Ø It is the period where paradigm shifts

occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs

that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people where challenged
and opposed.
Ø It is a movement about enlightenment and
it may be initiated during 17th century
where people are driven by the new
discoveries in science and technology and
cultural relativism resulting from the
explorations.
Ø18th century is an era marked by
questioning of traditional dogmas/
values.
ØIt emphasizes the idea of universal
human progress, the most pragmatic
systems in science as well as free use of
reason, logic, and critical thinking.
ØScience as an idea
ØScience as an intellectual
activity
ØScience as a body of knowledge
ØScience as a personal and social
activity
ØEurope (16th – 18th century)
ØEnlightenment
ØReflect, rethink, and rethink
ØGolden age
ØTransformation age of the
society and formulation of
scientific ideas
SOME INTELLECTUALS
& THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
1.NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
2.CHARLES DARWIN
3.SIGMUND FREUD
• COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• One of the most important contributions
of Copernicus was to the field of
astronomy
• 1543, On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres he published his theory
• He is generally considered to be the
initiator of the Scientific Revolution
• Thought experiment being useful in
science in present time
• Church vs. Scientific Activities
• DARWINIAN THEORY
• His ideas revolutionized biology in the
29th century
• The publication in 1859 of “The Origin of
Species” by Charles Darwin
• Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory influence
to:
- Economy - Political Science
- Religion - Agriculture
• FREUDIAN THEORY OF PERSONALITY-
human personality
• STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT-
ØOral ( 0- 1.5 yrs of age)
ØAnal ( 1.5 yrs of age)
ØPhallic ( 3-5 yrs of age)
ØLatency ( 5- 12 yrs of age)
ØGenital (12 – adulthood )
• THREE LEVEL OF HUMAN MIND
• Ego
•Superego
•Id
CONTROVERSIES IN FREUD’S
IDEAS
•Regarding childhood molesting
•Regarding religion
CRADLES OF EARLY
SCIENCE
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of
Central America from Southern Mexico
up to the border of South America
1. MAYA CIVILIZATION
2. INCA CIVILIZATION
3. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
• Lasted approximately 2000 years
• Known for their works in
astronomy
• Used temples for astronomical
observations
• Known for measuring time using
two complicated calendar systems
• Also developed the technology for
different crops & building
• Built looms for weaving cloth &
devised a rainbow glittery paint made
from mineral mica.
• Mayans are considered one of the
most scientifically advanced societies
in Mesoamerica
• Famous as one of the world’s 1st
civilizations use a handwriting-
hieroglyphics.
• Skilled in mathematics & created a
• Stone buildings that surrounded
earthquakes & other disasters
• Irrigation system & technique for
storing water for their crops to
grow in all types of land
• Calendar with 12 months to
mark their religious festivals &
prepare them for planting season
• Roads paved with stones
• The first suspension bridge
• Quipu, a system of knoted ropes
to keep records that only experts
can interpret
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of
the specially prized artistic
achievements
• MANDATORY EDUCATION- Aztecs put value
on education
- Early form of universal or inclusive education

• CHOCOLATES- Aztec in Mexico developed

chocolate during their time
- Aztec valued the cacao beans highly & made it
as part of their tribute to their gods.
ANTIPASMODIC MEDICATION- a medication
to prevent muscle spasms
CHINAMPA- A form of Aztec technology for
agricultural farming
AZTEC CALENDAR- enabled them to plan
their activities, rituals, & planting season
INVENTION OF CANOE- a light narrow boat
used for travelling in water systems
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN ASIA
• Is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast
bodies of water and fortified by the huge
mountains
• Known for manufacturing iron &
metallurgical works
• AYURVEDA (2500 BC )- system of traditional
medicine
• SUSRUTA SAMSHITA (ancient text)-
describes different surgical & other medical
procedures famous in ancient India.
• Developed theories on the configuration of the
universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth
& the year of 360 days w/ 12 equal parts of 30
days each
• BISHT (1982)- earliest traces of mathematical
knowledge appeared in the Indus Valley
Civilization
• Tried to standardized measurements of length
to a high degree of accuracy & designed a
ruler ( MOHENJODARO RULER).
• Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture &
herbal medicine were practiced
• The four great inventionist of ancient China
includes the compass, gunpowder, paper
making & printing tools
• Also invented iron plough, wheelbarrow,
band propeller
• Developed a design of different models of
bridges ( Zonggou ke xue yuan, 1983),
invented the first seismological detector &
developed a dry dock facility
• Famous in the field of seismology, astronomy,
& they used lunar calendar
• Cultural factors prevented these Chinese
achievements from developing into modern
science
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims with the
spread of Islam in the 7th & 8th centuries
• GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM- period of Muslim
scholarship lasted until the 17th century
• Ibn al- Haytham- regards as the father of
optics
• Musa al-Khwarizimi- algorithm
• Algebra derived from al-jabr
• Arabic Numeral System originally came from
India but Muslim mathematicians did make
several refinements to the number systems
• Jabir ibn Hayyan- father of Chemistry
• Ibn Sina- pioneered the science of
experimental medicine & was the first
physician to conduct clinical trials (“Book of
Healing” & the “The Canon of Medicine”).
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN AFRICA
• Blessed with the natural & the mineral
resources
• The history of science & mathematics shows
that similar to other ancient civilizations, the
early civilizations in Africa are knowledge
producers, too.
• Ancient Egypt made significant advances in
the fields of astronomy, mathematics &
medicine (e.g. development of geometry)
• Rules of geometry were developed & used to
build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel
architecture of Egypt
• Centre of Alchemy
• Study of human anatomy & pharmacology
astronomy was also famous in African region
• Used 3 types of calendars: lunar, solar, and
stellar otlr the combination of three.
Thank you for your kind
listening