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2. Calculate the refractive index for a substance if the speed of light in that medium is
a. 2.10 x 108 m/s
b. 1.50 x 108 m/s
3. Calculate the speed of light in a hypothetical material you have discovered and
named in honour of yourself. Its refractive index is 1.10.
4. Calculate the angle of refraction for light as it passes from air to each of the
mediums;
a. Water (n=1.33);
b. Diamond (n=2.42)
c. Plexiglas (n=1.51)
6. Light travels 875 km in material “x” in 5.00 ms. Calculate the speed of light in the material
and the material’s index of refraction.
Parts of the eye
Iris - Controls the size of the pupil. The part of the eye that is colored.
Pupil - Opening to the inner eye.
Cornea - Outermost transparent layer of the eye, begins the focusing process.
Lens - Focuses image of objects.
Retina - Contains cells that detect light.
Optic nerve - Transmits information to the brain.
Ciliary muscle - Controls the shape of the lens.
Rods - Allows the eye to sense black, white, and gray light.
Cones - Allows the eye to sense color. There are three types, one for each of the primary
subtractive colors (red, green, and blue).
1. The best definition of refraction is ____.
a. passing through a boundary b. bouncing off a boundary
c. changing speed at a boundary d. changing direction when crossing a boundary
2. If carbon tetrachloride has an index of refraction of 1.461, what is the speed of light
through this liquid? (c = 3 x 108 m/s)
a. 4.38 x 108 m/s b. 2.05 x 108 m/s c. 4.461 x 108 m/s d. 1.461 x 108 m/s
3. A ray of light in air is incident on an air-to-glass boundary at an angle of 30 degrees
with the normal. If the index of refraction of the glass is 1.65, what is the angle of the
refracted ray within the glass with respect to the normal?
2. A 3.0 cm tall object is placed along the principal axis of a thin converging lens of 30.0
cm focal length. If the object distance is 40.0 cm, which of the following best describes
the image distance and height, respectively?
a. 17.3 cm and 7.0 b. 120. cm and -9.0 c. 17.3 cm and 1.3 d. 120. cm and -1.0
cm cm cm cm
23. Which of the following best describes the image for a thin converging lens that
forms whenever the object is at a distance less than one focal length from the lens?
a. inverted, enlarged and real b. upright, enlarged and virtual
c. upright, reduced and virtual d. inverted, reduced and real
24. Which of the following best describes the image for a thin diverging lens that forms
whenever the magnitude of the object distance is less than that of the lens' focal
length?
a. inverted, enlarged and real b. upright, enlarged and virtual
c. upright, reduced and virtual d. inverted, reduced and real
The Critical Angle Derivation
the critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence that provides an angle of
refraction of 90-degrees. Make particular note that the critical angle is an angle of
incidence value. For the water-air boundary, the critical angle is 48.6-degrees. For the
crown glass-water boundary, the critical angle is 61.0-degrees. The actual value of the
critical angle is dependent upon the combination of materials present on each side of
the boundary.
Let's consider two different media - creatively named medium i (incident medium) and
medium r (refractive medium). The critical angle is the Θi that gives a Θr value of 90-
degrees. If this information is substituted into Snell's Law equation, a generic equation
for predicting the critical angle can be derived. The derivation is shown below.
ni *• sine(Θi) = nr • sine (Θr)
ni • sine(Θcrit) = nr • sine(90 degrees)
ni • sine(Θcrit) = nr
sine(Θcrit) = nr/ni
Θcrit= sine-1 (nr/ni) = invsine (nr/ni)
The critical angle can be calculated by taking the inverse-sine of the ratio of the indices of
refraction. The ratio of nr/ni is a value less than 1.0. In fact, for the equation to even give a
correct answer, the ratio of nr/ni must be less than 1.0. Since TIR only occurs if the refractive
medium is less dense than the incident medium, the value of ni must be greater than the value
of nr.
EXAMPLE # 1. Calculate the critical angle for the crown glass-air boundary. Refer to
the table of indices of refraction if necessary.
The solution to the problem involves the use of the above equation for the critical
angle.
Θcrit = sin-1 (nr/ni) = invsine (nr/ni)
Θcrit = sin-1 (1.000/1.52) = 41.1 degrees
Calculate the critical angle for the diamond-air boundary. Refer to the table of indices of
refraction if necessary.
The solution to the problem involves the use of the above equation for the critical
angle.
Θcrit = sin-1 (nr/ni) = invsine (nr/ni)
Θcrit = sin-1 (1.000/2.42) = 24.4 degrees
Material Index of Refraction
Vacuum 1.0000 <--lowest optical density
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water 1.333
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Plexiglas 1.51
Crown Glass 1.52
Light Flint Glass 1.58
Dense Flint Glass 1.66
Zircon 1.923
Diamond 2.417
Rutile 2.907
Gallium phosphide 3.50 <--highest optical density
SPHERICAL ABBERATION - This defect prohibits the mirror from focusing all the incident light from
the same location on an object to a precise point. While light rays originating at the same
location on an object reflect off the mirror and focus to a point, any light rays striking the edges
of the mirror fail to focus at that same point. The result is that the images of objects as seen in
spherical mirrors are often blurry.
Spherical aberration is most commonly corrected by use of a mirror with a different shape.
Usually, a parabolic mirror is substituted for a spherical mirror.
It occurs because the index of refraction of glass varies with the wavelength of light, i.e., glass bends
different colors by different amounts. This phenomenon is called dispersion. It appears as color fringing,
most visibly on tangential edges near the boundaries of the image. It is sometimes confused with
another effect, which we call pixel shift— a color channel offset that is typically uniform over the sensor
and can be caused by physical misalignment of multi-chip sensors or demosaicing errors.
The two types of chromatic aberration are illustrated above.
Longitudinal chromatic aberration causes different wavelengths to focus on different image planes. It
cannot be measured from a single image by Imatest; it causes a degradation of MTF response– by differing
amounts for different colors.
Lateral chromatic aberration is the color fringing that occurs because the magnification of the image
differs with wavelength. It tends to be far more visible than longitudinal CA.