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Aci 239R 18 PDF
Aci 239R 18 PDF
Concrete: An Emerging
Technology Report
Reported by ACI Committee 239
ACI 239R-18
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Subcommittee 239-A
Sriram R. Aaleti Devin K. Harris Eric P. Steinberg
Jon S. Belkowitz Robert Moser Charles A. Weiss Jr.
*
Chair o f Subcommittee 239-A.
Consulting Members
James K. Hicks Antoine E. Naaman Larry Rowland
ACI encourages the development and appropriate use of new This emerging technology report gives an overview of ultra-high-
and emerging technologies through the publication of Emerging performance concrete. It briefy introduces the production of these
Technology Reports. These documents present information and concretes, their properties, design principles for their use, and
recommendations based on available test data, technical reports, example applications. It is not intended to be an exhaustive docu -
limited experience with feld applications, and the opinions o f ment, but rather to serve as a starting point for the concrete practi-
committee members. The presented information and recom- tioner on understanding this class of materials.
mendations, and their basis, may not be as extensively developed
and tested as those for more mature technologies. This report Keywords: applications; ductility; durability; fber-reinforced concrete;
f
identifes areas in which in ormation is believed to be less fully ultra-high-performance concrete.
developed and describes related research needs. The professional
using this document should understand the limitations of this CONTENTS
document and exercise judgment as to the appropriate applica-
tion of this emerging technology. CHAPTER 1 —INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2
1 .1 —Introduction, p. 2
1 .2—Scope, p. 3
CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS, p. 3
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are 2.1 —Defnitions, p. 3
intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and
inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use
o f individuals who are competent to evaluate the signifcance
CHAPTER 3—PRODUCTION, p. 3
and limitations o f its content and recommendations and who 3.1 —Materials, p. 3
will accept responsibility for the application o f the material it 3.2—Mixture proportioning, p. 3
contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and 3.3—Mixing, p. 3
all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall
not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from.
ACI 239R-1 8 was adopted and published October 201 8.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract
Copyright ©201 8, American Concrete Institute.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by
All rights reserved including rights o f reproduction and use in any form or by
the Architect/Engineer to be a part o f the contract documents, any means, including the making o f copies by any photo process, or by electronic
they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual
by the Architect/Engineer. reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless
permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
2 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
2.1 —Def nitions Note: Mixture Proportion 1 is from Bonneau et al. (1 996). Mixture Proportion 2 is
from Williams et al. (2009).
Please re fer to the latest version o f ACI Concrete Termi-
nology for a comprehensive list o f defnitions. Defnitions and less variable. This reduction and more even distribu-
provided herein complement that resource. tion o f forces alleviates the formation o f microcracks in the
conventional concrete—concrete that has a specifed matrix and ultimately results in improved mechanical prop-
compressive strength for design of less than 8000 psi (55 MPa). erties. Table 3.2 depicts two representative mixture propor-
strain hardening —ability to carry increasing tensile load tions for UHPC and demonstrates how the mass proportions
beyond the point o f frst crack. can vary based on the particle sizes.
strain softening—ability to carry a reduced (but non- The matrix o f UHPC is optimized for particle packing,
zero) tensile load beyond the point o f frst cracking. that is, the mixture proportions o f typical components such
ultra-high-performance concrete —concrete that has a as sand, silica fume, and cement are optimized to achieve
minimum specifed compressive strength o f 22,000 psi (1 50 the densest packing possible, as investigated by de Larrard
MPa) with specifed durability tensile ductility and tough- and Sedran (1 994). Another unique aspect o f UHPC is that
ness requirements; fbers are generally included to achieve some cementitious material particles may not take part in
specifed requirements. the hydration process, but merely serve as fne aggregate in
the overall matrix. It is common for 30 to 50 percent o f the
CHAPTER 3—PRODUCTION cement to be hydrated in UHPC due to the low water content
(Morin et al. 2001 ; Habel et al. 2006).
3.1 —Materials
The materials used to make ultra-high-performance 3.3—Mixing
concrete (UHPC) are similar to those commonly found UHPC has been produced using a wide variety o f mixers,
in traditional concrete. Constituent materials are selected ranging from laboratory-sized pan mixers to revolving drum
based on their particle size to optimally pack the matrix to truck mixers. Mixing UHPC, in general, is a somewhat
reduce voids between the particles. While some commer- diferent process than mixing conventional concrete. UHPC
cially available UHPC mixtures are proprietary, with their typically includes a limited amount o f water and little, i f any,
exact composition not reported, other mixture compositions coarse aggregate. As such, the UHPC requires the input o f
are readily available. Some mixtures feature less common extra mixing energy both to disperse the water and to over-
components such as silica four, which is silica sand come the low internal mixing action from the lack o f coarse
ground to achieve a specifc particle size. The addition o f aggregate. A typical mixing process involves frst charging
high-strength steel fbers to the matrix results in improved the mixer with the dry components and ensuring that they
ductility and the ability to eliminate some o f the mild steel are fully blended. Thereafter, the water and the liquid admix-
reinforcement normally found in conventional reinforced tures are added and dispersed. Mixing continues, sometimes
concrete members (Graybeal 2006a). for an extended period depending on the mixer energy input,
until the UHPC changes from a dry powder into a fuid
3.2—Mixture proportioning mixture. Once fuid, the fber reinforcement (if included)
The high strengths and superior performance achieved is added in a deliberate manner to ensure uniform distribu-
with UHPC stem from the reduction o f void space in the tion through the mixture without agglomeration. After fber
matrix and discontinuous pore structure, depending more on dispersion, the mixing is complete and the UHPC is ready
the material’s behavior on a microscopic level than on the for discharge. Higher-energy shear mixers can produce
properties o f its constituent components. Through the proper UHPC in a few minutes, whereas lower-energy drum mixers
selection o f components based on both their particle size and could easily require 20 minutes or more to appropriately
mechanical properties, the number o f contact points between distribute the constituents and produce a f uid mixture. Care
particles is increased, which in turn causes the level o f stress should be taken to ensure that the mixing process does not
trans ferred between particles through the paste to be reduced greatly increase the temperature o f the UHPC, as this can
4 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
fber settlement in the formwork and inadequate fber distri- Table 4.2—Comparison of conventional concrete
bution in the member. Overdosing the UHPC with water or and UHPC
high-range water-reducing admixtures during mixing will Conventional
compound this settlement problem. Fiber alignment is also Material characteristic concrete UHPC
dependent on the manner o f placement and how the UHPC 3000 to 6000 psi 22,000 to 36,000 psi
Compressive strength
fows in the formwork. (20 to 40 MPa) (1 50 to 250 MPa)
strength and sustained tensile capacity than FRC and conven- UHPC can either be strain-hardening (that is, the resistance
tional concrete. Whereas the tensile strength o f conventional continues to increase after the cracking stress is reached) or
concrete is usually neglected in structural design calcula- strain-so ftening (that is, the resistance decreases after the
tions, the tensile behavior o f UHPC is commonly included cracking stress is reached). Once the highest tensile resis-
(re fer to Chapter 5). tance is reached, crack localization occurs.
The tensile behavior o f UHPC is characterized by its high Figure 4.2b shows the schematic tensile behavior o f a
strength, but more importantly by its post-cracking ductility strain-hardening UHPC in comparison to a conventional
when compared to conventional concrete. UHPC gener- FRC. Stage I consists o f linear-elastic behavior to the frst
ally contains discrete and distributed reinforcement on the cracking strength σcc (Point A). The strain hardening stage
microscale, with the most common reinforcement being (Stage II) only occurs in the UHPC and is characterized
steel fbers. The type and quantity o f reinforcement can be by the formation o f multiple fne cracks, and the overall
adjusted to tailor the tensile behavior to the requirements behavior can be seen as a phenomenon that occurs in the
for each application. The post-cracking tensile behavior o f entire specimen. In contrast, the stress drops in conventional
FRC after the frst cracking strength. Once the specimen
reaches the post-cracking stress σpc (Point B), crack local-
ization and so ftening occur for both the conventional FRC
and the UHPC (Stage III).
The increases in tensile cracking strength and post-
cracking tensile capacity, when compared to conventional
concrete, also afect UHPC’s impact response, toughness,
and energy dissipation. UHPC’s energy dissipation is 50 to
1 00 times greater than that o f conventional concrete (Dugat
et al. 1 996 ; Parant 2003). As expected, the blast response
o f UHPC is better than conventional concrete (Cavill et
al. 2006). Because o f UHPC’s impact response and energy
dissipation, there is also interest in UHPC for seismic appli-
Fig. 4. 2a—Example tensile behaviors of conventional cations (Zohrevand and Mirmiran 201 3 ; Hosinieh et al.
concrete, FRC, and UHPC (adapted from Graybeal 2015). 201 5 ; Wille et al. 201 2 ; Toutlemonde et al. 201 6).
—
Fig. 4. 2b Schematic tensile behavior of strain-hardening UHPC and FRC (adapted from
Naaman [2002]).
ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8) 7
Fig. 5. 1a—Example for constitutive relationships for UHPC at the ultimate limit state
(ULS) in: (a) compression; and (b) strain-hardening in tension.
CHAPTER 6—APPLICATIONS
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been
employed in a variety o f applications ranging from pedes-
trian bridges to architectural facades. In this chapter, selected
examples o f the use o f UHPC are discussed. Many more
examples exist within and beyond these categories.
6.2—Pedestrian bridges
The frst UHPC pedestrian/bikeway bridge (Fig. 6.2a)
was built in Sherbrooke, QC, Canada in 1 997. The bridge is
an open-web space truss and spans 1 97 ft (60 m) across the
Magog River in downtown Sherbrooke. The top and bottom
chords o f the bridge were cast with a concrete that had a
compressive strength o f 29,000 psi (200 MPa). The bridge
deck is 1 .2 in. (30 mm) thick and is 1 30 in. (3.3 m) wide
(Blaise and Couture 1 999). Another example o f a UHPC
pedestrian bridge is the Sakata-Mirai Bridge in Sakata,
Japan (Fig. 6.2b). The bridge spans 1 65 ft (50.2 m) and
consists o f six precast segments. The bridge’s self-weight
is approximately 80 percent less than a similar bridge cast
with conventional concrete. The reduction in self-weight
resulted in a cost reduction o f 1 0 percent (Rebentrost and
Cavill 2006).
Other examples o f pedestrian bridges are the extremely
slender U-shaped footbridge to the MuCEM in Marseille,
France (Fig. 6.2c) (Mazzacane et al. 201 3), and the U-shaped Fig. 6. 1 —FHWA research on UHPC highway bridges.
truss bridge over the Oveja’s ravine in Alicante, Spain (Fig.
6.2d) (Lopez et al. 201 4).
10 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
—
Fig. 6. 2a Sherbrooke Pedestrian Bridge (photo courtesy
of Lafarge).
6.4—Rehabilitation
UHPC has been used in the rehabilitation o f structures.
Examples include thin unreinforced and reinforced water-
Fig. 6. 2b—Sakata-Mirai Bridge (photo courtesy ofLafarge).
tight protection layers and reinforced structural layers on
bridge decks (Fig. 6.4(a) and (b)). The density o f the UHPC
allows elimination o f separate waterproofng. UHPC is o ften
used to fulfll the dual purpose o f enhancing mechanical
performance and durability o f the structure. Strengthening
o f slabs typically consists o f increases in fexural capacity,
particularly in negative moment regions, an increase in
punching shear capacity, or both. It can be achieved using
UHPC with and without added reinforcing bars. Studies
and feld applications have shown that debonding between
existing concrete and UHPC is typically not a concern
when appropriate surface preparation methods are used.
The UHPC used in these overlay applications is typically
self-consolidating, but can accommodate a slope o f up to 1 0
percent on the free top deck surface (Brühwiler and Denarié
201 3). Typical layer thickness for unreinforced UHPC
Fig. 6. 2c—MuCEM Pedestrian Bridge, Marseille, France layers is approximately 1 .25 in. (30 mm), and 2 in. (50 mm)
(photo courtesy of Ben Graybeal). for reinforced layers. The UHPC layer can either accommo-
date a 2 in. (50 mm) thick asphalt layer or it can have gravel
pressed into the surface to obtain a skid-resistant wearing
6.3—Seismic retroft
surface.
Recent research has shown that UHPC can also be used for
The frst UHPC overlay was constructed in 1 992 in Taiwan.
seismic retroft o f columns. Massicotte et al. (201 3) proposed
f
UHPC to retroft insu cient reinforcing bar splices typically
Another was constructed in Switzerland in 2004 (Fig. 6.4(a))
and has been regularly monitored since. The UHPC overlay
found in older bridge pier columns (Fig. 6.3(a)). The aim
in Switzerland continues to be in good condition and shows
o f this retroft is to replace existing concrete with UHPC,
no signs o f deterioration. Figure 6.4(b) shows a large-scale
reduce reinforcing bar splice length, and eliminate spalling
UHPC deck overlay for strengthening and increasing dura-
and longitudinal bar buckling. In another seismic applica-
bility on the Chillon Viaducts in Switzerland in 201 4 (Brüh-
tion, UHPC combined with steel reinforcing bars was used
wiler et al. 201 5). More than 3200 yd3 (2400 m3 ) o f UHPC
ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8) 11
Fig. 6. 5—Implementation of UHPC in prestressed precast pile foundations: (a) cross section details; (b) feld splicing; (c) pile
driving; (d) condition of H-pile after driving; and (e) feld testing of UHPC pile (Vande Voort et al. 2008; Aaleti et al. 2012).
Connection details used to connect concrete components in for a reduction or elimination o f the interlacement o f rein-
the past have sometimes exhibited poor performance while forcements emanating from mating components have also
not o fering signifcant construction advantages. been developed and tested.
The advanced properties o f UHPC allow for the redesign Field-cast UHPC connections are beginning to be used
o f connection details to create robust systems that are easier in highway bridges around the United States and Canada
to construct and emulate or exceed the performance o f mono- (Fig. 6.6). Over 1 30 bridges have been constructed with this
lithic systems. In this application, UHPC can be viewed connection technology through 201 5 in the United States and
as a feld-cast grout whose properties allow for shortened Canada (Federal Highway Administration 201 6). The New
development length o f embedded reinforcements, increased York State Department o f Transportation and the Ontario
bond strength to mating surfaces, and enhanced durability Ministry o f Transportation have been lead agencies in the
as compared to commonly deployed grouts. Physical testing adoption o f this technology. Connection types used include
under static and cyclic loads has demonstrated that mild steel longitudinal and transverse deck-level connections, deck-to-
deformed reinforcing bars can be developed within approxi- girder connections, decked-girder connections, adjacent box
mately eight times the bar diameter, thus allowing for the beam connections, link slab connections, barrier rail connec-
lap splicing o f straight bars within comparatively narrow tions, and pre fabricated substructure connections.
connections (Graybeal 201 4). Shear connections that allow
14 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
o f UHPC in dry storage casks could result in a reduction in it is anticipated that certifcation for longer than 20 years
the diameter and mass o f the dry storage casks, allowing the would be possible. Preliminary studies o f UHPC containers
placement o f more casks on the same storage pad. In addi- with respect to mechanical shock resistance were performed
tion, based on the improved durability and strength charac- by Sercombe et al. (1 998).
teristics o f UHPC in comparison to conventional concrete,
6.9—Facades
Building facades are becoming an important application
of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). It is used for
second-skins, solar shadings, latticework, and opaque mineral
panels. For facades, the use of UHPC has many advantages.
It provides high durability for those exposed elements and
allows very complex forms to be produced with tight construc-
tion tolerances. The quality of the fnished surface is also an
important architectural criterion. The Museum for European
and Mediterranean Civilizations (MuCEM) in Marseille,
France, is an example of UHPC applications (Fig. 6.9)
(Mazzacane et al. 201 3). The building is inside an UHPC lace;
openwork panels allow light and air inside while breaking the
wind. Three hundred and eighty- four net facade panels were
cast with UHPC to cover two sides of the museum and its
roof. The panels are 1 9.7 x 9.8 ft (6 x 3 m) and the full/empty
ratio is approximately 50 percent.
6.10—Impact resistance
One unique application for ultra-high-performance
concrete (UHPC) recently studied by the U.S. Army Corps
o f Engineers is retroftting critical locations in inland navi-
gation structures (for example, locks and dams) (Green et
al. 201 4). One critical location studied is wall armoring
systems on lock walls, approach walls, and barrier walls
that are frequently impacted by vessels. The presence and
adequate performance o f these wall-armoring systems is
important to mitigate damage to critical components in the
lock (miter gates) and to ensure safety to users o f the lock
(prevent damaged concrete or bent steel from encroaching
into the lock chamber). Figure 6.1 0a depicts a damaged
armor component near a miter gate recess in an inland navi-
Fig. 6. 9—MuCEM general overview and close-up of facade gation structure.
panels (photos courtesy of Ben Graybeal).
Fig. 6. 10a—Typical damage vertical armor plate component at miter gate recess in inland
navigation lock structure (photo courtesy of Robert Moser).
16 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
6.1 2—Canopies/shells
The frst use o f ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)
for a thin-shelled canopy roo f was in Calgary, AB, Canada
in 2004 (Fig. 6.1 2a). This very thin, 3/4 in. (20 mm), archi-
tectural and structural shell consists o f 24 double curved
thin-shelled precast concrete canopies measuring 1 6 x 20 ft
(5 x 6 m) in plan, each supported by three struts on single
columns all manufactured with UHPC (Vincenzino et al.
2005). Due to the low permeability o f the UHPC, the shells
provide a watertight surface and there is no waterproofng
membrane applied to the structure, permitting the aesthetics
o f the smooth white surface to be visible.
The tollgate roo f o f the Millau Viaduct in France was
designed as a twisted horizontal concrete wall, 320 ft (98
m) long and 92 ft (28 m) wide, with a 2-degree angle (Fig.
6.1 2b). UHPC allowed the use o f thin membranes and light
Fig. 6. 11c—Placing UHPC in Caderousse Dam Spillway by and complex shapes. UHPC also aforded high durability and
pump (photo courtesy of Lafarge). tight construction tolerances necessary for this project. The
roo f is composed o f 53 prefabricated segments connected by
and are subjected to heating and cooling cycles, abrasion and
horizontal prestressing. The shell thickness varies between
corrosive waters containing chlorine, and sulfates (Toutle-
8 and 22 in. (200 and 850 mm) and is composed o f two 4
monde et al. 2009). Following 1 0 years o f exposure, cores
in. (1 00 mm) concrete skins and an expanded polystyrene
were taken from the beams during a maintenance shut down.
(EPS) foam core. UHPC containing steel fbers was used,
Analysis o f these cores confrmed the absence o f corrosion
which eliminated the need for any passive steel reinforce-
within the beams.
ment (Hajar et al. 2004 ; Krummenacher 2007).
18 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
CHAPTER 7—CONCLUSIONS Aaleti, S.; Petersen, B.; and Sritharan, S., 201 3, “Design
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced f
Guide for Precast UHPC Wa e Deck Panel Systems,
cementitious material with greater strength, tensile ductility, Including Connections,” Report No. FHWA-HIF-13-032 ,
and durability properties when compared with conventional Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1 27 pp.
and high-performance concrete. Because o f these improved AFGC, 2002, “Bétons Fibrés à Ultra-Hautes Perfor-
properties, opportunities and applications that were not mances, Recommandations Provisoires, (Ultra HighPerfor-
possible with conventional concrete are now possible with mance Fibre-Reinforced Concretes, Interim Recommen-
UHPC. As with any emerging technology, UHPC must fnd dations),” SETRA-AFGC, Groupe de travail BFUP, Paris,
its niche within the world construction marketplace. Over France, Jan. (in French and English).
the coming years, increased experience among pro fes- AFGC, 201 3, “Bétons Fibrés Á Ultra-Hautes Perfor-
sionals, improved design guidance, standardization, and mances: Recommendations,” Association Française de
broader material availability will facilitate the increase o f Génie Civil, Paris, France.
UHPC usage. This report serves to educate the pro fession on Alford, N. M., and Birchall, J. D., 1 985, “The Properties
this class o f materials and make project owners, designers, and Potential Applications o f Macro-De fect-Free Cement,
and contractors aware o f what UHPC has done and inspire Symposium on Very High Strength Cement-Based Mate-
them to use it for new and varied applications in the future. rials,” Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings , J.
F. Young, ed., Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 265-276.
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listed alphabetically. Pedestrian Bridge—World’s First Reactive Powder Concrete
Structure,” PCI Journal, V. 44, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 60-71 .
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ASTM C469/C469M-1 4—Standard Test Method for Bonneau, O.; Poulin, C.; Dugat, J.; Richard, P.; and Aitcin,
Static Modulus o f Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio o f Concrete P., 1 996, “Reactive Powder Concretes from Theory to Prac-
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Hydraulic Cement Mortar Houriet, B.; Fleury, B.; Cuennet, S.; Schaer, P.; Boudry,
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Ultra-Performant (BFUP): Matériaux, Dimensionnement Ultra-High Performance Concrete Pi-Girder,” NTIS Acces-
et Exécution,” Swiss Society o f Engineers and Architects, sion No. PB2009-11 5495, Federal Highway Administration,
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Cavill, B.; Rebentrost, M.; and Perry, V., 2006, “Ductal®— Graybeal, B., 2009b, “Structural Behavior o f a 2nd Gener-
An Ultra-High Performance Material for Resistance to ation Ultra-High Performance Concrete Pi-Girder,” NTIS
Blasts and Impacts,” First Specialty Conference on Disaster Accession No. NTIS PB2009-11 5496, Federal Highway
Mitigation, Calgary, AB, Canada. Administration, Nov., 11 3 pp.
Charron, J.-P.; Denarié, E.; and Brühwiler, E., 2007, Graybeal, B., 2011 , “Ultra-High Performance Concrete,”
“Permeability o f Ultra High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Report No. FHWA-HRT-11-038, Federal Highway Adminis-
Concretes (UHPFRC) Under High Stresses,” Materials tration, Washington, DC, 8 pp.
and Structures , V. 40, No. 3, pp. 269-277. doi: 1 0.1 61 7/ Graybeal, B., 201 4, “Design and Construction o f Field-
s11 527-006-91 05-0 Cast UHPC Connections,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-14-084,
Chen, L., and Graybeal, B., 201 0, “Finite Element Analysis Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 36 pp.
o f Ultra-High Performance Concrete: Modeling Structural Graybeal, B., 201 5, “Tensile Mechanical Response o f
Performance of an AASHTO Type II Girder and a 2nd Genera- Ultra-High-Performance Concrete,” Advances in Civil Engi-
tion Pi-Girders,” NTIS Accession No. PB2011 -1 00864, Federal neering Materials, V. 4, No. 2, pp. 62-74.
Highway Administration, Washington, DC, Oct., 1 77 pp. Graybeal, B., and Stone, B., 201 2, “Compression
Chen, L., and Graybeal, B., 201 2, “Modeling Structural Response o f a Rapid-Strengthening Ultra-High Performance
Performance o f 2nd Generation Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Formulation,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-12-065 ,
Concrete Pi-Girders,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, V. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 66 pp.
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20 ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8)
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Pastes o f Low Porosity, IV. Surface Area and Pore Struc-
ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (ACI 239R-1 8) 21
Toutlemonde, F.; Chenaf, M.; Deveaud, J.-P.; Genereux, Committee for Structural Concrete (DAfStb),” Proceed-
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Report on Ultra High Performance Concrete o f the German
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