)
de (prep. þ Ablative) about, concerning
de- (pref. in Lat. comp.) downwards, outwards
dead mortuus, emortuus, defunctus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) necro-
deadly funestus (adj. A), lethalis (adj. B)
dealbatus (part. A) covered with white powder
debilis (adj. B) weak
deca- (in Gk comp.) ten-
decalvatus (adj. A) become glabrous
decay caries (noun f. 3); decayed cariosus (adj. A), putrefactus (part. A);
decaying putrescens (part. B)
deceased mortuus, defunctus, emortuus (all part. A)
decem (num. adj. indecl.) ten; decem- (in Lat. comp.) ten-
deceptive fallax (adj. B)
decidedly valde, perspicue (both adv.)
deciduous deciduus, caducus (both adj. A)
deciens, decies (num. adv.) ten times, tenfold
decimus (ord. num., adj. A) tenth
decipiens (part. B) deceiving [used of a taxon closely resembling another]
declinatus (part. A) bent or curved downwards or forwards
declivis (adj. B) sloping downwards; declivitas (noun f. 3) slope
declivituber (noun n. 2) dropper, sinker [in orchids, tulips etc.]
decolor (adj. B) faded [see p. 00]
decomposed cariosus (adj. A), putrefactus (part. A), putridus (adj. A)
decorated ornatus, decoratus (both part. A)
decorticans (part. B) with bark peeling off; decorticatus (part. A) with bark
peeled off; lacking cortex
decrescens (part. B) decreasing, diminishing
Vocabulary 167
decumbens (part. B) decumbent, prostrate with the tip turned upwards

decurrent decurrens (part. B), decursivus (adj. A)
decurved decurvus, decurvatus (both adj. A)
decussatus (adj. A) decussate
deep profundus (adj. A); deeply alte, penitus, profunde (all adv.), [of colours]
saturate (adv.)
deest (verb 1st pers. sing. ind. act.) it is lacking
defective defectivus, imperfectus, mancus (all adj. A)
deficiens (part. B) lacking, wanting
definite [Eng.] certus (adj. A)
definite (adv.) definitely, precisely; definitus (part. A) bounded, definite
definite in outline or number determinatus (part. A)
deflexus (part. A) deflected, turned downwards
defloratus (adj. A) having flowers fallen
defoliatus (adj. A) having leaves fallen; defoliatio (noun f. 3) leaf-fall
deformis (adj. B) misshapen
defossus (part. A) buried
defunctus (part. A) deceased
dehiscence dehiscentia (noun f. 1); dehiscent, dehiscing dehiscens (part. B);
dehiscing irregularly ruptilis (adj. B)
dein, deinde (both adv.) then, thereafter
deinceps (adv.) successively
dejectus (part. A) fallen [lit. thrown down]
delapsus (part. A) fallen away [naturally]
delectus (noun m. 4) a selection
delicate subtilis, tenuis (both adj. B), tenellus (adj. A); delicately subtiliter
(adv.)
delineatio (noun f. 3) drawing; delineatus (part. A) drawn [illustrated]
deliquescens (part. B) deliquescent, melting
deltate deltatus (adj. A), triangularis (adj. B); deltoid deltoideus (adj. A)
dematiaceus (adj. A) dematiaceous, darkly pigmented
dematoid dematoideus (adj. A)
demersus (part. A) submerged
deminuens (part. B) diminishing; deminutus (part. A) diminished,
diminutive
168 Vocabulary
demissus (part. A) low, drooping

demptus (part. A) subtracted
demum (adv.) at length, at last
dendr-, dendro-, -dendron (noun n. 2) (in Gk comp.) tree; dendriticus,
dendroideus, dendromorphus (all adj. A) tree-like
dendrophysis (noun f. 3) dendrophysis, irregularly branched cystidium
denigratus (part. A) blackened; denigricans (part. B) blackening
deni (num. adj. distr., pl.) ten each
denique (adv.) at length, finally
dens (noun m. 3) tooth, prong [see p. 00]
dense densus, spissus (both adj. A), confertus (part. A), (in Gk comp.)
pycn-, pycno-; densely confertim, spisse (both adv.)
dentatus (part. A) dentate, toothed; denticulatus (adj. A) denticulate;
denti- (in Lat. comp.) tooth-
denudatus (part. A) denuded, stripped
denuo (adv.) again
deorsum (adv.) downwards
departing abiens (part. B)
depauperatus (adj. A) depauperate, reduced
dependens (part. B), dependulus (adj, A) hanging, suspended
depending secundum (prep. þ Accusative)
depictus (part. A) painted
deplanatus (part. A) levelled
depression depressio (noun f. 3); covered with depressions lacunosus
(adj. A); depression in lichen thallus lacuna (noun f. 1)
depressus (part. A) pressed down, sunken
depth altum (noun n. 2), altitudo (noun f. 3), profunditas (noun f. 3)
depulsus (part. A) driven away, dislodged, expelled
derasus (part. A) smoothed or shaved off
derived from oriundus (ger. adj. A)
derma (noun n. 3) skin; dermato- (in Gk. comp.) skin-
dermatocystidium dermatocystidium (noun n. 2)
descaled desquamatus (part. A)
descended from ortus (part. A), oriundus (adj. A þ ab)
Vocabulary 169
descending descendens (part. B), cernuus (adj. A), declinatus (adj. A),
deflexus (part. A), nutans (part. B)
described descriptus (part. A); description descriptio (noun f. 3)
desert desertum (noun n. 2); desert- (in Lat. comp.) deserti-, (in Gk comp.)
erem-
deserticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of desert
desiccatus (part. A) dried up
designated designatus (part. A)
desinens (part. B) ending, stopping
-desma (in Gk comp.) either noun n. 3, band, or noun f. 1, bundle
desquamatus (part. A) descaled, peeled off
destitutus (part. A) lacking
desunt (verb, 3rd pers. pl., pres.) they are lacking
desuper (adv.) from above
det. see determinavit
detached separatus (part. A)
detectus (part. A) discovered
detergendus (ger. adj. A) easily removed
determinatus (part. A) definite in outline or number
determinavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. act. perf.; abbreviation det.) he or she
determined [identified]
detersile detersilis (adj. B) [of a villous covering that can be removed so that
the surface becomes bare]
detersus (part. A) wiped clean
detrusus (part. A) pushed down or into
deuter- (in Gk comp.) second
deuteroconidium deuteroconidium (noun n. 2)
developed evolutus, effectus (both part. A)
devexus (adj. A) steep, sloping
devoid of carens (part. B), cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative), expers
(adj. B þ Genitive or Ablative)
dewy roridus (adj. A)
dexter (adj. A) to the right, on the right-hand side
dextrinoideus (adj. A) staining yellowish or reddish-brown in iodine
dextrorse antihelicte (adv.)
170 Vocabulary
dextrose dextrosum (noun n. 2)

di- (in Gk comp.) two-
di-, dis- (pref. in Lat. comp.) away from, between
dia- (pref. in Gk comp.) across, through
diagnosis diagnosis (noun f. 3); diagnostic diagnosticus (adj. A)
diagonally diagonaliter (adv.)
diallagous [changing from one colour to another and back] diallagus (adj. A)
dialy- (in Gk comp.) separated
diameter diameter (noun m. 2)
diaphanus (adj. A) diaphanous, colourless and almost transparent
diaphragm diaphragma (noun n. 3)
diarthrodactylus (adj. A) with each ultimate ray 2-celled [in Charophyta]
diaspora (noun f. 1) diaspore
diatom diatoma (noun f. 1)
dibrachiatus (adj. A) 2-branched (hairs)
dicha-, dicho- (pref. in Gk comp.) in two
dichasium dichasium (noun n. 2)
dichotomus (adj. A) dichotomous; dichotome (adv.) dichotomously
diclinus (adj. A) with antheridium and oogonium on different hyphae
dictyo- (in Gk comp.) net-
dictyospora (noun f. 1) dictyospore
dictyostela (noun f. 1) dictyostele
didymospora (noun f. 1) didymospore
didymus (adj. A) didymous, in pairs; [in mycology] 2-celled
didynamus (adj. A) didynamous
dies (noun m. 5) day
different dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), diversus (part. A), (in Gk
comp.) hetero-; differing from ahorrens, differens, discrepans,
divergens (all part. B); differently aliter (adv.), alio modo (adv. phrase)
differt (verb 3rd pers. sing. pres.) it differs (from) [see p. 00]
difficult difficilis (adj. B), dys- (pref. in Gk comp.); difficulty, with aegre,
difficile, difficiliter, difficulter (all adv.)
diffluens (part. B) dissolving
difformis (adj. B) irregularly/unevenly/differently formed
diffractus (part. A) broken in pieces, shattered
Vocabulary 171
diffusus (part. A) diffuse

digestus (part. A) arranged in order
digitatus (adj. A) digitate
digitiformis (adj. B) finger-like
dilabens (part. B) falling away
dilatatus (part. A) widened, expanded; dilatatio (noun f. 3) a swelling,
widening
dilutus (part. A) diluted, thin, weak, light; dilute (adv.) slightly, weakly,
faintly
dimension dimensio (noun f. 3)
dimidiatus (part. A) dimidiate; dimidium (noun n. 2) half; dimidio (adv.)
by half; dimidius (adj. A) half
diminishing deminuens, decrescens, imminuens, minuens (all part. B);
diminished diminutus (part. A)
diminutus (part. A) diminished
dimissus (part. A) discharged
dimiticus (adj. A) dimitic, having two kinds of hyphae
dimorphus (adj. A) having two forms
dingy sordidus (adj. A)
dioecious, dioicous dioecius (adj. A); [in bryology] dioicus (adj. A);
gynodioecious gynodioecius (adj. A)
diplecolobeus (adj. A) with cotyledons incurved and twice folded transversely
diplo- (in Gk comp.) doubly-
diploid diploideus (adj. A)
diplolepidus (adj. A) diplolepidous, with two rows of teeth
direction cursus (noun m. 4); directio (noun f. 3); in all directions
quaquaversum (adv.); of no particular direction, in several directions
vagus (adj. A)
directus (part. A) going straight or direct
disappearing evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A)
disc discus (noun m. 2); disc-like disciformis (adj. B), discoideus (adj. A),
discoidalis (adj. B); disc floret flosculus (noun m. 2) disci (noun
Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined)
discedens (part. B) separating, dividing
discernible distinguibilis (adj. B)
172 Vocabulary
discharged dimissus, emissus (both part. A); discharging emittens

(part. B)
disciformis (adj. B), discoideus (adj. A), discoidalis (adj. B) disc-like
discocarp discocarpus (noun m. 2)
discolith discolithus (noun m. 2)
discolor (adj. B) of a different colour [see p. 00]
discovered detectus, inventus (both part. A)
discrepans (part. B) differing from
discretus (part. A) separated, set apart; discretim (adv.) separately
disease morbus (noun m. 2); diseased aeger, aegrotus, morbidus, morbosus
(all adj. A)
dish-shaped patelliformis (adj. B)
disintegrating fatiscens (part. B)
disjunctus (part. A) separate, distinct; disjuncte, disjunctim (both adv.)
separately
dislodged depulsus (part. A)
disordered asymmetricus, inordinatus (both adj. A); disorderly inordinate,
inordinatim, inordinaliter (all adv.)
dispar (adj. B) unlike, unequal
disparatus (part. A) separated
disperse, dispersim (both adv.) dispersedly, here and there; dispersio
(noun f. 3) dispersion, scattering; dispersus (part. A) scattered
dispersing spargens (part. B)
displaying ostendens, praebens (both part. B)
displicatus (part. A) scattered
dispora (noun f. 1) one of the spores from a 2-spored basidium
dispositus (part. A) arranged, grouped; dispositio (noun f. 3) arrangement
disrumpens (part. B) breaking off, bursting; disruptus (part. A) broken off
dissectus (part. A) dissected, deeply divided
dissepimentum (noun n. 2) dissepiment, partition
dissiliens (part. B) bursting elastically
dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) different, dissimilar
dissitus (adj. A) well-spaced, scattered; dissiti- (in Lat. comp.) remote, apart
dissocians (part. B) dissociating
dissolutus (part. A) dissolved
Vocabulary 173
dissolving diffluens, dissolvens (both part. B)

distalis (adj. B) distal; distaliter (adv.) distally
distant distans (part. B), semotus (part. A)
distentus (part. A) distended
distichus (adj. A) distichous
distinct disjunctus (part. A), distinctus (part. A), [on its own] proprius
(adj. A); distinctly plane (adv.)
distinguendus (ger. of verb distinguo, adj. A) it must be distinguished
(used in diagnoses)
distinguibilis (adj. B) discernible, distinguishable
distributed distributus (part. A); distribution distributio (noun f. 3)
district ager (noun m. 2)
distromaticus (adj. A) bistratose
disturbed turbatus (part. A)
distylus (adj. A) distylous
ditch fossa (noun f. 1), scrobis (noun m. 3)
dithecate dithecatus (adj. A)
diu (adv.) a long time; diuscule, diutule (both adv.) a little while; diutius
(adv.) a very long time; diutinus, diuturnus (both adj. A) long-lasting
diurnus (adj. A) of day-time
divaricatus (part. A) divaricate
divergens (part. B) diverging, differing from
diversus (part. A) different; diverse (adv.) differently, diversely; diversi-
(in Lat. comp.) diverse, varied
dives (adj. B) plentiful, rich
divided divisus (part. A); dividing discedens, dividens (both part. B);
deeply divided dissectus (part. A); divisible partibilis (adj. B);
division divisio (noun f. 3); without divisions inarticulatus (adj. A)
divulgatus (part. A) widespread
divulsus (part. A) torn apart
dodrans (noun m. 3) three-quarters
dolabriformis (adj. B) dolabriform
dolich-, dolicho- (in Gk comp.) long-
doliiformis (adj. B) barrel-shaped
domatium (noun n. 2) domatium
174 Vocabulary
dome tholus (noun m. 2); dome-shaped tholiformis (adj. B)

dominans (part. B) dominant
donans (part. A) contributing, giving; donatus (part. A) given
donec (adv.) while, until
dormiens (part. B) sleeping, resting
dorsal dorsalis, dorsualis (both adj. B), (in Gk comp.) noto-;
dorsally dorsaliter (adv.); dorsifixed dorsifixus (adj. A)
dorsiventralis (adj. B) dorsiventral
dorsum (noun n. 2) the back, abaxial side
dot punctum (noun n. 2); dotted punctatus, stictus (both adj. A), (in Gk
comp.) stict-, sticto-; dot-like punctiformis (adj. B); dotting punctatio
(noun f. 3); not dotted impunctatus (part. A)
double duplex (adj. B), [as in double flower] multiplex (adj. B);
doubled duplicatus, geminatus (both adj. A); doubly duplo (adv.);
doubly- (in Lat. comp.) duplicato-, (in Gk comp.) diplo-
doubtful ambiguus, dubius, incertus (all adj. A); doubtfully dubie (adv.);
without doubt sine dubio; doubt dubitatio (noun f. 3)
downward deorsum (adv.); de- (pref. in Lat. comp.); ap-, apo-, cato- (pref.
in Gk comp.)
downy pubescens (part. B), pubens (adj. B)
-doxa (noun f. 1), -doxus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) glory, splendour
dragging trahens (part. B)
drawing delineatio (noun f. 3); drawn [illustrated] delineatus (part. A)
drawn out extensus, productus, extractus (all part. A)
dredged subductus, prolatus (both part. A)
drepan- (in Gk comp.) curved like a sickle
dried exsiccatus, desiccatus, siccatus, arefactus (all part. A); dried up
desiccatus (part. A)
drip tip apex stillans (noun m. 3 þ part. B)
driven [pushed] away depulsus (part. A)
drooping cernuus (adj. A), demissus (part. A)
drop gutta (noun f. 1); droplet guttula (noun f. 1)
dropper [also sinker, in orchids, tulips etc.] declivituber (noun n. 2)
dropping (early) caducus (adj. A)
drum-shaped tympaniformis (adj. B)
Vocabulary 175
drupaceus (adj. A) drupaceous, drupe-like; drupa (noun f. 1) drupe;

drupeola (noun f. 1) drupelet
dry [habitat] aridus, [object] siccus (both adj. A); becoming dry arescens
(part. B)
dubius (adj. A) doubtful; dubie (adv.) doubtfully; dubitatio (noun f. 3)
doubt; sine dubio without doubt
duct vas (noun n. 3)
dulcis (adj. B) sweet, pleasant, [of water] fresh
dull hebes (adj. B), obscure (adv.); dull-coloured [sad] tristis (adj. B), [dusky]
obscurus (adj. A), [dingy] sordidus (adj. A)
dum (adv.) while, now
dumalis (adj. B) bushy; dumosus (adj. A) of bushy habit; dumus
(noun m. 2) thorn-bush; dumetum (noun n. 2) thorn scrub, thicket
dumtaxat (adv.) exactly
dune thinium (noun n. 2)
dung stercus (noun n. 3), fimus (noun m. 2); dung-loving [growing on dung]
coprophilus (adj. A), fimicola (noun c. 1); pertaining to dung
stercorarius (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) fimi-, sterc-, sterco-, (in Gk comp.)
apopato-, copro-, ontho-, scato-, scybalo-; stinking like dung
stercoreus (adj. A)
duo (adj. num.) two [see p. 00]
duplex (adj. B) double; duplicatus (adj. A) doubled; duplo (adv.) doubly;
duplicato- (in Lat. comp.) doubly
duration duratio (noun f. 3), longiturnitas (noun f. 3)
during per (prep. þ Accusative), [at the time of ] tempore (noun. n. 3,
Ablative sing. þ Genitive), [period of time] inter (prep. þ Accusative)
duritia (noun f. 1) hardness
durus (adj. A) hard; duriusculus (adj. A) somewhat hard
dusky furvus, obscurus (both adj. A)
dwarf nanus, pumilus, pygmaeus (all adj. A); dwarf (in Gk comp.) nan-,
nann-, nan-, nanno-
-dweller -cola (suff. in comp., treated as noun in app. & of common gender,
i.e. m., f. or n., so, regardless of the gender of a generic name, is declined
like agricola [see p. 00]); (in Gk comp.) -geton (noun m. 3)
dying off emoriens (part. B)
dys- (pref. in Gk comp.) bad, difficult
176 Vocabulary
E
e (prep. þ Ablative) from, out of [= ex]
e- (pref. in Lat. comp. but not before a vowel, h, t and q, rarely before p, s,
when ex- is used) without, lacking
ea (determ. pron., f.) she [see p. 00]
each [of two] uterque (pron., m.), utraque (f.), utrumque (n); each [of more
than two] unusquisque (compar. pron., m), unaquaeque (f.)
unumquidque (n.); each and every [= all] omnis (adj. B); on/in each in
quoque/quaque (prep., prep. þ noun in Ablative); each,
everyone quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.)
eadem (def. pron. f.) the same [see p. 00]
ear auricula (noun f. 1), [of cereal] spica (noun f. 1); eared auriculatus (adj.
A); ear-shaped auriformis (adj. A)
early praecox (adj. A), mature (adv.)
earth [soil] humus (noun f. 2), solum (noun n. 2), terra (noun f. 1)
easily facile (adv.); easy facilis (adj. B)
east oriens (noun m. 3); eastern orientalis (adj. B)
eaten away exesus (part. B)
ebeneus (adj. A) ebony black
eburneus (adj. A) ivory [colour]
ecarinatus (adj. A) without a keel
eccentricus [excentricus] (adj. A) eccentric [off-centre]
echinatus (adj. A) bristly, echinate; echinulatus (adj. A) echinulate
eciliatus (adj. A) without cilia
ecorticatus (adj. A) without bark, without cortex
ect-, ecto- (pref. in Gk comp.) on the outside, outwards
ectoascus (noun m. 2) ectoascus
ectomycorrhiza (noun f. 1) ectomycorrhiza
ectophragma (noun n. 3) ectophragm
ectosporium (noun n. 2) ectosporium, hardly visible spore wall outside the
perisporium
ectostroma (noun n. 3) ectostroma
ectotheca (noun f. 1) ectotheca
ectotunica (noun f. 1) outer wall of bitunicate ascus
Vocabulary 177
edens (part. B) bringing or putting forth

edentatus (adj. A) without teeth
edge [e.g. of a leaf, field] margo (noun m. or f. 3)
edge [sharp] acies (noun f. 5); two-edged anceps (adj. B), ancipitius (adj. A)
edible edibilis, edulis, comestibilis (all adj. B), esculentus (adj. A)
eel-like anguilliformis (adj. B)
effaced obliteratus (part. A)
effectus (part. A) developed, completed
efferens (part. B) bringing forth
efficiens (part. B) causing, effecting, presenting, making
effiguratus (adj. A) without definite form or figure
efflorescentia (noun f. 1) period of opening of flower
effractus (part. A) broken off
effusus (part. A) widely spreading, straggling [in habit], indeterminate
egg ovum (noun n. 2); egg- (in Lat. comp.) ovi-
egg-yolk yellow vitellinus (adj. A)
eglandulosus, eglandulatus (both adj. A) non-glandular, without glands
egrediens (part. B) coming forth
egregius (adj. A) excellent; egregie (adv.) excellently
eguttulatus (adj. A) lacking oil-like globules or guttules
eight octo (num. adj. indecl.); eighth octavus (ord. num., adj. A); eight each
octoni (num. adj. distr. pl.) [see p. 00]; eight times octies, octiens
(both num. adv.); eight- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) octo-
either alteruter (adj. A, m.), alterutra (f.), alterutrum (n.); either … or
vel … vel
ejected ejectus, expulsus (both part. A)
ejectosome ejectosoma (noun n. 3)
ejusdem (pron., Genitive) of the same
elaboratus (part. A) elaborate
elaiosome elaiosoma (noun n. 3)
elapho- (in Gk comp.) fawn
elasticus (adj. A) elastic
elater elater (noun m. 3)
elatus (adj. A) tall
178 Vocabulary
elegans (adj. B) elegant [see p. 00]; eleganter (adv.) elegantly

element [a part of something] membrum (noun n. 2)
eleuther- (in Gk comp.) free
elevated elevatus (part. A); elevation elevatio (noun f. 3)
eleventh undecimus (adj. A); eleven times undeciens, undecies (both adv.)
eligulatus (adj. A) eligulate, without a ligule
elimbatus (adj. A) without differentiated marginal cells
ellipsoid ellipsoideus (adj. A), ellipsoidalis (adj. B)
elliptic ellipticus (adj. A)
-ellus (Lat. suff., adj. A) used to form a diminutive, in colour a pale tint
elongated elongatus (adj. A), productus, prolatus (both part. A)
elsewhere alibi (adv.); from elsewhere alicunde (adv.)
elytron (in Gk comp.) a covering
em- (before b and p), en- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, in
emarcidus (adj. A) withered
emarginatus (part. A) emarginate, notched
emasculated castratus (adj. A)
embracing amplectens, complectens (part. B), fovens (part. B)
embryo (noun m. 3) embryo; embryonalis (adj. B) pertaining to an embryo;
embryonatus (adj. A) having an embryo
embryotega (noun f. 1) embryotega
emendatus (part. A) corrected; emendatio (noun f. 3) a correction,
amendment
emerald-green smaragdinus (adj. A)
emergens (part. B) emerging
emersus (part. A) raised up, brought forth
emeticus (adj. A) emetic
eminens (part. B) standing out, eminent; eminentia (noun f. 1) projection,
protuberance
emissus (part. A) discharged; emittens (part. B) discharging
emoriens (part. B) dying off
emortuus (part. B) dead
empty cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative), inanis (adj. B); also cavus
(adj. A) [hollow], evacuatus (part. A) [emptied]; empty space vacuus
(noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 179
emulating aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A)

emulsivus (adj. A) milk-like in consistency
en-, em- (before b and p) (pref. in Gk comp.) within, in
enantio- (in Gk comp.) opposite
enascens (part. B) arising from
enatus (part. A) issuing from
encircled cinctus (part. A), circumdatus (part. A); encircling amplexus
(adj. A), cingens (part. B), circumdans (part. B)
enclosed inclusus (part. A); enclosing includens (part. B)
encrusted incrustatus (part. A); encrusting incrustans (part. B)
encysted incystatus (adj. A)
end extremum (noun n. 2), extremitas (noun f. 3), finis (noun f. 3);
ending desinens (part. B); ending in desinens (part. B, with in þ
Accusative), terminatus (part. B, with in þ Accusative);
ended terminatus (part. A, þ Ablative); in the end [finally] demum,
tandem (both adv.)
end-, endo- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside
endemic endemicus (adj. A)
endexine endexinium (noun n. 2)
endo- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside
endobasidium endobasidium (noun n. 2)
endocarpus (adj. A) with the mature hymenium covered
endoconidium endoconidium (noun n. 2)
endogenus (adj. A) endogenous
endolithicus (adj. A) endolithic, growing within rock
endomycorrhiza (noun f. 1) endomycorrhiza
endoparasitic endoparasiticus (adj. A)
endoperidium (noun n. 2) endoperidium
endophloeodes (adj. C), endophloeodicus (adj. A) endophloeodal, growing
in cork layer of bark
endophragm endophragma (noun n. 3)
endophyticus (adj. A) endophytic, growing within tissue
endosperm endospermium (noun n. 2)
endospore endosporium (noun n. 2)
endosubstraticus (adj. A) endosubstratic, growing within the substrate
180 Vocabulary
endosymbiont endosymbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)

endotheca (noun f. 1) endotheca
endothecium endothecium (noun n. 2)
endozoicus (adj. A) endozoic, growing within an animal; endozoophyticus
(adj. A) growing within or among zoophytes
enecans (part. B) killing
enervis (adj. B), enervius (adj. A) without nerves
enfolding complectens, fovens (both part. B)
engraved scultpus, insculptus, sculpturatus (all part. A)
enim (conj.) truly, for
enlarged ampliatus (part. A), [made wider] amplificatus (part. A), [enlarged
by growth] auctus (part. A), [spread out] dilatatus (part. A), [growing
with age] accrescens (part. B); enlarging excrescens (part. B) [usu.
abnormally]; enlargement amplificatio (noun f. 3); abnormally
enlarged in places varicosus (adj. A)
ennea- (in Gk comp.) nine-
enodis (adj. B) without nodes
ensatus (adj. A), ensiformis (adj. B) sword-shaped; ensifolius
(adj. A) sword-leaved
-ensis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of origin
ensnaring illaquens (part. B)
entangled contortuplicatus (adj. A), implexus, implicatus, implicitus,
intricatus (all part. A)
entering ingrediens, iniens (both part. B)
entire integer (adj. A) [see p. 00], (in Lat. comp.) integri-; entirely omnino (adv.)
ento- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside
entomo- (in Gk comp.) insect-
entwined nexus (part. A)
enumerated enumeratus, noncupatus (both part. A);
enumeration enumeratio, recensio (both noun f. 3)
envelope involucrum (noun n. 2); enveloped involutus (part. A);
enveloping involvens (part. B)
ephemeral ephemerus (adj. A), fugax (adj. B)
ephippioideus, ephippiomorphus (both adj. A) saddle-shaped
epi- (pref. in Gk comp.) upon, over, added to (ep- before vowels, h)
Vocabulary 181
epicalyx epicalyx (noun m. 3) [see p. 00], calyiculus (noun m. 2)

epicarp epicarpium (noun n. 2)
epicingulum epicingulum (noun n. 2)
epicormicus (adj. A) epicormic
epicorollinus (adj. A) inserted on corolla
epicortex (noun m. 3) [see p. 00] epicortex
epicotyl internodium (noun n. 2), epicotylum (noun n. 2);
epicotylous epicotylus (adj. A)
epicutis epicutis (noun f. 3)
epicyst epicysta (noun f. 1)
epidermis epidermis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; epidermal epidermalis
(adj. B), epidermicus (adj. A); beneath the epidermis hypodermicus
(adj. A)
epidermoideus (adj. A) epidermis-like
epigaeus (adj. A) epigeal
epigenus (adj. A) epigenous
epigynicus, epigynus (both adj. A) epigynous
epihymenium (noun n. 2) upper layer of hymenium
epilithicus (adj. A) epilithic
epimatium (noun n. 2) [in conifers esp. Podocarpaceae] epimatium
epipetalus (adj. A) epipetalous
epiphloeodes (adj. C), epiphloeodicus (adj. A) growing on surface of bark or
wood
epiphragm epiphragma (noun n. 3), tympanum (noun n. 2)
epiphyllus (adj. A) epiphyllous
epiphyticus (adj. A) epiphytic
epipsamma (noun f. 1) epipsamma
episepalus (adj. A) episepalous
episporium (noun n. 2) epispore; episporiatus (adj. A) having an epispore
epitepalus (adj. A) epitepalous
epithallus (noun m. 2) epithallus; epithallialis (adj. B) epithallial
epitheca (noun f. 1) epitheca
epithecium (noun n. 2) epithecium
epitunica (noun f. 1) epitunica
182 Vocabulary
epitype epitypus (noun m. 2)

epivalva (noun f. 1) epivalve
epizoophyticus (adj. A) growing on zoophytes
equal aequalis (adj. B), aequus (adj. A), parilis (adj. B), [very like]
consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive); (in comp.) aequi-;
equalling aequans (part. B þ Accusative); equally aeque, aequaliter,
pariter (all adv.); (in Gk comp.) iso-
equal-sided aequilaterus (adj. A)
equator aequator (noun m. 3); equatorial aequatorius (adj. A)
equidistant aequidistans (adj. B)
equinus (adj. A) pertaining to horses; equus (noun m. 2) horse
equitans (part. B) equitant
erasus (part. A) scraped off
erect erectus, arrectus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) orth-, ortho-; almost erect
erectiusculus (adj. A)
erecto-patens (adj. B) spreading at angle of about 45º
erem- (in Gk comp.) desert-, solitary
erga (prep. þ Accusative) in relation to, opposite to
ergo (adv.) accordingly, therefore
ericetum (noun n. 2) heath, moor
erigens (part. B) rising, raising itself
erio- (in Gk comp.) woolly-
eroded exesus (part. B)
erosus (part. A) erose
erraticus (adj. A) wandering to and fro
erratum (noun n. 2) mistake
error erratum (noun n. 2), error (noun m. 3); errore (adv.) incorrectly
erubescens (part. B) reddening, rose
erumpens (part. B) breaking forth, erumpent
eruptio (noun f. 3) bursting forth, eruption; eruptione (Ablative sing. of
eruptio) explosively
erythrinus (adj. A) red; erythro- (in Gk comp.) red-
escaping evadens, elabiens (both part. B)
-escens (Lat. suff., part. B) indicates a process of becoming, or not fully
reached
Vocabulary 183
esculentus (adj. A) edible

eseptatus (adj. A) not septate
esorediatus (adj. A) esorediate
especially apprime, praecipue, praesertim (all adv.)
essential essentialis (adj. B); essentially admodum [fully], quasi [almost],
revera [in fact] (all adv.)
estriatus (adj. A) not striate
-estris (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth
estuary aestuarium (noun n. 2)
et (conj.) and
etiam (conj.) and also; etiam atque etiam again and again
etsi (conj.) although
-etum (Lat. suff., noun n. 2) indicates domination by a particular plant,
e.g. pinetum
eu- (pref. in Gk comp.) well, completely
eucarpic eucarpicus (adj. A)
euphyllum (noun n. 2) true leaf; euphylloideus (adj. A) resembling foliage
leaves
-eus (Lat. suff, adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance in quality
-eus (Gk suff, adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates belonging
eusporangiatus (adj. A) eusporangiate
eutopicus (adj. A) twining from left to right
evacuatus (part. A) emptied
evadens (part. B) escaping, going out
evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A) disappearing; evanidinervius (adj. A)
having nerves that disappear before reaching the margin
evelatus (adj. A) without a veil
even (adv.) etiam (adv.)
even [uniform] aequus (adj. A), [made even] aequatus (part. A), [ flat] planus
(adj. A); (in comp.) aequi-; evenly aequaliter, aequabiliter (both adv.)
evening vesper (noun m. 2 or 3); of evening vespertinus (adj. A)
evenly aequaliter, aequabiliter (both adv.)
eventually demum, denique, tandem (all adv.)
ever [at any time] aliquando (adv.); [always] semper (adv.)
evergreen sempervirens (part. B)
184 Vocabulary
eversus (part. A) everted, turned inside out

every omnis (adj. B), quot (adj. indecl.)
every one [each] quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.) [see p. 00]
everyway quoquoversus, omnino (both adv.)
everywhere ubique, passim (both adv.)
evident evidens (adj. B), manifestus (adj. A), perspicuus (adj. A), visibilis
(adj. B); evidently evidenter (adv.)
evolutus (part. A) developed
evulgatus (part. A) published
ex, e (prep. þ Ablative) from, out of, away from; use ex before vowels, ex or e
before consonants; magna ex parte to a great degree
ex- (pref., in Lat. comp. before a vowel, h, p, q, s, t; see e-) without, lacking
exact accuratus (part. A), exactus (part. A) [used for numbers]; use diligens for
persons; exactly accurate, diligenter, dumtaxat (all adv.)
exalbescens (part. B) becoming white; exalbidus (adj. A) whitish
exaltatus (part. A) raised high, tall
exalted fastigatus (part. A)
example exemplum (noun n. 2)
exannulatus (adj. A) lacking an annulus
exaratus (part. A) furrowed, grooved, hollowed out
exasperatus (part. A) covered with short, hard points
excavatus (part. A) hollowed out
excedens (part. B) exceeding, rising above
exceedingly admodum, valde, magnopere [see p. 00], summopere (all adv.);
pel-, per- (pref. in Lat. comp.)
excellent egregius, optimus (both adj. A); excellently egregie, optime, eximie
(all adv.)
excelsus (part. A) high, lofty; excelsum (noun n. 2) a very high place
excentricus [eccentricus] (adj. A) eccentric, off-centre
except for praeter (prep. þ Accusative); excepting, excepted exceptus (part.
A)
excerptus (part. A) chosen, taken out of
excessively nimis, eximie (both adv.)
exciple excipulum (noun n. 2); proper exciple excipulum proprium (adj. A);
thalline exciple excipulum thallinum (adj. A)
Vocabulary 185
excisus (part. A) cut out

exclusively solum, nonnisi, omnino (all adv.)
exclusus (part. A) excluded
excrescens (part. B) growing out, enlarging [usu. abnormally]
excretus (part. A) fully grown
excurrens (part. B) excurrent
excussus (part. A) shaken off, plucked out
exemplum (noun n. 2) example, specimen
exesus (part. B) eaten away, irregularly eroded
exfoliation exfoliatio (noun f. 3)
exhibiting exhibitens, ostendens, praebens (all part. B)
exiens (part. B) going forth, springing up
exiguus (adj. A) weak, feeble
exiliens (part. B) springing out
exilis (adj. B) slender, small, thin
eximie (adv.) excellently, excessively
exindusiatus (adj. A) lacking an indusium
exinium (noun n. 2) exine
exo- (in Gk comp.) outward, outside
exobasidialis (adj. B) exobasidial
exocarp exocarpium (noun n. 2)
exogenus (adj. A) exogenous
exoletus (part. A) fully grown, mature
exoperidium (noun n. 2) exoperidium
exoriens (part. B) arising, coming out (with ex þ Ablative); exortus (part. A)
sprung from, arisen from
exospore exosporium (noun n. 2)
exothecium exothecium (noun n. 2)
exotic exoticus (adj. A)
expanded dilatatus (part. A)
expansio (noun f. 3) expansion; expansus (part. A) expanded, spread out
expelled depulsus (part. A)
expers (adj. B þ Genitive or Ablative) without, devoid of
explanation explicatio (noun f. 3)
186 Vocabulary
explanatus (part. A) flattened, outspread, explained

explicatio (noun f. 3) explanation, analysis
exploding explodens (part. B); explosively eruptione (Ablative sing. of
eruptio)
exposed expositus (part. A), [open] apertus (adj. A), [bare, naked] nudus
(adj. A)
expressus (part. A) prominent
expulsus (part. A) ejected
exscapus (adj. A) without a scape
exsculptus (part. A) pitted wth small depressions
exsectus (part. A) cut out
exserted exsertus (part. A), protrudens (part. B), protrusus (adj. A)
exsiccatus (part. A) dried up; exsiccatum (noun n. 2) a dried [herbarium]
specimen; exsiccata (noun f. 1) exsiccata, a set of dried specimens
[usu. with labels]
exstans (part. B) projecting
exstipulate exstipulatus, estipulatus (both adj. A)
exstructus (part. A) constructed, put together
exsuccus (adj. A) without sap or juice
exsudans (part. B) exuding; exudatum (noun n. 2) exudate
exsulcus (adj. A) without furrows
exsurgens (part. B) rising out of
extans (part. B) jutting or standing out
extended extensus, productus, prolongatus, provectus (all part. A);
extending extensus (part. A); extension extensio (noun f. 3)
extensus (part. A) extended, stretched out; extense (adv.) extensively,
at length
exter (adj. A) on the outside; externus (adj. A) outward, external; extus
(adv.) on the outside
external externus (adj. A)
extimus (adj.) the outermost
extine extina (noun f. 1)
extra (prep. þ Accusative; also pref. in Lat. comp.) beyond, besides, apart from;
extra (adv.) on the outside; extraneus (adj. A) extraneous, strange, not
related
Vocabulary 187
extractus (part. A) drawn out

extremely maxime, magnopere (adv.) [see p. 00]
extremum (noun n. 2), extremitas (noun f. 3) end; extremus (adj. A)
outermost, last, farthest; ad extremum (adv. phr.) finally
extrinsecus (adv.) outwardly, from or on the outside
extrorsus (adv.) extrorsely, towards the outside
extrusome extrusoma (noun n. 3)
extrusus (part. A) pushed out
extus (adv.) outside
exudate exudatum (noun n. 2); exuding exudans (part. B)
exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A) cast off, shed, skinned
eye ocellus, oculus (both noun m. 2); (in Gk comp.) omma-, -ophthalmus
(adj. A); eye-spot stigma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; with naked eye oculo
nudo (adv. phr.)
F
fabiformis (adj. B) bean-shaped
fabrica (noun. f. 1) structure; fabricatus (part. A) constructed
face superficies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; facial facialis (adj. B)
faciens (part. B) producing, making
facies (noun f. 5) general appearance
facies (noun f. 5) valvaris (adj. B), facies frontalis (adj. B) (decl. together)
valve view
facile (adv.) easily; facilis (adj. B) easy
facing aspiciens, spectans (both part. B)
fact res (noun f. 3); in fact revera (adv.)
factitius (adj. A) artificial
factus (part. A) made, done, formed
facultative facultativus (part. A)
faded decolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]
faecal faecalis (adj. B); faeces faeces (noun f. 3, pl.)
faint dilutus (part. A); faintly dilute (adv.)
fairly satis (adv.)
falcatus (adj. A) falcate; falciformis (adj. B) sickle-shaped
188 Vocabulary
fall [shedding] lapsus (noun m. 4); fallen dejectus (part. A), caducus
(adj. A); fallen away [naturally] delapsus (part. A); falling cadens
(part. B); falling away dilabens (part. B)
fallax (adj. B) deceptive, fallacious
false falsus, nothus (both adj. A); falsely false (adv.); false- (in Gk comp.)
noth-, notho-, pseudo-
family familia (noun f. 1); to form name of a family add suff. -aceae
(Nominative pl., adj. A) to genitive stem of name of the type genus, or
the full name if the genitive cannot be determined
fan-shaped flabellatus (adj. A), flabelliformis (adj. B)
far off procul, longe, longinquo (all adv.); as far as tenus (prep. þ Ablative)
farciminiformis (adj. B) sausage-shaped
farctus (part. A) filled, stuffed
-fariam (adv., in Lat. comp.) -ranked, in a row
farina (noun f. 1) powdery covering; farinaceus (adj. A) starchy; farinosus
(adj. A) covered in powder, mealy; [of soredia] like grains of flour
-farius (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -ranked
farthest ultimus (adj. A), extremus (adj. A)
fartilis (adj. B) stuffed, full
fasciarius (adj. A) band-shaped; fasciatus (adj. A) banded, fasciated
fascicle fasciculus (noun m. 2)
fascis (noun m. 3) bundle, fasciculus (noun m. 2) fascicle, little bundle;
fasciculatus (adj. A) clustered
fastened to affixus (part. A)
fastigatus (part. A) exalted
fastigiate fastigiatus (adj. A); fastigiately scoparie (adv.)
fat [adj.] pinguis (adj. B), obesus (adj. A)
fat [noun] sebum (noun n. 2), pingue (noun n. 3)
fatal funestus (adj. A)
fathom orgya (noun f. 1), hexapodium (noun n. 2)
fatiscens (part. B) crumbling, disintegrating
fauces (noun f. 3, pl.) [classical Lat.] throat, gorge [including landform]
faux (noun f. 3, sing.) [botanical Lat.] throat or gorge of calyx or corolla
faveolatus (adj. A) finely honeycombed; favosus (adj. A) honeycombed
fawn hinnuleus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) elapho-
Vocabulary 189
feathery plumosus (adj. A)

feature proprietas (noun f. 3)
fecundatio (noun f. 3) fertilisation; fecundus (adj. A) fertile, fruitful
feeble exiguus (adj. A)
felted coactus (part. A), panniformis (adj. B), pannosus (adj. A)
female femineus, foemineus (both adj. A); or use symbol ♀; (in Gk comp.) thely-
fenestra (noun f. 1) window; fenestratus (adj. A), fenestralis (adj. B)
windowed; fenestrellatus (adj. A) with little windows
-fer (Lat. suff., adj. A) carrying, bearing
ferax (adj. B) fruitful, fertile
fere (adv.) about, almost
ferens (part. B þ Accusative) bearing, carrying
fermentation-causing zymogenus (adj. A)
fermentatio (noun f. 3) fermentation
fermentum (noun n. 2) yeast
fern filix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; fern-like filicinus (adj. A)
ferox (adj. B) fierce
ferreus (adj. A) iron
ferrugineus (adj. A) rusty-red; ferruginescens (part. B) becoming rusty-red
ferrum (noun n. 2) iron
fertile fertilis (adj. B), fecundus (adj. A), foecundus (adj. A)
fertilisation fecundatio (noun f. 3)
ferus (adj. A) wild
few paucus (adj. A); a few aliquot (num indecl.); very few perpaucus (adj.
A); few- (in Lat. comp.) pauci-, (in Gk comp.) olig-, oligo-; fewer
(in Gk comp.) mei-, meio-
fibre fibra (noun f. 1); fibril fibrilla (noun f. 1)
fibrosus (adj. A) fibrous; fibrillosus (adj. A) covered in fine fibres
fibula (noun f. 1) clamp-connection; fibulatus (adj. A) provided with
clamps; fibuliger (adj. A) bearing clamps
fici- (in Lat. comp.) relating to figs
ficulneus (adj. A) of a fig tree
fiddle-shaped panduratus (adj. A), panduriformis (adj. B)
fide (prep.) according to
190 Vocabulary
field ager (noun m. 2); relating to fields agrestis (adj. B); relating to open
fields, plains campestris (adj. B)
fierce ferox (adj. B)
fiery-red flammeus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pyr-, pyro-
fifth quintus (ord. num., adj. A)
fig ficus (noun f. 4, but has been m. or f. and in Declension 2 or 4 from
ancient times); fig- (in Lat. comp.) fici-
figura (noun f. 1) shape; figuratus (part. A) of definite shape
filament filamentum (noun n. 2); filamentous byssaceus, byssinus,
byssoideus (all adj. A); relating to filament (in Gk comp.)
nemato-,-nema (noun n. 3)
fili- (in Lat. comp.) relating to threads
filia (noun f. 1) daughter
filic- (in Lat. comp) relating to ferns
filiformis (adj. B) filiform, thread-like
filius (noun m. 2) son
filix (noun f. 3) fern [see p. 00]; filicinus (adj. A) fern-like;
filled completus, farctus, impletus, plenus, refertus, repletus (all part. A),
fartilis (adj. B); filling complens, implens (both part. B)
filum (noun n. 2) thread of alga
fimbri- (in Lat. comp.) fimbriate-
fimbria (noun f. 1) fringe; fimbriatus (adj. A) fimbriate, fringed
fimus (noun m. 2) dung; fimecarius (adj. A) growing on dung; fimicola
(adj. A) dung-loving [growing on dung]; fimi- (in Lat. comp.)
pertaining to dung
final ultimus (adj. A); finally demum, denique, extremum, postremo,
tandem (all adv.)
findens (part. B) tearing, splitting
fine tenuis (adj. B); finely subtiliter, tenuiter (both adv.)
fingens (part. B) representing
finger dactylus (noun m. 2); finger-like digitiformis (adj. B); divided into
finger-like structures dactylinus, dactyloideus (both adj. A); finger-
(in Gk & Lat. comp.) dactyl-
finis (noun f. 3) end, boundary
finished terminatus (part. A)
Vocabulary 191
firm firmus (adj. A); firmly firme solide (both adv.)

first primus (ord. num., adj. A) [see p. 00], (in Gk comp.) proto-;
firstly primitus (adv.), primo (adv.), primum (adv.)
fish piscis (noun m. 3); fish-pond piscina (noun f. 1)
fissilis (adj. B) easily split; fissio (noun f. 3) fission; fissi- (in Lat. comp) split-
fissitunicatus (adj. A) fissitunicate
fissura (noun f. 1) crack, crevice; fissus (part. A) cleft, cut half-way or less
to midrib
fissured fissuratus (adj. A)
fistulosus (adj. A) fistular
fit [suitable, appropriate] aptus, aptatus (both part. A)
fitted together interordinatus (adj. A)
five quinque (num. adj. indecl.); five each quini (num. adj. distr. pl.); five
times quinquiens, quinquies (both num. adv.); fifth quintus (adj. A);
five- (in Gk comp.) penta-
fixed fixus (part. A); fixed to affixus (part. A)
flabellatus (adj. A), flabelliformis (adj. B) fan-shaped
flaccid flaccidus, laxus (both adj. A)
flagellum (noun n. 2) flagellum; flagellar flagellaris (adj. B);
flagelliform flagelliformis (adj. B)
flammeus (adj. A) flame-coloured, fiery-red
flask-shaped ampullaceus (adj. A), ampullaris (adj. B), ampulliformis (adj. B),
lageniformis (adj. B); flask-like bladder ampulla (noun f. 1)
flat planus (adj. A); flattened applanatus (adj. A), explanatus (part. A), [in
one plane] complanatus (part. A), [laterally] compressus (part. A);
flattened from above depressus (part. A); flattened horizontally
tabularis (adj. B); fairly flat planiusculus (adj. A)
flavescens (part. B) yellowing; flavidus (adj. A) pale yellow; flavovirens
(adj. B) yellowish green; flavus (adj. A) paler yellow than luteus
flavour gustus (noun m. 4)
flesh caro (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; flesh-coloured carneus (adj. A), incarnatus
(part. A); fleshy carnosus, succulentus (both adj. A); slightly fleshy
carnosulus (adj. A); fleshy and oily oleagineus, oleaginosus
(both adj. A); flesh-, fleshy- (in Gk comp.) sarc-, sarco-
flexibilis, flexilis (both adj. B) flexible
flexuosus (adj. A) flexuose, zigzag; flexus (part. A) bent
192 Vocabulary
flimmer mastigonema (noun n. 3)

floating natans, fluitans (both part. B)
floccosus (adj. A) floccose; [in algae] appearing like matted, woolly hair
flooded inundatus (part. A)
floor solum (noun n. 2)
flora flora (noun f. 1)
floralis (adj. B) relating to the flower
florens (part. B) flowering; florescentia (noun f. 1) flowering period
floret flosculus (noun m. 2); disc floret flosculus disci (noun Genitive sing.,
remains unchanged if flosculus is declined); ray floret flosculus radii
(noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined)
floribundus (adj. A) flowering profusely
floricane floricanna (noun f. 1) [flowering shoots in second year]
florifer, floriger (both adj. A) bearing flowers; floridus, florosus, florulentus
(all adj. A) flowering profusely
florilegium (noun n. 2) florilegium [collection of paintings of flowers]; florula
(noun f. 1) small flora
-florus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -flowered
flos (noun m. 3) flower [see p. 00]; flosculus (noun m. 2) floret
flour farina (noun m. 1); floury farinaceus (adj. A); covered in flour or meal
farinosus (adj. A)
flourishing vigens (part. B)
flow fluxus (noun m. 4); flowing profluens (part. B)
flower flos (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; with terminal flowers acranthus (adj. A);
flowers fallen defloratus (part. A); relating to the flower floralis (adj.
B); flowering florens (part. B); flowering profusely floridus, florosus,
florulentus (all adj. A); bearing flowers florifer, floriger (both adj. A)
flower bud alabastrum (noun n. 2)
flowering time anthesis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; period of opening of flower
efflorescentia (noun f. 1); having a single flowering
period hapaxanthus (adj. A); later than the flowers [e.g. leaves]
hysteranthus (adj. A)
flowing perfluens (part. B)
fluitans (part. B) floating, swimming
flumen (noun n. 3) river, stream; fluminalis (adj. B), flumineus (adj. A)
referring to rivers
Vocabulary 193
fluted striatus (adj. A)

fluviaticus (adj. A), fluviatilis (adj. B) pertaining to rivers
fluvius (noun m. 2) river [rarely used]
fluxus (noun m. 4) flow
foaming spumeus, spumosus (both adj. A)
focicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of burned places
fodder pabulum (noun n. 2)
foecundus (adj. A) fruitful, fertile
foedus (adj. A) foul; foedatus (part. A) fouled, stained
foemineus (adj. A) female
foetens (part. B), foetidus (adj. A), foetulentus (adj. A) foetid, stinking
fold plica (noun f. 1); folded plicatus (part. A); folded upon itself
complicatus (part. A); having folds (in Gk comp.) ptycho-
foliaceus (adj. A) leaf-like; folianeus (adj. A) taking the place of a leaf;
foliaris (adj. B) relating to the leaf; foliatus (adj. A) having leaves;
-foliatus,-folius (both adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -leaved; foliifer (adj. A)
leaf-bearing; foliiformis (adj. B) leaf-like; foliosus (adj. A) leafy, full of
leaves
foliolum (noun n. 2) leaflet; -foliolatus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -leafletted
folium (noun n. 2) leaf
follicle folliculus (noun m. 2)
following sequens (part. B), secundus (adj. A), secundum (prep. þ
Accusative), post (prep. þ Accusative)
fons (noun m. 3) spring, fountain; fontanus (adj. A), fontinalis (adj. B)
growing by or in springs
food cibus (noun m. 2), alimentum (noun n. 2), nutrimentum (noun n. 2),
pabulum (noun n. 2); relating to food cibarius (adj. A)
foot pes (noun m. 3)
for enim (conj.), per (prep. þ Accusative), pro- (pref. in Lat. comp.)
foramen (noun n. 3) opening, aperture
foratus (adj. A) full of holes, holed
ford vadum (noun n. 2)
foreign alienus, exoticus, peregrinus (all adj. A)
forest sylva or silva (noun f. 1); pertaining to forests sylvaticus (adj. A),
sylvestris (adj. B); growing in forest sylvicola (noun c. 1)
194 Vocabulary
fork furca (noun f. 1); forked furcatus (adj. A)

form forma (noun f. 1), conformatio (noun f. 3); formed factus (part. A);
formed irregularly/unevenly/differently difformis (adj. B); having two
forms dimorphus (adj. A); without definite form effiguratus (adj. A)
formans (part. B) making
former [the] ille (dem. pron. m); formerly antea, olim, pridem, quondam
(all adv.)
formica (noun f. 1) ant; formicarium (noun n. 2) swelling on plant
inhabited by ants; formicarius (adj. A) pertaining to ants; formicosus
(adj. A) full of ants; planta formicosa (noun f. 1 þ adj.) ant plant
-formis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.) -shaped,-like
formosus (adj. A) beautiful
fornix (noun m. 3) arch; fornicatus (adj. A) having an arch-like structure
fors, forsan (both adv.) perhaps
fortasse (adv.) maybe, perhaps, probably; forte (adv.) by accident, perhaps
fortis (adj. B) strong, vigorous; fortiter (adv.) strongly, vigorously
fortuitus (adj. A) accidental; fortuito (adv.) accidentally, at random
forward facing aspiciens (part. B)
forwards prorsum, prorsus (both adv.)
fossa (noun f. 1) ditch; fossula (noun f. 1) little furrow
foul foedus (adj. A); fouled foedatus (part. A), inquinatus (part. A)
found inventus, repertus (both part. A)
foundation fundamentum (noun n. 2)
fountain fons (noun m. 3)
four quattuor, quatuor (num. adj. indecl.); four each quaterni (num. adj.
distr. pl.); fourth quartus (ord. num., adj. A); four times quater (num.
adv.); four-fold quadratim (adv.), quadruplo (adv.), quadruplus (adj.
A); four- (in Lat. comp.) quadr-, quadri-, (in Gk comp.) tetra-
fovea (noun f. 1) small pit; foveatus (adj. A) pitted; foveolatus (adj. A)
minutely pitted
fovens (part. B) embracing, enfolding
fractiflexus (adj. A) zigzag
fractus (part. A) broken
fragilis (adj. B) fragile, brittle; fragilitas (noun f. 3) brittleness
fragmentum (noun n. 2) a fragment
Vocabulary 195
fragrans (part. B) fragrant

frangens (part. B) breaking
fraternus (adj. A) closely allied
freckled lentiginosus (adj. A)
free liber (adj. A) [see p. 00], discretus (part. A); (in Gk comp.) apo-, chori-,
eleuther-; freely libere (adv.), [abundantly] copiose (adv.); set free
liberatus (part. A)
frequent creber (adj. A), frequens (part. B); frequently saepe, plerumque,
increbre (all adv.)
fresh vivus, novus (both adj. A), [of water] dulcis (adj. B)
fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4) strait, channel
friabilis (adj. B) brittle, fragile
frigidarium (noun n. 2) cool greenhouse, orangery; frigidus (adj. A) cold
fringe fimbria (noun f. 1); fringed fimbriatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.)
lomato-, thysano-
from a, ab (prep. þ Ablative, also pref. in Lat. comp.), ex (prep. þ Ablative);
(pref. in Gk comp.) ap-, apo-
frond frons (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
frondescentia (noun f. 1) unfurling of leaves
frondosus (adj. A) leaf-like, very leafy, [sometimes] broad-leaved
frondula (noun f. 1) division of a pinnate frond
front frons (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; in front of ante (adv.), antice (adv.), pro-
(pref. in Gk comp.); at the front anticus (adj. A); in front (pref. in Lat.
comp.) prae-, (pref. in Gk comp.) proso-, prostho-
froth spuma (noun f. 1); frothy spumeus (adj. A)
frozen gelatus (adj. A), glacialis (adj. B)
fructiculus (noun m. 2) single fruiting carpel
fructifer (adj. A) fruit-bearing; fructificans (part. B) fruiting; fructificatio
(noun f. 3) fructification [as used by Linnaeus]
fructus (noun m. 4) fruit; fructuosus (adj. A) fruitful
frugifer (adj. A) fruit-bearing
fruit fructus (noun m. 4) [see p. 00]; fruit-body fructificatio (noun f. 3);
fruiting fructificans (part. B); fruiting inflorescence infructescentia
(noun f. 1)
fruit- (in Gk comp.) carp-, carpo-; -fruit (in Gk comp.) -carpa (noun f. 1),
-carpus (noun m. 2), carpium (noun n. 2)
196 Vocabulary
fruitful fecundus (adj. A), foecundus (adj. A), ferax (adj. B), fructuosus
(adj. A); not fruitful infecundus (adj. A)
frustillum (noun n. 2) small piece, scrap; frustum (noun n. 2) bit, piece
frustule frustulum (noun n. 2)
frutex (noun m. 3) bush, shrub [see p. 00]; frutescens, fruticans (both
part. B) becoming shrubby, bushy; fruticosus (adj. A) shrubby, bushy;
fruticulus (noun m. 2) shrublet
fucatus (part. A) painted, coloured
fuchsinus (adj. A) fuchsia pink
fugax (adj. B) ephemeral, fugacious
fulciens, fulcrans (both part. B) supporting; fulcratus (part. A) supported
fulcrum (noun n. 2) prop, support [as used by Linnaeus]
fulgens (part. B), fulgidus (adj. A) shining, brightly coloured
fuligineus (adj. A) sooty; fuliginosus (adj. A) full of soot, sooty; fuligo
(noun f. 3) soot
full plenus (adj. A), repletus (part. A), farctus (part. A), fartilis (adj. B), onustus
(adj. A); full of complanus (adj. A þ Dative); praegnans (adj. B)
full-grown adultus (adj. A)
fully admodum, plene, perfecte (all adv.)
fultoportulum fultoportulum (noun n. 2)
fultus (part. A) supported
fulvus (adj. A) tawny; fulvidus (adj. A) somewhat tawny; fulvescens (part. B)
becoming tawny; fulvi-, fulvo- (in Lat. comp.) tawny-
fumeus, fumidus, fumosus (all adj. A) smoky
funalis (adj. B) rope-like
functioning fungens (part. B)
fundamentum (noun n. 2) foundation
fundus (noun m. 2) bottom
funestus (adj. A) deadly, fatal
fungal fungalis (adj. B)
fungens (part. B) functioning
fungiformis, fungilliformis (both adj. B) mushroom-shaped
fungosus (adj. A) spongy
fungus fungus (noun m. 2); fungal, fungus-, -fungus (in Gk comp.) myc-,
mycel-, myceto-, myco-, -myces (adj. C); fungal colony plagula (noun f. 1)
Vocabulary 197
funicle funiculus (noun m. 2)

funicularis, funiformis (both adj. B) rope-like; funiculosus (adj. A) in
rope-like bundles; funiculus (noun m. 2) cord, slender rope; funis
(noun m. 3) rope
funnel-shaped infundibuliformis, infundibularis (both adj. B); narrowly
funnel-shaped trombiformis (adj. B)
furca (noun f. 1) fork; furcatus (adj. A) forked
furfuraceus (adj. A) furfuraceous
furnished instructus (part. A)
furrow sulcus (noun m. 2), vallecula (noun f. 1); furrowed sulcatus,
valleculatus, exaratus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) aulac-; not furrowed
exsulcus (adj. A); little furrow fossula (noun f. 1); having long, narrow
furrows lirellinus (adj. A)
furunculus (noun m. 2) cystolith, rapheid, sclereid
furvus (adj. A) dusky, almost black
fuscus (adj. A) brown; fuscans (adj. B) darkening; fuscatus (adj. A)
darkened; fusco-, fusci- (in Lat. comp.) dark, dark brown
fused coadnatus, conferruminatus, connatus (all part. A); fusing conjungens
(part. B)
fusiformis (adj. B) fusiform, spindle-shaped
fusion conjunction (noun f. 3); fusion cell cellula (noun f. 1)
conjunctionis (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if cellula
is declined)
future futurus (part. A)
G
gal-, gala-, galacto- (in Gk comp.) milk, milky [refers to both colour and latex]
galactose galactosum (noun n. 2)
galbinus (adj. A) greenish yellow
galbulus galbulus (noun m. 2)
galea (noun f. 1) helmet; galeatus (adj. A) having a helmet; galeiformis
(adj. B) helmet-shaped
galericulatus (adj. A) having a small helmet-like cap
gall galla (noun f. 1); gall-bearing cecidiophorus (adj. A)
gametangium gametangium (noun n. 2)
198 Vocabulary
gamete gameta (noun f. 1); motile gamete planogameta (noun f. 1),

spermatozoideus (noun m. 2); zoogamete zoogameta (noun f. 1)
gametoecium gametoecium (noun n. 2)
gametogenesis gametogenesis (noun f. 3)
gametophytum (noun n. 2) gametophyte
gamo- (in Gk comp.) united
gamopetalus sympetalus (adj. A)
gangliiformis (adj. B) knot-like; ganglion (noun n. 2) knot, swelling
[esp. on stem]; ganglioneus (adj. A) with knot-like swellings
gaping hians, ringens (both part. B)
garden hortus (noun m. 2); pertaining to or raised in a garden hortensis
(adj. B); gardener hortulanus (noun m. 2)
garlic [resembling] alliaceus (adj. A)
gaseous gaseosus (adj. A)
gasterospore gasterospora (noun f. 1)
gathered lectus (part. A)
gelatina (noun f. 1) jelly
gelatinous gelatinosus (adj. A)
gelatinum (noun n. 2) gelatin
gelatinus (adj. A) jelly-like
gelatus (adj. A) frozen
gelidus (adj. A) [very] cold
gelineus (adj. A) jelly-like
gemellus, geminus (both adj. A) paired, twin-born; geminatus (adj. A)
doubled
gemma (noun f. 1) bud; gemmatus, gemmifer, gemmiparus (all adj. A)
bud-bearing; gemmatio (noun f. 3) budding; gemmiformis (adj. B)
bud-like; -gemmis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.), -gemmius (adj. A, in
Lat. comp.) -budded
gemma cup scyphulus (noun m. 2)
gemmula (noun f. 1) ovule; gemmulifer (adj. A) ovule-bearing
general generalis, universalis (both adj. B); generally generatim, generaliter,
plerumque, universe (all adv.)
generation generatio (noun f. 3)
generative genitalis (adj. B); generative hyphae hyphae genitales (noun f. 1,
pl. þ adj.)
Vocabulary 199
generic genericus (adj. A)

generitypus (noun m. 2) generitype, type of a generic name
genetic geneticus (adj. A); genetically genetice (adv.)
-geneus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) of a certain kind
geniculatus (adj. A) geniculate; geniculum (noun n. 2) node, joint; [in
coralline red algae] the uncalcified ‘joint’ region
genitalia (noun n. 2, pl.) sexual organs, stamens and pistil; genitalis (adj. B)
generative
genitus (part. A) born of, arising from
gentianus (adj. A) gentian blue
gently leniter (adv.)
genuflexus (adj. A) bent like a knee
genuinus (adj. A) authentic, genuine
genus genus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
-genus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) born or produced in a certain place or
condition
geocarpus (adj. A) geocarpic
geographical geographicus (adj. A)
geophytum (noun n. 2) geophyte
geotropus (adj. A) geotropic
-ger (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) bearing, carrying
gerens (part. B þ Accusative) bearing, carrying
germen (noun n. 3) ovary
germinalis (adj. B) germ-e.g. cellula germinalis, germ cell
germinating germinans (part. B); germination germinatio (noun f. 3)
gerontogeus (adj. A) pertaining to the Old World
-geton (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.) neighbour, dweller
gibbosus, gibbus (both adj. A) gibbous; gibberosus (adj. A) prominently
humped; gibba (noun f. 1) a hump
giganteus (adj. A) giant, gigantic; gigas (noun m. 3) a giant; giga-, gigant-
(in Gk comp.) giant
gignens (part. B) bringing forth
gill lamella (noun f. 1)
gilvus (adj. A) dull yellow
girdle cingulum (noun n. 2); girdled cinctus (part. A); girdling cingens
(part. B)
200 Vocabulary
girdle band [in diatoms] copula (noun f. 1)

girdle scar cicatrix cingens (noun f. 3, part. B)
given datus, donatus (both part. A); giving donans (part. B); giving forth
edens, emittens (both part. B)
glabrous glaber, glabellus (both adj. A); glabrate glabratus (adj. A);
glabrescent glabrescens (part. B); become glabrous decalvatus (adj.
A); glabrous state glabritia (noun f. 1); glabrous- (in Lat.
comp.) glabri-, (in Gk comp.) psilo-
glacialis (adj. B) frozen, glacial; glacies (noun f. 5) ice
gland (secretory) glans (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; for a unicellular or very small
gland use glandula (noun f. 1); gland-bearing, glandular glandifer,
glandulifer, glandulosus (all adj. A); gland- (in Gk comp.) aden-; non-
glandular, without glands eglandulosus, eglandulatus (both adj. A)
glans (noun f. 3) gland, acorn [see p. 00]
glara (noun f. 1) scree
glarea (noun f. 1) gravel, shingle; glareosus (adj. A) pertaining to gravel;
glareosum (noun n. 2) gravelly place
glass vitrum (noun n. 2); glassy vitreus (adj. A)
glasshouse caldarium [hot], tepidarium [warm], frigidarium [cold],
hibernaculum [for winter] (all noun n. 2)
glaucous glaucus (adj. A); glaucescent glaucescens (part. B);
glaucescence glaucedo (noun f. 3); glauc- (in Lat. comp.) glauci-, (in Gk
comp.) glauco-
gleaming fulgens, micans, nitens (all part. B), fulgidus, nitidus, lucidus (all
adj. A)
gleba gleba (noun f. 1)
glebosus (adj. A) lumpy, full of clods
glebula glebula (noun f. 1); glebulosus (adj. A) glebulose
gleocystidium gloeocystidium (noun n. 2)
glistening lucens (part. B)
globosus (adj. A) globose; globularis (adj. B), globulifer (adj. A), globulosus
(adj. A) globular, globule-bearing; globuliformis (adj. B) button-like;
glob-, globi- (in Lat. comp.) globose; globulus (noun m. 2) globule;
globus (noun m. 2) globe, sphere
glochid glochin (noun f. 3, decl. like cotyledon, p. 00);
glochidiate glochideus, glochidiatus (both adj. A)
Vocabulary 201
gloeo- (in Gk comp.) glue-, sticky; gloeocarpus (adj. A) having fruit covered
in mucus; gloeocystidium (noun n. 2) gleocystidium
glome glomus (noun n. 3)
glomerulus (noun m. 2) glomerule; glomeratus (part. A) gathered tightly
together; glomerulatus (adj. A) having glomerules
gloomy tenebrosus (adj. A)
glory (in Gk comp.) -doxa,-doxus (adj. A)
glosso-, -glossus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) tongue-, -tongued
glossy nitidus, politus (both adj. A), inunctus (part. A); glossiness nitor
(noun m. 3)
glucose glucosum (noun n. 2)
glue glutinium (noun n. 2); glued to agglutinatus, adglutinatus (both part.
A); glued together conglutinatus (part. A)
glume gluma (noun f. 1), tegmen (noun n. 3), tegmentum (noun n. 2);
glumaceous glumaceus (adj. A)
glutinous glutinosus, viscidus (both adj. A)
glyco- (in Gk comp.) sweet-tasting or-scented
glypto- (in Gk comp.) cut into
going forth exiens (part. B)
gold aurum (noun n. 2); golden aureus (adj. A); flecked with gold auratus
(adj. A); golden- (in Gk comp.) chrys-, chryso-, (in Lat. comp.) aurei-,
aureo-, auri-
gomphus (noun m. 2) peg; gompho- (in Gk comp.) nail-
-gone, -gonium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) reproductive organs
gongylodes (adj. C) knob-like
goni-, gonia-,-gonus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) angle,-angled
gonidium gonidium (noun n. 2)
gonimoblast gonimoblastus (noun m. 2)
goniocyst goniocysta (noun f. 1)
goniosporous goniosporus (adj. A)
good bonus (adj. A)
gorge [throat and landform] faux (noun f. 3, sing.) [in botanical Lat.]; fauces
(noun f. 3, pl.) [in classical Lat.]
gossypinus (adj. A) cottony
gourd-shaped sicyoideus (adj. A)
202 Vocabulary
graceful venustus (adj. A)

gracilis (adj. B) slender, thin
gradatim (adv.) gradually, progressively
gradually gradatim, paulatim, sensim (all adv.)
graft [scion] insitum (noun n. 2); grafted insiticius, insititius (both adj. A)
grain granum (noun n. 2)
gralliformis (adj. B) stilt-like
gramen (noun n. 3) grass; gramineus (adj. A) grass-like; graminifolius
(adj. A) grass-leaved; gramini- (in Lat. comp.) grass-
grammatus (adj. A) striped with raised lines
grandis (adj. B) big; grandi- (in Lat. comp.) large-
graniticus (adj. A) granitic
granular, granulate, granulose granularis (adj. B), granulatus (adj. A),
granulosus (adj. A); granule granulum (noun n. 2)
granum (noun n. 2) grain, kernel
grape uva (noun f. 1); grape-like [in a cluster] botryoideus, uvarius (both adj.
A), uviformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) botry-, -botrys (noun m. 3); grape-
bearing uvifer (adj. A)
grapevine, pertaining to viti- (in Lat. comp.)
grasping prehendens (part. B), prehensilis (adj. B)
grass gramen (noun n. 3); grass-like gramineus (adj. A); grass-leaved
graminifolius (adj. A); grass- (in Lat. comp.) gramini-, (in Gk comp.)
agrosto-
gratus (adj. A) agreeable
gravel glarea (noun f. 1); gravelly place glareosum (noun n. 2); pertaining to
gravel glareosus (adj. A)
graveolens (adj. B) strong-scented, smelling unpleasantly
graveyard sepulcretum (noun n. 2)
gravis (adj. B) heavy
greasy sebosus (adj. A), unctus (part. A)
great magnus, amplus (both adj. A); greatly magnopere, multum (both adv.)
[see p. 00]; as great as tantus quantus (adj. A, decl. together)
green viridis (adj. B); bluish green venetus (adj. A); deep green atrovirens,
perviridis (both adj. B); emerald-green smaragdinus (adj. A); grass
green herbidus (adj. A); jade green iadinus (adj. A); leek green
Vocabulary 203
porraceus, prasinus (both adj. A); malachite green malachiteus (adj. A);
olive green olivaceus, pausiacus (both adj. A); pea green pisinus (adj.
A); sea green glaucus (adj. A); viridian viridianus (adj. A); yellow-
green flavovirens (adj. B), chlorinus (adj. A); greenish virellus, viridulus
(both adj. A); becoming green virens (part. B); green- (in Lat. comp.)
viridi-, (in Gk comp.) chlor-, chloro-
greenhouse caldarium [hot], tepidarium [warm], frigidarium [cold],
hibernaculum [for winter] (all noun n. 2)
gregarius (adj. A) gregarious; gregatim (adv.) in clusters
grex (noun m. or f. 3) grex, group of species or hybrids
grey canus, cineraceus, griseus, schistaceus (all adj. A); ash grey
cinereus (adj. A); dull [bluish] grey lividus (adj. A); leaden grey
molybdeus (adj. A); mouse-grey murinus (adj. A); pearl grey
griseus (adj. A); sky grey caeruleo-griseus (adj. A); slate-grey
schistaceus (adj. A); smoke-grey fumosus, fumeus (both adj. A);
steel grey chalybeus (adj. A); greyish cinerascens (part. B),
ravidus (adj. A); greyish white (usu. of hair) canus (adj. A);
greyish-yellow fulvus, ravus (both adj. A); becoming ash grey
cinerascens (part. B); becoming grey canescens (part. B); grey-
(in Lat. comp.) cano-, cinereo-, (in Gk comp.) polio-, spod-,
spodo-, tephro-
griseus (adj. A) pearl grey
groove canalis (noun m. 3), sulcus (noun m. 2); grooved canaliculatus
(adj. A), exaratus (part. A), sulcatus (adj. A); having fine, wavy grooves
rivulosus (adj. A)
grossus (adj. A) coarse; grosse (adv.) coarsely
ground terra (noun f. 1); on the ground humifusus (adj. A); lying on the
ground incubaceus (adj. A)
group caterva (noun f. 1), turma (noun f. 1); grouped aggregatus, dispositus
(both part. A); in groups catervatim (adv.)
grow crescere (verb); it grows crescit (verb 3rd pers. sing.); growing crescens
(part. B); growing out [usu. abnormally] excrescens (part. B); growing
upon or to adnascens (part. B); fully grown excretus, exoletus (both part.
A); grown together accretus (part. A), coalescens (part. B), concretus
(part. A); growing first [opposite of serotinus] primotinus (adj. A)
growth augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2); united by growth
coalitus (part. A)
204 Vocabulary
grumosus (adj. A) grumose, grumous

grumulus (noun m. 2) small hill
gullet gula (noun f. 1)
gum gummi (noun f. indecl.); gummy gummosus (adj. A)
gustus (noun m. 4) taste, flavour
gutta (noun f. 1) drop, speck; guttatus (adj. A) spotted; guttula (noun f. 1)
droplet; guttulatus (adj. A) guttulate, having or appearing to have small
droplets of oil or resin
gymno- (in Gk comp.) naked; gymnocarpus (adj. A) having a naked fruit
gymnostomaticus (adj. A) gymnostomous
gyn-, gyno- (in Gk comp.) female, pertaining to female organs
gynandrium (noun n. 2) gynandrium
gynobasic gynobasicus (adj. A)
gynodioecius (adj. A) gynodioecious
gynodynamous gynodynamus, gynodynamicus (both adj. A)
gynoecium gynoecium (noun n. 2); gynophore gynophorum (noun n. 2);
gynostegium gynostegium (noun n. 2)
gynomonoecius (adj. A) gynomonoecious
gypseus (adj. A) gypsum-like; gypsum (noun n. 2) gypsum
gyroma (noun n. 3) annulus [of fern]
gyrosus (adj. A) curved backwards and forwards in turn, spiral
gyrus (noun m. 2) circle, ring, annulus; [in diatoms] coil
H
habitat (verb. sing. pres.) it lives; habitans (part. B) inhabiting; habitatio
(noun f. 3) place of growth, abode
habitus (noun m. 4) habit, appearance [see p. 00]; also habitus (part. A)
well-conditioned
hac (adv.) here, in this place
hactenus (adv.) until now
haec (dem. pron. f.) this, she, these [see p. 00]
haematicus (adj. A), haematinus (adj. A), haematochrous (adj. A),
haematodes (adj. B) all ¼ blood-coloured; haematiticus (adj. A)
brownish red; haematochroma (noun n. 3) haematochrome; haem-,
haemat- (in Gk comp.) blood-red
Vocabulary 205
haerens (part. B þ Dative) adhering, clinging

hair pilus (noun m. 2), trichoma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; hair’s breadth
capillus (adj. A); hair-like capillaceus (adj. A), capillaris (adj. B),
capilliformis (adj. B), piliformis (adj. B), trichoideus (adj. A); long-hairy
caesariatus (adj. A); hair covering indumentum (noun n. 2), hirsuties
(noun f. 5), crinis (noun m. 3), pubes (noun f. 3), pubescentia (noun
f. 1); bearing hairs pilifer (adj. B); hairy hirtus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.)
pubi-, (in Gk comp.) lasi-, lasio-. [See also specific terms for hairy, e.g.
hirsutus, pubescens etc.]
half dimidium (noun n. 2); half dimidius (adj. A); by half dimidio (adv.);
half- (pref. in Lat. comp.) semi-, (pref. in Gk comp.) hemi-;
halved dimidiatus (part. A)
halo- (in Gk comp.) salt
halonatus (adj. A) halonate
halophilic halophilus (adj. A)
halved dimidiatus (part. A)
hama- (pref. in Gk comp.) together with
hamathecium hamathecium (noun n. 2)
hamatus (adj. A) barbed, hooked at apex; hamosus (adj. A) hooked;
hamulatus, hamulosus (both adj. A) having small hooks; hamus
(noun m. 2) barb, hook; hamulus (noun m. 2) small barb or hook
hanging dependens, pendens (both part. B), pendulus, pendulinus,
dependulus (all adj. A)
hapalo- (in Gk comp.) soft-
hapaxanthus (adj. A) having a single flowering period, monocarpic
haplo- (in Gk comp.) single-; haplostephanus (adj. A) [in Charophyta]
having one circle of stipulodes at base of each whorl of branchlets;
haplostichus (adj. A) with a single row
haploid haploideus (adj. A)
haplolepidus (adj. A) haplolepidous
hapteron hapteron (noun n. 2)
haptonema haptonema (noun n. 3)
hard durus (adj. A); somewhat hard duriusculus (adj. A); hard as
steel adamantinus (adj. A); hard but not brittle corneus (adj. A);
hardness duritia (noun f. 1); hardened concretus, induratus
(both part. A); hardening indurescens (part. B); hard (in Gk comp.)
scler-, sclero-
206 Vocabulary
hardly vix, aegre (both adv.)

harmful noxius (adj. A); harmless innoxius (adj. A)
harsh (to touch) asper (adj. A)
harundo (noun f. 3) cane [grass reed]
hastatus (adj. A) hastate; hastilis (adj. B) spear-shaped; hasti- (in Lat. comp.)
spear-
hastula (noun f. 1) [in palmate leaf] hastula
haud, haudquaquam (both adv.) not at all, by no means
haustorium haustorium (noun n. 2)
hazel (colour) avellaneus (adj. A)
head capitulum (noun n. 2), caput (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], [in Asteraceae]
anthodium (noun n. 2); head- (in Lat. comp.) capit-, capiti-, (in Gk
comp.) cephal-, cephalo-; -headed (in Lat. comp.) -ceps (adj. B), (in Gk
comp.) -cephalus (adj. A); with a rounded head or tip capitatus (adj. A)
heap acervus, cumulus (both noun m. 2); small heap acervulus (noun m. 2);
heaped acervatus, cumulatus (both part. A), acervatim (adv.); in small
heaps acervulatus (part. A)
heart cor (noun n. 2); heart-shaped cordatus (adj. A), cordiformis (adj. B);
heart- (in Lat. comp.) cordi-, (in Gk comp.) cardia-, cardio-
heath ericetum (noun n. 2)
heavy gravis (adj. B), ponderosus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) bary-
hebdomalis (adj. B) weekly; hebdomas (noun f. 3) week
hebes (adj. B) dull
hebetatus (part. A) dimmed, matt [made dull]
hecat-, hecato- (in Gk comp.) hundred-
hedge sepes, saepes (noun f. 3)
hedy- (in Gk comp.) sweet
height altum (noun n. 2), altitudo (noun f. 3)
heleo-, helo- (in Gk comp.) marsh
helicospore helicospora (noun f. 1)
helicte (adv.) clockwise
helictoglossa helictoglossa (noun f. 1)
helicus (adj. A), helic- (in Gk comp.) coiled, spirally twisted
helio- (in Gk comp.) sun-
heliotrope [colour] heliotropinus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 207
helladolith helladolithus (noun m. 2)

helmet cassis (noun f. 3), galea (noun f. 1); helmet-shaped cassideus (adj. A),
galeiformis (adj. B ); having a helmet galeatus (adj. A); having a small
helmet-like cap galericulatus (adj. A)
helvus (adj. A) light bay, pale red
hemi- (pref. in Gk comp.) half-
hemiangiocarpicus (adj. A) of a sporocarp opening before quite mature
hemiparasiticus (adj. A) hemiparasitic
hemisaprophyticus (adj. A) hemisaprophytic
hemisphere hemisphaerium (noun n. 2)
hence hinc, igitur, quamobrem (all adv.)
hepaticus (adj. A) liver-coloured
hepta- (in Gk comp.) seven-
herb herba (noun f. 1); herbaceous herbaceus (adj. A)
herbarium herbarium (noun n. 2); herbarium specimen exsiccatum
(noun n. 2)
herbidus (adj. A) grass green
herbula (noun f. 1) a small herb
here hic, hac (both adv.); here and there disperse, dispersim, passim, hic
illic (all adv.)
hermaphrodite hermaphroditus, teleianthus, perfectus (all adj. A),
bisexualis (adj. B)
hetero- (in Gk comp.) different, other
heterobasidium (noun n. 2) heterobasidium, basidium showing septation
heterocyst heterocysta (noun f. 1)
heteroecious heteroicus (adj. A)
heterogeneous heterogeneus (adj. A)
heterolepidous heterolepidus (adj. A)
heteromerous heteromerus (adj. A)
heteromorphic heteromorphus (adj. A)
heterosporous heterosporus (adj. A)
heterostylous heterostylus (adj. A)
heterothallic heterothallicus (adj. A)
heterovalvate heterovalvatus (adj. A)
hexa- (in Gk comp.) six
208 Vocabulary
hexagonal hexagonus (adj. A), sexangularis (adj. B)

hexapodium (noun n. 2) fathom
hians (part. B) gaping
hibernaculum (noun n. 2) glasshouse, winter bud; hibernus (adj. A)
pertaining to winter
hic (dem. pron. m.) this, he [see p. 00]
hic (adv.) here; hic illic (adv.) here and there
hidden absconditus, celatus, occultus, opertus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.)
crypt-, crypto-
hiding celans, occultans (both part. B)
hiems (noun f. 3) winter; hiemalis, hyemalis (adj. B) wintry, of winter
high altus (adj. A), celsus (adj. A), elatus (part. A), excelsus (part. A), exaltatus
(part. A); highly [greatly] maxime (adv.), [in height] alte (adv.); high up
alte (adv.); a very high place excelsum (noun n. 2); higher superior
(adj. compar.); highest summus, supremus (both adj. A)
hilaris (adj. B) of the hilum
hill collis (noun m. 3); pertaining to hills collinus (adj. A)
hillock grumulus (noun m. 2)
hillside clivus (noun m. 2)
hilum hilum (noun n. 2); of the hilum hilaris (adj. B)
himanto- (in Gk comp.) strap-shaped
hinc (adv.) from this place or time, hence
hinnuleus (adj. A) fawn [colour]
hippocrepicus (adj. A), hippocrepiformis (adj. B) horseshoe-shaped
hirsutus (adj. A) hirsute [see p. 00]; hirsuties (noun f. 5) rough hair-covering
hirtus (adj. A) hairy; hirti- (in Lat. comp.) hairy
hispidus (adj. A) hispid, bristly
histogenus (adj. A) without conidiophores
historia (noun f. 1) history, narrative
hitherto ad huc (adv.)
hoary incanus (adj. A)
hoc (dem. pron. n.) it [see p. 00]
hodie (adv.) today, at present; hodiernus (adj. A) relating to the present time
holdfast hapteron (noun n. 2), tenaculum (noun n. 2); holdfast cell cellula
(noun f. 1) hapteroidea (adj. A), tenaculum (noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 209
holding tenens (part. B), [keeping hold of] retinens (part. B), [containing]
continens (part. B), [clinging] haerens (part. B)
hole cavum (noun n. 2), foramen (noun n. 3); holed foratus, perforatus (both
part. A), porosus (adj. A)
hollow cavitas (noun f. 3); cavus (adj. A); hollowed out excavatus, exaratus
(both part. A); hollowed coelo- (in Gk comp.); hollow with closed ends
fistulosus (adj. A); hollow seeded coelospermus (adj. A)
holo- (in Gk comp.) whole, entire
holobasidium holobasidium (noun n. 2)
holocarpic holocarpicus (adj. A)
holococcolith holococcolithus (noun m. 2)
holosaprophytic holosaprophyticus (adj. A)
holotype holotypus (noun m. 2)
homo-, homoeo-, homoio- (in Gk comp.) like, of the same kind
homoeomorphus (adj. A) [in Charophyta] having similar fertile and sterile whorls
homogeneus (adj. A) homogeneous
homogonium (noun n. 2) homogonium
homoiomerus (adj. A) homoiomerous
homomallus (adj. A) homomallus
homonym homonymum (noun n. 2)
homosporous homosporus (adj. A)
homothallic homothallicus (adj. A)
homotropus (adj. A) homotropal
honey mel (noun n. 3); honeycombed alveolatus (adj. B), favosus (adj. A);
finely honeycombed faveolatus (adj. A); honey-coloured melleus
(adj. A); pertaining to honey mellitus (adj. A)
hood cucullus (noun m. 2); hooded cucullatus (adj. A)
hook hamus, uncus (both noun m. 2); small hook hamulus (noun m. 2);
hook-shaped unciformis (adj. B); hooked aduncus, hamatus, hamosus,
uncatus (all adj. A); barbed with small hooks ancistrus, hamulatus,
hamulosus (all adj. A)
horizontal horizontalis (adj. B); horizontally horizontaliter (adv.)
hormogon hormogonium (noun n. 2)
horn cornu (noun n. 4) [see p. 00]; horned cornutus (adj. A);
horn-shaped cornuatus (adj. A); having small horn-like appendage
210 Vocabulary
corniculatus (adj. A); small horn-like appendage corniculum

(noun n. 2); -horn (in Gk comp.) -ceras,-ceros (both noun n. 3),
(in Lat. comp.) -cornu,-cornis (both adj. B),-cornutus (adj. A);
horned-(in Lat. comp.) corni-, (in Gk comp.) cerato-;
horny corneus (adj. A)
hornotinus (adj. A) of the present year, this year’s
horricomis (adj. B) bristly, shaggy; horridus (adj. A) prickly, very rough
horse equus (noun m. 2); pertaining to horses equinus (adj. A)
horseshoe-shaped hippocrepicus (adj. A), hippocrepiformis (adj. B)
hortus (noun m. 2) garden; hortensis (adj. B) pertaining to or raised in a
garden; hortulanus (noun m. 2) gardener
host [of parasite] hospes (noun m. 2); host plant nutrix (noun f. 3)
hot calidus (adj. A); hot-bed pulvillum (noun n. 2); hot-house caldarium
(noun n. 2); hot springs thermae (noun f. 1, pl.)
however autem (conj.)
huc, ad (adv.) hitherto
huge ingens (adj. B)
humectus (adj. A) moist; humectatus, humefactus (both part. A) moistened
humerus (noun m. 2) shoulder
humidus (adj. A) moist, damp
humilis (adj. B) low, low-growing
hump gibba (noun f. 1); prominently humped gibberosus (adj. A)
humus (noun f. 2) the earth, soil; humi (adv. formed from humus) on the
ground; humifusus (adj. A) procumbent
hundred centum (num. indecl.); hundredth centensimus (adj. A); hundred-
(in Lat. comp.) centi-, (in Gk comp.) hecat-, hecato-; hundred-fold
centiens, centies (both adv.)
husk acus (noun f. 4)
hyacinthinus (adj. A) hyacinth blue, violet; hyacinthoides (adj. B) hyacinth-
like
hyalinus (adj. A) clear, hyaline
hyalocysta (noun f. 1) hyalocyst
hyaloderma (noun n. 3) hyalodermis [see p. 00]
hyalosporous hyalosporus (adj. A)
hybrid [noun] hybrida (noun f. 1), [adj.] hybridus, hybridogenus
(both adj. A)
Vocabulary 211
hydathode hydathodus (noun f. 2)

hydro- (in Gk comp.) water
hydrochloric hydrochloricus, muriaticus (both adj. A)
hydrome hydroma (noun n. 3)
hyemalis, hiemalis (adj. B) wintry, of winter
hygro- (in Gk comp.) damp, moist; hygrometricus, hygroscopicus (both
adj. A) hygroscopic; hygrophanus (adj, A) hygrophanous
hymen- (in Gk comp.) membrane, membranous
hymenium hymenium (noun n. 2)
hymenophore hymenophorum (noun n. 2)
hyp-, hypo- (pref. in Gk comp.) below, under
hypanthium hypanthium (noun n. 2)
hyper- (pref. in Gk comp.) above, beyond, over
hyperboreus (adj. A) of the far north
hypha hypha (noun f. 1); full of hyphae hyphosus (adj. A); hyphal mass in
pileus contextus (noun m. 4)
hyphidium hyphidium (noun n. 2)
hyphophore hyphophorum (noun n. 2)
hyphopodium hyphopodium (noun n. 2)
hyphosus (adj. A) full of hyphae
hypnospore hypnospora (noun f. 1)
hypnozygote hypnozygota (noun f. 1)
hypo- (in Gk comp.) below, under
hypocingulum hypocingulum (noun n. 2)
hypocotyl hypocotylum, internodium (both noun n. 2), hypocotylus, (noun
m. 2); hypocotylary hypocotylus (adj. A)
hypocrateriformis (adj. B), hypocraterimorphus (adj. A) hypocrateriform,
salverform
hypocyst hypocysta (noun f. 1)
hypoderm hypoderma (noun n. 3)
hypodermicus (adj. A) beneath the epidermis [see p. 00]
hypogaeus (adj. A) hypogeal, below-ground, underground
hypogonium hypogonium (noun n. 2)
hypogynus (adj. A) hypogynous
212 Vocabulary
hypophloeodes (adj. C), hypophloeodicus (adj. A) hypophloeodal, growing

in the bark
hypophyllus (adj. A) hypophyllous
hypophysis (noun f. 3) hypophysis
hypostomatic hypostomaticus (adj. A)
hypothallus (noun m. 2) hypothallus; hypothallinus (adj. A) relating to the
hypothallus
hypotheca hypotheca (noun f. 1)
hypothecium hypothecium (noun n. 2)
hypovalve hypovalva (noun f. 1)
hypsophyllinus (adj. A) hypsophyllary, bracteal; hypsophyllum (noun n. 2)
hypsophyll
hysteranthus (adj. A) after or later than the flowers [e.g. leaves]
hysterinus, hysterioideus (both adj. A), hysteriformis (adj. B) hysterine
hysterogenus (adj. A) produced late [e.g. after the flowers]
hysterothecioideus (adj. A) hysterothecioid
hysterothecium (noun n. 2) hysterothecium
I
iadinus (adj. A) jade green
iam, more commonly jam (adv.) now
ibi (adv.) there, then
ibidem (adv.) in the same place
-ibilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability
-icans (Lat. suff., part. B, based on verb from noun) indicates process of
resembling closely
ice glacies (noun f. 5)
-icius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates a completed action
icon (noun f. 3) illustration, plate
icosandrus (adj. A) having 20 stamens
ictericus, icterinus (adj. A) jaundice yellow
-icus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates sense of belonging
id (determ. pron. n.) it [see p. 00]
idem (def. pron. m., n.) the same [see p. 00]
Vocabulary 213
ideo (adv.) therefore

-idus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj., noun or verb as stem) indicates something
in progress
-ies (Lat. suff., noun f. 5, with verb as stem) indicates something formed or
made
if si (conj.)
igitur (adv.) therefore
ignescens (adj. B) bright red; igneus (adj. A) fire-red; ignivomus (adj. A)
volcanic
ignotus (adj. A) unknown
il- (pref. in Lat. comp. before l) in, into, contrary
-ilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability or quality
illa (adv.) in that direction
illa [dem. pron. f.] that, she [see p. 00]
illaquens (part. B) ensnaring
ille [dem. pron. m.] that, he [see p. 00]
illecebrosus (adj. A) attractive, alluring
illegitimus (adj. A) unlawful
illic (adv.) there, in that place
illinc (adv.) thence, from that place
illinitus (part. A) smeared
illud (dem. pron. n.) that, it [see p. 00]
-illus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates diminutive form, cf. -cellus
illustrated illustratus (part. A); illustration icon, imago, illustratio (all noun
f. 3); tabula (noun f. 1)
im- (pref. in Lat. comp. before b, m, p) in, into, contrary
imago (noun f. 3) likeness, illustration
imbecilis (adj. B), imbecillus (adj. A) weak, feeble
imbedded inclusus (part. A with in þ Ablative)
imberbis (adj. B) not bearded
imbricate imbricatus (part. A), imbricans (part. B)
imbutus (part. A) tinged, stained
imitating mentiens, simulans (both part. B)
immaculatus (adj. A) unspotted, unstained
214 Vocabulary
immarginatus (adj. A) without a distinct margin, border or rim

immature immaturus, crudus (both adj. A)
immediately [at once] statim (adv.), [quickly] confestim (adv.), [the nearest or
next] proxime (adv.)
immensus (adj. A) immense, vast
immersio (noun f. 3) immersion; immersus (part. A) submerged, imbedded,
immersed
imminens (part. B) overhanging
imminuens (part. B) diminishing
immixtus (part. A) intermixed, mingled
immo (adv.) on the contrary, by no means
immobile immobilis (adj. B), fixus (part. A), immotus (adj. A)
immutabilis (adj. B), immutatus (adj. A) unaltered, unchanged
impar (adj. B) unequal, uneven; impariter (adv.) unequally
imparipinnate imparipinnatus (adj. A)
impeditus (part. A) hindered, thus not completely formed
impellucidus (adj. A) opaque
impendens (part. B) overhanging
impenetrable impenetrabilis (adj. A)
imperfect imperfectus, mancus, mendosus (all adj. A), inchoatus (part. A)
imperforatus (part. A) not perforated
impervius (adj. A) closed, impassable
implens (part. B) filling; impletus (part. A) filled
implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A) entangled, interwoven, matted
impolitus (adj. A) matt, not polished
impositus (part. A) laid or placed upon
impressus (part. A) impressed, pressed into; impressi- (in Lat. comp.)
impressed, sunken
imprimis (adv. ) chiefly, in the first place
impunctatus (part. A) not punctate
impure contaminatus (part. A)
imum (noun n. 2) lowest part; imus (adj. A) lowest
in (prep.) in, into, within, among, at, on, during; used with acc. when meaning
motion or growth towards something, used with abl. when meaning rest;
also in- (pref. in Lat. comp. before vowels, most consonants) in, contrary
Vocabulary 215
inactive iners (adj. B) [see p. 00]

-inae (suff., adj. A, Nominative pl. f.) added to stem of name of type genus to
form name of a subtribe
inaequabilis, inaequalis (both adj. B) unequal; inaequaliter
(adv.) unequally; inaequi- (in Lat. comp.) unequal, uneven;
inaequilaterus (adj. A) unequal-sided
inamyloideus (adj. A) not amyloid
inanis (adj. B) empty
inapertus (adj. A) closed
inarticulatus (adj. A) without divisions
incanus (adj. A) hoary
incarnatus (part. A) flesh-coloured
incertus (adj. A) doubtful
inch pollex (noun m. 3), uncia (noun f. 1); inch long pollicaris, uncialis (both
adj. A)
inchoatus (part. A) incomplete, imperfect, rudimentary
incidens (part. B) meeting
incisifolius (adj. A) having deeply cut leaves
incision incisura (noun f. 1); incised deeply incisus (part. A)
inclinatus (part. A) leaning, bent down [from the horizontal]
inclusus (part. A) included, enclosed; also imbedded (with in þ Ablative);
includens (part. B) enclosing, including
incognitus (adj. A) unknown
incola (noun c. 1) inhabitant; incolens (part. B) inhabiting
incolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], incoloratus (adj. A) colourless
incomparabilis (adj. B) incomparable, unequalled
incomplete incompletus, inchoatus, imperfectus (all adj. A)
inconspicuous inconspicuus (adj. A)
inconstans (adj. B) changeable, not constant
incorrect mendosus (adj. A); incorrectly errore, mendose, perperam (all
adv.)
incrassatus (part. A) thickened
increase augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2), incrementum
(noun n. 2); increasing crescens (part. B); increased ampliatus, auctus
(both part. A)
216 Vocabulary
increbre (adv.) frequently

incrementum (noun n. 2) increase, increment
increscens (part. B) accrescent
incrusted incrustatus (part. A); incrusting incrustans (part. B)
incubus (adj. A) incubous
incudiformis (adj. B) anvil-shaped
incultus (adj. A) untilled, not cultivated, wild; incultum (noun n. 2) waste land
incumbens (part. B) incumbent
incurrens (part. B) over-running
incurved incurvatus, incurvus (both adj. A), infractus (part. A)
incystatus (adj. A) encysted
inde (adv.) thence, after that
indefinite indefinitus (adj. A)
indehicens (adj. B) indehiscent
indented indentatus (adj. A)
indescriptus (adj. A) undescribed
indeterminate indeterminatus (adj. A)
index (noun m. 3) catalogue, list, index
indicatio (noun f. 3) indication; indicatus (part. A) showed, pointed out,
revealed
indigenous indigenus (adj. A)
indigo indicum (noun n. 2); indigo-coloured indigoticus (adj. A)
indirectly indirecte (adv.)
indiscriminately promiscue, passim (both adv.)
indistinctus (adj. A) indistinct, unclear
indistinguishable haud distinctus (part. A), simillimus (adj. A, sup.)
[i.e. very similar]
individual individuum (noun n. 2); singulus (adj. A);
individually singulatim, singulariter (both adv.)
indivisus (adj. A) undivided
indumentum (noun n. 2) indumentum
induplicatus (adj. A) induplicate
induratus (part. A) hardened; indurescens (part. B) hardening
indusium indusium, tegumentum (both noun n. 2); indusiate indusiatus
(adj. A)
Vocabulary 217
indutus (part. A þ Ablative) clothed with

induviae (noun f. 1, pl.) persistent parts [e.g. shrivelled corolla]; induviatus
(adj. A) clothed with withered parts
-ineae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of type family to
form name of a suborder
inermis (adj. B) unarmed, without spines or stings
iners (adj. B) inactive, inert, stagnant [see p. 00]
-ineus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates a material or colour
infectus (part. A) infected, spoiled
infecundus (adj. A) not fruitful
inferior (adj. compar.) lower; inferne (adv.) below, beneath; infernus
(adj. A), inferus (adj. A) lower
infestans (part. B) infesting, attacking
infestus (adj. A) troublesome, becoming weedy
infime (adv.) at the base; infimum (noun n. 2) lowest part, bottom; infimus
(adj. A) lowest
inflatus (part. A) blown out, inflated
inflexus (adj. A) bent inwards, inflexed
inflorescence inflorescentia (noun f. 1)
infossus (part. A) buried, sunken
infra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative) below, on the underside; also pref. in Lat.
comp.
infractus (part. A) incurved, sharply bent
inframedianus (adj. A) slightly below the middle
infraterminalis (adj. B) below the apex
infrequent infrequens (adj. B); infrequently infrequenter, rarius, interdum,
sparse (all adv.)
infrons (adj. B) leafless
infructescentia (noun f. 1) infructescence, fruiting inflorescence
infundibuliformis, infundibularis (both adj. B) funnel-shaped
infundibulum see helictoglossa
infuscatus (adj. A) brownish
ingens (adj. B) huge
ingratus (adj. A) unpleasant
ingrediens, iniens (both part. B) entering
218 Vocabulary
inhabitant incola (noun c., 1); inhabiting habitans, incolens, crescens,

proveniens, vigens (all part. B), indigenus (adj.A); the following are
all nouns of common gender, declined like agricola [see p. 00]
inhabitant of … bark corticola, … burned places focicola, …
deserts deserticola, … mountains monticola, … plants planticola, …
plum trees prunicola, … river banks rivicola, … rocky
places rupicola, saxicola, … snow nivicola, … woods silvicola
iniens (part. B) entering
initial initium (noun n. 2); primus (adj. A)
initium (noun n. 2) beginning, initial
injurious noxius (adj. A); injury noxa (noun f. 1)
inland mediterraneus (adj. A)
inluminans (part. B) luminescent
innatus (part. A þ Dative or with ‘in’ þ Ablative) borne within; in lichens,
sunken, immersed
inner interior (adj. compar.); innermost intimus (adj. A)
innocuus, innoxius (both adj. A) harmless
innominatus (adj. A) unnamed
innovans (part. B) renewing
innovation innovatio (noun f. 3)
innoxius (adj. A) harmless
innumerus (adj. A), innumerabilis (adj. B) countless
inodorus (adj. A) scentless
inoperculatus (adj. A) without a lid or operculum
inordinatio (noun f. 3) Voigtii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if
inordinatio is declined) Voigt fault
inordinatus (adj. A) irregular, not ordered; inordinate, inordinatim,
inordinaliter (all adv.) disorderly, irregularly
inquilinus (adj. A) naturalised, introduced
inquinatus (part. A) fouled, polluted, stained
insculptus (part. A) engraved, cut into
insect insectum (noun n. 2); insect- (in Lat. comp.) insecti-, (in Gk comp.)
entomo-
inserted insertus, intrusus (both part. A), affixus (adj. A); insertion insertio
(noun f. 3)
Vocabulary 219
inside [noun] pars (noun f. 3) interior (adj. B); also [adj.] internus, penitus
(both adj. A); on the inside, inwardly intra, intus, intrinsecus, interius,
introrsum, penitus (all adv.); lying on the inside intrarius (adj. A); (in
Gk comp.) end-, endo-; turned inside out eversus (part. A)
insidens (part. B þ Dative) sitting on, situated on
insignis (adj. B) outstanding, distinguished by; insigniter (adv.) remarkably,
notably
insimul (adv.) at the same time
insipidus (adj. A) tasteless, insipid
insitum (noun n. 2) graft [scion]; insiticius, insititius (both adj. A) grafted
inspersus (part. A) sprinkled upon
inspissatus (part. A) thickened
instead of vice (adv. þ Genitive), ad invicem (adv. phr.) ; pro- (pref. in Lat.
comp.)
instructus (part. A þ Ablative) bearing, furnished
insuetus (adj. A) unusual, strange
insula (noun f. 1) island; insularis (adj. B) insular
insuper (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative) above; also (adv.) from above
integer (adj. A) entire [see p. 00]; integerrimus (adj. A sup.) quite entire;
integri- (in Lat. comp.) entire
integument integumentum (noun n. 2)
intensely intense, valde (both adv.)
inter (prep. þ Accusative) among, between, during; also pref. in Lat. comp.;
interaneus (adj. A) inward, internal
intercalary intercalaris (adj. B); intercalary band [in diatoms] copula
(noun f. 1)
interceptus (part. A) intercepted, interrupted
intercurrens (part. B) running between
interdum (adv.) infrequently, sometimes
interea (adv.) meanwhile
intergeniculum (noun n. 2) intergeniculum
interim, ad (adv. phr.) meanwhile
interior (adj. compar.) inner; interius (adv.) on the inside, inwardly
interjacens (part. B) intervening
interjectus (part. A) placed between
220 Vocabulary
intermediate intermedius (adj. A), [passing from one to another] transitorius

(adj. A)
intermingled commixtus (part. A); intermingling commiscens (part. B)
intermixed immixtus (part. A)
internal interaneus, internus (both adj. A); internally interne (adv.)
internodium (noun n. 2) hypocotyl, internode
internus (adj. A) internal, inward; interne (adv.) inwardly, internally
interordinatus (adj. A) fitted together
interpetiolar interpetiolaris (adj. B)
interpositus (part. A) placed between, interposed
interrupted interruptus (part. A); interruptedly interrupte (adv.)
interspersus (adj. A) interspersed, strewn
interstitium (noun n. 2) interstice, space between
interstria interstria (noun f. 1)
interthecial interthecialis (adj. B)
interval intervallum, spatium (both noun n. 2)
intervening interjacens (part. B)
interwoven implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A)
intimus (adj. A) innermost; intime (adv.) inwardly, internally
intinium (noun n. 2) intine, inner layer of spore
into in, intra (both prep. þ Accusative)
intonsus (adj. A) shaggy, bristly
intortus (part. A) twisted, bent upon itself
intra (adv., pref. in Lat. comp.) on the inside, inwardly; also (prep. þ
Accusative) within, into, during
intracalycinus (adj. A) intracalycine, within the calyx
intracellularis (adj. B) within a cell
intramarginalis (adj. B) intramarginal, within and near the margin
intrarius (adj. A) lying on the inside, turned towards the axis
intrastaminalis (adj. B) intrastaminal, within the stamens
intricate contortuplicatus (adj. A), intricatus (part. A); intricately intricate (adv.)
intrinsecus (adv.) on the inside, inwardly
intro (adv.) inwardly [indicates motion]; also pref. in Lat. comp.
introduced inquilinus (adj. A), introductus (part. A); introduced into
intromissus (part. A with in þ Accusative)
Vocabulary 221
introflexus (adj. A) bent inwards

intromissus (part. A with in þ Accusative) introduced into
introrsum (adv.) on the inside, inwardly
introrsus (adj. A) introrse
intrusus (part. A) inserted
intumescens (part. B) swelling up
intus (adv.) on the inside, inwardly
inunctus (adj. A) shining, glossy
inundatus (part. A) flooded
-inus (Gk or Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession or
resemblance
invadens (part. B) invading, attacking; invasus (part. A) invaded, attacked
inventus (part. A) discovered, found
inverse, inversum (both adv.) upside down; inversus (part. A) turned about
or upside down
invicem (adv.) in turn, alternately, one after another; ad invicem instead of
invisible invisibilis (adj. B)
involucre involucrum (noun n. 2); involucral involucralis (adj. B);
involucrate involucratus (adj. A); involucel involucellum (noun n. 2);
involucral scale tegula (noun f. 1)
involucrellum involucrellum (noun n. 2)
involutus (part. A) involute, rolled inwards, enveloped; involvens (part. B)
enveloping
inward internus (adj. A); inwardly interne, intime, intrinsecum, introrsum
(all adv.); [indicating motion] intro (adv.)
-io (Lat. suff., noun f. 3, with verb as stem) indicates a result, usually abstract
iodine iodum (noun n. 2); iodide iodidum (noun n. 2); iodate iodas
(noun m. 3); iodised iodatus, iodisatus (both adj. A)
ion-, iono- (in Gk comp.) violet-coloured
ipse, ipsa, ipsum (pron.) himself, herself, itself [see p. 00]
iridescens (part. B) iridescent
iron ferrum (noun n. 2); also ferreus (adj. A)
irregular asymmetricus, inordinatus, zygomorphicus (all adj. A), irregularis
(adj. B); irregularly asymmetrice, inordinate, inordinatim,
inordinaliter, irregulariter (all adv.)
irriguus (adj. A) well-watered, soaked
222 Vocabulary
irritabilis (adj. B) sensitive [to a stimulus]

is (determ. pron. m.) it [see p. 00]
isabellinus (adj. A) isabella, soiled tawny yellow
ischno- (in Gk comp.) thin, slender
isidium isidium (noun n. 2); isidiatus (adj. A) with isidia; isidioideus
(adj. A) having the form of an isidium
island insula (noun f. 1); pertaining to islands insularis (adj. B),
(in Gk comp.) neso-
iso- (in Gk comp.) equal, like
isobilateralis (adj. B) isobilateral
isodiametrus (adj. A) isodiametrical
isogamete isogameta (noun f. 1)
isolated sejunctus, segregatus (both part. A)
isomerus (adj. A) isomerous
isophyllus (adj. A) isophyllous; [in mosses and ferns] stem and branch
leaves all the same
isostichus (adj. A) isostichous
isosyntype isosyntypus (noun m. 2)
isotomic isotomicus (adj. A)
isotomous isotomus (adj. A)
isotype isotypus (noun m. 2)
isovalvate isovalvatus (adj. A)
issuing from enatus (part. A)
isthmus isthmus (noun m. 2); isthmoid isthmoideus (adj. A)
it is [m.], ea [f.], id [n.] (pron.) [see p. 00]; ille [m.], illa [f.], illud [n.]
(dem. pron.) [see p. 00]; when the subject of a verb, ‘it’ is part of that
word and is not translated separately, e.g. differt, it differs
ita (adv.) so, thus; itaque (adv.) consequently, therefore
iter (noun n. 3) journey
iterum (adv.) again, a second time; iterum atque iterum again and again
-iticus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates fitness for
something
itidem (adv.) likewise
itself, of sui (pron., m., n.), suae (f.)
-itius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates a completed action
Vocabulary 223
-ius (Gk or Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or
connection
ivory [colour] eburneus (adj. A)
-ivus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun or verb as stem) indicates ability to do
something
-izans (Lat. suff., part. B, with noun as stem) indicates forming or becoming like
J
jam, iam (adv.) now
jamdudum (adv.) long ago
jelly gelatina (noun f. 1); jelly-like gelatinus, gelineus, tremelloideus,
tremellosus (all adj. A)
jodum (noun n. 2) iodine q.v.
join [union] junctura (noun f. 1); joined colligatus, conflatus,
connatus, conjunctus, conjugatus, consociatus, junctus
(all part. A), sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- (all pref. in Gk comp.);
joining jungens (part. B); joined together colligatus (part. A)
joint articulus (noun m. 2), geniculum (noun n. 2), junctura (noun f.1);
jointed articulatus (part. A); joint (segment) articulus (noun m. 2);
arthro- (in Gk comp.)
jointly conjuncte (adv.)
journey iter (noun n. 3)
juba (noun f. 1) [in grasses] a panicle
jugatus (part. A) yoked together in pairs
jugum (noun n. 2) yoke, collar
juice succus (noun m. 2); juicy succidus, succosus (both adj. A)
juiceless exsuccus (adj. A)
julaceus (adj. A) julaceous, catkin-like, bearing catkins
junceus (adj. A) rush-like; juncetum (noun n. 2) rushy place; juncosus
(adj. A) full of rushes; juncifolius (adj. A) rush-leaved
junctio (noun f. 3) connection, union
junctus (part. A) joined, united; junctura (noun f. 1) join, joint, union
jungens (part. B) joining, linking
just admodum, modo (both adv.); just as sicut (adv.)
juste (adv.) rightly, justly; justus (adj. A) rightful, just
224 Vocabulary
jutting out projectus (part. A), procurrens (part. B), extans (part. B)
juvenilis, juvenis (both adj. B) young, juvenile
juventus (noun f. 3) youth
juxta (adv., also prep. þ Accusative) next to, near, beside
K
kalium (noun n. 2) potassium
keel carina (noun f. 1); belonging to the keel carinalis (adj. B); with a keel
carinatus (adj. A); without a keel ecarinatus (adj. A)
keiki [in orchids] corisca (noun f. 1)
kept asservatus, conservatus (both part. A)
kermesinus (adj. A) crimson
kernel nucleus (noun m. 2), granum (noun n. 2); having a kernel nucleatus
(adj. A)
key [to species etc.] clavis (noun f. 3), [fruit] samara (noun f. 1)
kidney-shaped [flat object] reniformis (adj. B), [solid object] nephroideus
(adj. A); kidney- (in Gk comp.) nephro-
killing enecans (part. B), funestus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) -cidus (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) -ctonus (adj. A)
kind: what kind or sort? qualis (pron. adj., decl. like laevis, see p. 00)
kingdom regnum (noun n. 2)
kleptochloroplast kleptochloroplastus (noun m. 2)
knee, bent like geniculatus, genuflexus (both adj. A)
knife-like, knife-shaped cultriformis (adj. B)
knobbed torulosus (adj. A); knobby nodosus (adj. A); knob-like gongylodes
(adj. C)
knot [swelling esp. on stem] ganglion (noun n. 2); knot-like gangliiformis
(adj. B); with knot-like swellings ganglioneus (adj. A)
known cognitus (part. A)
L
labellum labellum (noun n. 2)
labiatus (adj. A) lipped
labidus (adj. A), labilis (adj. B) slippery
Vocabulary 225
labium (noun n. 2) labium, lower lip of corolla; labiosus (adj. A) large-

lipped; labriformis (adj. B) lip-shaped
lac (noun n. 3) milky juice
laccatus (adj. A) appearing varnished
lacerate lacerus (adj. A), laceratus (part. A)
lachno- (in Gk comp.) woolly
lacinia (noun f. 1) lacinia; laciniatus (adj. A) laciniate; laciniifolius (adj. A)
laciniate-leaved; laciniosus (adj. A) very laciniate; lacinula (noun f. 1)
small or fine lacinia
lacking carens, deficiens (both part. B), destitutus, demptus (both part. A),
nullus (adj. A); it is lacking deest (verb, 1st pers. sing., pres.); they are
lacking desunt (verb, 3rd pers. pl., pres.); lacking (in Gk comp. before a
vowel) an-
lacrimiformis (adj. B) shaped like a tear drop
lactaneus, lacteus, lactineus (all adj. A) milky-white; lactarius
(adj. A) milky; lactifer (adj. A) milk-producing; lacti- (in Lat.
comp.) milk, milky [refers to either colour or latex]
lactose lactosum (noun n. 2)
lacuna (noun f. 1) lacuna, airspace [in tissue], depression [in lichen thallus],
also a pond; lacunosus (adj. A) covered with depressions
lacus (noun m. 4) lake [see p. 00]; lacuster (adj. A), lacustris (adj. B) of lakes
ladder-like scalariformis, scalaris (both adj. B)
laden onustus (adj. A)
laesio (noun f. 3) damage, injury; laesus (adj. A) damaged
laesura (noun f. 1) [in some ferns] a ridge around the apertural slit
laete (adv.) brightly, lightly
laevis, levis (both adj. B) smooth [see p. 00]; laevigatus, levigatus
(both adj. A) smooth, smoothed
laevulosus (adj. A) laevulose
lageniformis (adj. B) flask-shaped
lake lacus (noun m. 4) [see p. 00]; of lakes lacuster (adj. A), lacustris (adj. B)
lamella (noun f. 1) thin plate of tissue, gill; lamellaris (adj. B), lamellatus
(adj. A), lamellosus (adj. A) lamellate; lamellula (noun f. 1) lamellule
lamina (noun f. 1) blade; laminaris, laminiformis (both adj. B) blade-like
lampro- (in Gk comp.) bright, shining
226 Vocabulary
lana (noun f. 1) wool; lanatus, lanosus (both adj. A) woolly

lanceolate lanceolatus (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) lanci-
land terra (noun f. 1); also terrestris (adj. B); land, relating to agrarius
(adj. A)
laneus (adj. A) wool-like
languescens (part. B) wilting, withering
lani- (in Lat. comp.) woolly
lanosus (adj. A) woolly
lanuginosus (adj. A) woolly
lapidolithus (noun m. 2) lapidolith
lapidosus (adj. A) stony; lapideus (adj. A) stone-hard, made of stone;
lapidescens (part. B) becoming stone-hard; lapidulus (noun m. 2)
small stone, pebble. See also saxum
lapis (noun m. 3) stone
lappa (noun f. 1) burr; lappaceus (adj. A) burr-like
lapsus (noun m. 4) fall [shedding]
laqueus (noun m. 2) snare, noose
large grandis (adj. B), magnus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) grandi-, magni-;
(in Gk comp.) macro-, mega-, megalo-; very large giganteus (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) megisto-
largus (adj. A) abundant, plentiful
lasi-, lasio- (in Gk comp.) hairy, woolly
last extremus, postremus, ultimus (all adj. A); at last demum, denique, ad
postremum (all adv.); lastly demum (adv.)
late (adv.) broadly, widely
late serotinus (adj. A); produced late [e.g. after the flowers] hysterogenus
(adj. A)
later postea, posterius (both adv.), [at last] demum, tandem (both adv.),
[following after] posterior (comp. adj.)
lateral lateralis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) pleur-, pleuro-; laterally lateraliter (adv.)
lateri- (in Lat. comp.) lateral to, at the side
latericius, lateritius (both adj. A) brick-red
latex latex (noun m. 3)
lati- (in Lat. comp.) broad, wide
latinus (adj. A) Latin
Vocabulary 227
latitudo (noun f. 3) breadth, width

latrorsus (adj. A) latrorse
latter [the] hic (dem. pron. m)
latticed cancellatus, clathratus (both adj. A)
latus (adj. A) broad; late (adv.) broadly; perlate (adv.) very broad
latus (noun n. 3) side [see p. 00]
lavandulaceus, lavandulus (both adj. A) lavender-violet
laxus (adj. A) loose; laxe (adv.) loosely; laxi- (in Lat. comp.) loose
layer stratum (noun n. 2); in distinct layers stratosus (adj. A); having layers
tabulatus (adj. A); -layered (in Lat. comp.) -stratus (adj. A), (in Gk
comp.) -stromaticus adj. A)
lazulinus (adj. A) blue
lead plumbum (noun n. 2); leaden plumbeus (adj. A); leaden grey
molybdeus (adj. A)
leaf folium, phyllum (both noun n. 2); leaf-like foliaceus (adj. A); relating to
a leaf foliaris (adj. B); with leaves foliatus (adj. A); -leaved (in Lat.
comp.) -foliatus,-folius (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -phyllus (adj. A);
leaf-bearing foliifer, foliatus (both adj. A); leaf-like foliiformis (adj. B);
leafy, full of leaves foliosus, foliaceus, frondosus (all adj. A); unfolding
of leaves frondescentia (noun f. 1); with leaves clasping stem
amplexifolius (adj. A); without leaves aphyllus (adj. A); having leaves
fallen defoliatus (adj. A); relating to leaves (in Gk comp.) phyll-;
taking the place of a leaf folianeus (adj. A)
leaf-fall defoliatio (noun f. 3)
leafless aphyllus (adj. A), infrons (adj. B)
leaflet foliolum (noun n. 2); -leafletted-foliolatus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.)
leaf-like foliiformis (adj. B), frondosus (adj. A)
leaf sheath vagina (noun f. 1) folii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if
vagina is declined)
leaning inclinatus (part. A)
least minimus (adj. A); at least minimum, saltem, quidem (all adv.), ut
minimum (adv. phr.)
leather-coloured alutaceus (adj. A)
leathery coriaceus (adj. A)
-leaved (in Lat. comp.) -folius,-foliatus, (in Gk comp.) -phyllus (all adj. A)
leaving linquens (part. B); leaving off abiens (part. B)
228 Vocabulary
lebetiformis (adj. B) basin-shaped

lecanorinus (adj. A) lecanorine
lecideinus (adj. A) lecidine, having apothecia
lectotype lectotypus (noun m. 2)
lectus (noun m. 2) bed
lectus (part. A) collected, chosen, gathered
leek green porraceus, prasinus (both adj. A)
left, to the in sinistrum (adv. phr.)
left behind relictus (part. A)
legumen (noun n. 3) legume, pod [see p. 00]; leguminaceus (adj. A) having
the character of a legume; leguminosus (adj. A) legume-bearing
lei-, leio-, (in Gk comp.) smooth
lemma lemma (noun n. 3)
lemon-scented citriodorus (adj. A); lemon-shaped citriformis, limoniformis
(both adj. B); lemon yellow citrinus (adj. A)
length longitudo (noun f. 3); lengthened protentus (part. A), elongatus
(adj. A); lengthwise, longitudinally longitrorsum (adv.),
longitudinaliter (adv.), in longitudinem (adv. phr.); equal in length
aequilongus (adj. A)
length, at demum, denique (both adv.)
lenis (adj. B) soft; leniter (adv.) softly
leniter (adv.) gently, mildly
lens lens (noun f. 3); lens-shaped lenticularis, lentiformis (both adj. B);
under a lens sub lente (adv. phr.)
lenticularis (adj. B) lens-shaped
lentiginosus (adj. A) freckled
lentus (adj. A) pliant, sluggish, viscous
lepidotus (adj. A) covered with small scales; lepido- (in Gk comp.) scale-,
scaly-
lepiotoid lepiotoideus (adj. A)
leprosus (adj. A) scurfy on the surface
lept-, lepto- (in Gk comp.) slender, thin, narrow
leptosporangiatus (adj. A) leptosporangiate
lesiniformis (adj. B) awl-shaped
lesion laesio (noun f. 3)
Vocabulary 229
less minor (adj. B, compar. of parvus); also minus (adv.); (in Gk comp.) mei-,
meio-
lethalis (adj. B) lethal, deadly
leuc-, leuco- (in Gk comp.) white-[with colour terms indicates pale tone]
leucocysta (noun f. 1) leucocyst
leucosporous leucosporus (adj. A)
level planus (adj. A); levelled aequatus, deplanatus (both part. A); on the
same level complanus (adj. A)
levis see laevis
leviter (adv.) lightly
liane liana (noun f. 1)
liber (adj. A; Genitive sing. liberi) free [see p. 00]; liberatus (part. A) set free,
released; libere (adv.) freely
liber (noun m. 2; Genitive sing. libri) book, inner bark of tree [see p. 00]
lichen lichen (noun m. 3)
lid operculum, pyxidium (both noun n. 2); lidded operculatus, pyxidatus
(both adj. A)
life vita (noun f. 1)
ligature colligatio (noun f. 3)
light [illumination] lux (noun f. 3); light-loving photophilus (adj. A)
light [pale] dilutus (part. A), pallidus (adj. A); lightly laete, leviter, modice,
tenuiter (all adv.)
lignum (noun n. 2) wood; ligneus, lignosus (both adj. A) woody; lignescens
(adj. B) becoming woody; lignatilis (adj. B) growing on wood
ligule ligula (noun f. 1); ligulate ligulatus (adj. A), loratus (adj. A), loriformis
(adj. B)
liguliflorus (adj. A) having a head of only ligulate florets
like [similar] similis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), parilis (adj. B); (in Gk
comp.) homo-, homoeo-, homoio-, iso-; likeness similitudo (noun f. 3);
-like (in Lat. comp.) -formis (adj. A)
likewise item, itidem, similiter (all adv.), necnon, neque non (conj.)
lilacinus (adj. A) lilac [colour]
liliaceus (adj. A) lily-like
limb limbus (noun m. 2)
limbidium limbidium (noun n. 2)
230 Vocabulary
lime calx (noun f. 3); limy calcareus (adj. A)

limes (noun m. 3) boundary
limestone saxum (noun n. 2) calcareum (adj. A)
limi- (in Lat. comp.) mud-
limitatus (part. A with ad þ Accusative) bounded, bordered, confined to
limoniformis (adj. B) shaped like a lemon
limosus (adj. A) muddy, growing in muddy place
limpidus (adj. A) clear, transparent
limus (noun m. 2) mud
line, in a single unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A)
linea (noun f. 1) line [measurement]
linear linearis (adj. B)
linearifolius (adj. A) linear-leaved
lineatus, lineolatus (both adj. A) marked by fine parallel lines
lineola (noun f. 1) [in some diatoms] a line on the surface of the valve
lingua (noun f. 1) tongue, also language; linguiformis (adj. B), lingulatus
(adj. A) tongue-shaped
linifolius (adj. A) flax-leaved
linked concatenatus (part. A); linking jungens (part. B)
linquens (part. B) leaving, departing from
lip labium (noun n. 2); lipped labiatus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -chilus,-
cheilus (both adj. A), cheil-, cheilo-; large-lipped labiosus (adj. A); lip-
shaped labriformis (adj. B); lower lip [of corolla] labium (noun n. 2)
liquidum (noun n. 2) liquid; liquescens (part. B) becoming liquid, liquefying
liquidus (adj. A) clear
lirella (noun f. 1) lirella; lirellatus (adj. A) having lirella; lirellinus (adj. A)
having long, narrow furrows
lith-, litho- (in Gk comp.) stone-; -lithus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -stone
lithophyticus (adj. A) growing on rock
litoralis see littoralis
little parvus, minutus (both adj. A), paulum (adv.); very little minimus,
perpaucus (both adj. A); extremely little minutissimus (adj. A); by a
little paulo, paullo (both adv.)
littoralis, litoralis (both adj. B), littoreus (adj. A) pertaining to the seashore
littus, litus (noun n. 3) seashore, beach, bank [see p. 00]
Vocabulary 231
liver-coloured hepaticus (adj. A)

lividus (adj. A) dull [bluish] grey
living vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -bius (adj. A); in living
state in statu vivo; it lives habitat (verb 3rd pers. sing. pres.)
lobe lobus (noun m. 2); lobed lobatus (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) -lobus (adj. A)
lobule lobulus (noun m. 2); lobulatus (adj. A) having small lobes
localis (adj. B) local
locality locus (noun m. 2)
located locatus (part. A)
locellatus (adj. A) chambered, locellate; locellus (noun m. 2) locellus
loculus (noun m. 2) loculus, locule; locularis (adj. B), loculatus (adj. A)
having locules or cavities; loculicide (adv.) loculicidally; loculicidus
(adj. A) loculicide; loculosus (adj. A) having locules or cavities
locus (noun m. 2) locality, place
lodicule lodicula [in grasses], squamula, squamella, squamellula (all noun f. 1)
lofty celsus, excelsus (both adj. A), exaltatus (part. A)
lomato- (in Gk comp.) fringed, bordered
lomentum (noun n. 2) loment; lomentaceus (adj. A) bearing or resembling a
loment
long longus (adj. A); moderately long longiusculus (adj. A); a long time diu
(adv.); a very long time diutius (adv.); long-lasting diutinus, diuturnus
(both adj. A); long- (in Lat. comp.) longi-, (in Gk comp.) dolich-,
dolicho-; long ago jamdudum (adv.); long-lived longaevus (adj. A)
longaevus (adj. A) of great age
longe (adv.) for a long time, far off, lengthwise
longinquo (adv.) far off
longitrorsum (adv.) lengthwise
longitudo (noun f. 3) length; longitudinalis (adj. B) longitudinal;
longitudinaliter (adv.), in longitudinem (adv. phr.) lengthwise,
longitudinally
longiturnitas (noun f. 3) duration
longiusculus (adj. A) moderately long
loose [not crowded] laxus (adj. A), [free] liber (adj. A) [see p. 00], [not clinging
together] incohaerens (part. B); loosely (adv.) laxe
lopadolithus (noun m. 2) lopadolith
232 Vocabulary
loph-, lophio-, lopho- (in Gk comp.) crest-, crested-

loratus (adj. A), loriformis (adj. B) ligulate, strap-shaped
lorica lorica (noun f. 1); loricate loricatus (adj. A)
lovely venustus (adj. A)
loving amans (part. B), (in Gk comp.) -philus (adj. A); it loves amat
(1st pers. sing., verb amo)
low, low-growing humilis (adj. B), demissus (part. A); lowly chaemae-
(in Gk comp.); lower infernus, inferus (both adj. A), inferior (adj.
compar.); lowest imus, infimus (both adj. A); lowest part imum,
infimum (both noun n. 2)
lubricus (adj. A) smooth and slippery, lubricous
lucens (part. B) glistening; lucidus (adj. A) shining, clear, transparent
lumbricalis, lumbriciformis (both adj. B) worm-shaped
lumen (noun. n. 3) lumen
luminescent inluminans (part. B)
lumpy glebosus (adj. A)
lunaris (adj. B), lunatus (adj. A), lunulatus (adj. A) lunate, crescent-shaped
luridus (adj. A) dirty brown, drab yellow
lutarius (adj. A), lutensis (adj. B) living on or in mud
luteus (adj. A) deep or golden yellow; luteolus (adj. A) pale yellow,
yellowish; lutescens (adj. B) becoming yellow
lutum (noun n. 2) mud
lux (noun f. 3) light [illumination]
luxuriant luxurians (part. B)
lying upon or close to applicitus (part. A)
lyrate lyratus (adj. A)
M
macer, macilentus (adj. A) meagre
macr-, macro- (in Gk comp.) large, long
macroconidium macroconidium (noun n. 2)
macrocysta (noun f. 1) macrocyst
macronema (noun n. 3) macronema
macrospora (noun f. 1) macrospore, megaspore; macrosporangium
(noun n. 2) macrosporangium, megasporangium
Vocabulary 233
macula (noun f. 1) blotch, spot, mesh of a network [see p. 00]; maculatus

(part. A) blotched, spotted; maculiformis (adj. B) spot-shaped;
maculosus (adj. A) full of spots
made factus (part. A); making faciens (part. B); made up of constatus
(part. A with e or ex þ Ablative)
madefactus (part. A) moistened, soaked; madidus (adj. A) moist, wet
mador (noun m. 3) moisture
magenteus (adj. A) magenta
magis (adv.) more [to a greater degree]
magni- (in Lat. comp.) large
magnification magnificatio (noun f. 3); magnified amplificatus, auctus
(both part. A); to indicate how much, use e.g. × 10, × 50
magnitudo (noun f. 3) size
magnopere (adv.) exceedingly, greatly [see p. 00]
magnus ( adj. A) big, large; magni- (in Lat. comp.) large
main principalis (adj. B); mainly praecipue (adv.)
major (adj., comp. of magnus) greater
making efficiens, faciens, formans (all part. B)
malachiteus (adj. A) malachite green
male mas (adj. B), masculus (adj. A), masculinus (adj. A); or use symbol ♂;
(in Gk comp.) andro-, -andrus (adj. A)
malus (adj. A) bad; male (adv.) badly [see p. 00]
malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B) mauve [see p. 00]
mamilla (noun f. 1) nipple, teat, small protuberance; mamillatus (adj. A)
mamillate; mamilliformis, mammiformis (both adj. B)
nipple-shaped
mancus (adj. A) imperfect, defective
mandarinus (adj. A) mandarin-red
manens (part. B) remaining, staying
manifestus (adj. A) evident, obvious; manifeste (adv.) clearly, obviously
manner modus (noun m. 2)
manocyst manocystis (noun f. 3)
manoxylic manoxylon (adj. C)
mantle chlamys (noun f. 3); mantled (in Gk comp.) chlamyd-
manubrium (noun n. 2) manubrium
234 Vocabulary
many multus, numerosus (both adj. A); very many perplurimus (adv.); as
many as quot, tot quot (both adj. indecl.); many- (in Lat. comp.) mult-,
multi-, plur-, (in Gk comp.) poly-
marble marmor (noun n. 3); marbled marmoratus (adj. A); like marble,
growing on marble marmoreus (adj. A)
marcescens (part. B) withering but not falling off; marcidus
(adj. A) withered
mare (noun n. 3) the sea [see p. 00]
margaritaceus, margaritatus (both adj. A) pearly, pearl-like
margin margo (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]; marginal marginalis (adj. B);
margined marginatus (adj. A); -margined (in Lat. comp.) -marginatus
(adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -craspedus (adj. A); margining marginans
(part. B); without differentiated marginal cells elimbatus (adj. A);
attached by the margin palaceus (adj. A)
marginicidalis (adj. B) marginicidal
marinus (adj. A) marine, growing in the sea
maritimus (adj. A) growing by the sea; maritima (noun f. 1) coast
mark nota (noun f. 1), signum (noun n. 2); marked notatus, signatus
(both part. A); markedly valde (adv.); a small mark notula (noun f. 1)
marmor (noun n. 3) marble; marmoratus (adj. A) marbled, irregularly
striped or veined; marmoreus (adj. A) like marble, growing on marble
marroninus (adj. A) maroon
marsh palus (noun f. 3); (in Gk comp.) heleo-, helo-; marshy palustris
(adj. B), uliginosus (adj. A); pertaining to marshes (in Lat. comp.) palud-
marsupiatus (adj. A) pouched; marsupiiformis (adj. B) pouch-shaped,
pocket-like; marsupium (noun n. 2) pouch, pocket
mas (adj. B, also n. 3, both with stem mar-), masculus (adj. A), masculinus
(adj. A) male
massa (noun f. 1) a mass, lump
massed acervulatus (adj. A)
massula (noun f. 1) group of microspores enclosed in hardened mucilage
mastigonema (noun n. 3) mastigoneme, flimmer, tinsel
mastoideus (adj. A) nipple-like
mat teges (noun f. 3)
matricalis (adj. B) maternal, within the ovary
matrix matrix (noun f. 3)
Vocabulary 235
matt [made dull] hebetatus (part. A), [unpolished] impolitus (adj. A),
[shaded] opacus (adj. A)
matted implicitus, implexus (both adj. A)
mattress, like a xylostromatoideus (adj. A)
maturatio (noun f. 3) ripening; maturescens (part. B) ripening; maturitas
(noun f. 3) ripeness, maturity; in maturitate at maturity; maturus
(adj. A) ripe
mature (adv.) early
mature [ripe, adult] adultus (adj. A), exoletus (part. A), maturus (adj. A);
not yet mature, adulescens (part. B)
matutinus (adj. A) of the morning
mauve malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]
maxime (adv.) extremely, greatly; maximus (adj. A, superl. of magnus);
ut maximum (adv. phr.) greatest [at most]
maybe fortasse (adv.)
mazaedium (noun n. 2) mazedium
meadow pratum (noun n. 2); pertaining to meadows pratensis (adj. B),
(in Gk comp.) nomo-
meagre macer, macilentus (both adj. A)
mealy farinosus (adj. A)
means [ability] ops (noun f. 3)
meanwhile interea (adv.), ad interim (adv. phr.)
measured mensus (part. A); measuring metiens (part. B)
medianus (adj. A) middle; medianum (noun n. 2) the middle; medi-
(in Lat. comp.) middle-
medicinal medicinalis, officinalis (both adj. B), medicus (adj. A)
medifixus (adj. A) attached at or by the middle
mediostratum (noun n. 2) mediostratum
mediterraneus (adj. A) inland, also Mediterranean
medium (noun n. 2) the middle; medius (adj. A) central, mid
medivalvis (adj. B) attached to middle of valve
medulla (noun f. 1) medulla, pith; medullosus (adj. A) medullary, pithy
meeting conveniens, incidens (both part. B þ Accusative)
mega-, megalo- (in Gk comp.) large
megasporangium megasporangium (noun n. 2)
236 Vocabulary
megaspore megaspora, macrospora (both noun f. 1)

megasporocarpa (noun f. 1), megasporocarpus (noun m. 2),
megasporocarpium (noun n. 2) megasporocarp
megisto- (in Gk comp.) very large
mei-, meio- (in Gk comp.) less, smaller, fewer
meiosporangium meiosporangium (noun n. 2)
mel (noun n. 3) honey; melleus (adj. A) honey-coloured
mel-, melan-, melano- (in Gk comp.) black, very dark
melior (adj. compar.), melius (adv.) better
melleus (adj. A) honey-coloured; mellitus (adj. A) pertaining to honey
melting deliquescens (part. B)
membrane membrana (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) hymen-;
membranous membranaceus (adj. A); membrane-bearing
membranifer (adj. A)
membrum (noun n. 2) member, element [a part of something]
meniscatus (adj. A) crescent-shaped
meniscoideus (adj. A) thin, convex
mensis (noun m. 3) month; menstruus (adj. A) monthly, lasting a month
mensus (part. A) measured
mentiens (part. B) imitating
merging transiens, commiscens (both part. B)
mericarp mericarpium (noun n. 2)
meridionalis (adj. B) south, southern
meristem meristema (noun n. 3)
merosporangium merosporangium (noun n. 2)
-merus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) refers to parts or their numbers
mesh macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00]
meso- (in Gk comp.) middle-
mesocarp mesocarpium (noun n. 2)
mesonervus (noun m. 2) main vein of frond
mesoperidium (noun n. 2) mesoperidium
mesospore mesospora (noun f. 1)
met-, meta- (pref. in Gk comp.) among, associated with, changed, substituted
for
Vocabulary 237
metallic metallicus (adj. A)

metiens (part. B) measuring
metre metrum (noun n. 2), meter (noun m. 2); a metre long metralis (adj. B)
metula metula (noun f. 1)
metuloid metuloida (noun f. 1)
micaceus (adj. A) covered with glistening particles, growing on mica
micans (part. B) gleaming and slightly metallic
micro- (in Gk comp.) small
microconidium microconidium (noun n. 2)
microcyst microcystis (noun f. 3)
microphylline [with minute leaflets or leafy scales] microphyllinus (adj. A)
micropyle micropyle (noun f. 1) [see p. 00]
microscope microscopium (noun n. 2); microscopic microscopicus (adj. A)
microsporangium microsporangium (noun n. 2)
microspore microspora (noun f. 1)
microsporocarp microsporocarpa (noun f. 1), microsporocarpus (noun
m. 2), microsporocarpium (noun n. 2)
mid medius (adj. A)
middle medianus, medius (both adj. A); the middle medianum, medium
(both noun n. 2); attached at or by the middle medifixus (adj. A);
middle- (in Lat. comp.) medi-, (in Gk comp.) meso-
midrib costa (noun f. 1); relating to the midrib costalis (adj. B)
mihi (pron. Dative) to me [indicates responsibility or authority]
mild mitis (adj. A); mildly leniter (adv.)
mildew robigo (noun f. 3)
milk [juice] lac (noun n. 3), latex (noun m. 3); milky [juice] lacteus, lactarius
(both adj. A); milk-white [colour] lactaneus, lacteus, lactineus (all
adj. A), lacticolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; milk-producing lactifer (adj. A);
milk-, milky [refers to both colour and latex] (in Lat. comp.) lacti-,
(in Gk comp.) gal-, gala-, galacto-; milk-like [in consistency] emulsivus
(adj. A)
mille (num. adj. indecl.) thousand
mimosinus (adj. A) mimosa-yellow
mingled immixtus, mistus, mixtus (all part. A), miscellus, misturatus
(both adj. A)
238 Vocabulary
miniatus (adj. A) flame-scarlet

minimus (adj. A) least, very small; minimum (adv.), ut minimum (adv. phr.)
at least; minime (adv.) very little, least; minimopere (adv.) not at all
minor,-us (comp. adj., from parvus) smaller, lesser
minuens (part. B) diminishing
minus (comp. adj. n., from parvus) smaller; also adv., less
minutus (adj. A) little; minute (adv.) minutely, finely; minutissimus (adj. A)
extremely little
miscellus (adj. A) mixed
mischoblastiomorpha mischoblastiomorpha (noun f. 1)
misshapen deformis (adj. B)
mistake erratum (noun n. 2)
mistus (part. A), misturatus (adj. A) mingled, mixed
mitis (adj. A) mild, soft
mitosporangium mitosporangium (noun n. 2)
mitratus (adj. A) mitre-like, having a mitre
mixed see mingled
mixomorpha (noun f. 1) mixomorph
mobile mobilis (adj. B)
moderately moderate, modice, parce (all adv.), bono modo (adv. phr.)
modo (adv.) just
modus (noun m. 2) manner, way of happening
moist humectus, humidus, madidus, uvidus (all adj. A), (in Gk comp.)
hygro-; moistened humectatus, humefactus, madefactus
(all part. A); moisture mador (noun m. 3); moisture-absorbing
bibulus (adj. A)
molecule molecula (noun f. 1); molecular molecularis (adj. B)
mollis (adj. B) soft; molliusculus (adj. A) somewhat soft; molliter (adv.)
softly
molybdeus (adj. A) leaden grey
mon-, mono- (in Gk comp.) one-
monas (noun f. 3, stem monad-) unit
moniliformis (adj. B) moniliform
monocarpic monocarpus, monocarpicus, monocarpaeus, monotocus,
hapaxanthus (all adj. A)
Vocabulary 239
monochasial monochasialis (adj. A); monochasium monochasium

(noun n. 2)
monocotyledon monocotyledon (noun m. 3)
monoecious monoecius, monoicus (both adj. A);
gynomonoecious gynomonoecius (adj. A)
monolete monoletus (adj. A)
monomitic monomiticus (adj. A)
monomorphic monomorphus (adj. A)
monophyllus (adj. A) [in lichens] monophyllous
monopodium monopodium (noun n. 2); monopodial monopodialis (adj. B)
monosiphonius (adj. A) monosiphonous
monotocus (adj. A) producing offspring once
mons (noun m. 3) mountain
monstruosus, monstrosus (adj. A) monstrous, abnormal
montanus (adj. A) montane
month mensis (noun m. 3); monthly, lasting a month menstruus (adj. A)
monti- (in Lat. comp.) mountain-
monticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of mountains
montosus (adj. A) mountainous
moor ericetum (noun n. 2)
morbidus, morbosus (both adj. A) diseased; morbus (noun m. 2) disease
morchelliformis (adj. B) morel-shaped
more plus (adj., comp. of multus), [in quantity] plus (adv.), [in degree] magis
(adv.); may also be expressed by comp. of adj. [see p. 00]; more than
ultra (adv.), plus quam; more or less approximatus (part. A), plus
minusve (adv. phr.); little more than quasi (adv.); more than usual
(in Gk comp.) pleio-
morning, of the matutinus (adj. A)
morphology morphologia (noun f. 1)
-morphus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -shaped
mosaic mosaicus (adj. A)
moschatus (adj. A) musk-scented
moss muscus (noun m. 2); mossy, moss-like muscosus (adj. A); moss-
(in Gk comp.) bryo-, -bryon,-bryum (noun n. 2)
most plurimus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) pleisto-
240 Vocabulary
mostly [generally] plerumque (adv.), [commonly] vulgo (adv.), [at most] ut

maximum (adv. phr.), [for the most part] pro parte maxima
motile mobilis (adj. B), movens (part. B); motus (noun m. 4) movement
mottled colubrinus (adj. A)
mouldy mucidus, mucedinosus (both adj. A)
mound [of earth] agger (noun m. 3), tumulus (noun m. 2)
mounded acervatus, cumulatus (both adj. A)
mountain mons (noun m. 3); montane montanus (adj. A);
mountainous montosus (adj. A); mountain- (in Lat. comp.) monti-,
(in Gk comp.) oreo-
mouth os (noun n. 3; stem or-), ostium (noun n. 2)
movement motus (noun m. 4)
movens (part. B) motile, moving
mox (adv.) soon
much multus (adj. A), also [in comparisons] multum [see p. 00], multo
(both adv.), also za- (pref. in Gk comp.); much as tanquam (adv.);
much more … than multo magis (adv.) … quam; not much vix, paulo
(both adv.), non nihil (adv. phr.); too much nimis (adv.)
mucidus, mucedinosus (both adj. A) mouldy
muciger (adj. A) mucus-bearing or-producing
mucilage mucus (noun m. 2); mucilaginous mucilaginus, mucosus (both
adj. A); mucus- (in Gk comp.) myx-, myxo-
mucocysta (noun f. 1) vesicle secreting mucus-like material
mucro mucro (noun m. 3)
mucronate mucronatus (adj. A) [see p. 00]
mucus (noun m. 2) slime; mucosus (adj. A) slimy, mucilaginous
mud limus (noun m. 2), lutum (noun n. 2); muddy, growing in muddy place
limosus (adj. A); mud- (in Lat. comp.) limi-; living on or in mud
lutarius (adj. A), lutensis (adj. B)
mult-, multi- (in Lat. comp.) many-
multifariam (adv.) in many rows; multifarius (adj. A) many-rowed
multiplex (adj. B) having many parts of the same kind together, as a double
flower
multiplication multiplicatio (noun f. 3); multiplied multiplicatus, auctus
(both part. A)
multiseptatus (adj. A) with many septa
Vocabulary 241
multo (adv.) by much, much; multum (adv.) greatly, much [see p. 00];
multus (adj. A) many, much; multo magis (adv. phr.) … quam much
more … than; mult-, multi- (in Lat. comp.) many-; multoties (adv.)
many times
munitus (part. A) provided with [fortified by]
muralis (adj. B) of or on walls
muriaticus (adj. A) hydrochloric
muricatus (adj. A) muricate
muriformis (adj. B) muriform [appearing wall-like]
murinus (adj. A) mouse-grey
murus (noun m. 2) wall, low ridge
muscosus (adj. A) mossy, moss-like; muscus (noun m. 2) moss
mushroom-shaped fungiformis, fungilliformis (both adj. B)
musk-scented moschatus (adj. A)
mutabilis (adj. B) changeable, variable [esp. of colour]; mutatus (part. A)
altered, changed
mutatio (noun f. 3) mutation
muticus (adj. A) blunt, awnless
mutilatus (part. A) mutilated
mutue, mutuo (both adv.) mutually, reciprocally
myc-, mycel-, myceto-, myco-, -myces (in Gk comp.) fungal, fungus-, -fungus
mycelial mycelialis (adj. B); mycelium mycelium (noun n. 2), tela
(noun f. 1); mycology mycologia (noun f. 1)
mycenoideus (adj. A) Mycena-like
mycobiont mycobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
mycorrhiza (noun f. 1) mycorrhiza; mycorrhizalis (adj. B) mycorrhizal
myri-, myrio- (pref. in Gk comp.) countless, very many
myriosporous myriosporus (adj. A)
myrme-, myrmec-, myrmeco- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to ants
myx-, myxo- (in Gk comp.) slimy, slime-, mucus-
N
nail- [bolt] (in Gk comp.) gompho-
naked nudus (adj. A); somewhat naked nudiusculus (adj. A); having a
naked fruit gymnocarpus (adj. A); naked- (in Gk comp.) gymno-
242 Vocabulary
name nomen (noun n. 3); named nominatus (adj. A)

namely nempe, scilicet (both adv.), id est [= i.e.]
nan-, nann-, nano-, nanno- (in Gk comp.) dwarf
nanus (adj. A) dwarf
napiformis (adj. B) turnip-shaped
narcotic narcoticus (adj. A)
narrow angustus (adj. A); narrowed angustatus [see p. 00], contractus
(both part. A); narrowing descrescens (part. B); narrowly anguste
(adv.); very narrow perangustus (adj. A); very narrowly
peranguste (adv.); narrow- (in Lat. comp.) angusti-, (in Gk comp.)
lept-, lepto-
nascens (part. B) arising, beginning
natalis (adj. B) natal, pertaining to birth
natans (part. B) floating
native indigenus, nativus (both adj. A)
natural naturalis (adj. B); naturally naturaliter (adv.)
naturalised inquilinus (adj. A)
natus (part. A) born
naucorioideus (adj. A) Naucoria-like
navel-like umbilicatus (adj. A), umbiliciformis (adj. B)
navicula (noun f. 1) boat; navicularis, naviculiformis (both adj. B)
boat-shaped
ne (adv. & conj.) no, not
near apud (prep. þ Accusative), prope (adv. or prep. þ Accusative)
[see p. 00], pros- (pref. in Gk comp.); near to ad (prep. þ Accusative),
juxta (adv. or prep. þ Accusative); nearness vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas
(noun f. 3)
neat concinnus (adj. A)
nebulosus (adj. A) clouded
nec, neque (both adv. & conj.) not, and not; nec … nec, neque …
neque neither … nor; nec … et, neque … et not only … but also;
necnon, neque non (both conj.) and also, likewise
neck collum (noun n. 2)
-necked (in Lat. comp.) -collis (adj. B)
necridium necridium (noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 243
necrosis (noun f. 3) necrosis, death [usu. of a specific part of a tissue];

necro- (in Gk comp.) dead; necrotroph necrotrophus
(noun m. 2)
nectar nectar (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; nectary nectarium (noun n. 2);
nectar-bearing nectarifer, nectarifluus, nectareus (all adj. A); nectary
(in Gk comp.) -stagma (noun n. 3)
needle-like acicularis, aciformis (both adj. B), acerosus (adj. A)
neighbouring vicinus, propinquus (both adj. A); neighbour (in Gk comp.) -
geton (noun m. 3); neighbourhood vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas
(noun f. 3)
neither see nec
-nema (in Gk comp., noun n. 3) thread, staminal filament; nemato-
(in Gk comp.) thread-like
nemathecium nemathecium (noun n. 2)
nematocyst nematocysta (noun f. 1)
nematodontous nematodontus (adj. A)
nemoralis (adj. B), nemorosus (adj. A) pertaining to woods; nemus
(noun n. 3) woodland grove
nempe (adv.) certainly, namely
neo- (in Gk comp.) new-
neotype neotypus (noun m. 2)
nephroideus (adj. A) kidney-shaped [solid object]; nephro- (in Gk comp.)
kidney-
neque see nec
nervatura (noun f. 1) veining; nervalis (adj. B) situated on a nerve
nerve nervus (noun m. 2); nerved nervatus, nervosus (both adj. A);
without nerves enervis (adj. B), enervius (adj. A), nullinervius (adj. A);
having nerves that disappear before reaching the margin
evanidinervius (adj. A); nerve- (in Lat. comp.) nervi-, (in Gk comp.)
neuro-; -nerved (in Lat. comp.) -nervis (adj. B),-nervius (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) -neurus (adj. A); nervation nervatio, venatio (both
noun f. 3)
nervisequens (adj. B) following the nerves
neso- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to islands
nestling, nesting in nidulans (part. B)
net rete (noun n. 3), (in Lat. comp.) reti-, (in Gk comp.) dictyo-; netlike,
netted reticulatus (adj. A)
244 Vocabulary
network plexus (noun m. 4), reticulum (noun n. 2); network of joined veins
or hyphae anastomosis (noun f. 3); irregularly forming a network,
anastomosans (part. B);
neuro-, -neurus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) nerved
neuter neuter (adj. A)
never nunquam, haud (both adv.), nullo modo, nec unquam (both adv. phr.)
nevertheless attamen, nihilominus, tamen (all adv.)
new novus (adj. A); new- (in Lat. comp.) novi-, novo-, (in Gk comp.) neo-
next proximus (adj. A þ Dative), secundus (adj. A); next to juxta
(prep. þ Accusative)
nexus (adj. A) tied together, entwined; also (noun m. 4) a fastening,
synthesis
nidulans (part. B) lying in a cavity, embedded in pulp, nestling in
niger (adj. A) glossy black; nigrescens (part. B) becoming black; nigrifactus
(part. A) blackened; nigricans (part. B) blackish
night nox ( noun f. 3); at night nocte, noctu (both adv.); belonging to
night nocturnus (adj. A); pertaining to night (in Gk comp.) nyct-
nihil, nil (both noun n. indecl.), nihilum (noun n. 2) nothing; nihil (adv.)
by no means; nihilominus (adv.) nevertheless
nimbospore nimbospora (noun f. 1)
nimirum (adv. ) certainly
nimis (adv.) excessively, too much
nine novem (num. adj. indecl.); nine each novenus (adv.), noveni (distr.
num., adj. A, pl.); nine times novies, noviens (both adv.);
ninth nonus (ord. num., adj. A); nine- (in Lat. comp.) noven-, novem-,
(in Gk comp.) ennea-
nipple mamilla, papilla (both noun f. 1); nipple-shaped mamilliformis,
mammiformis (both adj. B); nipple-like mastoideus (adj. A); having
small nipple-like protuberances mamillatus (adj. A); nipple-
(in Gk comp.) thele-
nisi (adv.) unless; nisi si (adv. phr.) except if; nisi ut (adv. phr.) except that
nitens (part. B), nitidus (adj. A) shining, gleaming; nitor (noun m. 3)
glossiness, sheen
nivalis (adj. B) snowy, snow-like; niveus (adj. A) snow-white; nivescens
(part. B) becoming snow-white; nivosus (adj. A) full of snow
nivicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of snow
Vocabulary 245
nix (noun f. 3) snow [see p. 00]

no ne (adv. þ conj.)
nobis (pron. Dative) to us, to me [indicates responsibility or authority]
nocturnus (adj. A) nocturnal; noctiflorus (adj. A) night-flowering
nodding nutans (part. B)
node geniculum (noun n. 2); without nodes enodis (adj. B)
nodosus (adj. A) knobby, nodular
nodule nodulosus (noun m. 3); nodule-bearing nodulifer (adj. A);
nodule-like noduliformis (adj. B)
nodus (noun m. 2) node
nomen (noun n. 3) name; nominatus (adj. A) named; nomenclatura
(noun f. 1) nomenclature
nomo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to meadows
noncupatus (part. A) enumerated
non (adv.) not; also pref. in Lat. comp.; nonnihil (adv.) not much; non
vero (adv. phr.) truly not; nonnisi (adv.) only; non fere (adv. phr.)
scarcely
nondum (adv.) not yet
none nullus (adj. A)
nonnihil (adv.) somewhat [not much]
nonnumquam (adv.) sometimes
nonus (ord. num., adj. A) ninth
nor neque (conj.) see nec
normal normalis (adj. B)
north septentrio (noun m. 3); northern borealis, septentrionalis (both adj.
B); of the far north hyperboreus (adj. A)
not non, nihil (both adv.), nullo modo (adv. phr.), ne (adv. þ conj.); not at
all nihil (adv., used only with a verb), haud; not, and not nec, neque
(both adv. & conj.); not only … but also nec … et, neque … et;
not yet nondum (adv.)
nota (noun f. 1) feature, mark; notatus (part. A) marked
notable insignis, notabilis (both adj. B); notably insigniter (adv.)
notch incisura (noun f. 1); notched emarginatus (adj. A)
noth-, notho- (in Gk comp.) false-
nothing nihil, nil (both noun n. indecl.), nihilum (noun n. 2)
246 Vocabulary
nothomorpha (noun f. 1) nothomorph

nothospecies (noun f. 5) nothospecies [see p. 00]
nothus (adj. A) false
nǒto- (in Gk comp.) south-, southern; also nōto- (in Gk comp.) dorsal,
back-
notula (noun f. 1) a small mark, note or article
novellus (adj. A) young
novem (num. adj. indecl.) nine; noveni (distr. num., adj. A pl.) nine each;
novies, noviens (both adv.) nine times; noven-, novem- (in Lat. comp.)
nine-
novitates (noun f. 3, pl.) new things
novus (adj. A) fresh, new
now dum, jam, iam, nunc (all adv.)
nowhere nullibi, nusquam (both adv.)
noxa (noun f. 1) injury; noxius (adj. A) injurious, harmful
nubes (noun f. 3) cloud; nubilus (adj. A) cloudy, greyish blue
nubilis (adj. B) ready for pollination
nuciformis (adj. B) nut-shaped; nucifer (adj. A) nut-bearing; nucatus
(adj. A) nut brown
nucleatus (adj. A) having a nucleus, kernel or stone
nucleomorpha (noun f. 1) vestigial nucleus
nucleus nucleus (noun m. 2)
nucula (noun f. 1) nutlet
nudus (adj. A) bare, naked; nudiusculus (adj. A) somewhat naked
nullibi (adv.) nowhere
nullinervius (adj. A) nerveless
nullo modo (adv. phr.) never, by no means
nullus (adj. A) none, lacking
number numerus (noun m. 2)
numerous numerosus, multus, plurimus (all adj. A)
nunc (adv.) at present, now
nunquam (adv.) never
nuper (adv.) recently
nusquam (adv.) nowhere
Vocabulary 247
nut nux (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; nut-shaped nuciformis, pyreniformis

(both adj. B); nut-bearing nucifer (adj. A); nut- (in Gk comp.)
caryo-
nutans (part. B) nodding
nutlet nucula (noun f. 1)
nutrimentum (noun n. 2) food; nutricius (adj. A), nutriens (part. B),
nutritorius (adj. A) nourishing
nutrix (noun f. 3) host plant
nux (noun f. 3) nut [see p. 00]
nyct- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to night
O
ob (prep. þ Accusative) because of
ob- (pref. in Lat. comp.) inversed-, reversed-
obductus (part. A) covered; obducens (part. B) covering
obese obesus (adj. A)
oblatus (adj. A) oblate
obligate obligatus (part. A)
oblique obliquus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) plagio-; obliquely oblique (adv.)
obliteratus (part. A) effaced, cancelled
oblitus (part. A) smeared
oblong oblongus (adj. A); broadly oblong late oblongus (adv., adj. A);
narrowly oblong anguste oblongus (adv., adj. A)
obrutus (part. A) buried
obscurus (adj. A) dull, dusky; obscure (adv.) dull
observation observatio (noun f. 3)
observed observatus (part. A); observed through a lens sub lente (adv. phr.)
observatus (part. A). See also magnification
obsitus (part. A) covered over with
obsoletus (adj. A) rudimentary or absent
obstructus (part. A) obstructed, blocked
obtectus (part. A) covered; obtegens (part. B) covering
obtritus (part. A) crushed
obturamentum (noun n. 2) bung, stopper
248 Vocabulary
obturatus (adj. A) blunt, obtuse

obtuse (in Gk comp.) ambly-
obtusus (adj. A) obtuse, blunt; obtusatus (part. A) blunted; obtusiuscule
(adv.) obtusely; obtusangulus (adj. A) obtuse-angled
obvallatus (part. A) surrounded with a wall or rampart
obversus (part. A) turned towards or in opposite way
obvious manifestus (adj. A); obviously manifeste, manifesto (both adv.)
obvolutus (part. A) wrapped around [e.g. overlapping margins]
occasionally subinde (adv.)
occidentalis (adj. B) western
occlusus (part. A) closed up
occultus (part. A) concealed, hidden; occultans (part. B) hiding
occupied occupatus (part. A); occupying occupans (part. B)
occurring [present] occurrens (part. B), praesens (adj. B), [sited here and
there] dispositus (part. A), [found] repertus (part. A)
occurs, it occurrit (verb 3rd pers. sing. ind. act.)
oceanus (noun m. 2) ocean; oceanicus (adj. A) pertaining to the ocean
ocellulus (noun m. 2) minute ocellus
ocellus (noun m. 2) eye [also used for a distinct zone at mouth or
centre of a corolla, e.g. legumes]; also, in diatoms, lichens, liverworts
ocellus; ocellatus (adj. A) having bi-coloured spots; oculo nudo
(adv. phr.) with naked eye
ochraceus (adj. A) ochre-yellow
ocrea ocrea, ochrea (both noun f. 1)
octo (num. adj. indecl.) eight; octavus (ord. num., adj. A) eighth; octiens,
octies (both num. adv.) eight times; octoni (num. adj. distr. pl.) eight
each; octo- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) eight-
oculus (noun m. 2) eye
odd-pinnate imparipinnatus (adj. A)
-odes see-oides
odon-, odont-, odonto- (in Gk comp.) tooth-, toothed; likewise -odon
(noun m. 3, stem odont-), -odontus (adj. A) -tooth, toothed
odor (noun m. 3) odour, smell [see p. 00]; odorus, odorifer (both
adj. A), odoratus (part. A) having a smell; inodorus (adj. A)
without odour
Vocabulary 249
oecium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) -house,-room

oedo- (in Gk comp.) swollen
of usu. expressed by genitive case
officinalis (adj. B) medicinal
offset propagulum (noun n. 2)
often saepe (adv.); very often persaepe, plerumque, saepissime (all adv.)
-oideae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of type genus
to form name of a subfamily
-oides (adj. B), -odes (adj. B), -oideus (adj. A) (all Gk or Lat. suff., with noun
as stem) like, resembling
oidium oidium (noun n. 2)
oil oleum (noun n. 2); oily, with oil drops oleosus, oleaceus (both adj. A)
old vetus (adj. B); old age senectus (noun f. 3); growing old senescens
(part. B); see age
oleaceus (adj. A) oily
oleagineus, oleaginosus (both adj. A) fleshy and oily
olens (part. B) smelling, odorous
-olentus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or fulness
oleraceus (adj. A) pertaining to kitchen garden
oleum (noun n. 2) oil; oleosus, oleaceus (both adj. A) oily
olidus (adj. A) emitting a smell
olig-, oligo- (in Gk comp.) few-
olim (adv.) formerly
olivaceus (adj. A) olive green
olliformis (adj. A) pot-shaped
omissus (part. A) left out
omma- (in Gk comp.) eye
omnis (adj. B) all, every; omnino (adv.) altogether, entirely, everyway,
exclusively; omnifariam, omnilateraliter (both adv.) on all sides
on [to indicate position] in (prep. þ Ablative), [to indicate position above or
over] super (prep. þ Ablative)
once semel (num. adv.); once more iterum (adv.)
onco- (in Gk comp.) swollen
one unus (num. adj. A) [see p. 00], [unique] unicus (adj. A), [solitary]
singularis (adj. B), [one each] singuli (num. distr. adj. pl.); one- (in Lat.
comp.) uni-, (in Gk comp.) mon-, mono-; one-sided secundus (adj. A)
250 Vocabulary
onion [-like] alliaceus (adj. A)

only modo, nonnisi, solum, tantum (all adv.); also unicus, unus, solus (all adj.
A), singularis (adj. B)
onustus (adj. A) full, laden
oogonium oogonium (noun n. 2)
oosphaera (noun f. 1) oosphere
oosporangium oosporangium (noun n. 2)
oospore oospora (noun f. 1)
opacum (noun n. 2) shady place
opacus (adj. A) dull, darkened
opaque impellucidus (adj. A)
open apertus, reclusus (both adj. A); opening aperiens, dehiscens (both
part. B); an opening [hole] apertura (noun f. 1), foramen (noun n. 3),
orificium (noun n. 2); -opening (in Gk comp.) -pyle (noun f. 1);
opening [unfolding] apertio (noun f. 3); period of opening of flower
efflorescentia (noun f. 1)
operculatus (adj. A) having a lid, operculate; operculum (noun n. 2) cap, lid
opertus (part. A) hidden
ophio- (in Gk comp.) snake-like
-ophthalmus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) eye
opposite oppositus (adj. A); opposite to adversum (adv. or prep. þ
Accusative), contra (adv. or prep. þ Accusative); in an opposite
direction contrarius (adj. A); opposite (in Gk comp.) enantio-
ops (noun f. 3) means, ability, support
optime (adv.) excellently
opus (noun n. 3) work [including published], labour; opusculum (noun n. 2)
a little work [published]
or vel, aut, seu, sive (all conj.), an (conj., indicating doubt),-ve (conj. suff.)
ora (noun f. 1) coast
orange aurantiacus, armeniacus, calendulinus, croceus, tangerinus (all adj.
A); marigold orange calendulinus (adj. A)
orbicular orbicularis (adj. B), orbiculatus (adj. A)
orbis (noun m. 3) circle, also the world
orchideus (adj. A) orchid-like
orculiformis (adj. B) cask-shaped, barrel-shaped
Vocabulary 251
order ordo (noun m. 3); to form name of an order add suff. -ales
(Nominative pl., adj. B) to stem of name of the type family
ordinatio (noun f. 3) arrangement, pattern
ordinatus (part. A) arranged; ordinate, ordinatim (both adv.) in good order,
regularly
oreo-, ores- (in Gk comp.) mountain-
organ organum (noun n. 3)
orgya (noun f. 1) fathom [measurement]
oriens (noun m. 3) east; also oriens (part. B) arising; orientalis (adj. B)
eastern
orificium (noun n. 2) an opening, orifice
origin origo (noun f. 3); original originalis (adj. B), originarius (adj. A),
(pref. in Gk comp.) arche-, proto-
oriundus (ger. adj. A þ ab or ex) derived or descended from
-orius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates capability or function
ornatus (part. A) decorated
ornith- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to birds
orth-, ortho- (in Gk comp.) straight, erect
orthostichus (adj. A) orthostichous
orthotropus (adj. A) orthotropal
ortus (part. A) descended or arisen from
os (noun n. 3; Genitive sing. oris) mouth
os (noun. n. 3; Genitive sing. ossis) bone
oscillating aestuans, oscillans (both part. B)
oscillatorius (adj. A) able to swing
-osis (Gk suff., noun f. 3) used in mycology to coin names of diseases
osm- (in Gk comp.) scented; -osma (noun f. 1) (in Gk comp.) scent
osseus (adj. A) bony; ossiformis (adj. B) bone-shaped
ostendens (part. B) displaying
osteolithus (noun m. 2) osteolith
ostiole ostiolum (noun n. 2); ostiolar ostiolaris (adj. B); false ostiole
pseudo-ostiolum (noun n. 2)
ostium (noun n. 2) mouth, entrance
-osus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or marked
development
252 Vocabulary
otarium otarium (noun n. 2) [in diatoms] one of a pair of membranous

costae
other [of two] alter (adj. A), [among several] alius, alia, aliud (adj. A),
[different] diversus (adj. A), [the rest] ceterus (adj. A); the one … the
other … alius … alius …; other (in Gk comp.) allo-, hetero-
otherwise aliter [differently], caeterum, ceterum, cetera, ceteroquin (all adv.)
-otus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or
possession
outer exterior (adj. compar.), externus (adj. A); outermost extimus (adj.)
outline adumbratio (noun f. 3); ambitus (noun m. 4); circumscriptio (noun
f. 3)
out of a, ab (prep. þ Ablative), ex (prep. þ Ablative); (in Gk comp.) apo-
outside extra, extus (both adv.); on the outside exter (adj. A), extus (adv.);
outward, external externus (adj. A); from or on the outside
extrinsecus (adv.); outermost extremus (adj. A); towards the outside
extrorsus (adv.)
outspread explanatus (part. A)
outward, outside (pref. in Gk comp.) ect-, ecto-, exo-
outwardly extrinsecus (adv.)
outwards de- (pref. in Lat. comp.)
ovalis (adj. B) oval
ovary ovarium (noun n. 2)
ovate ovatus (adj. A); angular-ovate trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B)
over super, supra (both adv. or prep þ Accusative); also [= more than] plus
quam (adv. phr.); (in Gk comp.) hyper-
overall ubique (adv.)
overhanging imminens, impendens, superpendens (all part. B)
overlapping imbricatus, superpositus (both part. A)
over-running incurrens (part. B)
overspread obductus, obtectus (both part. A)
over-topped superatus (part. A); over-topping superans, excedens (both
part. B)
ovi- (in Lat. comp.) egg-
ovoid ovoideus (adj. A)
ovule ovulum (noun n. 2), gemmula (noun f. 1); ovulate ovulatus (adj. A);
ovule-bearing gemmulifer (adj. A)
Vocabulary 253
ovum (noun n. 2) egg; oviformis (adj. B) egg-shaped

owing to propter (prep. þ Accusative)
own, its suus, proprius (both adj. A)
oxy- (in Gk comp.) sharp, pointed
P
pachy- (in Gk comp.) thick-, stout-
pachycaulis (adj. B) pachycaul
pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A) thick-skinned
packed [touching] contiguus (adj. A), [stuffed] farctus (part. A), [filled up]
impletus (part. A)
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
pagina (noun f. 1) surface; also page
painted depictus, fucatus, pictus (all part. A)
pair par (noun n. 3); in pairs binatim, (adv.), didymus (adj. A), [yoked
together] jugatus (part. A); paired binatus, gemellus, geminus,
geminatus (all adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) -jugus (adj. A)
palaceus (adj. A) attached by the margin
palaemoneus (adj. A) shrimp-red
palaeo- (in Gk comp.) ancient
palate palatum (noun n. 2)
pale pallidus (adj. A), dilutus (part. A), pallens (part. B); becoming pale
pallescens (part. B); palely pallide, dilute (both adv.)
palea palea (noun f. 1)
paleaceus (adj. A) chaffy, chaff-like in texture
paleatus (adj. A) clothed in scales
palisade vallum (noun n. 2); palisade-like vallaris (adj. B)
pallens (part. B) pale; pallescens (part. B) becoming pale; pallidus (adj. A)
light, pale; pallide (adv.) palely
palma (noun f. 1) palm [tree], also palm of hand; palmaris (adj. B) width of
palm of hand (c. 8 cm)
palmatus (adj. A) palmate; palmatim (adv.) palmately
palus (noun f. 3) bog, marsh, swamp; palustris (adj. B) marshy, swampy;
palud- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to marshes
254 Vocabulary
pan- (in Gk comp.) all

panduratus (adj. A), panduriformis (adj. B) fiddle-shaped
panicle panicula (noun f. 1), [in grasses] juba (noun f. 1);
paniculate paniculatus (adj. A); panicle-like paniculiformis (adj. B);
paniculately paniculatim (adv.)
panniformis (adj. B), pannosus (adj. A) felted, appearing felt-like
pantropicus (adj. A) pantropical
papaverinus (adj. A) poppy-red
papery papyraceus, chartaceus (both adj. A)
papilionaceus (adj. A) papilionaceous, butterfly-like
papilla (noun f. 1) nipple; papillatus (adj. A) papillate; papilliformis (adj. B)
nipple-like; papillosus (adj. A) papillose
pappus pappus (noun m. 2) [tuft of hairs etc. on fruit of Asteraceae and
Valerianaceae]; coma (noun f. 1) [tuft of hairs on a seed]
papula (noun f. 1) pustule; papulosus (adj. A) pustular
papulospora (noun f. 1) papulospore
papyraceus (adj. A) papery
par (noun n. 3) pair [see p. 00]
para- (pref. in Gk comp.) beside, compared to
parabolicus (adj. A) parabolical
paracapillitium (noun n. 2) paracapillitium
paracingulum (noun n. 2) paracingulum
parallel parallelus (ad. A); parallel-nerved parallelinervius, paralleloneurus,
parallelivenius (all adj. A); in a parallel way parallele (adv.)
paramylon paramylon (noun n. 2)
paranema paranema (noun n. 3)
paraphyllium paraphyllium (noun n. 2)
paraphysis paraphysis (noun f. 3); paraphysoid network reticulum (noun
n. 2) paraphysium (noun f. 3 Genitive pl., remains unchanged if
reticulum is declined)
paraplectenchyma (noun n. 3) tissue consisting of isodiametric cells
parasite parasitus (noun m. 2); parasitic parasiticus (adj. A)
parasulcus parasulcus (noun n. 2)
parasymbiont parasymbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
parathecium parathecium (noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 255
paratype paratypus (noun m. 2)

parce (adv.) moderately; parcus (adj. A) sparing, moderate
parenchyma parenchyma (noun n. 3); parenchymatous parenchymatus,
parenchymaticus (both adj. A)
parent parens (noun m. or f. 3); parental parentalis (adj. B)
pariens (part. B) bringing forth
paries (noun m. 3) wall [see p. 00]; parietalis (adj. B) parietal
parilis (adj. B) equal, like
paripinnatus (adj. A) paripinnate
pariter (adv.) equally
paroecius, paroicus (both adj. A) paroecious
part pars (noun f. 3)
partectum partectum (noun n. 2)
parthenocarpicus (adj. A) parthenocarpic
partial partialis (adj. B)
partibilis (adj. B) divisible, easily separated
particle particula (noun f. 1); sprinkled with small particles atomatus (adj.
A); covered with glistening particles micaceus (adj. A)
particular peculiaris (adj. B)
partim (adv.) in part
partition dissepimentum, disseptum, septum (all noun n. 2)
partitus (part. A) cut more than half-way to midrib, partite
partly partim (adv.)
parum (adv.) too little, not enough
parumper (adv.) for a short time
parvus (adj. A) small; parvulus (adj. A) very small; parvitas (noun f. 3)
smallness
passim (adv.) everywhere, indiscriminately
passing into transiens, confluens, decrescens (all part. B); passing
over transitivus (adj. A)
patella (adj. A) patella; patelliformis (adj. B) dish-shaped
patens (part. B) spreading; patenter (adv.) patently
pateriformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped
patho- (in Gk comp.) relating to suffering and disease.
256 Vocabulary
pattern ordinatio (noun f. 3)

patulus (part. A) spreading
paucus (adj. A) few; pauci- (in Lat. comp.) few-
paulatim (adv.) gradually
paulisper (adv.) for a short time
paulo, paullo (adv.) by a little, not much
paulum (adv.) a little [see p. 00]
pausiacus (adj. A) olive-green
pea pisum (noun n. 2); pea-green pisinus (adj. A); pea-shaped pisiformis (adj. B)
peach-coloured persicinus (adj. A)
peak cacumen (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
pear-shaped pyriformis (adj. B), dacryoideus (adj. A)
pearly, pearl-like margaritaceus, margaritatus, perlarius (all adj. A)
peaty turfosus (adj. A); peaty moor turfosum (noun n. 2); peat-bog
turbarium (noun n. 2)
pebble lapidulus (noun m. 2)
pecten (noun m. 3) comb; pectinatus (adj. A) comb-like; pectinatim (adv.)
in the form of a comb; pectini- (in Lat. comp.) comb-
peculiaris (adj. B) special, particular
pedalis (adj. B) a foot long
pedatus (adj. A) pedate; pedati- (in Lat. comp.) pedately
pedicellus (noun m. 2) pedicel; pedicellaris (adj. B), pedicellatus (adj. A)
pedicellate
pedunculus (noun m. 2) peduncle; peduncularis (adj. B), peduculatus
(adj. A) pedunculate
peeled off desquamatus (part. A)
peg clavus, gomphus (both noun m. 2)
pel-, per- (pref. in Lat. comp.) very, extra
pelagicus (adj. A) pertaining to the sea
pellicle pellicula (noun f. 1)
pellis (noun f. 3) skin
pellucidus (adj. A) clear, translucent but not hyaline
peltate peltatus (adj. A), peltiformis (adj. B)
pelviformis (adj. B) basin-shaped
pelvis (noun f. 3) basin, bowl
Vocabulary 257
pendens (part. B), pendulus, pendulinus (both adj. A) hanging

penetrans (part. B), penetralis (adj. B) penetrating
penicillatus (adj. A), penicilliformis (adj. B) penicillate, also pencil-like;
penicillum (noun n. 2) shaped like a tuft of hairs
peninsula peninsula (noun f. 1)
penitus (adj. A) inward, inner; also (adv.) deeply, inwardly
penninervis (adj. B), pennivenius (adj. A) pinnately nerved
penta- (in Gk comp.) five-
pepo (noun m. 3) fruit [of Cucurbitaceae]
per (prep. þ Accusative) during, for, through; per- (in Lat. comp.) through,
very, completely
peragrans (part. B) traversing
perangustus (adj. A) very narrow; peranguste (adv.) very narrowly
perceptible perceptibilis (adj. B)
percurrens (part. B) percurrent
perdurans (part. B) persistent
peregrinus (adj. A) foreign
perennial perennis (adj. B); perennating perennans (part. B)
perfect [flowers] hermaphroditus, perfectus, teleianthus (all adj. A), bisexualis
(adj. B)
perfecte (adv.) fully, completely
perfluens (part. B) flowing
perfoliate perfoliatus (adj. A)
perforated perforatus, pertusus (both part. A); much perforated cribratus,
cribrosus (both adj. A); not perforated imperforatus (part. A)
perfume see scent
perhaps fortasse, forte, forsan, fors (all adv.); also perhaps an (conj.)
perhiemans (part. B) persisting through winter
peri- (pref. in Gk comp.) about, around
perianth perianthium (noun n. 2)
periaxial periaxialis (adj. B)
pericarp pericarpium (noun n. 2)
perichaetium perichaetium (noun n. 2); perichaetial perichaetialis (adj. B)
periclinal periclinalis (adj. B)
258 Vocabulary
periderm periderma (noun f. 1)

peridiole peridiolum (noun n. 2)
peridium peridium (noun n. 2)
perigon perigonium (noun n. 2); perigonial perigonialis (adj. B)
perigynium perigynium (noun n. 2); perigynous perigynus (adj. A)
perinium (noun n. 2) outer spore wall
period periodus (noun f. 2)
peripheria (noun f. 1) circumference; periphericus (adj. A), peripheralis
(adj. B) peripheral; peripheraliter (adv.) peripherally
periphragm periphragma (noun n. 3)
periphysis periphysis (noun f. 3)
periphysoid periphysoideus (adj. A)
periplast periplastus (noun m. 2)
periplekton periplecton (noun n. 2)
perisporium (noun n. 2) perispore
peristome peristomium (noun n. 2)
perithecium perithecium (noun n. 2); perithecial perithecialis (adj. B)
peritropus (adj. A) peritropal
perlarius (adj. A) pearly
perlate (adv.) very broadly
permanens (part. B) persistent, lasting
perpaucus (adj. A) very few, very little
perpendicular perpendicularis (adj. B) [indicates downwards; for erect use
erectus etc.]
perplurimus (adv.) very many
perruptus (part. A) broken through
persaepe (adv.) almost always
persicinus (adj. A) peach-coloured
persistent perdurans, persistens, permanens, remanens (all part. B)
personate personatus (adj. A)
perspicuus (adj. A) evident; perspicue (adv.) clearly, decidedly
pertenuis (adj. B) very thin
pertinens (part. B) belonging
pertusus (part. A) perforated
perule, perular scale perula (noun f. 1); perulate perulatus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 259
pervagatus (part. A) widespread, common

pervalvaris (adj. A) pervalvar, transapical
perviridis (adj. B) deep green
pervulgatus (part. A) very common
pes (noun m. 3) foot
petal petalum (noun n. 2); petal-like petalinus, petaloideus (both adj. A);
without petals apetalus (adj. A)
petiole petiolus (noun m. 2); petiolate petiolatus (adj. A); borne on petiole
petiolaris (adj. B)
petiolule petiolulus (noun m. 2); petiolulate petiolulatus (adj. A)
petra (noun f. 1) rock; petraeus (adj. A) growing among rocks; petrensis
(adj. B) found among rocks; petrosa (noun n. 2, pl.) rocky places;
petrosus (adj. A) full of rocks
phae-, phaeo- (in Gk comp.) dark-
phaeophorum (noun n. 2) chromatophore
phalanx (noun f. 3) bundle [usu. stamens united by filaments]
phanero- (in Gk comp.) visible, easily seen
phaneropore phaneroporus (noun m. 2); phaneroporous phaneroporosus
(adj. A)
phaseoliformis (adj. B) bean-shaped
phialid phialis (noun f. 3)
phialospore phialospora (noun f. 1)
-philus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) loving
phlebo- (in Gk comp.) vein-; -phlebius (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -veined
-phloius (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -bark[ed]
phoeniceus (adj. A) scarlet
-phorus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) bearing, carrying; -phorum (noun n. 2, in Gk
comp.) carrier [the support for another organ]
photobiont photobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
photophilus (adj. A) light-or sun-loving
-phragma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) -partition
phragmospore phragmospora (noun f. 1)
phyco- (in Gk comp.) relating to algae
phycobiont phycobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
phycoma (noun n. 3) plant body of an alga
phyll- (in Gk comp.) relating to leaves
260 Vocabulary
phyllary phyllarium (noun n. 2), tegula (noun f. 1)

phyllidium (noun n. 2) phyllidium
phylloclade phyllocladium (noun n. 2)
phyllode phyllodium (noun n. 2)
phyllodioicus (adj. A) phyllodioecious
phyllopodium phyllopodium (noun n. 2)
phyllotaxis phyllotaxis (noun f. 3)
phyllum (noun n. 2) leaf
-phyllus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -leaved
phymatodeus (adj. A) warty, verrucose
physo- (in Gk comp.) bladdery
phyt- (in Gk comp.) relating to plants
-phyton, -phytum (both noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) -plant
piceus (adj. A) black as pitch
picro- (in Gk comp.) bitter
pictus (part. A) painted
pigment-spot stigma (noun n. 3)
pigmentum (noun n. 2) pigment; pigmentifer (adj. B) pigmented;
pigmentosus (adj. A) well-coloured
pile acervus, cumulus (both noun m. 2); small pile acervulus (noun m. 2);
piled acervatus, cumulatus (both part. A); in small piles acervulatus
(part. A)
pileipellis (noun f. 3) pileipellis
pileus (noun m. 2) cap [in mycology]; pileatus (adj. A) cap-shaped, having a
cap; pileolus (noun m. 2) a small pileus
pilocystidium pilocystidium (noun n. 2)
pilus (noun m. 2) hair; pilosus (adj. A) pilose; pilifer (adj. B) bearing hairs;
piliformis (adj. B) hair-like
pingue (noun n. 3) fat; pinguis (adj. B) fat
pink roseus, persicinus, phloginus, pudorinus, rubellus, carneus (all adj. A),
erubescens (adj. B); fuchsia pink fuchsinus (adj. A)
pinna (noun f. 1) pinna, primary division of a compound leaf;
pinnate pinnatus (adj. A); pinnately pinnatim (adv.); pinnately
nerved penninervis (adj. B), pennivenius (adj. B);
pinnatifid pinnatifidus (adj. A); pinnatilobed pinnatilobatus (adj. A);
pinnatipartite pinnatipartitus (adj. A); pinnatisect pinnatisectus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 261
pinnule pinnula (noun f. 1)

piscina (noun f. 1) fish-pond; piscis (noun m. 3) fish
pisinus (adj. A) pea green; pisum (noun n. 2) pea; pisiformis (adj. B)
pea-shaped
pistil pistillum (noun n. 2), gynoecium (noun n. 2); pistillate pistillatus
(adj. A)
pit fovea, lacuna (both noun f. 1); pitted alveolatus, foveatus (both adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) bothr-; minutely pitted foveolatus (adj. A), scrobicularis
(adj. B), scrobiculatus (adj. A); pitted wth small depressions exsculptus
(part. A)
pitcher ascidium (noun n. 2)
pith medulla (noun f. 1); pithy medullosus (adj. A)
place locus (noun m. 2); placed positus, dispositus, locatus, collocatus (all
part. A); in the same place ibidem (adv.); placed between interjectus,
interpositus (both part. A); placed upon superpositus (part. A)
placenta placenta (noun f. 1); placentation placentatio (noun f. 3)
placentiformis (adj. B) round and flat
placodioidus (adj. A) placodioid
placodiomorpha (noun f. 1) placodiomorph
plagio- (in Gk comp.) oblique
plagula (noun f. 1) fungal colony
plain campus (noun m. 2), planum (noun n. 2), planities (noun f. 5); relating
to plains, open fields campestris, campester (both adj. B)
plane (adv.) clearly, distinctly
planities (noun f. 5) plain, flat surface
planiusculus (adj. A) fairly flat
plankton plancton (noun n. 2); planktonic planctonicus (adj. A)
plano-compressus (adj. A) compressed, with opposite flat sides
planogameta (noun f. 1) motile gamete, zoogamete
planospora (noun f. 1 ) planospore, zoospore
planozygota (noun f. 1) motile zygote
plant planta (noun f. 1), vegetabile (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] ; -plant (in
Gk comp.) -phyton,-phytum (both noun n. 2); relating to plants (in
Gk comp.) phyt-
planted sativus (adj. A)
planticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of plants
262 Vocabulary
plantula (noun f. 1) seedling

planus (adj. A) even, flat, level; planum (noun n. 2) level ground, plain
plasmodiocarp plasmodiocarpium (noun n. 2);
plasmodiocarpous plasmodiocarpus (adj. A)
plasmodium plasmodium (noun n. 2)
plate [illustration] tabula (noun f. 1), icon (noun f. 3)
plate [platter] catillus (noun m. 2)
platy- (in Gk comp.) broad
pleasant dulcis (adj. B); pleasing amabilis (adj. B)
pleated plicatus (adj. A); see fold
plectenchyma plectenchyma (noun n. 3)
pleio- (in Gk comp.) more than usual
pleiosporous pleisporus (adj. A)
pleisto- (in Gk comp.) most
plentiful dives (adj. B), largus (adj. A)
plenus (adj. A) full
plerumque (adv.) commonly, frequently
pleur-, pleuro- (in Gk comp.) lateral or ribbed
pleura (noun f. 1) [in diatoms] pleura
pleuridium pleuridium (noun n. 2)
pleurocarpus (adj. A) pleurocarpous
pleurotoideus (adj. A) Pleurotus-like
plexus (noun m. 4) network
pliant flexibilis (adj. B), lentus (adj. A)
plica (noun f. 1) fold; plicatus (adj. A) folded, pleated
plucked out avulsus, excussus (both part. A)
plum-coloured prunicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], pruninus (adj. A)
plumbeus (adj. A) leaden-grey
plumosus (adj. A) plumose, feathery
plumule corculum (noun n. 2), plumula (noun f. 1)
plur- (in Lat. comp.) several-, many-
pluries (adv.) often
plurilocularis (adj. B) plurilocular
plurimum (adv.) very much
Vocabulary 263
plurimus (adj. A) most

plurivorous plurivorus (adj. A)
plus (adj., comp. of multus, with quam or Ablative) more, also (adv.) more [in
quantity]; plusminusve (adv.) approximately, roughly, more or less
pluteotoideus (adj. A) Pluteus-like
pneumathodium (noun n. 2) air pore
pneumaticus (adj. A) relating to air
pneumatophorum (noun n. 2) pneumatophore
pocket marsupium (noun n. 2); pocketed marsupiatus (adj. A); pocket-
shaped marsupiiformis (adj. B)
poculiformis (adj. B) cup-shaped
pod [in Fabaceae] legumen (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], [in Brassicaceae] siliqua
(noun f. 1)
pod-, podo-, -podus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) foot
podetium podetium (noun n. 2)
poecil-, poecilo- (in Gk comp.) many-coloured, variegated
pogon (noun m. 3) beard
point punctum (noun n. 2); pointed acutus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) oxy-;
pointless [blunt] muticus (adj. A); covered with fine points spiculatus
(adj. A)
pointed out indicatus (part. A)
poisonous venenatus, venenosus, toxicarius, virosus (all adj. A)
polar polaris (adj. B)
polarilocular polarilocularis (adj. B)
polio- (in Gk comp.) grey-
polished nitidus, laevigatus (both adj. A), rasilis (adj. B); not polished
impolitus (adj. A)
politus (adj. A) shining, glossy
pollen pollen (noun n. 3); pollen grain granum or granulum (both noun
n. 2) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if granum/
granulum is declined); pertaining to pollen pollinaris (adj. B),
pollinicus (adj. A); pollen-bearing pollinifer (adj. A); ready for
pollination nubilis (adj. B)
pollen presenter [e.g. in Proteaceae] praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis (noun n. 3
Genitive sing., remains unchanged if praebitor is declined)
264 Vocabulary
pollex (noun m. 3) inch; pollicaris (adj. A) an inch long

pollinium pollinium (noun n. 2)
polluted contaminatus, inquinatus (both part. A)
poly- (in Gk comp.) many-
polyarthrodactylus (adj. A) [in Charaphyta] polyarthrodactyl
polycarpic polycarpicus (adj. A)
polygamous polygamus (adj. A)
polygynus (adj. A) having many pistils
polymorphus (adj. A) polymorphic, of variable form
polyphyllous polyphyllus (adj. A)
polyploid polyploideus (adj. A)
polysetose polysetosus (adj. A)
polysiphonous polysiphonius (adj. A)
polystichus (adj. A) in many rows or series
polytomic polytomicus (adj. A)
pomaceo-viridis (adj. B) apple-green
pome pomum (noun n. 2)
pond stagnum (noun n. 2), lacuna (noun f. 1); belonging to ponds stagnalis,
stagnatalis (both adj. B)
ponderosus (adj. A) heavy
pons (noun m. 3) bridge; ponticulus (noun m. 2) little bridge
porandrus (adj. A) having anthers opening by pores
porca (noun f. 1) ridge [as between furrows]; porcatus (adj. B) ridged
pore alveola (noun f. 1), porus (noun m. 2), spiramentum (noun n. 2);
opening by pores poricidalis (adj. B); having pores porosus (adj. A);
porate poratus (adj. A)
porellus porellus (noun m. 2)
porosus (adj. A) having pores or small holes
porphyreus (adj. A) purple; porphyr-, porphyro- (in Gk comp.) purple
porraceus (adj. A) leek green
porrectus (adj. A) stretched outwards and forwards
portula portula (noun f. 1)
portatus (part. A) borne, carried
porus (noun m. 2) air pore
Vocabulary 265
position positio (noun f. 3), situs (noun m. 4); positioned [placed] positus
(part. A)
possibly [by chance] forte (adv.), [perhaps] fortasse (adv.)
post (adv., also prep. þ Accusative, pref. in Lat. comp.), postea (adv.) after,
behind, following
posterior (comp. adj.) later
posterior [at the back] posticus (adj. A); posteriorly postice (adv.)
posterius (adv.) later, afterwards
postice (adv.) at the back; posticus (adj. A) at the back, posterior
postmeridianus (adj. A) opening in the afternoon
postremus (adj. A) last; postremo (adv.) finally, at last; ad postremum (adv.)
at last
potassium kalium (noun n. 2)
potius (adv.) rather, preferably
pot-shaped olliformis (adj. A)
pouch marsupium (noun n. 2), saccus (noun m. 2); pouched marsupiatus,
saccatus (both adj. A); pouch-shaped marsupiiformis, scrotiformis
(both adj. B)
powder pulvis (noun f. 3), farina (noun f. 1); powdery farinaceus,
pulveraceus, pulvereus (all adj. A); powdery covering farina
(noun f. 1); covered in powder farinosus, pulveratus, pulverulentus
(all adj. A)
prae- (pref. in Lat. comp.) before, in front
praebens (part. B) displaying, showing
praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged
if praebitor is declined) pollen presenter [e.g. in Proteaceae]
praecedens (part. B) preceding
praecipue (adv.) especially, mainly
praeclusus (part. A) closed
praecox (adj. A) early, precocious
praeditus (part. A. þ Ablative) bearing, possessed of
praefloratio (noun f. 3) aestivation
praefoliatio (noun f. 3) vernation
praegnans (adj. B) pregnant, swollen with, full of
praelongus (adj. A) tall
266 Vocabulary
praemorsus (adj. A) praemorse, as though bitten off

praeruptum (noun n. 2) cliff
praesens (adj. B) present; praesentia (noun f. 1) presence
praesertim (adv.) especially
praeter (prep. þ Accusative) but for, except for
praeteritus (part. A) past and gone
praetextus (part. A) bordered, fringed
prasinus (adj. A) leek green
pratum (noun n. 2) meadow; pratensis (adj. B) pertaining to meadows
preceding antecedens (part. B), in space with Accusative, in time with Dative;
praecedens (part. B)
precisely accurate, definite (both adv.)
prehendens (part. B), prehensilis (adj. B) grasping
present praesens, suppetens (both adj. B); presence praesentia, presentia
(both noun f. 1)
presenter, pollen [e.g. in Proteaceae] praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis
(noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if praebitor is declined)
present time, at the hodie, jam, nunc (all adv.); relating to the present
time hodiernus (adj. A)
preserved asservatus, conservatus, servatus (all part. A)
pressed together conglobatus (part. A)
previously antea (adv.)
prickle aculeus (noun m. 2); prickly aculeatus (adj. A), horricomis (adj. B);
with copious prickles senticosus (adj. A)
pridem (adv.) formerly, long ago
primarius (adj. A) chief, primary
primitive arche- (pref. in Gk comp.)
primo (adv.), primum (adv.), primus (ord. num., adj. A) first; primitus
(adv.) firstly
primordialis (adj. B) primordial, first-formed
primordium primordium (noun n. 2)
primotinus (adj. A) growing first [opposite of serotinus]
primum (adv.) firstly; primus (adj. A) first, initial
principalis (adj. B) main
prion- (in Gk comp.) saw-
Vocabulary 267
prior, prius (adj. compar.) previous

pro (prep. þ Ablative) before, just as; pro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) for, instead
of, (pref. in Gk comp.) before, in front of
probably fortasse, probabiliter, verosimiliter (all adv.)
probatus (part. A) approved
proboscideus (adj. A) with snout-like projection
proboscis (noun f. 3) [in diatoms] proboscis
procarp procarpium (noun n. 2); procarpic procarpicus (adj. A)
procerus (adj. A) very tall
process processus (noun m. 4)
procreans (part. B) bringing forth, producing
procul (adv.) far off
procumbent humifusus (adj. A), procumbens (part. B)
procurrens (part. B) jutting out, projecting, extending
prodiens (part. B) coming forth
producing efferens, faciens, procreans, producens, pariens (all part. B)
productus (part. A) drawn out, extended
profluens (part. B) flowing
profundus (adj. A) deep; profunde (adv.) deeply; profunditas (noun f. 3) depth
profuse (adv.) profusely; profusus (adj. A) profuse, extended
progressively gradatim (adv.)
projecting exstans, procurrens, eminens (all part. B), projectus (part. A);
projection eminentia, projectura (both noun f. 1)
projectus (part. A) jutting out
prolatus (part. A) elongated, drawn out [hence also, dredged]
proles (noun f. 3) group of related taxa, progeny, race
prolifer, prolificus (both adj. A), prolificans (part. B) proliferating,
producing offsets as progeny
prolongatus (part. A) extended
prominens (part. B) standing out
prominent expressus (part. A), prominens (part. B); prominently manifeste
(adv.)
prominulus (adj. A) slightly raised
promiscue (adv.) promiscuously, indiscriminately; promiscuus (adj. A)
promiscuous, indiscriminate
268 Vocabulary
promycelium promycelium (noun n. 2)

prong dens (noun m. 3); three-pronged trinacriformis (adj. B)
prop root radix (noun f. 3) gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together)
propagatio (noun f. 3) propagation
propagulum (noun n. 2) offset, propagule
prope (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) near [see p. 00]; propemodo
(adv.) almost
prophyll prophyllum (noun n. 2)
propinquus (adj. A) neighbouring, near
proportion proportio (noun f. 3); proportionally proportione (adv.)
proprie (adv.) specially, characteristically; proprius (adj. A) special, one’s
own, characteristic
proprietas (noun f. 3) feature
proprius (adj. A) distinct, characteristic
propter (prep. þ Accusative) because of, owing to
propullulans (adj. B) budding, shooting
prora (noun f. 1) prora, mammilose projection; proratus (adj. A) prorate;
prorulatus (adj. A) prorulate
prorsum (adv.) forwards, directly; prorsus (adv.) exactly, also (adj. A)
straightforward
prorumpens (part. B) breaking forth, bursting through
pros- (pref. in Gk comp.) near, in addition
prosenchyma prosenchyma (noun n. 3); prosenchymatous prosenchymatus
(adj. A)
proso-, prostho- (pref. in Gk comp.) to the front, before
prosoplectenchyma prosoplectenchyma (noun n. 3)
prostrate prostratus, pronus, supinus (all adj. A)
protandrus (adj. A) protandrous
protected servatus (part. A)
protentus (part. A) lengthened
proteranthus (adj. A) before the flowers
proterogynus (adj. A) protogynous
prothallus prothallus (noun m. 2)
protinus (adv.) [in position] forwards, [in time] from the start
proto- (in Gk comp.) first, original
Vocabulary 269
protogynous protogynus (adj. A)

protonema protonema (noun n. 3)
protoplasm protoplasma (noun f. 1); protoplasmic protoplasmicus (adj. A)
protoplast protoplastus (noun m. 2)
protostele protostela (noun f. 1)
protractus (part. A) drawn out, lengthened
protrudens (part. B), protrusus (adj. A) exserted
protuberance eminentia (noun f. 1), protuberatio (noun f. 3)
protuberatio (noun f. 3) bulge, protuberance; protuberans (part. B) bulging
provectus (part. A) extended
proveniens (part. B) coming forth, inhabiting
proximalis (adj. B) proximal, nearest the axis
proximus (adj. A þ Dative) nearest, next; proxime (adv.) immediately, very
near
pruina (noun f. 1) waxy whitish powdery bloom; pruinosus, pruinatus (both
adj. A) pruinose
prunicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of plum trees
prunicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], pruninus (adj. A) plum-coloured
pruriens (part. B) causing itching or stinging
psammo- (in Gk comp.) sand-
pseudo- (in Gk comp.) false-[resembling but not the same]
pseudoautoicus (adj. A) pseudoautoicous
pseudobulb pseudobulbus (noun m. 2)
pseudocarpium (noun n. 2) pseudocarp
pseudocellus pseudocellus (noun m. 2)
pseudocilium pseudocilium (noun n. 2)
pseudocyphella pseudocyphella (noun f. 1)
pseudoelater pseudoelater (noun m. 3)
pseudolateralis (adj. B) terminal but appearing lateral
pseudolobate pseudolobatus (adj. A)
pseudonodulus pseudonodulus (noun m. 2)
pseudoparenchyma pseudoparenchyma (noun n. 3);
pseudoparenchymatous pseudoparenchymatus,
pseudoparenchymaticus (both adj. A)
pseudoperianth pseudoperianthium (noun n. 2)
270 Vocabulary
pseudopodium pseudopodium (noun n. 2)

pseudoraphe pseudoraphe (noun f. 3)
pseudoseptum pseudoseptum (noun n. 2)
pseudospore pseudospora (noun f. 1)
pseudostroma pseudostroma (noun n. 3)
pseudosulcus pseudosulcus (noun m. 2)
pseudothalline pseudothallinus (adj. A)
psil-, psilo- (in Gk comp.) glabrous, smooth
pter-, pterygo- (in Gk comp.) wing-, winged
ptycho- (in Gk comp.) having folds, pleats, deep grooves
pubescens (part. B), pubens (adj. B) downy; puberulus (adj. A) minutely
pubescent; pubes (noun f. 3), pubescentia (noun f. 1) hairiness; pubi-
(in Lat. comp.) softly hairy
published evulgatus (part. A)
pudorinus (adj. A) pink
pugioniformis (adj. B) dagger-shaped
pulchellus (adj. A) beautiful and small
pulcher (adj. A) beautiful; pulchre (adv.) beautifully
pullatus (adj. A) dark brown
pullulans (part. B) budding off
pulp pulpa (noun f. 1); pulpy pulposus (adj. A)
pulveraceus, pulvereus (both adj. A) powdery; pulveratus, pulverulentus
(both adj. A) covered in powder
pulvillum (noun n. 2) hot-bed
pulvinus (noun m. 2) cushion; pulvinatus (adj. A), pulviniformis (adj. B)
cushion-shaped
pulvis (noun f. 3) powder
pumilus (adj. A) dwarf
punctum (noun n. 2) dot, point; punctatus (adj. A) dotted; punctiformis
(adj. B) dot-like; punctatio (noun f. 3) dotting; puncticulatus,
puncticulosus (both adj. A) minutely dotted; punctulum (noun n. 2)
a minute dot; punctulatus (adj. A) minutely dotted
pungens (part. B) pungent, sharply pointed
puniceus (adj. A) crimson
pure purus, laetus (both adj. A)
Vocabulary 271
purple purpureus (adj. A); dark purple atropurpureus (adj. A); campanula
violet campanulinus (adj. A); lavender purple lavandulaceus,
lavandulus (both adj. A); lilac purple lilacinus (adj. A); livid purple
livido-purpureus (adj. A); mauve malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B)
[see p. 00]; tyrian purple tyrius (adj. A); violet purple amethysteus,
amethystinus, hyacinthinus, ianthinus, violaceus (all adj. A); wine-
coloured vinosus (adj. A); purplish purpurascens (part. B); purple-
(in Lat. comp.) purpureo-, (in Gk comp.) porphyr-, porphyro-
purus (adj. A) pure, clean
-pus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -footed
pushed down or into detrusus (part. A); pushed out extrusus (part. A)
pusillus (adj. A) very small
pustule papula, pustula (both noun f. 1); pustular, pustulate papulosus,
pustulatus (both adj. A)
pustuliformis (adj. B) blister-shaped
putamen (noun n. 3) stone of a drupe
putidus (adj. A) smelling unpleasantly
putrefactus (part. A), putridus (adj. A) decayed, rotten; putrescens (part. B)
decaying
putting forth edens (part. B)
pycn-, pycno- (in Gk comp.) close, dense
pycnidiospore pycnidiospora (noun f. 1)
pycnidium pycnidium (noun n. 2)
pycniospore pycniospora (noun f. 1)
pycnium pycnium (noun n. 2)
pycnoconidium pycnoconidium (noun n. 2)
pygmaeus (adj. A) dwarf
-pyle (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) -opening
pyr-, pyro- (in Gk comp.) fire-, fiery [red or yellow]
pyramidalis (adj. B) pyramidal
pyrene pyrena (noun f. 1)
pyrenocarpous pyrenocarpus (adj. A)
pyrenoid pyrenoides (noun f. 3)
pyriformis (adj. B) pear-shaped
pyrrh-, pyrrho- (in Gk comp.) fire-red, ruddy
272 Vocabulary
pythmen pythmen (noun m. 3); bearing pythmen pythmenophorus (adj. A)

pyxidatus (adj. A) having a lid or pixidium; pyxidium (noun n. 2) covering,
lid, cap
pyxis pyxis (noun f. 3)
Q
quadr-, quadri- (in Lat. comp.) four-
quadrans (noun m. 3) a quarter, a fourth
quadratim (adv.) four-fold
quadratus (part. A) squared
quadriflagellatus (adj. A) having 4 flagella
quadruplo (adv.) four-fold; quadruplus (adj. A) four-fold
quae (rel. pron. f.) who, which [see p. 00]
quaedam (indef. pron. f.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00]
qualis (pron. adj. B) what kind of?, such as
quam (adv.) as, than [in comparison of size, see p. 00]
quamobrem (adv.) hence
quamquam (conj.) although, though
quandoque (adv.) sometimes
quaquaversum (adv.) on all sides, in all directions
quarciticus (adj. A) quartz or quartz-like
quarter quadrans (noun m. 3)
quartus (ord. num. adj. A) a fourth, fourth
quartz, quartz-like quarciticus (adj. A)
quasi (adv.) as if, about, almost, little more than
quattuor, quatuor (num. adj. indecl.) four; quaterni (num. adj.
distr. pl.) four each; quartus (adj. A) a fourth; quater (num. adv.) four
times; quaternatim (adv.) in fours
-que (conj. suff.) and
qui (rel. pron. m) who, which [see p. 00]
quickly celeriter, cito, prompte (all adv.)
quidam (indef. pron. m.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00]
quidem (adv.) at least
quiescens (part. B), quietus (adj. A) resting
Vocabulary 273
quietus (adj. A) quiet

quincuncialis (adj. B) quincuncial
quinqu-, quinque-, quinqui- (in Lat. comp.) five-
quinque (num. adj. indecl.) five; quini (num. adj. distr. pl.) five each;
quinquiens, quinquies (num. adv.), five times; quintuplex
(adj. B) five-fold; quintus (ord. num., adj. A) fifth; quinarius, quinatus
(both adj. A) consisting of five
quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.) each, everyone
quite admodum, omnino, plane, sat, satis (all adv.)
quoad (adv.) as to
quod (rel. pron. n) which [see p. 00]
quoddam (indef. pron. n.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00]
quondam (adv.) formerly
quoquoversus (adv.) everyway
quot (adj. indecl.) as many as, every
quotannis (adv.) annually
quotidianus (adj. A) daily
quum (conj.) when
R
race [strain, form] proles (noun f. 3)
racemus (noun m. 2) raceme; racemosus (adj. A) racemose; racemifer,
racemiger (adj. B) bearing a raceme; racemi- (in Lat. comp.)
raceme-like
rach-, rhach- (in Gk comp.) referring to a main axis
rachilla rhachilla, rhacheola (both noun f. 1)
rachis rhachis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
radial radialis (adj. B)
radians (part. B) radiating
radiatiformis (adj. B) [in Asteraceae] having outer florets larger than inner
but not ligulate
radiatim (adv.) in a radiating manner
radiatus (part. A) radiate
radicalis (adj. B) radical, basal
274 Vocabulary
radicans (part. B) rooting; radicatus (part. A) having roots

radicella (noun f. 1) rootlet; radicellosus (adj. A) covered in rootlets
radicle radicula (noun f. 1)
radicosus (adj. A) having many roots
radiospermus (adj. A) of radially symmetrical seeds
radius (noun m. 2) ray, [in Asteraceae] an outer ligulate floret
radix (noun f. 3) root [see p. 00]; radix gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together)
prop root
radula radula (noun f. 1)
radulans (adj. B) rasping, scabrous
ragged laceratus (adj. A)
raised elevatus (part. A), prominens (part. B); slightly raised prominulus
(adj. A)
ramealis (adj. B), rameus (adj. A) belonging to a branch; rameanus (adj. A)
taking the place of a branch, e.g. a thorn or tendril
ramentum (noun n. 2) a thin membranous or chaffy scale; ramentaceus
(adj. A) covered with ramenta
rami- (in Lat. comp.) branched-
ramoconidium ramoconidium (noun n. 2)
ramulus (noun m. 2) branchlet; ramulosus (adj. A) bearing branchlets;
ramulinus (adj. A) belonging to a branch; ramunculus (noun m. 2)
twig
ramus (noun m. 2) branch [see p. 00]; ramifer (adj. A) bearing branches;
ramosus (adj. A) branched; ramosissimus (adj. A sup.) very branched;
ramificatio (noun f. 3) branching; ramificans (part. B) branching
random, at fortuito, temere, temeriter (all adv.)
ranging [spread over] extensus (part. A), [varying] varians (part. B)
-ranked (in Lat. comp.) -farius,-seriatus,-ordinatus (all adj. A); (in Gk comp.)
-stichus (adj. A)
ranunculinus (adj. A) buttercup yellow
raphe raphe (noun f. 3); raphe valve raphovalva (noun f. 1)
rapheid furunculus (noun m. 2)
raphid raphis (noun f. 3)
rapiformis (adj. B) turnip-shaped
rarus (adj. A) scattered, rare; rare (adv.) far apart, sparsely; rarenter, rarius,
raro (all adv.) rarely, infrequently; rarior (comp. adj.) rarer, rather rare
Vocabulary 275
rasilis (adj. B) polished, smoothed, scraped

rasp-like radulans (adj. B), radulifer (adj. A)
rather [preferable] potius, [sooner] citius, [a little] paulo, [considerably]
aliquantum (all adv.)
ratio (noun f. 3) reckoning, calculation, relation, condition
ravidus (adj. A) greyish; ravus (adj. A) tawny, greyish-yellow
ray radius (noun m. 2); ray floret flosculus (noun m. 2) radii (noun m. 2
Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined)
re- (pref. in Lat. comp.) back, against, again
reaching attingens (part. B)
rear posterior (comp. adj.), posticus (adj. A)
recavus (adj. A) arched inward, concave
receding recedens (part. B)
recens (adj. B) young, fresh, recent
recensio (noun f. 3) enumeration
recently nuper (adv.)
receptacle receptaculum (noun n. 2), thalamus (noun m. 2)
recessim (adv.) back, backwards
reciprocally mutue, mutuo (both adv.)
reckoning ratio (noun f. 3)
reclinatus (part. A) turned or bent down on another part
reclusus (adj. A) open
reconditus (part. A) concealed, hidden
rectangle rectangulum (noun n. 2); rectangular rectangularis, oblongus
(both adj. A)
rectangulatus, rectangulus (both adj. A) right-angled
recte (adv.) correctly
rectus (adj. A) straight, upright; rectiusculus (adj. A) fairly straight;
rectinervis (adj. B), rectinervius (adj. A) straight-nerved; recti- (in Lat.
comp.) straight, upright
recurvatus, recurvus (both part. A) recurved
red ruber, erythrinus (both adj. A); blood red sanguineus (adj. A),
sanguinolentus (adj. A), haematicus (adj. A), haematinus (adj. A),
haematochrous (adj. A), haematodes (adj. B); (in Lat. comp.)
sanguineo-; (in Gk comp.) haem-, haemat-; brick red latericius,
276 Vocabulary
lateritius, testaceus (all adj. A); bright red ignescens (adj. B),
phoeniceus (adj. A); capsicum red capsicinus (adj. A); cardinal red
cardinalis (adj. B); carmine carminus, carmineus, coccineus (all adj. A);
carrot red daucinus (adj. A); cherry red cerasinus (adj. A); coral red
corallinus (adj. A); crimson carmesinus, kermesinus, puniceus (all adj.
A); fiery red flammeus (adj. A); fire red igneus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.)
pyrrh-, pyrrho-; flame-scarlet miniatus (adj. A); nasturtium red
capucinus, tropaeolinus (both adj. A); pale red helvus (adj. A); poppy
red papaverinus (adj. A); dark reddish-brown hepaticus (adj. A);
reddish-orange rutilans (part. B), rutilus (adj. A); ruby-red rubineus
(adj. A); ruddy rubicundus (adj. A); rusty-red ferrugineus (adj. A);
becoming rusty-red ferruginescens (part. B); scarlet phoeniceus (adj.
A); shrimp-red palaemoneus (adj. A); vermilion cinnabarinus (adj.
A); reddening erubescens (part. B); reddish rubellus, rufus (both adj.
A), rubens (part. B); red- (in Lat. comp.) rubri-, rubro-, (in Gk comp.)
erythro-
redactus (part. A) reduced, diminished
redivivus (adj. A) revived from a dried state
redolens (part. B) producing scent
reduced deminutus (part. A), depauperatus (adj. A), redactus (part. A),
reductus (part. A)
reduncus (adj. A) curved or bent backwards
refertus (part. A) filled up
reflexus (part. A) reflexed
refractive refractivus (adj. A)
refractus (part. A) bent or curved back abruptly and strongly
refringens (part. B) breaking open
regma (noun n. 1) regma
regnum (noun n. 2) kingdom
regular actinomorphus (adj. A); regularly ordinate, ordinatim, regulariter,
regulatim (all adv.)
rejectus (part. A) cast off; rejiciendus (ger. of verb rejicio, adj. A) to be or
that must be rejected
related affinis (adj. B), cognatus (adj. A); related to affinis (adj. B);
in relation to de (prep. þ Ablative), erga (prep. þ Accusative);
relationship affinitas (noun f. 3)
relatively comparate, relative (both adv.)
Vocabulary 277
released liberatus (part. A)

relictus (part. A) left behind
reliquus (adj. A) remaining
remaining manens (part. B)
remanens (part. B) persisting
remarkable insignis, notabilis (both adj. B); remarkably insigniter (adv.)
remnant vestigium (noun n. 2)
remotus (adj. A) scattered, remote; remotiusculus (adj. A) somewhat
scattered
removed amotus, demotus, divulsus, excussus, repurgatus, detursus (all part.
A); easily removed detergendus (ger. adj. A)
renewing innovans (part. B)
reniformis (adj. B) kidney-shaped [flat object]
renovatio (noun f. 3) renewal shoot
repandus (adj. A) repand
repeatedly crebiter, crebro, repetite (all adv.)
repens (part. B) creeping [see p. 00]
repertus (part. A) found
repletus (part. A) full, filled out
replicatus (adj. A) turned or folded back upon itself with the parts
coming together; in Algae, with annular ingrowth of transverse walls
of filaments
replum replum (noun n. 2)
reports acta (noun n. 2, pl.)
representing fingens (part. B)
reproduction reproductio (noun f. 3); reproductive reproductivus (adj. A)
reptans (part. B) creeping
repullulans (part. B) sprouting again
repurgatus (part. A) cleaned, removed
resembling accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative), simulans
(part. B); -aceus,-inus (both Lat. suff., adj. A); resemblance similitudo
(noun f. 3)
reservoir cisterna (noun f. 1)
residuus (adj. A) left behind, residual
resiliens (part. B) springing back
278 Vocabulary
resine resina (noun f. 1); resine-producing resinifer (adj. A);

resinous resinosus (adj. A)
resorptus (part. A) absorbing again
resting dormiens, quiescens (both part. B), quietus (adj. A)
restricted restrictus (part. A)
resupinatus (part. A) resupinate; resupinus (adj. A) bent back or backwards
retaining retinens (part. B); retained retentus (part. A)
rete (noun n. 3) net, network; reti- (pref. in Lat. comp.) net-
retentus (part. A) retained
reticulatus (adj. A) reticulate; reticulum (noun n. 2) network; retiformis
(adj. B) net-like; reticulate, reticulatim (both adv.) reticulately
retinaculum retinaculum (noun n. 2)
retinens (part. B) retaining, holding
retinervis (adj. B), retinervius (adj. A) reticulately nerved
retort cell cellula (noun f. 1) lageniformis (adj. B) poro apicali [these remain
unchanged when first two words are declined]
retortus (part. A) twisted or bent back
retractus (part. A) drawn back
retro (adv.) back, backwards; also retro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) back, behind
retrorsum, retrorsus (both adv.) retrorse, turned backwards
retusus (part. A) retuse
revealed detectus, indicatus (both part. A), manifestus (adj. A)
revera (adv.) essentially, in fact
reversed conversus, reversus (both part. A)
revived [from a dried state] redivivus (adj. A)
revolubilis (adj. B) able to be rolled back; revolutivus (adj. A) [in vernation]
having the edges of facing leaves rolled back
revolutus (adj. A) revolute, rolled back
rhachilla, rhacheola see rachilla
rhachis see rachis
rhaphe see raphe
rhaphid see raphid
rheo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to running water
rhipidium rhipidium (noun n. 2)
Vocabulary 279
rhiz-, rhizi- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to roots or root-like organs

rhizina (noun f. 1) rhizine
rhizoautoicus (adj. A) rhizoautoicous
rhizohypha rhizohypha (noun f. 1)
rhizoid rhizoideum (noun n. 2)
rhizoma (noun n. 3) rhizome [see p. 00]; rhizomatosus (adj. A) having a
well-developed rhizome
rhizomorph rhizomorpha (noun f. 1)
rhizophore rhizophorum (noun n. 2)
rhodo- (in Gk comp.) rose-, rosy red
rhombic rhombeus, rhombicus (both adj. A), rhombiformis (adj. B)
rhopalo- (in Gk comp.) club-
rhynch-, rhyncho- (in Gk comp.) having a beak
rhyti-, rhytido- (in Gk comp.) wrinkled
rib costa [usu. midrib], stria (both noun f. 1); ribbed costatus (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) pleur-, pleuro-
ribbon taenia (noun f. 1)
rica rica (noun f. 1)
rich dives (adj. B); richly ample, copiose (both adv.)
ridge [crest] crista (noun f. 1), [back] dorsum (noun n. 2), [yoke] jugum
(noun n. 2), [between furrows] porca (noun f. 1); ridged porcatus
(adj. A)
rigens (part. B) stiff; rigescens (part. B) becoming stiff
right [straight, correct] rectus (part. A), [on the right-hand side] dexter (adj.
A); rightly juste (adv.), recte (adv.); to the right dextrorsum (adv.);
rightful justus (adj. A)
rigid rigidus (adj. A), rigens (part. B); rigidly rigide (adv.); somewhat rigid
rigidulus, rigidiusculus (both adj. A)
rima (noun f. 1) crack, crevice, slit; rimosus (adj. A) cracked; rimulosus
(adj. A) minutely cracked; rimiformis (adj. B) shaped like a cleft or
crack
rimoportula (noun f. 1) in diatoms, labiate process
rind corium (noun n. 2)
ring annulus, gyrus (both noun m. 2); ring-shaped annularis, annuliformis
(both adj. B); arranged in a ring annulatim (adv.); ringed, marked
with or bordered by raised rings annulatus (adj. A)
280 Vocabulary
ringens (part. B) gaping

ripa (noun f. 1) bank [of stream, river]; riparius (adj. B) inhabiting river
banks, riparian
ripe maturus (adj. A); ripening maturatio (noun f. 3); ripening maturescens
(part. B); ripeness maturitas (noun f. 3)
rising above excedens (part. B); rising out of exsurgens (part. B); rising
upwards assurgens (part. B); rising, raising itself erigens (part. B)
rite (adv.) correctly
rivalis (adj. B) pertaining to brooks, small streams
rivalling aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A)
river flumen (noun n. 3), fluvius (noun m. 2) [rarely used]; pertaining to
rivers fluviaticus (adj. A), fluviatilis (adj. B); river bank ripa (noun f. 1)
rivicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of river banks
rivularis (adj. B) pertaining to brooks
rivulosus (adj. A) having fine, wavy grooves
rivulus (noun m. 2) brooklet; rivus (noun m. 2) brook, small stream
robigo (noun f. 3) canker, rust, mildew
robust robustus, validus (both adj. A)
rock petra (noun f. 1), rupes (noun f. 3), cautes (noun f. 3), saxum (noun n.
2), scopulus (noun m. 2); rocky petrosus (adj. A), rupestris (adj. B),
saxosus (adj. A), scopulosus (adj. A); growing among rocks petraeus
(adj. A); found among rocks petrensis (adj. B); full of rocks petrosus
(adj. A); rocky places petrosa (noun n. 2, pl.); rock- (in Lat. comp.)
rupi-, saxi-; (in Gk comp.) litho-, petro-. See also stone
rod virga (noun f. 1); rod-shaped, rod-like bacillaris, bacilliformis,
baculiformis (all adj. B)
rolled back revolutus (part. A); rolled inwards involutus (part. A); rolled
together convolutus (part. A); rolled up volutus (part. A)
roof tectum (noun n. 2)
root radix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; rooting radicans (part. B); having roots
radicatus (part. A); having many roots radicosus (adj. A);
without roots arrhizus (adj. A); pertaining to roots (in Gk comp.)
rhiz-, rhizi-; root, stilt or prop radix gralliformis (adj. B)
(decl. together)
rootlet radicella (noun f. 1); covered in rootlets radicellosus (adj. A)
rootstock caudex (noun m. 3), caulorhiza (noun f. 1)
Vocabulary 281
rope funis (noun m. 3); rope-like funalis, funicularis, funiformis (all adj. B);
in rope-like bundles funiculosus (adj. A); slender rope, cord funiculus
(noun m. 2)
roridus (adj. A) dewy
rosaceus (adj. A) like the flower of a single [i.e. not double] rose
rose erubescens (part. B), roseus (adj. A); rose- (in Lat. comp.) rosei-, roseo-,
(in Gk comp.) rhod-, rhodo-
rosette rosula (noun f. 1); rosetted rosularis (adj. B), rosulatus (adj. A),
rosulans (adj. B)
rostellatus (adj. A) slightly beaked; rostellum (noun n. 2) rostellum
rostratus (adj. A) beaked; rostrum (noun n. 2) beak [see p. 00];
rostriformis (adj. B) beak-like; rostri-,-rostrus (adj. A) (in Lat. comp.)
beak-, -beaked
rosula (noun f. 1) rosette; rosulans (adj. B), rosulatus (adj. A) rosetted
rotatus (adj. A) rotate, wheel-shaped
rotten cariosus, putrefactus, putridus (all adj. A), putrescens (part. B)
rotundatus (part. A) rounded; rotundus (adj. A) almost circular
rough [to touch] asper, scaber (both adj. A), [unused, wild] rudis (adj. B);
rough [with points or short stiff hairs] asperatus (adj. A); slightly rough
asperulus (adj. A); very rough horridus (adj. A); roughness asperitas
(noun f. 3); rough (in Gk comp.) trachy-
roughly [more or less] plusminusve (adv.)
round [in outline] rotundus, orbiculatus (both adj. A), circularis (adj. B);
rounded rotundatus (part. A); rounded off tornatus (part. A); with
rounded head capitatus (adj. A)
row series (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; in rows serialis (adj. B), seriatus (adj. A),
seriatim (adv.); with a single row haplostichus (adj. A); in a single row
unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A); having equal rows isostichus (adj.
A); in many rows multifariam (adv.); many-rowed multifarius (adj.
A); in two opposite rows distichus (adj. A); in three rows tristichus,
triplostichus (both adj. A)
rubbed [bruised] tritus (part. A)
ruber (adj. B) red; rubellus, rubidus (both adj. A), rubens (part. B) reddish;
rubescens (part. B) becoming red; rubicundus (adj. A) red, ruddy;
rubiginosus (adj. A) rusty-red; rubineus (adj. A) ruby-red; rubr-,
rubro- (in Lat. comp.) red-
ruderalis (adj. B) growing among rubbish
282 Vocabulary
rudiment rudimentum (noun n. 2); rudimentary rudimentalis (adj. B),

rudimentarius (adj. A), inchoatus (part. A), obsoletus (adj. A)
rudis (adj. B) wild, unused, rough
rufus (adj. A) reddish
ruga (noun f. 1) wrinkle, fold; rugosus, rugatus (both adj. A) rugose,
wrinkled; rugulosus (adj. A) somewhat wrinkled; rugiformis (adj. B)
wrinkle-like
ruminatus (adj. A) ruminate
rumpens (part. B) breaking apart, bursting
runcinatus (adj. A) runcinate
runner [stolon] stolo (noun m. 3), [long, with terminal leaves] sarmentum
(noun n. 2), flagellum (noun n. 2)
running [over something] currens (part. B), [water] profluens (part. B); running
between intercurrens (part. B); running together confluens (part. B)
rupes (noun f. 3) rock; rupestris (adj. B) rocky; rupi- (in Lat. comp.) rock-
rupicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of rocky places
ruptilis (adj. B) dehiscing irregularly
rupturing rumpens (part. B)
ruptus (part. A) broken
ruralis (adj. B) rural, of the country
rush-like junceus (adj. A); rush-leaved juncifolius (adj. A); rushy
place juncetum (noun n. 2); full of rushes juncosus (adj. A)
russet russus (adj. A)
rust robigo (noun f. 3)
rusticanus (adj. A) rural, of the country
rusty-red ferrugineus, rubiginosus (both adj. A); becoming rusty-red
ferruginescens (part. B)
rutilans (part. B), rutilus (adj. A) reddish-orange
S
sabulo (noun m. 3) coarse sand; sabulosum (noun n. 2) a sandy place;
sabulosus (adj. A) sandy, growing in sandy place
saccharum (noun n. 2) sugar; saccharatus (adj. A) sugary, appearing sugar-
coated; saccharinus (adj. A) sugary; saccharifer (adj. B) sugar-bearing;
saccharosum (noun n. 2) saccharose
Vocabulary 283
sacculus (noun m. 2) a small sac, locule of anther; sacculifer (adj. B) having a

sacculus
saccus (noun m. 2) pouch; saccatus (adj. A) saccate, pouched; sacciformis
(adj. B) bag-or sac-shaped
saddle ephippium (noun n. 2), sella (noun f. 1); saddle-shaped ephippioideus,
ephippiomorphus (both adj. A), selliformis (adj. B)
saepe (adv.) often, frequently; saepiuscule (adv.) rather often; saepissime
(adv.) very often
saffron yellow croceus, crocatus (both adj. A)
sagittatus (adj. A), saggitalis (adj. B), saggitiformis (adj. B) saggitate, arrow-
headed
salignus (adj. A) willowy; salicinus (adj. A) relating to willows
saline salsus, salinus (both adj. A)
salmoneus (adj. A) salmon-pink
salsugineus (adj. A), salsuginosus (adj. A) brackish place
salt sal (noun m. 3); salty, salted salinus (adj. A), salsus (part. A); salt-
(in Gk comp.) hal-, hali-, halo-
saltem (adv.) at least
salverform hypocrateriformis (adj. B), hypocraterimorphus (adj. A)
samara samara (noun f. 1)
same idem (pron.) [m., n.], eadem [f.] [see p. 00]
same time, at the simul
sample exemplum (noun n. 2)
sand arena (noun f. 1), sabulo (noun m. 3); sandy place arenosum,
sabulosum (both noun n. 2); sandy arenarius, arenaceus, sabulosus
(all adj. A); very sandy arenosus (adj. A); growing in sand arenarius
(adj. A); sand- (in Lat. comp.) areni-, (in Gk comp.) ammo-,
psammo-
sandal-shaped soleiformis (adj. B)
sandstone arenosaxum (noun n. 2)
sanguineus, sanguinolentus (both adj. A), sanguineo- (in Lat. comp.)
blood-red
sap succus (noun m. 2); without sap exsuccus (adj. A)
saponaceus, saponarius (both adj. A) soapy
sapor (noun m. 3) taste
saprophytic saprophyticus (adj. A)
284 Vocabulary
sarc-, sarco- (in Gk comp.) flesh-, fleshy-

sarcocarp sarcocarpium (noun n. 2)
sarcotesta (noun f. 1) sarcotesta
sarmentum (noun n. 2) long runner; sarmentosus (adj. A) producing long
runners
sat (adv.), satis (adv.) enough, fairly, quite
sativus (adj. A) sown, planted
saturate (adv.) deeply [of colours]
saucer catillus (noun m. 2); saucer-shaped acetabuliformis, catilliformis,
patelliformis, pateriformis (all adj. B)
sausage-shaped allantoideus (adj. A), botuliformis (adj. B), farciminiformis
(adj. B)
savannah savanna (noun f. 1)
saw- (in Gk comp.) prion-
sawdust scobis (noun f. 3)
saw-edged serratus (adj. A)
saxatilis (adj. B), saxicola (noun c. 1) growing among rocks
saxum (noun n. 2) rock, stone; saxosa (noun n. 2, pl.) rocky places; saxi-
(in Lat. comp.) rock-. See also lapis, rock, stone
scaber (adj. A) scabrous, rough; scaberulus, scabrellus (both
adj. A) minutely scabrous; scabridus (adj. A) somewhat scabrous;
scabridiusculus (adj. A) minutely scabrous; scabrosus (adj. A;
distinctly scabrous; scabri- (in Lat. comp.) scabrous, rough
scalariformis, scalaris (both adj. B) ladder-like
scale squama (noun f. 1); scaly squamatus, squamosus, lepidotus (all adj. A);
clothed in scales paleatus, scutellatus (both adj. A); scale-, scaly- (in Gk
comp.) lepido-
scalloped crenatus (adj. A)
scalpelliformis (adj. B) shaped like a scalpel
scalpratus (adj. A) having a sharp or cutting edge
scalpturatus (adj. A) scratched
scaly see scale
scandens (part. B) climbing
scanty parcus, rarus (both adj. A)
scap-, scapi- (in Lat. comp.) relating to a scape
Vocabulary 285
scape scapus (noun m. 2); without a scape exscapus (adj. A)

scar cicatrix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; scarred cicatricatus (adj. A); covered in
scars cicatricosus (adj. A)
scarcely aegre, vix (both adv.); scarce (in Gk comp.) span-, spano-
scarious scariosus (adj. A)
scarlet scarlatinus (adj. A); cf. cinnabarinus, coccineus, miniatus (all adj. A)
scarred cicatricatus (adj. A)
scatens (part. B þ Ablative) teeming with, abounding with
scattered adspersus, aspersus, dispersus, displicatus, sparsus (all part. A),
dissitus, remotus (both adj. A), distans (part. B); somewhat scattered
remotiusculus (adj. A); scattering spargens (part. B); a scattering
dispersio (noun f. 3)
scaturiginus (adj. A) relating to springs of water; scaturigo (noun f. 3) spring
[of water]
sceletus (noun m. 2) skeleton
scent odor, olor, fetor (all noun m. 3) [see p. 00], (in Gk comp.) -osma;
scented odorus, odorifer (both adj. A), odoratus (part. A), olens (part.
B), (in Gk comp.) osm-; producing scent redolens (part. B); strong-
scented graveolens (adj. B); sweetly scented fragrans, suaveolens (both
adj. B); scentless inodorus (adj. A). See also smell
schist-, schisto- (in Gk comp.) split, cleft
schistaceus (adj. A) relating to schistaceous rock, slate-grey
schiz-, schizo- (in Gk comp.) split, cleft
schizidium (noun n. 2) schizidium
schizocarp schizocarpium (noun n. 2)
sciaphilus (adj. A) shade-loving
scilicet (adv.) namely, evidently
scintillans (part. B) sparkling
scissus (part. A) cut, torn; scissura (noun f. 1) a split, cleft
scler-, sclero- (in Gk comp.) hard
scleranthium scleranthium (noun n. 2)
sclereid furunculus (noun m. 2)
sclerenchyma sclerenchyma (noun n. 3)
scleroideus, scleroticus (both adj. A) sclerotic, hard or stony in texture
sclerotium sclerotium (noun n. 2)
286 Vocabulary
scobis (noun f. 3) sawdust; scobiculatus (adj. A), scobiformis (adj. B)

appearing like sawdust
scolecospore scolecospora (noun f. 1)
scoparie (adv.) fastigiately, broom-like
scopatus (adj. A) densely covered with bristly hairs; scopiformis (adj. B),
scopulatus (adj. A) like a broom or brush
scopulus (noun m. 2) cliff
scorpioid scorpiodeus (adj. A), scorpioides (adj. B)
scraped rasilis (adj. B); scraped off erasus (part. A)
scratched scalpturatus (adj. A)
scree glara (noun f. 1)
scrobis (noun m. 3) ditch; scrobiculus (noun m. 2) pit, depression;
scrobicularis (adj. B), scrobiculatus (adj. A) minutely pitted
scrotiformis (adj. B) pouch-shaped
scrupose scruposus (adj. A)
sculptus, sculpturatus (both part. A) engraved
scum spuma (noun f. 1)
scurfy furfuraceus, leprosus (both adj. A)
scutatus (adj. A), scutiformis (adj. B) shield-shaped
scutellatus (adj. A) covered in small plates or scales
scutellum scutellum (noun n. 2)
scutula scutula (noun f. 1)
scyph-, scyphi-, scypho- (in Gk comp.) cup-
scyphifer (adj. A) bearing scyphi (cups)
scyphulus (noun m. 2) gemma cup
scyphus scyphus (noun m. 2), scypha (noun f. 1)
sea mare (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; growing in the sea marinus (adj. A);
growing by the sea maritimus (adj. A); pertaining to the sea pelagicus
(adj. A)
sea-green thalassicus (adj. A)
seashore littus, litus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; pertaining to the seashore
littoralis, litoralis (both adj. B), littoreus (adj. A)
season tempus (noun n. 4)
seated upon insidens (part. B þ Dative)
Vocabulary 287
seaweed alga (noun f. 1); pertaining to a seaweed algaceus (adj. A), algensis
(adj. B)
sebaceus (adj. A) tallowy; sebosus (adj. A) greasy; sebum (noun n. 2) fat;
sebifer (adj. A) bearing wax
secedens (part. B) splitting apart
secernens (part. B) secreting, separating off
second secundus (ord. num., adj. A), alter (adj. A)
secondary secundarius (adj. A), partialis (adj. B)
secreting secernens (part. B); secretion secretio (noun f. 3);
secretory secretorius (adj. A)
sectilis (adj. B) cut into small pieces
section sectio (noun f. 3)
sectus (part. A) cut to base or midrib
secundum (prep. þ Accusative) according to, depending on, following
secundus (adj. A) following, next; also second, secund
secus (prep. þ Accusative) along, on; -secus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -side
sed (conj.) but
sedentarius (adj. A) sedentary, stationary
sedes (noun f. 3) abode
sediment sedimentation (noun n. 2)
seed semen (noun n. 3); seed-bearing seminifer, seminiger (both adj. A);
-seeded (in Lat. comp.) -seminalis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -spermus
(adj. A)
seed coat [outer] testa (noun f. 1), [inner] tegmen, tegumen (noun n. 3)
seedling plantula (noun f. 1)
seen visus, spectatus (both part. A)
segment segmentum (noun n. 2); segmented segmentatus (adj. A)
segregatus (part. A) isolated, separated
sejunctus (part. A) isolated; sejunctim (adv.) separately
seldom raro (adv.)
selected lectus, selectus (both part. A); selection delectus (noun m. 4)
self aut, auto- (in Gk comp.)
sella (noun f. 1) saddle; sellaeformis, selliformis (both adj. B) saddle-shaped
semel (num. adv.) once
288 Vocabulary
semen (noun n. 3) seed; seminifer, seminiger (both adj. A) seed-bearing;

-seminalis (adj. B) (in Lat. comp.) -seeded
semi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) half-
semotus (part. A) distant, far removed
semper (adv.) always
sempervirens (part. B) evergreen
senatus (adj. A) sienna
senectus (noun f. 3) old age; senescens (part. B) growing old
seni (num. adj. distrib. pl) six each
sense sensus q.v.
sensim (adv.) gradually
sensitive [to a stimulus] irritabilis (adj. B), sensitivus (adj. A); sensitive
glandular hair tentaculum (noun n. 2)
sensus (noun m. 4) opinion, view, sense; sensu (Ablative sing.) in the sense
or opinion of [person]; sensu lato (Ablative sing.) in a broad sense;
sensu stricto (Ablative sing.) in a narrow sense
senticosus (adj. A) with copious thorns or prickles
seorsus (adj. A) separate; seorsim, seorsum (adv. þ Ablative) apart,
separately
sepal sepalum (noun n. 2); sepaline sepalinus (adj. A);
sepaloid sepaloideus (adj. A); -sepalled (in Gk & Lat. comp.) -sepalus
(adj. A.)
separabilis (adj. B) separable
separate, separated discretus, disjunctus, disparatus, divulsus, segregatus,
sejunctus (all part. A), seorsus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) chori-, dialy-;
easily separated partibilis (adj. B); separating discedens, secedens
(both part. B); separately discretim, disjuncte, disjunctim, sejunctim,
seorsum (all adv.); separation separatio (noun f. 3)
separatus (part. A) detached
sepes, saepes (noun f. 3) hedge; sepiarius (adj. A) growing in or used for
hedges
sepiaceus (adj. A) bistre, sepia
sepimentum (noun n. 2) partition
sept-, septem-, septen- (in Lat. comp.) seven
septatus (adj. A) septate; septalis (adj. B) belonging to a septum; septatio
(noun f. 3) septation
Vocabulary 289
septem (num. adj. indecl.) seven

septeni (num. adj. distrib. pl.) seven each
septentrio (noun m. 3) north; septentrionalis (adj. B) northern
septicidal septicidalis (adj. B); septifragal septifragus (adj. A)
septies, septiens (num. adv.) seven times
septimus (ord. num., adj. A) seventh [see p. 00]
septum (noun n. 2) cross-wall, septum; having transverse septa tabulatus
(adj. A); without septa, non-septate aseptatus, eseptatus, continuus
(all adj. A)
sepulcretum (noun n. 2) graveyard; sepulcralis (adj. B) of a tomb
sequens (part. B) following
serialis (adj. B), seriatus (adj. A) arranged in rows; seriatim (adv.) in rows,
serially
sericeus (adj. A) silky
series series (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]
sero (adv.) late; serotinus (adj. A) late in coming
serpens (part. B) creeping
serpentinus (adj. A) serpentine, snake-like, or growing in serpentine rock
serpent-like colubrinus (adj. A)
serratus (adj. A) serrate, saw-edged; serratura (noun f. 1) serration, toothing
serus (adj. A) late
servatus (part. A) preserved, protected
sesqui- (in Lat. comp.) one and a half
sessile sessilis (adj. B), apodus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) sessil-, sessili-
seta (noun f. 1) bristle; setaceus (adj. A) bristle-like; setifer (adj. A) bristle-
bearing; setiformis (adj. B) bristle-shaped; setosus (adj. A) bristly;
setulosus (adj. A) minutely setose
setula (noun f. 1) a cystidium, hair-like appendage
seu (conj.) or
seven septem (num. adj., indecl.); seventh septimus (ord. num., adj. A) [see
p. 00]; seven each septeni (num. adj. distrib. pl); seven times septies,
septiens (both num. adv.); seven- (in Lat. comp.) sept-, septem-, septen-,
(in Gk comp.) hepta-
several aliquot (indecl. number), plures (adj. B, pl.); several- (in Lat. comp.)
plur-; several times aliquoties (adv.)
290 Vocabulary
sex [male, female] sexus (noun m. 4)

sex (num. adj. indecl.) six; sexies, sexiens (both num. adv.) six times
sex- (in Lat. comp.) six-
sexangularis (adj. B) hexagonal
sextus (num. ord., adj. A) sixth
sexualis (adj. B) sexual; sexualiter (adv.) sexually; sexual organs genitalia
(noun n. 2, pl.)
shade umbra (noun f. 1); shady umbrosus (adj. A); shady place opacum
(noun n. 2); shade-loving sciaphilus (adj. A)
shaggy horricomis (adj. B), intonsus (adj. A)
shaken off excussus (part. A)
shallow vadum (noun n. 2), vadosus (adj. A) or non altus, non profundus
(both adj. A)
shape figura, forma (both noun f. 1), conformatio (noun f. 3); of definite
shape figuratus (part. A); same shape as conformis (adj. B); of
different shapes versiformis (adj. B); shaped factus (part. A); -shaped
(in Lat. comp.) -formis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -morphus (adj. A)
sharp [pointed] acutus (adj. A), [bitter] acer (adj. B), [sour] amarus (adj. A),
[distinct] argutus (adj. A); sharply acute, [distinctly] argute (both adv.);
sharp-toothed argutus (adj. A); sharp (in Gk comp.) oxy-
shattered diffractus (part. A)
sheath vagina (noun f. 1); sheathed vaginatus (adj. A); sheathing vaginans
(part. B); sheath, leaf vagina (noun f. 1) folii (noun n. 2, Genitive sing.,
remains unchanged if vagina is declined)
shed exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A)
sheen nitor (noun m. 3)
shell-bearing conchifer (adj. A); shell-shaped conchatus (adj. A),
conchiformis (adj. B)
shield-shaped [circular] clypeatus, scutatus (both adj. A), scutiformis (adj. B)
shingle [pebbles] glarea (noun f. 1); seashore shingle glarea maritima
(noun f. 1, adj. A); river shingle glarea fluviatilis (noun f. 1, adj. A)
shining, shiny fulgens, nitens (both part. B), fulgidus (part. A), lucidus (adj.
A), nitidus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) lampro-
shoot surculus (noun m. 2); shooting propullulans (adj. B); vigorous shoot
[after pruning] apoblastus (noun m. 2); renewal shoot renovatio
Vocabulary 291
(noun f. 3); short shoot brachyblastus (noun m. 2); shoot- (in Gk

comp.) blast-, blasto-, clad-; -shoot (in Gk comp.) -cladus (adj. A)
shore litus, littus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; of the shore litoralis, littoralis
(adj. B)
short brevis (adj. B), curtus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) brachy-, (in Lat. comp.)
brevi-; very short brevissimus (adj. A sup.); shortly breviter (adv.);
shortness brevitas (noun f. 3); shortened abbreviatus (adj. A); short-
footed brevipes (adj. B)
shoulder humerus (noun m. 2); shouldered humeratus (adj. A)
showed indicatus (part. A); showing praebens (part. B)
shrimp-red palaemoneus (adj. A)
shrub arbustum (noun n. 2), frutex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; becoming shrubby
frutescens, fruticans (both part. B); shrubby fruticosus (adj. A);
shrublet fruticulus (noun m. 2)
sic (adv.) thus
siccus (adj. A) dry [state]; siccatus (part. A) dried up; siccatas (noun f. 3)
dryness, dried state
sick aeger (adj. A)
sickle-shaped falcatus (adj. A), falciformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) drepan-
sicut (adv.) just as
sicyoideus (adj. A) gourd-shaped
side latus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; on this side cis (prep. þ Accusative), also in
geographical compounds e.g. cisalpinus; side by side with appositus (part.
A); being side by side collateralis (adj. B); on all sides undique,
omnifariam, omnilateraliter, quaquaversum (all adv.)
sienna senatus (adj. A)
sieve-like cribratus, cribrosus (both adj. A)
sight, at first primo aspectu (adv. phr.)
sigillatim (adv.) markedly; sigillatus (adj. A) sigillate, marked with small
impressions
sigmoideus (adj. A) sigmoid
signum (noun n. 2) mark; signatus (part. A) marked
siliceus (adj. A) siliceous
silicule silicula (noun f. 1)
siliqua siliqua (noun f. 1)
292 Vocabulary
silky sericeus, bombycinus (both adj. A)

silva see sylva
silvery argenteus (adj. A); silver- (in Gk comp.) argyr-
silvicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of woods
similar in all respects consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive)
similaris (adj. B) alike, similar
similis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) similar to, like; similitudo (noun f.
3) likeness, resemblance; similiter (adv.) in like manner
simplex (adj. B) simple, single [as in single flower], undivided [see p. 00];
simplici- (in Lat. comp.) simple-; simpliciter (adv.) simply, plainly
simul (adv.) at the same time
simulans (part. B) imitating, resembling
simultaneus (adj. A) at the same time
sine (prep. þ Ablative) without
single solus (adj. A), [as in single flower] simplex (adj. B); single-
(in Gk comp.) haplo-, (in Lat. comp.) uni-
singulus (adj. A) individual; singulatim, singulariter (both adv.)
individually, separately; singularis (adj. B) single [solitary]; singuli
(num. distr. adj. pl.) one each
sinister (adj. A) on the left; sinistrorsum (adv.) towards the left; in
sinistrum (adv. phr.) to the left
sinker see dropper
sinuate sinuatus (adj. A); faintly sinuate sinuolatus (adj. A);
sinuous anfractuosus (adj. A); very sinuous sinuosus (adj. A)
sinus (noun m. 4) sinus, bay
sipho (noun m. 3) siphon [of alga]; siphoneus (adj. A) having elongated
tubes or non-septate filaments; siphon-, siphono-,-siphonius (adj. A)
(in Gk comp.) relating to tube or pipe
sistens (part. B) standing, appearing, supporting
sitting on, situated on insidens (part. B þ Dative)
situated situs, positus (both part. A)
situation [place] locus (noun m. 2), [position] situs (noun m. 4)
situs (noun m. 4) position
situs (part. A) placed, left
sive (conj.) or
Vocabulary 293
six sex (num. adj. indecl.); six each seni (num. adj. distrib. pl.); six times
sexies, sexiens (both num. adv.), (in Lat. comp.) sex-, (in Gk comp.)
hexa-
sixth sextus (ord. num., adj. A)
size amplitudo, magnitudo (both noun f. 3), statura (noun f. 1)
skeleton sceletus (noun m. 2)
sketch adumbratio, delineatio (both noun f. 3)
skin pellis (noun f. 3); skinned exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A), recutitus
(adj. A)
sky caelum (noun n. 2); sky blue caelestis (adj. B)
slanting obliquus (adj. A)
slate-coloured ardesiacus (adj. A); slate-blue lazulino-ardesiacus (adj. A)
slaty schistaceus
slender gracilis, exilis, tenuis (all adj. B); (in Gk comp.) ischno-, lept-, lepto-
slight exiguus (adj. A); slightly [lightly] leviter (adv.), [a little] parum (adv.),
[mildly] leniter (adv.), [weakly] dilute (adv.)
slime mucus (noun m. 2); slimy mucosus (adj. A); slimy, slime- (in Gk
comp.) myx-, myxo-
slipper-shaped calceiformis (adj. B), calceolatus (adj. A)
slippery labidus (adj. A), labilis (adj. B); smooth and slippery lubricus
(adj. A)
slit rima (noun f. 1)
slope [of a hill] clivus (noun m. 2), declivitas (noun f. 3); sloping devexus
(adj. A); sloping downwards declivis (adj. B); sloping upwards acclivis
(adj. B)
slow tardus (adj. A); slowly tarde, lente (both adv.)
sluggish lentus (adj. A)
small parvus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) tyttho-; smaller minus (comp. adj. n.),
(in Gk comp.) mei-, meio-; very small pusillus, parvulus, perparvus
(all adj. A); smallness parvitas (noun f. 3)
smaragdinus (adj. A) emerald-green
smeared illinitus, oblitus (both part. A)
smell odor, olor, fetor (all noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; having a smell odorus,
odorifer (both adj. A), odoratus (part. A); emitting a smell olens (part.
B), olidus (adj. A); smelling pleasantly suaveolens (adj. B), fragrans
(part. B), aromaticus (adj. A); smelling unpleasantly foetidus, putidus,
294 Vocabulary
stercoreus (all adj. A), graveolens (adj. B); without smell inodorus
(adj. A)
smoky fumeus, fumidus, fumosus (all adj. A); smoke-grey fumosus, fumeus
(both adj. A)
smooth laevis, levis (both adj. B) [see p. 00]; smooth, smoothed laevigatus,
levigatus (both adj. A); smoothed off derasus (part. A), rasilis (adj. B);
smooth (in Gk comp.) lei-, leio-, psil-, psilo-; smooth and slippery
lubricus (adj. A)
snail’s shell, coiled like cochleatus (adj. A)
snake-like serpentinus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) ophio-
snout rostrum (noun n. 2) [see p. 00]
snow nix (noun f. 3); snowy, snow-like nivalis (adj. B); snow-
white candidus, niveus (both adj. A), nivalis (adj. B); becoming snow-
white nivescens (part. B); full of snow nivosus (adj. A); snowy (in Gk
comp.) chion-, chiono-
so [thus, with adj.] ita (adv.), [thus, with verb] sic (adv.), [therefore] ergo
soaked irriguus, madidus (both adj. A), madefactus (part. A)
soapy saponaceus, saponarius (both adj. A)
sobol soboles (noun f. 3); sobolifer (adj. A) sobol-bearing
sodium sodium (noun n. 2)
soft [to touch] mollis, mitis, lenis (all adj. B), [in colour] lenis (adj. B), [in
taste] mitis (adj. B); softly molliter, leniter (both adv.); somewhat soft
molliusculus (adj. A); soft- (in Gk comp.) hapalo-
soil humus (noun f. 2), solum (noun n. 2); lumpy soil glebosus (adj. A)
soleiformis, solaeformis (both adj. B) sandal-shaped
solely solum, tantum (both adv.)
solenostela (noun f. 1) solenostele
solid solidus (adj. A)
solide (adv.) firmly
solidinervis (adj. B), solidinervius (adj. A) having undivided nerves running
from base to apex
solitarius (adj. A) alone, solitary
solitus (adj. A) usual, customary
sollemniter (adv.) customarily
solstitialis (adj. B) pertaining to summer
Vocabulary 295
solubilis (adj. B) separating into parts

solum (noun n. 2) soil, floor
solum (adv.) exclusively, only
solus (adj. A) alone, single
solution solutio (noun f. 3)
solutus (part. A) set free, not adhering
soma (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.) body
somatic somaticus (adj. A)
some aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (adj., decl. like qui, see p. 00); somewhat [with
numbers] aliquot (adv.); some, several aliquot [indecl. num.]
somehow aliquam (adv.); sometimes aliquando, interdum, nonnumquam,
quandoque (all adv.); somewhat aliquanto, aliquantum, nonnihil
(all adv.)
son filius (noun m. 2)
soon cito, mox, jam (all adv.)
soot fuligo (noun f. 3); sooty fuligineus (adj. A); sooty, full of soot
fuliginosus (adj. A)
soralium soralium (noun n. 2)
sordidus (adj. A) dingy, soiled
soredium (noun n. 2) sorede, soredium; sorediatus (adj. A) with soredia;
esorediatus (adj. A) lacking soredia
sorocarp sorocarpium (noun n. 2)
sorophore sorophorum (noun n. 2)
sort: what sort? qualis (pron. adj., decl. like laevis, see p. 00)
sorus sorus (noun m. 2); sorus-bearing sorifer (adj. A)
-sorus (adj. A, in Lat. & Gk comp.) pertaining to a sorus
sour see bitter
source origo (noun f. 3)
south meridies (noun m. 5); southern australis, meridionalis (both adj. B),
(in Lat. comp.) austro-, (in Gk comp.) nŏto-
sown sativus (adj. A), seminatus (part. A)
space spatium (noun n. 2); spaced [arranged] dispositus (part. A), [scattered]
dispersus (part. A); well-spaced dissitus (adj. A); spacious spatiosus
(adj. A)
spadiceus (adj. A) brown, date-coloured
296 Vocabulary
spadix spadix (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]

span-, spano- (in Gk comp.) few, scarce
spargens (part. B) dispersing
sparing parcus (adj. A); sparingly parce (adv.)
sparkling scintillans (part. B)
sparse (English) sparsus (adj. A); sparsely sparsim (adv.)
sparse (adv.) infrequently; sparsim (adv.) sparsely; sparsus (part. A)
scattered, sparse
spatha (noun f. 1) spathe; spathaceus (adj. A) spathe-like, having a
spathe; spathiformis (adj. B) spathe-like; woody spathe cymba
(noun f. 1)
spathilla spathilla (noun f. 1)
spathulatus, spatulatus (adj. A) spathulate; spathuli-, spatuli-
(in Lat. comp.) spathulate
spatium (noun n. 2) interval, space; spatiosus (adj. A) of great extent
spear-shaped hastilis (adj. B); spear- (in Lat. comp.) hasti-
special peculiaris, specialis (both adj. B), proprius (adj. A)
species species (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; specific specificus (adj. A);
specifically specifice (adv.)
specified certus (adj. A)
specimen specimen (noun n. 3), exemplum (noun n. 2)
speciosus (adj. A) showy
speck gutta (noun f. 1); speckled see macula, sphacelatus
spectans (part. B) facing
spectatus (part. A) seen
speedily [quickly] cito (adv.), [immediately] confestim
spelunca (noun f. 1) cave
-sperma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) seed; -spermus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -
seeded
spermagonium spermogonium (noun n. 2)
spermatangium (noun n. 2) spermatangium; spermatangialis (adj. B)
spermatangial
spermatium (noun n. 2) spermatium
spermatozoideus (noun m. 2) motile gamete
spermogonium (noun n. 2) spermagonium, structure producing spermatia
Vocabulary 297
sphacelatus (adj. A) having brown or blackish speckling

sphaericus (adj. A) globose, spherical; sphaero- (in Gk comp.) globose,
spherical
sphaerocysta (noun f. 1) sphaerocyst, globose cell
sphaeroideus (adj. A) globose but somewhat flattened at poles
sphaeropedunculatus (adj. A) with cystidium swollen spherically at the tip
and narrowing into an elongated stalk
sphalma (noun n. 3) error, mistake
sphen-, spheno- (in Gk comp.) wedge-
sphere globus (noun m. 2)
spica (noun f. 1) spike; spicatus (adj. A) spicate; spicifer (adj. A) spike-
bearing; spiciformis (adj. B) resembling a spike
spicula (noun f. 1) spikelet
spiculatus (adj. A) covered with fine points
spiculum (noun n. 2) spicule
spike spica (noun f. 1) q.v.; relating to a spike (in Gk comp.) stachy-,
stachyo-, -stachys (noun f. 3, stem stachyd-),-stachyus (adj. A)
spikelet spicula (noun f. 1)
spindle-shaped fusiformis (adj. B)
spine spina (noun f. 1); spiny spineus, spinosus (both adj. A); spine-bearing
spinifer (adj. A); spine-cell spinula (noun f. 1); spine-like spiniformis
(adj. B); spinescent spinescens (part. B); spinule spinula (noun f. 1);
spinulose spinulosus (adj. A); without spines inermis (adj. B)
spira (noun f. 1) coil
spiral gyrosus (adj. A), spiralis (adj. B); spiralling terebrans (part. B);
spirally spiratim, spiraliter (both adv.); spirally twisted torsivus,
helicus (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) helic-
spissus (adj. A) dense, close together; spisse (adv.) compactly, densely;
spissescens (part. B) becoming thick
splash-cup scyphulus (noun m. 2)
splendens (part. B) shining, brilliant; splendide (adv.) brightly
splendour (in Gk comp.) -doxa (noun f. 1),-doxus (adj. A)
splitting findens (part. B); splitting apart findens, secedens (both part. B); a
split fissura, scissura (both noun f. 1); split fissus (adj. A), fissilis (adj.
B), (in Gk comp.) schist-, schisto-, schiz-, schizo-
spod-, spodo- (in Gk comp.) grey-
298 Vocabulary
spongy fungosus, spongiosus (both adj. A)

spontaneus (adj. A) growing wild naturally
spoon-shaped cochleariformis, cochlearis (both adj. B)
sporadic sporadicus (adj. A)
sporangiatus (adj. A) producing spores
sporangium (noun n. 2) sporangium; sporangiospora (noun f. 1)
sporangiospore; sporangifer (adj. A) sporangium-bearing;
sporangiolum (noun n. 2) small sporangium; sporangiophorum
(noun n. 2) stalk of a sporangium
spore spora (noun f. 1); spore-bearing sporifer, sporophorus (both adj. A);
producing spores sporogenus (adj. A); -spored (in comp.) -sporus (adj.
A); spore, non-motile akinetum (noun n. 2)
sporidiole sporidiolum (noun n. 2)
sporidium sporidium (noun n. 2)
sporocarp sporocarpium (noun n. 2)
sporoclade sporocladium (noun n. 2)
sporocyst sporocysta (noun f. 1)
sporodochidium sporodochidium (noun n. 2)
sporodochium sporodochium (noun n. 2)
sporogenus (adj. A) producing spores
sporophore sporophorum (noun n. 2)
sporophydium sporophydium (noun n. 2)
sporophyll sporophyllum (noun n. 2)
sporophyte sporophytum (noun n. 2)
sporostegium sporostegium (noun n. 2)
sporothecium sporothecium (noun n. 2)
sporulation sporulatio (noun f. 3); sporulating sporulatus (part. A)
spot [blotch] macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00], [prick] punctum (noun n. 2),
[drop] gutta (noun f. 1); spotted maculatus, punctatus, guttatus (all adj.
A); (in Gk comp.) balio-, sticto-; full of spots maculosus (adj. A);
without spots astictus (adj. A), immaculatus (part. A); spot-shaped
maculiformis (adj. B)
spreading [outstretched] effusus, expansus (all part. A), patens (part. B),
patulus (adj. A), [extending] extendens, procurrens (both part. B);
widely spreading [in habit] effusus (part. A); outspread explanatus
(part. A)
Vocabulary 299
spring [season] ver (noun n. 3); of springtime vernalis (adj. B), vernus (adj. A)
spring [water] fons (noun m. 3), scaturigo (noun f. 3); growing by or in
springs fontanus (adj. A), fontinalis (adj. B), scaturiginus (adj. A)
springing out exiliens (part. B); springing up exiens (part. B); springing
back resiliens (part. B)
sprinkled conspersus, adspersus (both part. A); sprinkled upon inspersus
(part. A)
sprout [a shoot] surculus (noun m. 2); sprouting again repullulans (part. B)
spuma (noun f. 1) froth, scum; spumeus, spumosus (both adj. A) foaming,
frothy
spur brachyblastus (noun m. 2), calcar (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], cornu (noun n.
4) [see p. 00]; spurred calcaratus (adj. A); spur-like calcariformis
(adj. B)
squama (noun f. 1) scale; squamatus, squamosus (both adj. A) scaly;
squamiformis (adj. B) shaped like a scale; squamulosus (adj. A)
minutely scaly; squamula (noun f. 1) in grasses lodicule, in lichens small
lobe of thallus; squamella, squamellula (both noun f. 1) in grasses
lodicule, in daisies subdivision of pappus
square quadratus (adj. A), also (part. A) = squared
squarrosus (adj. A) squarrose
stachy-, stachyo-, -stachys (noun f. 3, stem stachyd-), -stachyus (adj. A, in Gk
comp.) relating to a spike
-stagma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) nectary
stagnant stagnans (part. B), iners (adj. B) [see p. 00]
stagnum (noun n. 2) pond; stagnalis, stagnatalis (both adj. B) belonging to
ponds, growing in standing water
stain labes (noun f. 3); stained [by dyeing] coloratus (adj. A), fucatus,
imbutus, tinctus (all part. A), [by soiling] foedatus, inquinatus (both
part. A)
stalagmospore stalagmospora (noun f. 1)
stalk [of leaf] petiolus (noun m. 2), [of frond or agaric] stipes (noun m. 3) [see
p. 00], [of inflorescence] pedunculus (noun m. 2), [of flower] pedicellus
(noun m. 2), [of moss capsule] seta (noun f. 1); stalkless sessilis (adj. B),
apodus (adj. A)
stamen stamen (noun n. 3); stamens [as a group] androecium (noun n. 2);
without stamens anandrus (adj. A); stamens and pistil together
300 Vocabulary
genitalia (noun n. 2, pl.); within the stamens intrastaminalis (adj. B);

relating to filament (in Gk comp.) -nema (noun n. 3); -stamened (in
Lat. comp.) -stamineus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -andrus (adj. A),-stemon
(noun n. 3, stem stemon-)
staminalis, staminaris, staminealis (all adj. B), stamineus (adj. A) staminal;
staminatus (adj. A) having stamens, staminate; staminifer (adj. A)
stamen-bearing
staminode staminodium (noun n. 2)
staminosus (adj. A) having very prominent stamens
standard (petal) vexillum (noun n. 2)
standing sistens (part. B); standing out extans, prominens (both part. B)
stans (part. B) standing upright
star astrum (noun n. 2), stella (noun f. 1)
starch amylum (noun n. 2); starch-like amyloideus (adj. A);
starchy amylaceus (adj. A), farinaceus (adj. A); not starchy
inamyloideus (adj. A)
starry stellatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) astero-, astro-
starwort aster (noun m. 3)
state [position, condition] status (noun m. 4)
statim (adv.) immediately, at once
stationary sedentarius (adj. A)
statura (noun f. 1) stature, size
status (noun m. 4) condition; in statu vivo in a living state
stauros stauros (noun m. 2)
staying [remaining] manens (part. B)
steel grey chalybeus (adj. A)
steep abscissus (part. A), devexus (adj. A)
steg-, stegan- (in Gk comp.) roof-, roofed
-stela, -stele (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) column
stella (noun f. 1) star; stellaris (adj. B), stellatus (adj. A) stellate; stellatim
(adv.) stellately; stellinervis (adj. B) stellately nerved
stellate astero-, astro- (in Gk comp.)
stem caulis (noun m. 3); pertaining to the stem caulinus (adj. A); stem-
clasping amplexicaulis (adj. B); stemless acaulescens, acaulis (both adj.
B); -stemmed (in Gk & Lat. comp.) -caulis (adj. B)
Vocabulary 301
-stemma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) garland, wreath

-stemon (noun n. 3, in Gk comp., stem stemon-) -stamen
steppe steppa (noun f. 1)
stercus (noun n. 3) dung; stercorarius (adj. A) pertaining to dung; sterc-,
sterco- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to dung; stercoreus (adj. A) stinking
like dung
stereid stereida (noun f. 1)
sterigma sterigma (noun n. 3)
sterile sterilis (adj. B); sterility sterilitas (noun f. 3); sterilised sterilifactus,
sterilisatus (both adj. A)
sternum (noun n. 2) in diatoms, central area of raphe
stichid stichidium (noun n. 2)
stichobasidium stichobasidium (noun n. 2)
-stichus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) in a row or line
sticky glutinosus, viscidus (both adj. A)
stictus (adj. A) dotted; stict-, sticto- (in Gk comp.) spotted, dotted
stiff rigidus (adj. A), rigens (part. B); becoming stiff rigescens (part. B)
stigma (noun n. 3) stigma, eye-spot [see p. 00]; stigmaticus
(adj. A) stigmatic; stigmatifer (adj. A) stigma-bearing; stigmatiformis
(adj. B), stigmatoideus (adj. A) shaped or appearing like a stigma;
stigmatosus (adj. A) having a well-developed or conspicuous stigma
stigmatocyst stigmatocysta (noun f. 1)
stigmatopod stigmatopodium (noun n. 2)
stilbeus (adj. A), stilbiformis (adj. B), stilboideus (adj. A) stilboid
still quietus, tranquillus (both adj. A)
stilt-like gralliformis (adj. B)
stilt root radix (noun f. 3) gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together)
stimulus (noun m. 2) sting; stimulans (part. B) stinging; stimulosus (adj. A)
having many stings
sting stimulus (noun m. 2); stinging stimulans, urens (both part. B); without
stings inermis (adj. B)
stinking foetens (adj. B), foetidus (adj. A), [rotten] putidus (adj. A), [like
dung] stercoreus (adj. A)
stipatus (part. A) crowded [surrounded]
stipe stipes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; stipitatus (adj. A) stipitate
302 Vocabulary
stipella (noun f. 1) stipel; stipellatus (adj. A) having stipels

stipitipellis (noun f. 3) stipitipellis
stipule stipula (noun f. 1); stipularis (adj. A), stipulaceus (adj. A)
stipulaceous or of the stipules; stipulaneus (adj. A) taking the place of
stipules; stipulifer (adj. A) stipule-bearing; stipuliformis (adj. B)
shaped like a stipule
stipulode stipulodium (noun n. 2)
stirps (noun f. 3) plant, stock, race
stolo (noun m. 3) runner, stolon; stoloniformis (adj. B) resembling a stolon;
stoloniformiter (adv.) like a stolon
stoma, stomate stoma (noun n. 3); stomata-bearing stomatophorus
(adj. A)
stomatopodium (noun n. 2) stomatopodium
stomium (noun n. 2) stomium
stone [of a drupe] putamen (noun n. 3)
stone [rock] lapis (noun m. 3), saxum (noun n. 2); stony lapidosus, saxosus
(both adj. A); stone-hard, made of stone lapideus (adj. A);
becoming stone-hard lapidescens (part. B); small stone lapidulus
(noun m. 2); stony ground saxa (noun n. 2, pl.) stone- (in Gk comp.)
lith-, litho-. See also rock
stopper obturamentum (noun n. 2)
stopping desinens (part. B)
stored conditus (part. A)
stout [thick] crassus (adj. A), [strong] validus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pachy-
straggling effusus (part. A)
straight rectus, strictus (both adj. A); fairly straight rectiusculus (adj. A); going
straight directus (part. A); straight-nerved rectinervis (adj. B), rectinervius
(adj. A); straight (in Lat. comp.) recti-, (in Gk comp.) orth-, ortho-
straightforward prorsus (adj. A)
strait fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4)
stramineus (adj. A) straw-coloured
strand [shoreline] littus (noun n. 3), [thread] filum (noun n. 2)
strange [unusual] insuetus (adj. A), [wonderful] mirus (adj. A), [foreign]
peregrinus (adj. A)
strap-shaped ligulatus, loratus (both adj. A), loriformis (adj. B); (in Gk
comp.) himanto-
Vocabulary 303
stratum (noun n. 2) layer; stratosus (adj. A) in distinct layers; -stratus

(adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -layered
straw-coloured stramineus (adj. A)
streak [e.g. of colour] virga (noun f. 1); streaked virgatus (adj. A); having
very fine, irregular streaks aciculatus (adj. A)
stream flumen (noun n. 3), rivulus (noun m. 2); referring to streams
fluminalis (adj. B), flumineus (adj. A)
stretched out porrectus (part. A)
stria (noun f. 1) streak, groove, line, in cryptogams rib; striatus (adj. A)
striate, fluted; not striate estriatus (adj. A)
strictura (noun f. 1) constriction
strictus (adj. A) straight, upright
striga (noun f. 1) striga [a short, stiff hair]; strigosus (adj. A) strigose
striking conspicuus (adj. A)
striola (noun f. 1) fine linear marking; striolatus (adj. A) striolate
stripe [of colour] virga (noun f. 1); striped [with longitudinal lines, banded]
vittatus (adj. A), [fasciated] fasciatus (adj. A), [with raised lines]
grammatus (adj. A); irregularly striped marmoratus (adj. A)
stripped denudatus (part. A)
strobilus (noun m. 2) cone; strobiliformis (adj. B), strobilaceus (adj. A),
strobilinus (adj. A) cone-like, strobilaceous
stroma (noun n. 3) stroma; -stromaticus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -layered
strombuliformis (adj. B) twisted in a long cone
strong fortis (adj. B), validus (adj. A); strongly fortiter, valde (both adv.)
strophiole strophiolum (noun n. 2)
structure structura (noun f. 1)
struma (noun f. 1) a swelling, tumour; strumosus (adj. A) having a swelling;
strumulosus (adj. A) having a small swelling
strut tigillum (noun n. 2)
stuffed farctus (part. A), fartilis (adj. B)
stuppeus, stupposus (both adj. A) tow-like, covered with tow-like hairs
style stylus (noun m. 2) q.v.
styliductus (noun m. 3) stylar canal
stylodium (noun n. 2) stylodium
stylogonidium (noun n. 2) stylogonidium
304 Vocabulary
stylopodium (noun n. 2) stylopod

stylospore stylospora (noun f. 1)
stylostegium (noun n. 2) stylostegium
stylus (noun m. 2) style; stylatus (adj. A) having a style; stylaris (adj. B)
relating to a style; stylifer (adj. A) bearing a style; styliformis (adj. B)
shaped like a style; stylinus (adj. A) belonging to a style; systylus
(adj. A) having several styles united into one organ; astylus (adj. A)
without a style
suaveolens (adj. B) fragrant, sweetly scented; suavis (adj. B) pleasant, sweet
sub (prep.) under, below: with Ablative to indicate position below, beneath, or
time at which something happens; with Accusative to indicate action
below or towards something or approaching the time when something
happens
sub- (pref. in Lat. comp. before vowels, most consonants) almost, somewhat;
before c use suc-, before f use suf-, before g use sug-
subaestualis (adj. B) subtidal
subductus (part. A) dredged, pulled up
subepilithicus (adj. A) [of a crustose lichen] midway between epilithic and
endolithic
suber (noun n. 3) cork; subereus, suberosus (both adj. A) corky [but note
next entry]
sub-erosus (adj. A) somewhat erose
subfamily subfamilia (noun f. 1); to form name of a subfamily add -oideae
(Nominative f. pl., adj. A) to stem of name of type genus
subgenus subgenus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
subgleba (noun f. 1) subgleba, tissue that supports the gleba
subhymenium (noun n. 2) subhymenium, generative tissue subtending the
hymenium
subicle subiculum (noun n. 2)
subinde (adv.) occasionally or immediately after
subito (adv.) suddenly
subjectus (part. A) placed below, lying beneath
sub lente (adv. phr.) under a lens
sublittoralis (adj. B) below the littoral zone
submarinus (adj. A) under the sea
submerged demersus, immersus, submersus (all part. A)
Vocabulary 305
submuriformis (adj. B) submuriform

suborder subordo (noun m. 3); to form name of a suborder add -ales
(Nominative f. pl., adj. B) to stem of name of type family
subpseudopodium (noun n. 2) fine extension on leading edge of
pseudopodium
subsection subsectio (noun f. 3)
subseries subseries (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]
subsidiarius (adj. A) subsidiary
subspecies subspecies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]
substance substantia (noun f. 1), contextus (noun m. 4), [flesh] caro
(noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
substrate substratum (noun n. 2)
subtended subtentus, suffultus (both part. A)
subter (adv.) below, underneath; also (prep. þ Accusative or Ablative) below,
beneath
subterraneus (adj. A) below-ground, underground
subtidal subaestualis (adj. B)
subtilis (adj. B) delicate, fine; subtiliter (adv.) finely, delicately
subtracted demptus (part. A)
subtribe subtribus (noun f. 4); to form name of a subtribe add -inae (suff.,
adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) to stem of name of type genus
subtus (adv.) below, beneath
subula (noun f. 1) fine sharp point; subulatus (adj. A), subuliformis (adj. B)
subulate, awl-shaped; subuli- (in Lat. comp.) subulate-
subvexus (adj. A) sloping upwards
successive successivus (adj. A); successively successive, deinceps, invicem
(all adv.)
succidus (adj. A) juicy
succineus (adj. A) amber-coloured
succisus (part. A) abruptly broken off
succosus (adj. A) full of juice
succubus (adj. A) succubous
succulent carnosus, succulentus (both adj. A)
succus (noun m. 2) sap, juice; succidus, succosus (both adj. A) juicy
sucker surculus (noun m. 2)
306 Vocabulary
suddenly subito, abrupte (both adv.)

sufflatus (part. A) blown out, inflated
suffrutex (noun m. 3) undershrub [see p. 00]; suffrutescens (adj. B) slightly
woody; sufruticosus (adj. A) somewhat woody
suffultus (part. A) subtended, supported
suffusus (part. A) tinged
sugar saccharum (noun n. 2); sugary saccharinus (adj. A); sugary, appearing
sugar-coated saccharatus (adj. A); sugar-bearing saccharifer (adj. B)
sugillatus (part. A) bruised
sui (pron.) of itself
suitable aptus (part. A), idoneus (adj. A)
sulcus (noun m. 2) furrow, groove; sulcatus (part. A) furrowed, grooved;
sulcinervis (adj. B), sulcinervius (adj. A) with nerves in grooves
sulphur yellow sulphureus (adj. A)
summary breviarium (noun n. 2)
summer aestas (noun f. 3); pertaining to summer aestivalis (adj. B), aestivus
(adj. A), solstitialis (adj. B)
summopere (adv.) exceedingly
summum (noun n. 2) the top; summus (adj. A) uppermost, highest
sun sol (noun m. 3); growing in the sun apricus (adj. A); sun-loving
photophilus (adj. A); an open, sunny place apricum (noun n. 2);
sun- (in Gk comp.) helio-
sunken [pressed down] depressus, [pressed into] impressus (part. A), [sunken]
immersus (part. A), [buried] infossus (part. A); (in Lat. comp.) impressi-
super (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative) over [extending over]; also pref. in
Lat. comp.
superatus (part. A) over-topped; superans (part. B) over-topping
superaxillaris, supra-axillaris (both adj. B) placed above an axil
superficialis (adj. B) occuring on upper surface; superficies (noun f. 5) upper
surface [see p. 00]
superficiaris (adj. B) on the surface
superimpositus (part. A) overlapping, placed upon
superior (adj. compar.) higher, upper, former
superior [e.g. ovary] superus (adj. A)
superjectus (part. A) lying above
Vocabulary 307
superne (adv.) from above, upwards

superpendens (part. B) overhanging
superpositus (part. A) overlapping, placed upon
superus (ad. A) upper, higher
supervolute supervolutivus (adj. A)
supinus (adj. A) bent backwards, prostrate
suppetens (part. B) available, at hand
support ops (noun f. 3) [aid]; supporting fulciens, fulcrans, sistens,
sustinens (all part. B); supported fulcratus, fultus, suffultus (all part. A).
supra (prep. þ Accusative, adv.) above, over; also pref. in Lat. comp.
supraterraneus (adj. A) above-ground
supremus (adj. A) highest
sur- (in Lat. comp.) almost, somewhat
surculus (noun m. 2) shoot, sucker
surface pagina (noun f. 1); on the surface superficiaris (adj. B); upper
surface superficies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; occurring on upper surface
superficialis (adj. B)
surgens (part. B) arising
surrounded circumcinctus, circumnexus (both part. A);
surrounding ambiens, cingens (both part. B)
sursum (adv.) upwards
survey conspectus (noun m. 4)
suspended dependens (part. B), suspensus (part. A)
sustinens (part. B) supporting, upholding
suture sutura (noun f. 1); sutural suturalis (adj. B)
suus (adj. A, possess. pron.) its own, their
swamp palus (noun f. 3); swampy palustris (adj. B)
sward caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]
sweet dulcis, suavis (both adj. B); (in Gk comp.) hedy-; sweet-tasting
or-scented (in Gk comp.) glyco-
swelling tumor (noun m. 3); swelling up intumescens, tumescens, tumens
(all part. B)
swimming fluitans (part. B)
swing, able to oscillatorius (adj. A); swinging oscillans (part. B); swinging
to and fro vacillans (part. B)
308 Vocabulary
swollen tumidus (adj. A); swollen with praegnans (adj. B); swollen
(in Gk comp.) onco-, oedo-
sword-shaped ensatus, gladiatus (both adj. A), ensiformis (adj. B);
sword-leaved ensifolius (adj. A); sword-like xiphoideus, (in Gk comp.)
xiph-, xipho-
sy- (pref. in Gk comp. before s) with, together
syconium syconium (noun n. 2)
syl- (pref. in Gk comp. before l) with, together
sylva, silva (noun f. 1) forest, wood; sylvaticus (adj. A), sylvestris (adj. B)
pertaining to forest or wood; sylvicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of forest
or wood
sym- (pref. in Gk comp. before b, m and p) with, together
symbiont symbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-)
symbiosis (noun f. 3) symbiosis
symmetrical symmetricus (adj. A); not symmetrical asymmetricus (adj. A)
sympatric sympatricus (adj. A)
sympetalus (adj. A) gamopetalous
sympodial sympodialis (adj. B)
sympodule sympodula (noun f. 1)
syn-, sys- (pref. in Gk comp. before r) with, together; see also sy-, syl-, sym-
synandrium synandrium (noun n. 2)
synangium synangium (noun n. 2)
synantherus, synanthericus (both adj. A) with anthers cohering in a ring
or tube
synanthus, synanthius (both adj. A) produced at same time as flowers
syncarp syncarpium (noun n. 2); syncarpous syncarpus (adj. A)
syngenesus (adj. A) with anthers united in a ring or tube
synnema synnema (noun n. 3)
synoecium synoecium (noun n. 2)
synoicus (adj. A) synoicous
synonym synonymum (noun n. 2); synonymy synonymia (noun f. 1)
syntype syntypus (noun m. 2)
sys- (pref. in Gk comp. before s) with, together
systema (noun n. 3) system, a whole with several parts
systylus (adj. A) having several styles united into one organ
Vocabulary 309
T
tabacinus (adj. A) pale brown
tabescens (part. B) wasting away; tabidus (part. A) wasted away, stunted,
hence aborted
tabula (noun f. 1) plate, illustration
tabularis (adj. B) flattened horizontally
tabulatus (adj. A) having layers or transverse septa
tactilis (adj. B) sensitive to touch
taenia (noun f. 1) ribbon, band; taeniatus (adj. A), taeniformis (adj. B)
band-shaped; taenianus (adj. A) long and flattened [like a tapeworm];
taeni-, taenio- (in Gk and Lat. comp.) band-like, strap-shaped
tail cauda (noun f. 1); with a tail caudatus (adj. A); tail-, -tailed (in Gk.
comp.) uro-, -urus (adj. A)
taken away from ademptus, demptus (both part. A); taken out of excerptus
(part. A); taking up [assimilating] assumens (part. B)
tall altus, celsus, elatus, excelsus, praelongus (all adj. A); very tall procerus
(adj. A)
tam (adv.) so far, equally
tamen (adv.) nevertheless
tandem (adv.) eventually, at length, finally
tangential tangentialis (adj. B)
tangerinus (adj. A) orange
tangled implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A)
tanquam (adv.) much as
tantum (adv.) only, merely
tantus quantus (both adj. A, decl. together) as great as
tapering [narrowed] angustatus (part. A) [see p. 00], [drawn together]
contractus (part. A), [growing less] decrescens (part. B), deminutus
(part. A), [lengthened] protractus (part. A)
tap-root radix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
tardus (adj. A) slow; tarde (adv.) slowly
taste gustus (noun m. 4), sapor (noun m. 3); tasteless insipidus (adj. A)
tatareus (adj. A) with thick, rough, crumbling surface
310 Vocabulary
tawny fulvus, ravus (both adj. A); becoming tawny fulvescens (part. B);
somewhat tawny fulvidus (adj. A); tawny- (in Lat. comp.) fulvi-, fulvo-
taxon taxon (noun n. 2)
tearing findens (part. B)
tear-shaped lacrimiformis (adj. B), dacryoideus (adj. A)
tectum (noun n. 2) roof
tectus (part. A) concealed, hidden, covered
tegens (part. B) covering, concealing
teges (noun f. 3) mat
tegmen (noun n. 3), tegmentum (noun n. 2) covering, also glume [in grasses]
tegula (noun f. 1) phyllary, involucral scale
tegumen (noun n. 3) [outer] seed coat
tegumentum (noun n. 2) indusium
tela (noun f. 1) web, mycelium
teleianthus (adj. A) hermaphrodite
teleutospore teleutospora (noun f. 1)
teliospore teliospora (noun f. 1)
telium telium (noun n. 2)
telmat- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to damp or wet sites
temere, temeriter (both adv.) at random
temperate temperatus (part. A)
tempus (noun n. 3) time; tempore (noun. n. 3, Ablative sing. þ
Genitive) during [at the time of]
ten decem (num. adj. indecl.); ten each deni (num. distr. adj. pl.); ten times,
tenfold deciens, decies (num. adv.); ten- (in Lat. comp.) decem-, (in
Gk comp.) deca-
tenaculum (noun n. 2) tenacle, holdfast
tenax (adj. B) holding fast, tough [see p. 00]
tendril capreolus, cirrus (both noun m. 2); having tendrils cirratus, cirrosus
(both adj. A); bearing tendril(s) cirrifer (adj. A); tendril-
like cirriformis (adj. B)
tenebrosus (adj. A) dark, gloomy
tenellus (adj. A) delicate
tenens (part. B) holding
tentaculum (noun n. 2) sensitive glandular hair
Vocabulary 311
tenth decimus (ord. num., adj. A)

tenuis (adj. B) delicate, fine, slender; tenuitas (noun f. 3) thinness; tenuiter
(adv.) finely, lightly; tenui- (in Lat. comp.) slender, thin
tenus (prep. þ Ablative) as far as
tepal tepalum (noun n. 2); tepaline tepalinus (adj. A)
tephro- (in Gk comp.) grey-
ter (num. adv.) three times, trebly
terebrans (part. B) drilling, spiralling
teres (adj. B) terete; tereti- (in Lat. comp.) terete-
tergeminatus, tergeminus (both adj. A) tergeminate
terminal terminalis (adj. B), apicalis (adj. B); terminated terminatus
(part. A); terminating terminans (part. B); having terminal flowers
acranthus (adj. A); having terminal fruit acrocarpus (adj. A)
ternarius (adj. A) consisting of threes; ternatus (adj. A) ternate; ternato-
pinnatus (adj. A) ternately pinnate; terni (num. distr. adj. pl.) three
each; terni- (in Lat. comp.) three-
terra (noun f. 1) earth, land, soil; terrestris (adj. B) of the land
terreus (adj. A) earth-coloured [brownish]
tertiary tertiarius (adj. A)
tertius (ord. num., adj. A) third
tessellatus (adj. A) chequered, tessellate
tessularis (adj. B) more or less cubical
testa (noun f. 1) [outer] seed coat
testaceus (adj. A) brick-red
teste (prep.) according to
testiculatus (adj. A) testiculate
tetra- (in Gk comp.) four-; tetradidymus (adj. A) having four pairs;
tetradynamus (adj. A) tetradynamous; tetradymus (adj. A) having
four cells; tetraploideus (adj. A) tetraploid
tetrad tetras (noun f. 3)
tetrahedral tetraedricus, tetraedrus (both adj. A), tetrahedralis (adj. B)
tetrasporangium (noun n. 2) tetrasporangium; tetraspore tetraspora (noun
f. 1); tetrasporangial tetrasporangialis (adj. B)
tetraspore tetraspora (noun f. 1)
tetrasporophyton, tetrasporophytum (both noun n. 2) tetrasporophyte
312 Vocabulary
textilis (adj. B) woven

textura (noun f. 1) tissue
texture consistentia (noun f. 1)
thalamium thalamium (noun n. 2)
thalamus (noun m. 2) receptacle, torus; thalamiflorus (adj. A) thalamifloral
thalassicus (adj. A) sea-green
thalloconidium (noun n. 2) thalloconidium
thallospore thallospora (noun f. 1)
thallus (noun m. 2) thallus; thalliformis (adj. B) like a thallus; thallinus
(adj. A), thallodialis (adj. B), thallodicus (adj. A) thalline; thallodes,
thalloides (both adj. B) like a thallus
than quam (adv.)
that ut (conj.) [used with subjunctive verb]
the there is no equivalent in Latin; it’s included within a noun
theca theca (noun f. 1)
-theca (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) -cover,-case
thecatus (adj. A) thecate, armoured
thecium thecium (noun n. 2)
their suus (possess. pron.)
thele- (in Gk comp.) nipple-
thely- (in Gk comp.) female
then dein, deinde, ibi, tum (all adv.)
thence illinc, inde (both adv.)
there ibi, illic (both adv.)
thereafter dein, deinde (adv.)
therefore ergo, ideo, igitur, itaque (all adv.)
thermae (noun f. 1, pl.) warm or hot springs; thermalis (adj. B) relating to
warm water
thick crassus (adj. A), [closely packed] densus (adj. A); thickened concretus,
incrassatus, inspissatus (all part. A); thickly crasse (adv.); moderately
thick crassiusculus (adj. A); thickening spissescens (part. B);
thick-skinned pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A); thick-
(in Gk comp.) pachy-
thicket dumetum (noun n. 2)
thickness crassities (noun f. 5)
Vocabulary 313
thick-skinned pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A)

thin [slender] gracilis, tenuis (both adj. B), [diluted] dilutus (part. A),
[meagre] exilis (adj. B); thinness tenuitas (noun f. 3); very thin
pertenuis (adj. B); thinly tenuiter, rare (both adv.); thin (in Lat. comp.)
tenui-, (in Gk comp.) ischno-, lept-, lepto-
thinium (noun n. 2) dune
third tertius (ord. num., adj. A), triens (noun m. 3)
this hic, haec, hoc (dem. pron.) [see p. 00]
tholus (noun m. 2) dome; tholiformis (adj. B) dome-shaped
thorn spina (noun f. 1); thorny spinosus (adj. A); with copious thorns
senticosus (adj. A); thorn-bush dumus (noun m. 2); thorn scrub
dumetum (noun n. 2)
though quamquam (conj.)
thread filum (noun n. 2); thread-like filiformis (adj. B); relating to threads
(in Lat. comp.) fili-, (in Gk comp.) -nema (noun n. 3), nemato-
three tres, tres, tria (num. adj. B) [see p. 00]
three- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) tri-; consisting of threes ternarius (adj. A); three
each terni (num. distr. adj. pl.); three-quarters dodrans (noun m. 3);
three times ter (num. adv.)
-thrix (noun f. 3, in Gk comp.) hair
throat [botanical Lat.] faux (noun f. 3, sing.), [classical Lat.] fauces
(noun f. 3, pl.)
through per (prep. þ Accusative); through (pref. in Lat. comp.) per-, (pref.
in Gk comp.) dia-
throughout omnino, penitus, ubique (all adv.)
thus ita, sic (both adv.)
thylacoid thylacoides (noun f. 3)
thyriothecium thyriothecium (noun n. 2)
thyrse thyrsus (noun m. 2); thyrsoid, thyrse-like thyrsiformis (adj. B),
thyrsoideus (adj. A)
thysano- (in Gk comp.) fringe-
tide aestus (noun m. 4); tidal aestualis (adj. B)
tight [drawn together] arctus, artus (both adj. A), astrictus (part. A);
tightly arcte, arte (both adv.)
tigillatus (adj. A) tigillate
314 Vocabulary
tigillum [strut] tigillum (noun n. 2)

tigrinus (adj. A) tiger-like, spotted
tiller telgor (noun f. 3)
time tempus (noun n. 3); a long time diu (adv.); at any time aliquando
(adv.); at any one time unquam (adv.); at the same time coaetaneus
(adj. A), simul (adv.), una (adv.); for a short time parumper, paulisper
(both adv.)
times use adv. ending-plo or-ies; many times multoties (adv.); several times
compluriens, compluries, pluries (all adv.)
tinctus (part. A) stained, dyed, tinged
tinged imbutus, suffusus, tinctus (all part. A); tingeing tingens (part. B)
tinsel see mastigonema
tiny minutus (adj. A)
tip apex (noun m. 3)
tissue contextus (noun m. 4), textura (noun f. 1)
to ad (prep. þ Accusative), [towards] versus (prep. þ Accusative)
tofus (noun m. 2) tufa
together [at the same time] simul, una (adv.), [together with] cum (prep. þ
Ablative); melded together conflatus (part. A); together with hama-,
sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- (all pref. in Gk comp.)
tomentum tomentum (noun n. 2); tomentose tomentosus (adj. A); minutely
tomentose tomentellus, tomentulosus (both adj. A)
tongue lingua (noun f. 1); tongue-shaped linguiformis (adj. B), lingulatus
(adj. A); -tongued (in Lat. comp.) -linguis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -
glossus (adj. A)
tonsus (part. A) shaven [become glabrous]
tooth dens (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; toothed dentatus (adj. A); tooth-
(in Lat. comp.) denti-, (in Gk comp.) odon-, odont-, odonto-; -tooth,
toothed (in Lat. comp.) -dens (noun m. 3),-dentatus (adj. A),
(in Gk comp.) -odon (noun m. 3, stem odont-),-odontus (adj. A);
without teeth edentatus, edentulus (both adj. A)
top vertex (noun m. 3)
tophaceus (adj. A) tufa-like
tophulus tophulus (noun m. 2)
topmost summus (adj. A)
topotype topotypus (noun m. 2)
Vocabulary 315
top-shaped turbinatus (adj. A)

torn laceratus, lacerus (both part. A); torn apart divulsus (part. A)
tornatus (part. A) rounded off
torosus (adj. A) torose
torquatus (adj. A) having a twisted collar
torrent amnis, torrens (both noun m. 3)
torsivus (adj. A) spirally twisted
tortilis (adj. B) liable to twist; tortuosus (adj. A) complex or bent in various
directions; tortus (part. A) twisted; torti- (in Lat. comp.) twisted
torulosus (adj. A) torulose
torus thalamus, torus (both noun m. 2)
tot (indecl. adj.) so many
totus (adj. A) all, whole
touch tactus (noun m. 4); touching contiguus (adj. A), contingens (part. B);
touch, sensitive to tactilis (adj. B)
tough tenax (adj. B) [see p. 00]
tow-like stuppeus, stupposus (both adj. A)
towards versus (prep. þ Accusative)
tower-shaped turriformis (adj. B)
toxicarius (adj. A) poisonous
trabecula trabecula (noun f. 1); trabeculate trabeculatus (adj. A);
trabeculose trabeculosus (adj. A)
trace vestigium (noun n. 2)
trachy- (in Gk comp.) rough
trahens (part. B) dragging, trailing
trailing [creeping] serpens (part. B)
trailing [dragging] trahens (part. B)
trama trama (noun f. 1)
tranquillus (adj. A) calm, still
trans (prep. þ Accusative) across; also pref. in Lat. comp.
transapical pervalvaris (adj. A)
transection transectio (noun f. 3)
transeptatus (adj. A) transeptate
transferred translatus (part. A)
316 Vocabulary
transformatus, transmutatus (both part. A) changed, altered

transiens (part. B) merging, passing into
transition transitus (noun m. 4)
transitivus (adj. A) passing over; transitorius (adj. A) intermediate [passing
from one to another]; transitus (noun m. 4) transition
translatus (part. A) transferred
translucens (part. B), translucidus (adj. A) translucent, clear
transmitted transmissus (part. A)
transmutatus (part. A) changed
transparent diaphanus, hyalinus, lucidus, pellucidus, translucidus (all adj. A),
translucens (part. B)
transtrum (noun n. 2) bar, cross-beam
transverse transversalis (adj. B), transversarius (adj. A), transversus (adj. A);
transversely transverse, transversim, transversaliter (all adv.)
trap [e.g. in Utricularia] vesica (noun f. 1), [a snare, noose] laqueus
(noun m. 2)
trapezialis (adj. B), trapeziformis (adj. B), trapezoideus (adj. A) trapeziform
trapping illaquens (part. B)
traversing peragrans (part. B)
treble triplus (adj. A); trebly ter, tripliciter (both adv.)
tree arbor (noun f. 3); tree (in Gk comp.) dendr-, dendro-, -dendron;
becoming tree-like arborescens (part. B); tree-like arboreus,
dendromorphus (both adj. A), [of hairs] dendriticus, dendroideus
(both adj. A); living in a tree arboricola (adj. A); a small tree arbuscula
(noun f. 1)
trellis-like [in form] cancellatus, clathratus (both adj. A)
trembling tremulus (adj. A)
tremelloideus, tremellosus (both adj. A) jelly-like, gelatinous
tremulus (adj. A) trembling
tres, tres, tria (num. adj. B) three [see p. 00]
tri- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) three-
triandrus (adj. A) triandrous
triangle triangulum (noun n. 2); triangular triangularis (adj. B),
triangulatus, triangulus, deltatus (all adj. A); triangular in cross-section
[triquetrous] triqueter (adj. A)
Vocabulary 317
tribe tribus (noun f. 4); to form name of a tribe add suff. -eae (Nominative
pl. f., adj. A) to stem of name of type genus; to form name of a subtribe
add -inae (suff., adj. A, Nominative pl. f.) to stem of name of type genus
tribuliformis (adj. B) tribuliform
trichoblast trichoblastus (noun m. 2)
trichocysta (noun f. 1) trichocyst
trichogyne trichogyne (noun f. 3), trichogyna (noun f. 1)
trichoideus (adj. A) hair-like; trich-, tricho- (in Gk comp) hairy, hair-like
tricholomoideus (adj. A) Tricholoma-like
trichome trichoma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]
trichophore trichophorum (noun n. 2)
trichotomous trichotomus (adj. A)
triens (noun m. 3) a third
trifariam (adv.), trifarius (adj. A) arranged in three ranks
trigone trigona (noun f. 1)
trigonus (adj. A) trigonous, having three angles with plane faces between
trihilatus (adj. A) with three apertures or pores
trilete triletus (adj. A)
trimerus (adj. A) trimerous
trimiticus (adj. A) trimitic
trinacriformis (adj. B) three-pronged
triple triplex (adj. B), triplus (adj. A); triply tripliciter (adv.); triple-
(in Lat. comp.) tripli-
triplicato- (in Lat. comp.) threefold
triploideus (adj. A) triploid
triplostichus (adj. A) in or having three rows
triquetrous triqueter (adj. A)
tristichus (adj. A) in or having three rows
tristis (adj. B) dull-coloured [sad]
tritus (part. A) rubbed, bruised
trochlearis, trochleiformis (both adj. B) shaped like a pulley wheel
trocho- (in Gk comp.) wheel-like
trombiformis (adj. B) narrowly funnel-shaped
tropaeolinus (adj. A) nasturtium red
318 Vocabulary
tropical tropicus (adj. A)

trough-shaped trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B)
trowel-shaped alveiformis (adj. B)
true genuinus, verus (both adj. A); truly enim (conj.)
trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B) trullate, angular-ovate
trumpet-shaped [straight] tubatus (adj. A), tubaeformis (adj. B); [somewhat
curved] buccinatus, buccinatorius (both adj. A)
truncatus (part. A) truncate
trunk truncus (noun m. 2)
tuba (noun f. 1) trumpet [conical]; tubatus (adj. A), tubaeformis (adj. B)
trumpet-shaped [straight]
tube tubus (noun m. 2), sipho (noun m. 3); tubular tubularis (adj. B),
tubulosus (adj. A); tube-like tubiformis (adj. B); having elongated
tubes siphoneus (adj. A); relating to tube (in Gk comp.) siphon-,
siphono-, siphonius (adj. A)
tuber tuber (noun n. 3); tuberans, tuberascens (both part. B) becoming
swollen or tuberous
tuberculum (noun n. 2) tubercle; tubercularis (adj. B) having tubercles;
tuberculatus (adj. A) tuberculate; tuberculiformis (adj. B) tubercle-
like
tuberifer (adj. A) tuber-bearing; tuberosus (adj. A) producing tubers or
swollen into a tuber
tuberoid tuberoideum (noun n. 2)
tubiformis (adj. B) tube-like; tubiflorus, tubuliflorus (both adj. A) having
tubular flowers
tubularis (adj. B), tubulosus (adj. A) tubular
tubulus (noun m. 2) tubule; tubuliformis (adj. B) like a tubule
tubus (noun m. 2) tube [with parallel sides]
tufa tofus (noun m. 2); tufa-like tofaceus (adj. A)
tuft caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; little tuft caespitulus (noun m. 2);
growing in tufts caespitosus, cespitosus (both adj. A); having a
tuft of hairs comosus (adj. A); tuft of hairs penicillum (noun n. 2);
shaped like a tuft of hairs penicillatus (adj. A), penicilliformis
(adj. B)
tum (adv.) then, at that time
tumens (part. B) swelling, swollen; tumescens (part. B) bulging, swelling
Vocabulary 319
tumidus (adj. A) swollen

tumor (noun m. 3) swelling, tumour
tumulus (noun m. 2) mound [of earth]
tunc (adv.) then, immediately
tundra tundra (noun f. 1)
tunic (in Gk comp.) -chiton (noun m. 2)
tunica (noun f. 1) tunic; tunicatus (adj. A) tunicate or having a thin
separable covering
turbarium (noun n. 2) peat-bog
turbatus (part. A) disturbed
turbinatus (adj. A) top-shaped, turbinate
turf caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; turf-like caespiticius (adj. A)
turfosus (adj. A) peaty; turfosum (noun n. 2) peaty moor; turbarium
(noun n. 2) peat-bog
turgidus (adj. A) turgid, inflated
turion turio (noun m. 3)
turma (noun f. 1) group
turn anfractus (noun m. 4)
turn, in invicem (adv.)
turned aside or downwards deflectus, deflexus (both part. A); turned
towards versus (adv. usu. þ Accusative), adversus, obversus (both part.
A); turned upside down inversus (part. A); turned in the direction of
versum (adv.); in turn invicem (adv.)
turning [indicates a process or change of state] expressed by part. ending in -
ascens or -escens, e.g. cinerascens, becoming grey
turnip-shaped napiformis, rapiformis (both adj. B)
turriformis (adj. B) tower-shaped; turritus (adj. A) turreted
twice bis (num. adv.); twice-congugate conjugatus (adj. A), bigeminatus
(adj. A)
twig ramunculus (noun m. 2)
twining volubilis (adj. B) [if toward the left þ sinistrorsum, if toward the right
þ dextrorsum, both adv.]; twining from left to right eutopicus (adj. A)
twinned binatus, didymus, gemellus, geminus, geminatus (all adj. A)
twist convoluta, spira (both noun f. 1); twisted intortus, tortus, torquatus,
torsivus (all adj. A), tortilis (adj. B); twisted spirally helicus (adj. A), (in
Gk comp.) helic-
320 Vocabulary
two duo, dua, duo (num. adj.) [see p. 00]

two- (pref. in Lat. comp.) bi-, (pref. in Gk comp.) di-, dicha-, dicho-; two each
bini (distrib. num., adj. A, pl.)
two-edged anceps, ancipitius (both adj. B)
tylo- (pref. in Gk comp.) with knobs or projections
tympanum (noun n. 2) epiphragm; tympaniformis (adj. B) drum-shaped
type typus (noun m. 2); holotype holotypus (noun m. 2); so also epitypus,
isosyntypus, isotypus, lectotypus, neotypus, paratypus, syntypus,
topotypus (all noun m. 2); generitype generitypus (noun m. 2)
typical typicus (adj. A); typically typice (adv.)
tyrius (adj. A) tyrian purple
tyttho- (in Gk comp.) small
U
ubi (adv.) where, when
ubicumque (adv.) anywhere, where, wherever
ubique (adv.) everywhere, overall, throughout
udus (adj. A) damp
-ulentus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or fullness
uliginosus (adj. A) boggy, marshy
ullus (adj. A) any, anyone
ulterior (adj. compar.) farther; ultimus (adj. A) farthest, final, last; ulterius
(adv.) beyond, farther on; ultime (adv.) extremely
ultimately ad extremum, ad finem, extremum (adv.), postremo (adv.)
ultra (adv.) beyond, farther
ultro citroque, ultro et citro (both adv. phr.) to and fro, backwards and
forwards
-ulus (Lat. suff., adj. A) with adj. indicates diminutive form; with verb
indicates action
umbel umbella (noun f. 1); umbellate umbellatus (adj. A); umbel-like
umbelliformis (adj. B)
umbellula (noun f. 1) partial umbel or the ultimate umbel in a compound
umbel; umbellulatus (adj. A) having partial umbels
umber umbrinus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 321
umbilicatus (adj. A), umbiliciformis (adj. B) navel-like

umbilicus umbilicus (noun m. 2)
umbo (noun m. 3) boss, umbo; umbonatus (adj. A) bossed, umbonate
umbra (noun f. 1) shade
umbraculiformis (adj. B) umbrella-shaped
umbraculum umbraculum (noun n. 2)
umbrinus (adj. A) umber
umbrosus (adj. A) shady
un- negative Eng. pref., expressed in Lat. by pref. in- (or im- before b, m
and p), and e- or ex- before vowels; also by haud or non
una (adv.) at the same time
unaltered immutatus (adj. A)
unarmed inermis (adj. B)
unarmoured athecatus (adj. A)
unbroken [entire] integer (adj. A) [see p. 00]
uncatus (adj. A) hooked, bent inwards
uncertain incertus, dubius, ambiguus (all adj. A)
unchangeable immutabilis (adj. B); unchanged immutatus (adj. A)
uncia (noun f. 1) an inch; uncialis (adj. A) an inch long
unciformis (adj. B) hook-shaped; uncinatus (adj. A) uncinate, hooked;
uncinus (noun m. 2) barb
unclear indistinctus (adj. A)
uncommon rarus (adj. A); uncommonly raro (adv.)
unctulus, unctuosus (both adj. A); appearing greasy but not actually so
unctus (part. A) greasy
uncultivated incultus (adj. A)
uncus (noun m. 2) barb, hook; uncatus (adj. A) hooked; uncinatus (adj. A)
barbed, hooked; unciformis (adj. B) hook-shaped
undatus (adj. A) wavy; undatim (adv.) in a wavy manner
unde (adv.) whence
undecided incertus (adj. A)
undeciens, undecies (both adv.) eleven times; undecimus (adj. A) an
eleventh
under sub q.v. (prep. þ Ablative or Accusative); (in Gk comp.) hyp-, hypo-
322 Vocabulary
under a lens [observed] sub lente (adv. phr.) [observatus, part. A]

undergoing subiens (part. B)
underground subterraneus, hypogaeus (both adj. A)
underneath infra (adv. & prep. þ Accusative), subter (adv. & prep. þ
Ablative or Accusative), subtus (adv.)
undershrub suffrutex (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]
undescribed indescriptus (adj. A)
undeveloped immaturus (adj. A)
undique (adv.) on all sides
undivided indivisus (adj. A), simplex (adj. B) [see p. 00]
undulate undulatus, undatus (both adj. A)
undulato-striatus (adj. A) with wavy raised lines
unequal dispar, impar, inaequabilis, inaequalis (all adj. B); (in Lat. comp.)
inaequi-, (in Gk comp.) aniso-; unequally impariter, inaequaliter (both
adv.); unequal-sided inaequilaterus (adj. A)
uneven impar, inaequalis (both adj. B), [to touch] asper (adj. A); (in Gk
comp.) aniso-
unguis (noun m.3) a claw; unguicularis (adj. B), unguiculatus (adj. A)
clawed
ungulatus (adj. A), unguliformis (adj. B) hoof-shaped, clawed
uni- (in Lat. comp.) one-
unicus (adj. A) unique
unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A) in a line or row
uniflagellatus (adj. A) uniflagellate
uniform aequabilis, uniformis (both adj. B); uniformly aeque, aequabiliter
(both adv.)
unilateral unilateralis (adj. B)
uninterrupted continuus (adj. A)
union junctio, conjunctio, copulatio (all noun f. 3)
uniseriatus (adj. A) in one row
unisexual unisexualis (adj. B)
unistratose unistratosus (adj. A)
unit monas (noun f. 3)
united coadnatus, conflatus, connatus, consociatus, unitus (all part. A); (in
Gk comp.) gamo-
Vocabulary 323
unitunicatus (adj. A) unitunicate

universalis (adj. B) general; universe (adv.) generally; in universum
(adv. phr.) as a whole
universal veil velum (noun n. 2) universale (adj. B n.) (decl. together)
unknown ignotus, incognitus (both adj. A)
unlawful illegitimus (adj. A)
unless nisi (adv.)
unlike dispar (adj. B), dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), diversus (part.
A)
unnamed innominatus (adj. A)
unpleasant ingratus (adj. A)
unpolished impolitus (adj. A)
unquam (adv.) at any one time
unripe immaturus, crudus (both adj, A)
unspotted astictus, immaculatus (both adj. A)
unstained immaculatus (adj. A)
until dum (conj.), donec (adv.), ad (prep. þ Accusative)
untilled incultus (adj. A)
unus, una, unum (adj. num. sing.) one
unusquisque (compar. pron., m.), unaquaeque (f.), unumquidque (n.) each
[of more than two]
unusual insuetus, insolitus, egregius (all adj. A), infrequens, singularis (both
adj. B); unusually insolenter, raro (both adv.)
up to usque ad (prep. þ Accusative)
upholding sustinens (part. B)
upon [on top] super (prep. þ Accusative), [concerning] de (prep. þ Ablative)
upper superus, supernus (both adj. A), [compar.] superior (adj. A);
uppermost summus, supremus (both adj. A); on upper side supra
(adv.)
upright erectus, rectus (both adj. A), verticalis (adj. B); standing upright
stans (part. B); fairly upright rectiusculus (adj. A); upright (in Lat.
comp.) recti-, (in Gk comp.) orth-, ortho-
upside down inverse, inversum (both adv.); turned upside down inversus
(part. A)
upwards sursum (adv.); (in Gk comp.) [with sense of increasing] ana-
urceolatus (adj. A) pitcher-shaped, urceolate
324 Vocabulary
uredinium uredinium (noun n. 2); uredinoid uredinoideus (adj. A)

urediospore urediospora (noun f. 1)
uredium uredium (noun n. 2)
uredosorus uredosorus (noun m. 2)
uredospore uredospora, urediniospora (noun f. 1)
urens (part. B) stinging
urna (noun f. 1) urn, [in bryology] spore-bearing part of capsule; urniformis
(adj. B) urn-shaped
uro-, -urus (adj. A) (in Gk. comp.) tail-, -tailed
usitatus (part. A) usual, ordinary
usneic usneicus (adj. A)
usque (prep. usu. with ad þ Accusative) up to, as far as
ustidium (noun n. 2) ustidium
ustulatus (part. A) burned
usual usitatus, solitus (both part. A), usualis (adj. B); usually plerumque,
vulgo (both adv.)
ut (conj. with in þ Dative) as, so that; also (adv.) how, in what manner
uterque (pron., m.), utraque (f.), utrumque (n) each [of two]
utricle utriculus (noun m. 2)
utricularis (adj. B), utriculatus, utriculosus (both adj. A) bladder-like or
having bladders
utriformis (adj. B) bag-like, bladder-like
utrinque, utrinsecus (both adv.) on both sides
utroque (adv.) to both sides, in both directions
-utus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession
-uus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates possible or completed
action
uva (noun f. 1) grape; uviformis, uvarius (adj. A) grape-like [in a cluster];
uvifer (adj. A) grape-bearing
uvidus (adj. A) moist, humid
V
vaccinus (adj. A) dun [colour]
vacillans (part. B) swinging to and fro
Vocabulary 325
vacuole vacuola (noun f. 1)

vacuum (noun n. 2) empty space; vacuus (adj. A) empty
vadosus (adj. A) [of water] shallow; vadum (noun n. 2) shallow place, ford
vagans (part. B) wandering
vage (adv.) here and there, far and wide
vagina (noun f. 1) sheath; vaginalis (adj. B) relating to a sheath; vaginans
(part. B) sheathing; vaginatus (adj. A) sheathed; vagina (noun f. 1)
folii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if vagina is declined) leaf
sheath
vaginervis (adj. B), vaginervius (adj. A) with nerves in no order
vaginule vaginula (noun f. 1)
vagus (adj. A) of no particular direction, in several directions
valde (adv.) exceedingly, intensely, markedly, decidedly
validus (adj. A) robust, strong
vallaris (adj. B) palisade-like
vallecula (noun f. 1) furrow; valleculatus (part. A) furrowed
valley vallis (noun f. 3)
vallum (noun n. 2) palisade; vallaris (adj. B) palisade-like
valve valva (noun f. 1); valvate valvatus, valvaceus (both adj. A), valvaris (adj.
B); -valved (in comp.) -valvis (adj. B)
valve-view facies (noun f. 5) valvaris (adj. B), facies frontalis (adj. B) (in both,
decl. together)
valvocopula (noun f. 1) valvocopula
valvule valvula (noun f. 1)
vanishing evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A)
variable variabilis (adj. B), varius (adj. A), [of colour] mutabilis (adj. B);
variably varie (adv.); varying varians (part. B); variation variatio
(noun f. 3)
varicosus (adj. A) abnormally enlarged in places
varie (adv.) variously, diversely
variegated variegatus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) poecil-, poecilo-
variety varietas (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]
variole variola (noun f. 1)
various varius (adj. A); variously varie, diverse (both adv.)
varnished laccatus, vernicosus (both adj. A)
326 Vocabulary
varying varians (part. B)

vas (noun n. 3) vessel, duct
vascular vascularis (adj. B)
vase-shaped urceolatus (adj. A)
-ve indecl. suff. meaning or (an alternative to using vel)
vectus (part. A) carried
vegetabile (noun n. 3) plant [see p. 00]
vegetabilis (adj. B) belonging or related to plants
vegetatio (noun f. 3) vegetation
vegetus (adj. A) vigorous
veil velum (noun n. 2), (in Gk comp.) -calymma (noun n. 3)
vein vena (noun f. 1); veinlet venula (noun f. 1); veining nervatura (noun
f. 1), venatio (noun f. 3); irregularly veined marmoratus (adj. A);
veinless avenis (adj. B), avenius (adj. A); vein- (in Gk comp.) phlebo-;
-veined (in Gk comp.) -phlebius (adj. A)
vel (conj.) or
velamen (noun n. 3) covering, cover; velatus (part. A) covered, partly
concealed, [in mycology] with a veil
vellus (noun n. 3) fleece, wool
velum (noun n. 2) [in fungi] veil, [in diatoms, dinoflagellates] velum
velut (adv.) as if, just as
velutinus (adj. A) velvety
velvetum (noun n. 2) velvet
vena (noun f. 1) vein
venenatus, venenosus (both adj. A) poisonous
venetus (adj. A) bluish green
venosus (adj. A) having many branched veins
venter (noun m. 3) expanded base of archegonium, ventral surface
ventralis (adj. B) ventral; ventraliter (adv.) ventrally
ventricosus (adj. A) swollen especially to one side
venula (noun f. 1) veinlet
venustus (adj. A) beautiful, graceful
ver (noun n. 3) spring [season]; vernalis (adj. B), vernus (adj. A) vernal, of
springtime
verdigris aerugineus, aeruginosus (both adj. A)
Vocabulary 327
vere (adv.) truly, exactly

vergens (part. B) trending towards
verisimiliter (adv.) probably
vermicularis, vermiliformis (both adj. B) worm-shaped; vermiculus
(noun m. 2) small worm
vermilion cinnabarinus (adj. A)
vernalis (adj. B) vernal
vernation vernatio, praefoliatio (both noun f. 3)
vernicosus (adj. A) varnished
vernus (adj. A) vernal
vero (adv.) truly, exactly
veronicinus (adj. A) veronica-violet
verosimiliter (adv.) probably
verruca (noun f. 1) wart; verrucatus, verrucosus (both adj. A) warty;
verruciformis (adj. B) shaped like a wart; verrucula (noun f. 1) small
wart; verruculosus (adj. A) covered with small warts
verrucose phymatodeus, verrucosus (both adj. A)
versatilis (adj. B) versatile
versicolor (adj. B) changing colour, variously coloured [see p. 00]
versiformis (adj. B) of different shapes
versum (adv.) turned in the direction of
versus (prep. þ Accusative) towards
vertex (noun m. 3) top, highest point
verticalis (adj. B) erect
verticillaster (noun m. 2) verticillaster
verticillatus (adj. A) verticillate; verticillate, verticillatim (both adv.)
verticillately; verticillus (noun m. 2) whorl
verus (adj. A) authentic
very expressed by a sup. adj., or by placing maxime [extremely],
valde [strongly] or minime [least] before an adj., or by adding
per- as pref. to adj.; (pref. in Lat. comp.) pel-, per-, (pref. in Gk comp.) za-
vesica (noun f. 1) vesicle, bladder; vesicarius (adj. A) bladder-like, inflated
vesicula (noun f. 1) vesicle, small bladder; vesicularis (adj. B), vesiculatus (adj. A)
;bladder-like; vesiculosus (adj. A) covered with small bladders or blisters
vespertinus (adj. A) belonging to evening
328 Vocabulary
vessel vas (noun n. 3)

vestibulum (noun n. 2) vestibulum, entrance to gullet furrow
vestigialis (adj. B) vestigial; vestigium (noun n. 2) vestige, trace, remnant
vestitus (part. A) clothed
veternus, vetustus (both adj. A), vetus (adj. B) aged; vetustas (noun f. 3) old age
vexillaris (adj. B) vexillary; vexillum (noun n. 2) standard or banner petal
vibratile vibratorius (adj. A)
vicarious vicarius (adj. A)
vice (adv. þ Genitive) instead of
vicinus (adj. A) neighbouring; vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas (noun f. 3)
nearness, neighbourhood
videtur (3rd pers. sing. pres. pass. of verb video) it seems; ut videtur
(adv. clause) apparently
view apsectus (noun m. 4)
vigens (part. B) flourishing, inhabiting
vigorous fortis (adj. B), vegetus (adj. A); vigorously fortiter (adv.)
villosus (adj. A) villous, villose
viminalis (adj. B) having shoots suitable for weaving; vimineus (adj. A)
having long, flexible shoots
vinaceus, vinosus (both adj. A), vinicolor (adj. B) wine-coloured, purplish-
red [see p. 00]
violet amethysteus, amethystinus, hyacinthinus, ianthinus, violaceus (all adj.
A); (in Lat. comp.) violaceo-, (in Gk comp.) ion-, iono-; aster violet
asterinus (adj. A); lavender violet lavandulaceus, lavandulus (both adj.
A); dark violet atroviolaceus (adj. A)
virellus (adj. A) greenish; virens (part. B) becoming green
virga (noun f. 1) rod, slender twig, cane, stripe; virgatus (adj. A) with long,
slender twigs or streaked, striped
virgineus (adj. A) pure white
viridis (adj. B) green; viridulus (adj. A) greenish; viridescens (part. B)
becoming green; viridianus (adj. A) viridian green; green- (in Lat.
comp.) viridi-
virinus (adj. A) relating to a virus
virosus (adj. A) poisonous
virus virus (noun n. 2); relating to a virus virinus (adj. A)
viscid viscidus (adj. A)
Vocabulary 329
viscous lentus (adj. A)

visible visibilis (part. B), [evident] manifestus (adj. A), aspectabilis (adj. B), (in
Gk comp.) phanero-
visus (part. A) seen
vita (noun f. 1) life
vitamin vitaminum (noun n. 2)
vitellinus (adj. A) egg-yolk yellow
viti- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to the grapevine
vitrum (noun n. 2) glass; vitreus (adj. A) glassy
vitta (noun f. 1) [in Apiaceae, diatoms, liverworts] vitta, band; vittatus
(adj. A) banded; vittiformis (adj. B) band-shaped
vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A) alive, living
vivide (adv.) brightly; vividus (adj. A) bright
viviparus (adj. A) viviparous
vivus (adj. A) living, fresh
vix (adv.) barely, hardly, not much
Voigt fault inordinatio (noun f. 3) Voigtii (noun Genitive sing., remains
unchanged if inordinatio is declined)
volcanic ignivomus, volcanicus, vulcanicus, vulcanius (all adj. A)
volubilis (adj. B) twining
volutus (part. A) rolled up
volva volva (noun f. 1); volvatus (adj. A) having a volva
-vorus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) devouring, feeding upon
vulcanicus, vulcanius (both adj. A) volcanic
vulgaris (adj. B), vulgatus (adj. A) common [widespread]
vulgo (adv.) commonly
vulnus (noun n. 3) wound; vulneratus (part. A) wounded; -vulnerus (adj. A,
in Lat. comp.) -wounded
vulviformis (adj. B) vulviform
W
wall paries (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; of or on walls muralis, parietalis (both
adj. B); surrounded with a wall obvallatus (part. A); pertaining to
walls parietinus (adj. A)
330 Vocabulary
wandering vagans (part. B), vagus (adj. A)

wanting [lacking] carens, deficiens (both part. B)
warm calidus, tepidus (both adj. A)
wart verruca (noun f. 1); warty verrucatus, verrucosus, phymatodeus (all adj.
A); wart-like verruciformis (adj. B); small wart verrucula (noun f. 1);
covered with small warts verruculosus (adj. A)
waste land incultum (noun n. 2)
wasting away tabescens (part. B), tabidus (adj. A)
water aqua (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) hydro-; growing in water aquaticus
(adj. A), aquatilis (adj. B); clear as water aqueus (adj. A); a watery place
aquosum (noun n. 2); watery aquosus (adj. A); medicinal
waters aquae (noun f. 1, pl.); well-watered irriguus (adj. A)
waterfall cataracta (noun f. 1)
wavy sinuatus, undulatus, undatus (all adj. A); in a wavy manner undatim
(adv.)
wax cera (noun f. 1); waxy [in texture] ceraceus (adj. A), [in colour] cereus
(adj. A)
weak debilis, exilis, imbecilis (all adj. B), exiguus, imbecillus, infirmus (all adj.
A), [in colour] dilutus (part. A), pallidus (adj. A); weakly infirme (adv.),
[mildly] leniter (adv.), [of colours] pallide, dilute (both adv.)
web tela (noun f. 1)
wedge-shaped cuneatus (adj. A), cuneiformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) spheno-
weed no Latin equivalent; use phrase such as planta inutilis (a useless plant);
becoming weedy infestus (adj. A)
weekly hebdomalis (adj. B); week hebdomas (noun f. 3)
well bene (adv.) [see p. 00]; well- (in Gk comp.) eu-
western occidentalis (adj. B)
wet humidus, madidus, udus, uvidus (all adj. A); wetted madefactus (part.
A), madidus (adj. A)
wheel-shaped rotatus (adj. A); wheel-like (in Gk comp.) trocho-
when quum (conj.), ubi (adv.)
whence unde (adv.)
where ubi (adv.); wherever ubicumque (adv.)
which qui (rel. pron.)
while donec, dum (both adv.); a litle while diuscule, diutule (both adv.)
Vocabulary 331
whip-like flagelliformis (adj. B)

white [esp. dull] albus (adj. A); chalk white cretaceus (adj. A); greyish white
[usu. of hair] canus (adj. A); ivory white eburneus (adj. A); milk white
lacteus, lactaneus, lactineus (all adj. A); pure white virgineus (adj. A);
pure, glossy white candidus (adj. A); snow white niveus (adj. A);
whitish albidus (adj. A); whitened albens (part. B), dealbatus (part. A);
becoming white albescens, exalbescens, albicans, candidans, nivescens
(all part. B); white- (in Lat. comp.) albi-, albo-, (in Gk comp.) leuc-,
leuco-
whole totum (noun n. 2), omnis (adj. B), totus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) holo-;
wholly admodum, omnino (both adv.); as a whole in universum
(adv. phr.)
whorl verticillus (noun m. 2); whorled verticillatus (adj. A), verticillaris (adj.
B), (in Lat. & Gk. comp.) -cyclus (adj. A); in a whorled manner
verticillate, verticillatim (both adv.)
wide latus (adj. A); widely late (adv.); wide (in Lat. comp.) lati-, (in Gk comp.)
platy-; widened dilatatus (part. A); a widening dilatatio (noun f. 3)
widespread divulgatus, pervagatus (both part. A)
width latitudo (noun f. 3)
wild ferus, incultus (both adj. A); growing wild naturally spontaneus (adj. A)
willowy salignus (adj. A); relating to willows salicinus (adj. A)
wilting languescens (part. B)
wind ventus (noun m. 2); wind (pertaining to, in Gk comp.) anemo-
winding sinuosus, tortuosus (both adj. A), anfractus (part. A)
window fenestra (noun f. 1); windowed fenestratus (adj. A), fenestralis (adj.
B); with little windows fenestrellatus (adj. A)
wine-coloured vinaceus, vinosus (both adj. A), vinicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]
wing ala (noun f. 1); winged alatus (adj. A); wing-shaped aliformis (adj. B);
wing-, winged (in Lat. comp.) alato-, (in Gk comp.) pter-, pterygo-, -
pterus (adj. A)
winter hiems (noun f. 3); wintry brumalis, hiemalis (both adj. B); pertaining
to winter hibernus (adj. A); persisting through winter perhiemans
(part. B)
winterbud hibernaculum (noun n. 2)
wiped clean detersus (part. A)
wire-like filo metallico similis (adj. phr., only similis, adj. B, to be decl.)
332 Vocabulary
with usu. expressed by Ablative case [see p. 00]; also cum [together with]
(prep. þ Ablative), or habens [having] (part. B)
withdrawn amotus (part. A)
withered emarcidus, marcidus (both adj. A); withering languescens (part. B);
withering but not falling off marcescens (part. B); withered but
persistent parts induviae (noun f. 1, pl.)
within intra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative), intus (adv.), interius (adv.), (as
pref. in Gk comp.) end-, endo-, ento-
without [lacking] absque (prep. þ Ablative), expers (adj. B þ Genitive or
Ablative), sine (prep. þ Ablative), (as pref. in Gk comp.) a- (before a
consonant), an- (before a vowel)
without [outside] extra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative), extus (adv.)
wonderful mirus (adj. A); wonderfully mire, mirimodis (both adv.)
wood [timber] lignum (noun n. 2); wooden, woody ligneus, lignosus (both
adj. A); becoming woody lignescens (adj. B); growing on wood
lignatilis (adj. B); wood-loving [e.g. saprophyte] xylophilus (adj. A); like
a wooden bed xylostromatoideus (adj. A)
wood [woodland] silva, sylva (both noun f. 1), nemus (noun n. 3); pertaining to
woods or forests nemoralis (adj. B), nemorosus (adj. A), sylvaticus (adj.
A), sylvestris (adj. B); inhabitant of woods or forests sylvicola (noun c. 1)
woody, relating to wood [timber] (in Gk comp.) xyl-, xylo-, -xylon (noun n. 3,
stem xylon-)
wool lana (noun f. 1), vellus (noun n. 3); woolly lanatus, lanosus, lanuginosus
(all adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) lani-, lanos-, (in Gk comp.) erio-, lachno-,
lasi-, lasio-; wool-like laneus (adj. A)
world orbis (noun m. 3); world-wide cosmopolitanus (adj. A)
worm-like [in shape] anguilliformis (adj. B); worm-shaped lumbricalis,
lumbriciformis, vermicularis, vermiliformis (all adj. B); small worm
vermiculus (noun m. 2)
wound vulnus (noun n. 3); wounded vulneratus (part. A); -wounded (in Lat.
comp.) -vulnerus (adj. A)
woven textilis (adj. B); woven together contextus (part. A)
wrapped around circumnexus, obvolutus (both part. A)
wreath corona (noun f. 1), sertum (noun n. 2)
wrinkle ruga (noun f. 1); wrinkled rugosus, rugatus, caperatus, corrugatus
(all adj. A), (in Gk comp.) rhyti-, rhytido-; somewhat wrinkled
rugulosus (adj. A); wrinkle-like rugiformis (adj. B)
Vocabulary 333
writer auctor (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]

wrong falsus (adj. A); wrongly false, male (both adv.) [see p. 00]
X
xanth-, xantho- (in Gk comp.) yellow
xerampelinus (adj. A) dull red mixed with brown
xero- (in Gk comp.) dry
xiphoideus (adj. A) sword-like; xiph-, xipho- (in Gk comp.) sword-like
xyl-, xylo-, -xylon (noun n. 3, stem xylon-), -xylum (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.)
woody, relating to wood
xylem xylema (noun n. 3)
xylophilus (adj. A) wood-loving [e.g. saprophyte]
xylopodium xylopodium (noun n. 2)
xylostromatoideus (adj. A) like a wooden bed or mattress
Y
year annus (noun m. 2); yearly annus (adj. A); a year old anniculus (adj. A);
of or belonging to last year annotinus (adj. A), praeteritus (part. A); of
the present year hornotinus (adj. A)
yeast fermentum (noun n. 2)
yellow flavus (adj. A); aureolin yellow aureolinus (adj. A); buttercup yellow
ranunculinus (adj. A); canary yellow canarinus (adj. A); deep or golden
yellow luteus (adj. A); drab yellow luridus (adj. A); dull yellow cereus,
gilvus (both adj. A); egg-yolk yellow vitellinus (adj. A); greenish yellow
galbanus (adj. A); greyish-yellow ravus (adj. A); jaundice yellow
ictericus, icterinus (adj. A); mimosa yellow mimosinus (adj. A);
ochre-yellow ochraceus (adj. A); pale yellow flavidus, flavus, luteolus
(all adj. A); saffron croceus (adj. A); soiled tawny yellow isabellinus
(adj. A); sulphur yellow sulphureus (adj. A); yellowing flavescens,
lutescens (both part. B); yellowish luteolus (adj. A); yellow
(in Lat. comp.) flav-, flavi-, luteo-, (in Gk comp.) chrys-, chryso-,
xanth-, xantho-
yet [however] tamen, [although] quanquam, [but then] at, [furthermore]
etiam (all conj.), [but yet] attamen (adv.)
yoked jugatus (adj. A), jugalis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -zugus (adj. A), zygo-
334 Vocabulary
young juvenilis, juvenis (both adj. B), novellus (adj. A), recens (adj. B);
younger junior (compar. adj. B); youthful juvenilis (adj. B), primaevus,
immaturus (both adj. A)
youth juventus (noun f. 3); in youth in juventute (adv. phr.)
Z
za- (pref. in Gk comp.) much, very
zebrinus (adj. A) striped with white or yellow
zigzag fractiflexus (adj. A), valde flexuosus (adv. þ adj. A); gently zigzag
anfractuosus (adj. A)
zinc zincum (noun n. 2)
zone zona (noun f. 1); zoned zonatus (adj. A); in a zoned manner zonatim
(adv.); without zones azonatus, azonus (both adj. A)
zoo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to animals
zoogamete zoogameta (noun f. 1)
zooidangium (noun n. 2) zooidangium
zoosporangium (noun n. 2) sporangium that produces zoospores
zoospore planospora (noun f. 1)
zygo- (in Gk comp.) joined, yoked
zygodesma (noun n. 3) clamp
zygomorphic zygomorphus, zygomorphicus (both adj. A)
zygospore zygospora (noun f. 1)
zygote zygota (noun f. 1); motile zygote planozygota (noun f. 1)
zymogenus (adj. A) causing fermentation
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: References and Further Reading Title
Name: SHORTandGEORGE
References
Brown, R. W. (1956, reprinted 1978). Composition of Scientific Words. Washington,

DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Collins Latin Dictionary plus Grammar (1997). [London?]: HarperCollins Publishers.
Kennedy, B. H., revised by J. W. Bartram (1931). The Shorter Latin Primer, new edn.
London, New York etc.: Longmans, Green and Co.
Stearn, W. T. (1992). Botanical Latin, 4th edn. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles.
Further reading
Anonymous (1993). Flora of Australia Guide for Contributors, 3rd edn. Canberra:
Australian Biological Resources Study.
Beentje, H. (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms.
Kew, Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Bon, M. (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe.
London, etc.: Domino Books, Hodder & Stoughton.
Cash, E. K. (1965). A Mycological English–Latin Glossary. New York: New York Botan-
ical Garden in coll aboration with Mycological Society of America.
Eichler, H j. (1977). Guidelines for the Preparation of Botanical Taxonomic Papers.
[Canberra]: CSIRO.
Fowler, H. W. (ed.) (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 3rd edn, ed.
R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
George, A. S. (ed.) (1992). Flora of Australia, vol. 54, Lichens – Introduction Lecanorales
1, Canberra: AGPS Press.
Gilbertson, R. L. and Ryvarden, L. (1986). North American Polypores, vol. 1. Oslo:
Fungiflora.
Grgurinovic, C. A. (1996). Glossary. In Fungi of Australia vol. 1A, Introduction–
Classification, ed. A. E. Orchard. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study
& Melbourne: CSIRO, pp 341–378.
Gray, M. D. and Jenkins, T., edited by C. McEvoy and F. Dale (1934). Latin for Today:
Book Two. London: Ginn and Co.
Hallegraeff, G. M., Bolch, C. J. S., Hill, D. R. A. et al. (2010). Algae of Australia:
Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters. Canberra: ABRS & Melbourne:
CSIRO Publishing.
336 References and Further reading
Hewson, H. J. (1988). Plant Indumentum: A Handbook of Terminology, Australian

Flora and Fauna Series no. 9. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
Service.
Hickey, M. and King, C. (2000). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huisman, J. M. (2000). Marine Plants of Australia. Nedlands: University of Western
Australia Press & Canberra Australian Biological Resources Study.
Jones, P. V. and Sidwell, K. C. (1986). Reading Latin: Grammar, Vocabulary and
Exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. et al. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary
of the Fungi, 10th edn. Wallingford: CAB International & Collingwood: CSIRO
Publishing.
Kraft, G. (2007). Algae of Australia, Marine Benthic Algae of Lord Howe Island and the
Southern Great Barrier Reef, 1. Green Algae. Canberra: Australian Biological
Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO.
Kraft, G. (2009). Algae of Australia, Marine Benthic Algae of Lord Howe Island and the
Southern Great Barrier Reef, 2. Brown Algae. Canberra: Australian Biological
Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO.
Lack, H. Walter (2011). Botanical Latin today. Chapter 10. In Monographic Plant
Systematics: Fundamental Assessment of Plant Biodiversity, ed. T. F. Stuessy and
H. Walter Lack. Regnum Vegetabile 153, Ruggell: A.R.G.Gantner Verlag K.G.,
pp. 179–190.
Largent, D. (1977). How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features, 2nd
edn, Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
Lewis, C. T. (1891, new impression 1982). An Elementary Latin Dictionary with brief
Helps for Latin Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, C. T. and Short, C. (1879, reprinted many times). A Latin Dictionary founded on
Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary revised, enlarged and in great part
rewritten. London: Oxford University Press.
McNeill, J. et al. (2006). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)
adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July
2005. Ruggell, Lichtenstein: A.R.G. Ganter Verlag.
Orchard, A. E. (ed.) (1998). Flora of Australia, vol. 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied
Groups. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing & Canberra: Australian Biological
Resources Study.
Orchard, A. E. (1999). Species Plantarum Flora of the World: Introduction to the Series.
Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study.
Peters, P. (1995). The Cambridge Australian English Style Guide. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Philips, R. (1981). Mushrooms and other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London:
Pan Books Ltd.
Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1998). Three-language List of Botanical Name Components. Kew:
Royal Botanic Gardens.
References and Further reading 337
Ramsay, H. P. (2006). Glossary. In Flora of Australia, vol. 51, Mosses 1, ed.

P. M. McCarthy. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study & Melbourne:
CSIRO, pp. 413–429.
Raven, P. H., Evert, R. F. and Curtis, H. (1981). Biology of Plants, 3rd edn. New York:
Worth Publishers Inc.
Ross, R., Cox, E. J., Karayeva, N. I. et al. (1979). An Amended Terminology for the
Siliceous Components of the Diatom Cell, Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64, pp 513–533.
Simpson, D. P. (1959). Cassell’s New Latin–English English–Latin Dictionary, & later
edns. London: Cassell & Co. Ltd.
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Index Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Index
Terms in the Vocabulary are not included here since they are in alphabetical order there.
Many are cross-referenced to the text.
abbreviations, 61, 93 dative case, 3

verbs, 49 declension, 3
ablative case, 4 declension, adjectives, 21
accusative case, 3 complex, 26
adjective. See also declension, adjectives compound, 26
comparative, 28, 30 Group A, 21
comparison of, 28–29, 55 Group B, 21, 24
complex, 26 Group C, 21, 25
compound, 26–27 declension, nouns
declining, 21 First, 4–5
definition, 21 Second, 6
Group A, 22 Third, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16
Group B, 23 Fourth, 18
Group C, 25 Fifth, 19
qualifying two nouns, 33 description
superlative, 29 from Bentham, 94
adverb, 26, 31 hints for writing, 91–92
comparison of, 35, 55 diagnosis, 99–100
definition, 34 examples in Calothamnus, 100
numerical, 54 dictionary (Latin), using, xiv, 4, 49
alphabet, xi distributive numerals, 53
angles, to express, 55
apposition, noun in, 5, 21, 33, 62, 99 ecological terms, 60
em dash or rule, 61
cardinal numerals, 50–51 en dash or rule, 26, 61
cases (of nouns, adjectives), 3 epithet
Codes, botanical, xii, xiii forming, 21, 62–63
-cola (words ending in), 5, 33 in translation, 21, 100
colour, 60
comparative adjective, 28, 30 -fer (words ending in), 27, 33, 63
comparing parts, 55 former … latter, 42
comparison fractions, 55
adjectives, 29, 55
adverbs, 35, 55 gender, xiv, 4, 33, 62, 67
compound adjective, 26 genitive case, 3
conjugations, xv geographical terms, 60
conjunction, definition, 38 -ger (words ending in), 33, 63
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Index Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Index 339
gerundive, 49 prefix, definition, 57

Greek words, xi, 5, 12, 18, 21, 25, preposition, 36
57–58, 63 definition, 36
with verb, 48
habitat, describing, 59 pronoun
hyphen, 61 definition, 40
definitive, 44
International Code of Botanical demonstrative, 42
Nomenclature (Vienna Code), xiii determinative, 41
International Code of Nomenclature for indefinite, 44
algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne intensive, 43
Code), xii personal, 40
i-stem nouns, 8 possessive, 41
relative, 43
Latin pronoun–adjective, 45
alphabet, xi punctuation, 61, 103
botanical, xi
classical, xi quam, 31
dictionary, using, xiv, 4, 49 -que, 38
liber, avoid confusing, 7, 22
relative length, 55
nominative case, 3
noun. See also declension, nouns size units, early, 54
definition, 3 specific epithet
early size units, 54 forming, 21, 62–63
in apposition, 5, 21, 33, 62, 99 in translation, 21, 100
i-stem, 8 Stearn’s Botanical Latin, xiv
number, 67 stem (of a noun), 3
number (of a noun), xiv, 3 suffix, definition, 57
number (of an adjective), xiv, 21 superlative adjective, 29
numbers, 50 symbols, 61
numerals, 50
cardinal, 50–51 time, expressing, 59
distributive, 53 translation
ordinal, 52 English to Latin, example from
numerical adverbs, 54 Bentham, 94
English to Latin, procedure, 92
ordinal numerals, 52 Latin to English, example of Melaleuca,
104
parsing, 93, 103 Latin to English, procedure, 103
participle
declining, 21, 32 verb, 47–49
definition, 21, 31 abbreviations, 49
Group A, 22 definition, 47
Group B, 23 habitat description, 59
parts of speech, xiv preposition with, 48

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Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.

: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE

Alex George is an Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of

Alex George (AM)

cambridge university press

Published in the United States of America by

© Cambridge University Press 2013

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

First published 2013

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

ISBN 978-1-107-69375-3 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

To ‘Foureyes’, my Latin teacher at school (also known as Edward

Part II Exercises in translation

Part III Translating

References and further reading 335

• there is no article (the, a, an), and

Why do botanists need Latin?

Why do botanists need Latin? xiii

5. It now belongs to no country, so is impartial, and it enables a reader

It is worth reading the introductory parts of William Stearn’s Botanical

Consulting a Latin dictionary or vocabulary

We have to know about conjugating verbs, i.e. distinguishing person,

First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative macula the/a spot (subject) maculae the spots (subject)

Example: agricola (m.) ﬁeld-dweller

Case Singular Plural

Nominative agricola the/a ﬁeld-dweller agricolae the ﬁeld-dwellers

First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68) 5

Example: micropyle (f.) micropyle

Nominative micropyle micropyle (subject)

Second declension (Stearn pp. 68–71)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative ramus the/a branch (subject) rami the branches (subject)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative rostrum the/a beak (subject) rostra the beaks (subject)

Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) 7

Case Singular Plural

Nominative liber the/a book (subject) libri the books (subject)

Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87)

At this point, we have to confess a slight complication. Comparing the

Nouns ending in -al

Case Singular Plural

Nominative animal the/an animal (subject) animalia the animals (subject)

Nouns ending in -ar

Case Singular Plural

Nominative par the/a pair (subject) paria the pairs (subject)

Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) 9

Nouns ending in -as

Case Singular Plural

Nominative varietas the/a variety (subject) varietates the varieties (subject)

Nouns ending in-ax

Case Singular Plural

Nominative Smilax the/a Smilax (subject) Smilaces the Smilaxes (subject)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative vegetabile the/a plant (subject) vegetabilia the plants (subject)

Like vegetabile is mare (the sea).

Nouns ending in -en

Case Singular Plural

Nominative legumen the/a pod (subject) legumina the pods (subject)

Another example is cacumen (a peak, summit).

Nouns ending in -er