GEN ED REVIEW MATERIALS by: DR. MARIJO D. CHUA 9.

9. Future Perfect tense – this expresses two future actions, one

I. Coverage: will happen before the other.
Study and Thinking Skills Example: She will have sung before she dances.
Writing in the Discipline 10. Present Perfect Progressive tense – expresses an action that
Speech and Oral Communication started in the past and still happening at present and most likely
Master Works of the World continue to happen in the future.
II. OTHER ERRORS COMMITTED IN SPEECH AND IN WRITINGS Example: She has been singing since this morning.
1. Double Negatives 2. Redundancy 11. Past Perfect Progressive – expresses two past actions, the first
one was still happening when the second one transpired.
3. Punctuations 4. Diction
Example: She had been singing before the bomb
5. Run-on 6. Sentence Fragments
exploded.
7, Incoherent 8. Ununified Sentences
12. Future Perfect Progressive – this expresses two future actions,
9. Wordiness 10. Pronunciation
wherein the first future action is still happening when the second
11. Stress 12. Intonation
one transpires.
S-Verb Agreement
Example: She will have been singing before the
1. the verb agrees with the number of subject
bomb explodes.
2. subjects joined by and take a plural verb
USE OF MODALS
3. singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb.
a. can/could - expressing ability
4. compound subjects joined by or...nor...agree with the number of
- may also express probability/possibility
the subject nearer the verb
b. may/might - expressing probability/possibility
5. the verb agrees with the subjects and not with the used verbs
c. must/should - expressing obligation/necessity
6. titles used as a subject take a singular verb
USE OF PREPOSITION
7. fraction, agree with the subject in the of phrase
a. in - period of time in the future
8. if decimal, use singular verb if it follows with a non-count
- months, years, period of time
nouns; use plural if follows with a count noun
- referring to a line (row, column)
9. when referring to a group (faculty, team, batallion) if considered
- bodies of water, referring to space
as a unit-singular verb; if taken as individuals - take a plural verb.
- in the morning, afternoon, and evening
10. indefinite pronouns as: anyone, someone, somebody - use
b. at - follows a precise time; comes before a group of people,
singular; many, both, few, several - use plural
pointing with places of a page, referring to a place, at
11. intervening words do not affect the nouns-verbs
night, before a verb without movement or a place (at
TENSES
work, at the mall)
1. Present tense – expresses habitual or factual actions.
c. on - produce specific calendar days
Example: The sun shines. / She sings.
- procedes specific days of the week
2. Past tense – expresses actions that happened in the past.
- comes before a direction
Example: She sang yesterday.
- referring to surfaces
3. Future tense – expresses actions that will happen in the future.
d. to - follows a verb and comes before places, cities,
Example: She will sing.
countries, and states (come to work. go to San Juan)
4. Present Progressive tense – expresses actions that are
happening at the moment.
TYPES OF COHESIVE DEVICES
Example – She is singing.
1. Reference - a pronoun or phrase used to refer to an individual
5. Past Progressive tense – this expresses a continuing action that
whose identity is presented in the opening sentence(anaphoric
started and ended in the past.
reference). Ex. Miss Saigon will be performed at the CCP. It will be
Example : She was singing all afternoon yesterday.
free to students.
6. Future Progressive tense – this expresses a continuing action
2. Ellipsis/Substitution - an original part of statement is replaced.
that will happen in the future.
Ex. “Did the team played a superb game?” “I think so.”
Example: She will be singing in the competition.
so = the team played a superb game.
7. Present Perfect tense – this expresses an action that started in
3. Conjunction - presents relationship of the different parts of the
the past, but still happening at present or just recently ended.
text. Ex. adversative (use of however, on the other hand additive
Example: I have sung a song. (and); temporal (then); causal (because)
8. Past Perfect tense – this expresses two past actions, one 4. Lexical - when two words are presented (by repetition, synonym,
happened before the other. super ordinate, general word) in a text and it is semantically
Example: She had sung before she danced. related.
VERBAL ANALOGY /e/ - hate, made
1. Part/Whole Analogies Ex. Sand: beach:: water :ocean
2. Function/Purpose Analogies NEUTRAL/MID/SCHWA
3. Cause and Effect Analogies Unaccented schwa sound – towel, America
4. Characteristics DIPTHTHONGS
5. Action Accented schwa sound – judge, cup /o/ - boat
6. Synonyms ROUND/BACK /ju/ - feud
7. Antonyms /u/ - balloon, soon, pool /ɔ/ - jaw, saw /au/ - plow
/U/ - pull, push /a/ - dark, sergeant / i/ - toy
REVIEW ON SPEECH COMMUNICATION /o/ - boat, own
I. The Family of Consonant Sounds HE SUPRA SEGMENTALS
A. Can be classified in 3 dimensions: A. Juncture – defined as pauses and rests in a given
a.1 Place of Articulation (where the sound is formed) speaking discourse.
a.2 Manner of Articulation (how the sound is made) (/) for short pause; (//) for longer pause; (///) for rests at
a.3 Voicing (voiceless or voiced) the end of the paragraph.
A.1 Manner of Articulation: A.1 Pitch – this is the highness or lowness of sound
1. Stops/Plosives – these are sounds produced when the air A.2 Volume – this is the loudness or softness of sound
stream is blocked completely before is is abruptly A.3 Intonation – this is the rising and falling of sound
released. Examples: Sounds of P,T,K,B,D,G . Four levels:
2. Fricatives – these are sounds produced when the air stream is Low - 1 High - 3
compressed and passes through a small opening creating friction. Normal – 2 Very High – 4
Examples: Sounds of F,V, S, Z, H, TH (voiced) and Sh, Zh Words: 2 3 1 3 2 1
(voiceless). Individual leadership
3. Affricates –these are sounds produce when a plosive is followed Phrases:2 3 1 2 3 1
by a fricative. Examples: Sounds of Ts (Ch), and Dz (J). for all of you in hot water
4. Nasals – sounds are produced when the oral cavity is blocked, 2 3 1 4 4
and so the air passes through the nose. Examples: Sounds of N, Sentences: What time is it Yes! We won!
M, Ng. An abrupt shift in pitch is indicated a sharp angle in line..Ex. The
5. Liquid/Lateral – sounds are when air stream moves around the sunset is lovely.
tongue in an obstructed manner. Examples: L and R. A glide is indicated by a curve. Ex. You’re looking well.
6. Glides – sounds that are close to vowel sounds. Examples: A.4 Stress – this s the placement of emphasis or force on
Sounds of W and Y. certain words or syllables
B. Point of Articulation Primary or strong Tertiary
1. Bilabial – two lips touching each other (P B) Secondary or medium - Weak
2. Labio Dental – lower lip touches upper teeth (F V) a. Most English words, especially nouns that contain 2 syllables
3. Dental – tip of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper are stressed on the first syllable.
teeth (Th-voiced & voiceless) Ex. govern, coma, holy, places
4. Alveolar – tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge b. Contrast them with verbs which are stressed on the second
(TD, SZ, N, L) syllable.
5. Palatal – the tongue and the hard palate Ex. prefer, present
(SH, ZH, TS, DZ, R, Y) c. Compound nouns or adjectives are primarily stressed on the
6. velar – dorsal tongue and hard palate (K, G, NG) first component and secondary stress on the second component.
7. Glottal – throat passage (H) Ex. Floodlight Firewall Icecream
C. Voiced or Voiceless d. Compound verbs are primarily stressed on the second
Voiced – if the vocal cords vibrate; component.
Voiceless – if the vocal cords are not vibrating upon the Ex. UndersSTAND OutSMART UnderGO
production of sounds. e. Intensive and reflexive pronouns are stressed primarily on the
B. Vowel sounds can be classified as: second syllable.
SPREAD/FRONT Ex. MySELF OurSELVES HerSELF
/i/ - beat, phoenix, legal /E/ - let, set
/I/ - bit, captain, pin /ae/ - man, family
f. “teen” endings are stressed on the second syllable but stress
shifts back to the first syllable when used as adjective before a Mass Communication – refers to simultaneous dissemination of a
noun. single item of information, advertising, propaganda, etc.
Ex. ThirTEEN FifTEEN Ana is FIFteen. Advertising and Propaganda Techniques
g. Primary stress is placed on syllables preceding “sion and tion”
endings; the last syllable receives the schwa or weakened vowel. “Advertising is the science of arresting the human intelligence
Ex. exTENsion exPLOsion obserVAtion long enough to get money from it.”
h. Words ending in “ious” Stephen Leacock
Ex. deLIcious CONscious inFECtious
Propaganda – defined as an effort directed systematically toward
Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate means “third the gaining of public support for an opinion or course action.
from end” for words with endings below: Euphemism – a rhetorical device of creating a positive connotation
on a given word.
Words ending in cy, ty, phy, gy Ex. deMOcracy Examples:
phoTOgraphy Tax Hike – Revenue Enhancement Illegitimate Child –
Words ending in al Ex. CRItical geological Loved Child
Words ending in ise Ex. SUpervise Exercise Dead Body – Remains Fat – Horizontally
Words ending in ate Ex. CONcentrate aPPREciate Challenged
Which word has the C pronounced as /k/? Stout – Vertically Challenged Blind – Visually
A. century Challenged
B. cold
C. city Dysphemism – opposite of Euphemism; creating a negative one.
D. censure Ex. “Freedom Fighters” – “Terrorist”.
58. Which word is accented on the first syllable? Stereotyping – grouping individuals together under one term or
A. fifteen characteristic.
B. outspeak Ex. US Soldirs as Abusive ones; OFWs labeled Filipinas as
domestic helpers.
C. understand
D. heaven
Innuendo – insinuating something without saying it.
Which among the words below has the /sh/ sound?
Ex. Senator 1: Is the president telling the truth?
A. vision
B. leisure Senator 2: Yes, this time.
Loaded Questions – a question with an underlying assumption.
C. sure
Ex. A girl wants to find out if her boyfriend cheated on her in the
D. salient
duration of their relationship.
This pertains to the pauses or rests in speech.
Girl: Have you stopped cheating on me?
A. Pitch
Boy: Well…..Yes!
B. Juncture
Weaselers – the linguistic method of hedging a bet.
C. Stress
Ex. In a Gum advertisement “ 4 out of 5 dentist surveyed
D. Intonation
recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.”
“Golden City bank pays up to !5% more interest of savings
Which among the sounds below is a voiceless sound?
account.”
a./dz/
Downplaying – an attempt to make someone or something look
b./g/
less important.
c./z/
Ex. He is so-so reporter. I have a gold medal and she
d./sh/ merely has a bronze.
Band Wagon – a propaganda and advertisement device wherein
Which among the sounds below does not belong? one is being convinced to do the same course of action by saying
A./p/ that everyone is doing it.
B./f/ Ex. Everybody is using REJOICE, why not try it.
C./s/ Glittering Personalities – a propaganda technique wherein famous
D./v/ personalities are used to convince others to do the same course of
REVIEW ON MASS COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM action. Ex. Sharon Cuneta on a beauty product.

Scare Tactics – or “Ad Baculum” a propaganda technique that
scares or threatens the audience to convince them to do a
particular course of action.
Ex. Take this medicine or suffer a severe heart attack.
The “Ad Hominem” – a Latin term which means “to the man”. A
propaganda technique and a fallacy, the writer deviates from the
real issue and make personal attack.
Ex. He is a politician, that’s why we must not trust him.
The Psychology of Advertisement
Jif Fowles stated on his book “ Mass Advertising as Social
Forecast” that there are 15 reasons why advertisements attract
potential clients.
The need for sex 2. The need for peers
3. The need for love and care 4. The need for guidance
5. The need for leveling up 6. The need for success
7. The need for dominance 8. The need for prominence
9. The need for attention 10. The need for uniqueness
11. The need for escape 12. The need for security
13. The need foe aesthetic sensation 14. The need to cater to
curiosity 15. Psychological need
MASS MEDIA
Radio – a form of mass media wherein information is transmitted
with the absence of wires from one point to another by the use of
electromagnetic waves.
TV – is the electronic transmission images and sounds.
Journalism – the discipline of gathering, organizing, and writing
news and other information. From the French word “journal”; from
the Latin word “Diurnal” meaning daily.
Broadcast Journalism ( Radio, Television, Cyber Journalism)
Jounalism Guidelines – Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenteil stated that
a journalist must follow the guidelines to fulfill his duty:
1. Journalism first obligation is to the truth
2. Its first loyalty is to the citizens
3. Its essence is discipline of verification
4. Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they
cover.
5. It must serve as an independent monitor of power
6. It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise
7. It must strive to make the significant interesting, and relevant.
8. It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional
9. Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal
conscience
Limitation of Press Freedom (Article III section 4 of the Philippine
Constitution)
TYPES OF LITERATURE
Literature – from the Latin word “ littera” which means letter.
Types of Literature:
A. Prose – from the Latin word “prosa”, meaning straightforward.
2 types:
1.1 Fiction – telling of stories which are not real or based on facts.
a. Fable – a short story that features animals, plants, ianimate
objects, or forces
b. Parable – a short story that illustrates a moral or religious
lesson.
c. Folktale/Folklore – the body of expressive culture. Including
tales, music, dance within a particular population.
d. Legend – The story is passed down from generation to
generation.
e. Myth – a sacred story usually concerning the origins of the
world and how the world and the creatures in it came to be their
present form.
f. Fairy Tale – a story that features folkloric characteristics such as
fairies, elves, giats.
g. Short Story – a story that tends to be more concise that focuses
only on one incident.
h. Novel – a long written fictional prose often having a complex
plot, usually divided into chapters.
i. Novellete – a piece of short prose fiction having 7,500-17,500
words in length.
j. Novella – longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel. 17,
500-40,000 words.
1.2 Non-fiction - an account or representation of a subject which
is presented as fact.
Types:
a. Essay – written from an author’s personal point of view.
b. Biography – an account of somebody’s life written or produced
by another person.
c. Autobiography – an account of somebody’s life written by that
person.
d. Diary/Journal – a personal record of somebody’s life, often
including personal thoughts and observations.
e. Documentary – a movie or TV program presenting facts or
information, especially about political, historical or
social issue.
Types:
1. Lyric Poetry – a genre of poetry that does not attempt to tell a
story, but more personal nature.
a. Song - short musical composition which features words
called lyrics.
b. Sonnet – a poem of fourteen lines that follow a strict
rhyme scheme and specific structure.
c.d. Limerick – a five line poem with strict form, popularized in
England by Edward Lear.
e. Couplet – consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same
meter.
f. Cinquain – any stanza or short poem of five lines.
g. Ode - – the most majestic type of lyric poetry, it expresses 8. Euphimism – offensive word is replaced with a polite word. Ex.
enthusiasm, lofty praise of some person or thing, deep reflection illegitimate child – loved child
or restrained feeling. 9. Assonance – a repetition of vowel sounds.
h. Elegy - a lyric poem that voices the author’s personal grief for a 10. Allusion – an indirect reference about a person, place or thing.
love one or meditation on death, it is a poem of lamentation 11. Antithesis – a figure of speech where 2 very opposing lines of
i. Haiku – a form of Japanese poetry with 17 syllables, often thought or ideas are placed in somewhat balanced sentenced. Ex.
describing nature or Man proposes: God disposes.
season. 12.Apostrophe – addressing to someone who is absent as if
Nursery Rhyme – a traditional song or poem taught to young present.
children 13. Metonymy – use another word to suggest meaning. Ex. We
2. Narrative Poetry – a genre of poetry that tells a story. have always remained loyal to the crown.
Types: 14. Oxymoron – the usage of two contradictory terms to describe
a. Ballad – a poem usually set to music, thus it often is a story in a an object, situation or incident. Ex. open secret, tragic comedy
song. 16. Litotes – are nothing but an understatement. Ex. The food at
b. Epic - long narrative poem recounting the deeds of a hero with that restaurant is not bad at all.
supernatural powers. 17. Anticlimax – refers to bulding up a climax that results in
c. Matrical Tale - it’s like a short story in verse, it deals with any something that cannot really e described as a climax.
emotion or phase of life, and its story is told in a simple, 18. Consonance – refers to the repetition of consonant sounds.
straightforward, and realistic. Ex. Whose woods these are, I think I know…his house is in the
d. Free Verse – a poetry that is written without using strict meter or village though.. Robert Frost)
rhyme. 19. Irony – opposite meaning of a word.
e. Blank Verse – a poetry that has a regular rhythm and line length 20. Understatement – undermine the due importance of a
but no rhyme. statement.
f. Idyll – a short poem depicting simple pastoral or rural scenes 21. Antonomasia – a word or phrase is substituted for a person’s
and life of country folk. proper name.
g. Epigram – a short poem, often expressing a single idea, that is Ex. The Bard of Avon – Shakespeare
usually satirical and has a clever twist in the end. 22. Anaphora – repetition of a word or words at the beginning of
h. Acrostic – refers to a number of lines of writing in which a two or more successive clauses.
combination of letters from each line spells a word or phrase. Ex. a time to be born, and a time to pluck up
Elements of Poetry
3. Dramatic Poetry – a drama written in verse to be spoken or Rhythm – It implies an up down motion or rise, pause, and fall
sung or appears in varying sometimes related forms in many Tone of Color – It is the rhythmic melody of a poem
culture. Foot – It is a basic unit in which a line of poetry is built.
Types: Five Kinds of Rhythm
a. Tragedy – a serious play with a tragic theme, often involving a 1. Iamb (x /) - Shall I Compare thee t0 a summer's day
heroic struggle and the downfall of the main character. 2. Trochee (/ x) - Tell me, mournful
b. Comedy – a comical play with a humorous theme or also in 3. Spondee (/ /) - White founts
making fun at other people or stereotypes.
4. Dactyl ( / x x) - murmuring pines
Figures of Speech 5. Anapest ( x x /) - Twas the night
1. Simile – with as or like. Ex. as big as a bus
2. Metaphor – without as or like Ex. The world is a stage.
Measurement
3. personification – adding human trait to an inanimate object. Ex.
The sun smiles…..
- monometer (1 foot) hexameter (6 ft.)
4. Analogy – equates two things to explain unfamiliar by
- dimeter (2 ft.) heptameter (7 ft.)
highlighting its similarities to something that is familiar. Ex. crying
- trimeter (3 ft.) octameter ( 8 ft.)
and laughing
- tetrameter (4 ft.) nonameter (9 ft.)
5. Alliteration – the duplication of specific consonant sound at the
- pentamer (5 ft.) decameter (10 ft.)
start of each word and in quick succession. Ex. Guinness is good
for you.
6. Hyperbole – over exaggerated. MASTER WORKS OF THE WORLD…..
7. Onomatopoeia – sounds that suggest meaning. Ex.
quack….mooo….

EPIC
1. The Iliad – written by Homer, consists of 20 books covering the
last 49 days of the 10th year of the Trojan War.
2. The Odyssey – written by Homer, consists of 24 books, it
represents the 10 year struggle of the Greek, Ulysses (Odysseus)
to reach and save his kingdom Ithaca.
3. The Aeneid – written by Virgil, the great Epic of Rome, it tells
about how Aeneas found the city of Rome.
4. Beowulf – the oldest Epic of England, it is about the heroic
deeds of Beowulf who helped saved the kingdom of Herod.
Ode – the most majestic type of lyric poetry, it expresses
enthusiasm, lofty praise of some person or thing, deep reflection
or restrained feeling.
Examples:
1. Ode to the West Wind – Percy Bysshe Shelley
2. Ode to Duty – William Wordsworth
3. Ode to a Nightingale – John Keats
B. Elegy
Examples:
1. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard – by Thomas Gray,
shows a solemn reflection on the unmarked graves of common
people in the lonely churchyard.
2. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways – by William Wordsworth
3. Break, Break, Break – by Alfred Lord Tennyson

5.The Shah Namah – written by Firdausi meaning “Singer of C. Sonnet

Paradise”, his real name is Abdul Kasim Mausur, the great Epic of Examples:
Persia to overthrow her enemies.
1. How Do I Love Thee – by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
2. Sonnets 18, 29 – by Shakespeare
6. The Nibelungenlied – a folk epic consisting of 139 parts called 3. 400 Sonnets – by Wordsworth, composed upon Westminster
Gunther win his bride, it is also about the lack of union between
Bridge, 1802
rival, kindred tribes.
7. The Song of Roland – the great epic of France, it depicts the
D. Simple Lyric
great struggle of Christian knights of France under Charlemagne
Examples:
against the Moors or the Mohammedans.
1. The Tiger – by William Blake
8. The Cid – the great folk epic of Spain, it tells of the deeds of the
2. Snow Dust, The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a
great “cid” or “Lord”, Rodrigo in his wars with the Moors.
Snowy Evening – by Robert Frost
9. The Devine Comedy ----– written by Dante, the great epic of Italy,
3. Gitanjali – by Rabindranath Tagore
it has three parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, the great
purpose in the epic is the salvation of the soul.
Dramatic Poetry
Metrical Romance
– a long rumbling love story in verse, it is the type of literature A. Poetic Plays – drama written in verse form.
which is the most characteristic of the Middle Ages, chivalry- Examples:
romantic love-religion predominate. 1. Oedipus Rex – by Sophocles, drama of Greece
Example 2. Medea – by Euripides, drama
Sir Gawain and The Green Knight – is a story of courage, loyalty,
and faith in GOD. B. Dramatic Monologue
The Ballad Example:
Examples: 1. My Last Duchess – by Robert Browning, chooses a particular
Lord Randal, Get Up And Bar The Door, Richard Cory, Lochinvar, crisis in the life of the speaker and lay bare the depths of his soul
La Belle Dame Sans Merci and unconsciously reveals all the hidden springs and motives for
Metrical Tale action.
The Canterbury Tales – written by Geoffrey Chaucer, it is a large
collection of stories which features the different people of C. Prose Drama
medieval England. Examples:
1. A doll’s House – by Henrick Ibsen, the husband in the story
2. The Decameron – written by an Italian writer, Giovanni treats Nora , the wife as a doll, a plaything, a pet, instead as a
Boccaccio, it is a collection of tales told by a group of young woman, as a person.
people escaping the Black Death from the city. 2. The Physicia Inspite of Himself – by Moliere
3. Cyrano De Bergerac – by Edmond Rostand
Lyric Poetry 4. Death of a Salesman – by Arthur Miller
 Essay PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Examples: Pre Colonial
1. Of Studies – by Bacon A. Gnomic Verses – earliest form of expression. Ex.
2. A Dissertation Upon a Roast Pig – by Charles Lamb Riddles, Ritualistic Chants, Proverbs, Short lyric Poems, songs,
3. The Profit of One Man is Damage to Another – by Michael de nursery rhymes.
Montaigne
B. Folk Epics – lengthy narrative poems which involve
Short Story supernatural events, heroic deeds.
Examples: Ex. Ibalon – Bicol
1. The Cask of Amontillado, The Masque of the Red Death, Tell- Biag ni Lam-ang – Ilocos
Tale Heart, The Fall of the House of Usher – Edgar Allan Poe Agyu ad Baybayan - Bukidnon
2. The Necklace, The Jewels, The Piece of String – by Guy de Ulalim –Kalinga
Maupassant Hudhud and Alim – Ifugao
3. A Father, The Slanderer, The Lottery Ticket – by Anton Checkov Bantugan – Maranao
4. The Last Leaf, The Gift of Maggi – by O’Henry Parang Sahir – Tausug
Novel Indarapatra and Sulayman – Maguindanao

Picaresque Novel – usually 1st person narrative, relating the C. Folk Narratives – perform the function of natural events,
adventures of a rogue or low born adventurer. contemporary beliefs.
Examples: Ex. myths, fantastic stories, legends, folktales,fables.
1. Don Quixote – by Miguel De Cervantes Spanish Literature – Literature of religion and morality
2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – by Mark Twain A. First Publications Ex. Catechism books, Vocabulary and
Grammar
B. Epistolary Novel – a novel told through a medium of letters by B. Poetry
one or more characters. Ex. Ladino Poems:
Examples: Salamat ng Walang Hanggan – Bagongbanta, F.
1. Pamela – by Samuel Richardson Auit – Pinpin, T.
2. The Black Box – by Ormos Oz Salamat nangUlang Hoyang – Ossorio, P.S.
Marian Hymns – Fr. Sevilla
C. Gothic Novel - Pseudo medieval fiction having a prevailing Pasyon
atmosphere of mystery and terror. Metrical Romances – plot: triumph of truth over evil.
Examples: Corridos – courtly love, chivalric adventures ex. Ibong Adarna
1. Frankenstein – by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly Awit – Florante at Laura
2. Dracula – by Bram Stroker
3. Jane Eyre – Charlotte Bronte
D. Roman-a-clef-French – a novel that has extra literary interest of
portraying identifiable, sometimes real people more or less thinly C. Prose Narratives Ex. Urbana and Felisa
disguised as fictional characters. D. Drama
Examples: Ex. Panunuluyan – held on the eve of Christmas
1. Animal Farm – by George Orwell Cenaculo – passion and death of Christ
2. Remembrance of Things Past – by Marcel Proust Salubong – Easter play, meeting of Christ and his mother
3. Finnegan’s Wake – by James Joyce Tibag or Sta Cruzan – St. Elena’s search for the
cross on which Christ died.
E. Historical Novel – a novel that has a setting period of history. Duplo – forerunner of the Balagtasan
Example: Carillo – shadow play
War and Peace - by Leo Tolstoy Comedia – spectacularly play of courtly love; by Jose
F. Novel of Manners – work of fiction that re-creates a social world. de la Cruz (Husing Sisiw)
Examples: E. Nationalistic Period
1. Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility – by Jane Austen 1. Propaganda Movement
2. The Age of Innocence – by Edith Wharton Ex. La Solidaridad – Graciano Lopez Jaena
2. Revolutionary Period
Ex. Kalayaan – publication of the Katipunan by E. Jacinto
3. American Period - Early period: transition: learning
Child Sorrow – 1st Filipino Novel in English
UP Writer’s Club was founded
Later Period – period of emergence, recognition
Literary Organizations were formed: The Veronicans, The
Bachelorette, Philippine Writers League
Literary Awards: How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by:
Arguilla, M.
Pacific war
Ex. Without Seeing the Dawn by Javellana, S.
America is in the Heart
Republic Period
A. Post Liberation Period
- Brgy. Writers was organized
B. Modern Period
- Tagalog Writers embraced modernization
Literature After EDSA
- Creative Writing Centers honed literary craft writers
- Literary critics articulated trends and movements
Writing in the Discipline
Paragraph Development
Composing a Paragraph
A Paragraph – may be a sentence or a group of related sentences
about a single topic.
Kinds of Paragraph:
1. Introductory Paragraph – to announce or lay down a topic.
2. Transitional Paragraph – to announce or present a shift or
transition from one thought to another.
3. Developmental Paragraph – to amplify or develop an aspect of
the topic.
4. Paragraph of Dialogue – to present lines of characters and the
narrator in a storytelling discourse.
5. Concluding Paragraph – to end a composition
Parts of a Paragraph:
1. Main Idea – an author’s point of view about the topic.
2. Topic sentence – usually found in the beginning,
middle or end of the paragraph.
3. Supporting details – all other elements of the
paragraph.
Principles of Paragraph Development
1. Unity – A unified paragraph deals with only one main idea and
has consistency ofmood, tone, point of view and level of language.
2. Coherence – refers to the logical relationship among the
elements in a paragraph.
3. Emphasis – refers to the giving of focus to the most important
elements or ideas.
Five Ways of Ordering a Paragraph:
1. chronological or time order (for narration or process
analysis)
2. enumeration or listing order
3. spatial order (for description or for showing location in
space)
4. causal order
5. logical order ( inductive @ deductive
Methods of Paragraph Development:
1. Description
1.1 informative or objective
1.2 artistic or subjective
2. Narration
2.1 chronological or time order
2.2 flashback
3. Definition
4. Classification
5. Cause and Effect
6. Analogy
7. Comparison and Contrast
8. Deduction and Induction
Paragraph
The Siemens mobile group recently launched its C55 mobile
phone. The new phone offers up to 250 hours standby time and
around six hours of talk time. It has a “Calling Images” features
that enables digital pictures to be downloaded over WAP or sent
by SMS to friends. A conference call feature called “ Get In Touch”
allows up to five people to be involved in a call. In addition, th
phone has a diary and ”Greetings” functions that users can avail
of to track important events.
The sungka is a wooden board about two feet long, six inches
wide, on which the game sungka is played. On the surface of the
board are carved two rows of 14 small holes, seven on each row;
and two big holes, one at each end of the board to serve as casa
(house) for each player. Each small hole is filled with seven
stones.
Mangoes come in several, varieties, from the miniature paho,
the medium-sized ovate carabao, the elongated king, to the fat and
hefty Cambodian strain. Its colors bedazzle the eye within hues of
green to velvety blue, orangey-pink blushed with a deep purplish
red, and when ripe, pale primrose to a vivid canary yellow. Its
texture changes with varying degrees of ripeness: Crisp as a cool
cucumber or buttery and supple as a ripe peach. The elusive taste
ranges from very sour, a bit pungent and a bit bitter, to the very
sweet, or sometimes all of the above- or at once full or unexpected Ex. Plato analyzed words in terms of their origins and
undertones, with a strange perfume reminiscent of turpentine sounds making them up. There was connection between sounds
and meaning though words change a great deal overtime.
John Locke - wrote that the use of “words is to be
ELEMENTS OF COMPOSITION sensible marks of ideas”, a word is made arbitrarily the mark of
such idea.
7.Classes - grammar classifies a language’s lexicon into several
Word - the smallest unit of speech or writing which has meaning groups of words. These classification is in the tradition of
by itself Dionysius Thrax, distinguished 8 categories.
(Fernandoet al. 1988). 8.Word Power - word is really a power in the sense that it means
- the smallest free form in a language (an item that may be success. If your vocabulary is wider, then you have a better
uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content) in chances in communicating with others. (Building the word power)
contrast to a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning. 9.Word Patterns
(wikipedia) A.Affixation - prefix, root word, suffix
B.Compunding - 2 free words lsptop; free word +
Word Boundaries preposition or adverb line-up
C.Shortened or clipped words (Clipping) - exam
(examination); TV (television)
1.Potential pause : A speaker is told to repeat a given sentence D.Words used as more than one part of speech - record; present
slowly, allowing for pauses. He will intend to E.Repetition of Sounds (Reduplicating) - Chitchat, flipflap,
insert pauses at the word boundaries. The speaker could easily dingdong
break up polysyllabic words. F.Imitation of Sounds - meow, whoosh, bang
G.Acronyms - CHED - Commission on Higher Education
2.Indivisibility - A speaker is told to say a sentence out loud, and H.Blends (Blending) - breakfast + lunch = branch; Cinema + drama
then is told to say the sentence again with extra = cinerama
words added to it. Ex. I have lived in this village for ten years might I. Contraction - I + am = I’m
become My family and I have lived in this little for about J.Abbreviations - Professor = Prof.
10 or so years.
10.Words and Meanings
A.Connotation vs Denotation = interpretation vs. Actual meaning
3.Phonetic boundaries - Some languages have particular rules of
B.Synonyms vs Antonyms = the same meaning vs opposite
pronunciation that mmake it easy to spot where a
meaning
word boundary should be. Ex. In a language that regularly stresses
C.Homonyms vs Heteronyms = site, cite, sight vs resume and
the last syllable of a word, a word bopundary is likely to fall after
resume
each stressed syllable.
D.Technical Words = jargon words
4.Orthographic boundaries - Word separators (typically spaces)
d.1 Medical terms = allergy
are common in modern orthography of languages using
alphabetic scripts. In English orthography, words may contain
spaces if they are compounds such as ice cream or air raid
shelter.

5.Morphology - stem of love may have a different form like loving,

loves,.
Stem - root word ex. break
Bound morpheme - cannot stand alone like un,
dis, ist
Free morpheme - can stand alone like able (can be done)
inflectional morpheme like stop/ping..;
Allomorphs - of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: cat as
cats, dishes..

6.Philosophy - Philosophers found words objects of fascination

 Which among these words has the voiceless /th/ sound? b.She drives a black Japanese expensive sports car.
A. these c.She drives a black expensive Japanese sports car.
B. mother d.She drives an expensive Japanese black sports car.
C. think 14. Only 85% of the applicants _________________ able to pass the
D. there entrance test last year.
Which word must have the primary stress in the sentence below if a. are b. was c. is d. were
we want to emphasize possession? 15. Neither Emily Bronte nor her sisters ___________________ their
“That is my bag.” real names in their writing career.
A. that a. use b.uses c.using d.has used
B. is Figures of Speech (Choose Me!)
C. my 1. Comparison between two unlike things or persons that have
D. bag something in common.
What pitch level must be used in starting a sentence? (metonymy; simile)
A. 1 2. The Lord is my shepherd.
B. 2 (metaphor; metonymy)
C. 3 3. Have you read Nick Joaquin?
D. 4 (metonymy, synecdoche)
Correct Usage 4. Use of a word to signify the opposite of its literal meaning
1. Everybody _____it is to his advantage to have a degree. a. know b. (apostrophe, irony)
knows c. knew d. will know 5. Giving human quality to inanimate objects or abstract things.
2. We are not required to attend the conference, ____? a. aren't we b. ( litotes, personification)
are we not 6. This equates two things to explain unfamiliar by highlighting its
c. are we d. isn't it) similarities to something that is familiar. Ex. crying and laughing. (pun,
3. Mariah Carey sings very well, doesn't she? analogy)
a. Yes, she does b. No, she does 7. The duplication of specific consonant sound at the start of each word
c.Yes, she doesn't d. No, she doesn't and in quick succession. (onomatopoeia, alliteration).
4. ____ every rule, there is no exception. 8. Sounds that suggest meaning. Ex. quack….mooo
a. In b. To c. For d. Under (assonance, onomatopoeia)
5. The soldier, _____by his friends, dropped to the ground. 9. “illegitimate child to a loved child”
a. forsakened b. forsake c. forsaken d. forsook (pun, euphemism)
6. I was very tired to work. 10. A repetition of vowel sounds. (consonance, assonance)
a b c d 11. “You have hitler's ironic hand.”
7. You are the very person who I saw. (allusion, apostrophe)
a b c d 12. “ Man proposes: God disposes.”
8. The girl said she will come early. (anticlimax, antithesis)
a b c d 13. Open secret, tragic comedy
9. Mom says, “I talk entirely to much.” (asyndeton, oxymoron)
a b c d 14. A word or phrase is substituted for a person’s proper name. Ex. The
10. She don't like to engage in such activity. Bard of Avon – Shakespeare (Pun, Antonomasia)
a b c d 15. A repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more
11. It surely takes a lifetime for Edgar Allan Poe to forget his lost love, successive clauses.
but he ____________________ hard to move on amidst tremendous Ex. a time to be born, and a time to pluck up
loneliness and despair. Antonomasia, Anaphora)
a.has been trying b. has tried 16. Many squatters dream of roofs over their heads. (metonymy,
c. had tried d. had been trying synecdoche)
12. Emily ____________________ her last novel when she died. 17. A play on words with humorous, witty effects. (pun, paradox)
a.has written b. had been writing c. had written d. has been 18. The face that launched a thousand ships.
writing (synecdoche, metonymy)
13. Which among the sentences below followed the correct order of 19. Her skin is as soft as cotton.
adjectives? (simile, metaphor)
a. She drives an expensive black Japanese sports car. 20. The voice that resounds a universe.
(onomatopoeia, hyperbole) • Written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva –
Doctrina Christiana
Identify Me!!! Types of Literature • Father of drama musical comedy/melodrama dealing with
• Deals with the life of a person which maybe about himself man’s passions and emotion – Zarzuela
or that of others TELL ME WHO THE AUTHOR IS…
a. ballad b. biography • Invictus - William Ernest Henly
c. epic c. legend • O Captain, my Captain - Wulf Whitman
• An extended narrative about heroic exploits often under • My Last Duchess - Robert Browning
supernatural control • Crossing the Bar - Alfred Lord Tennison
a. sonnet b. epic • Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms -
c. farce d. myth Thomas Moore
• Exaggerated comedy • Song to Celia - Ben Johnson
a. farce b. comedy • Psalm of Life - Henry Wordsworth Longfellow
c. anecdote d. lyric • I Wander Lonely as a Cloud - William Wordsworth
• A 14th iambic pentameter lines • The Raven - Edgar Allan Poe
a. sonnet b. lyric • The Canterbury Tales - Geofrey Chaucer
c. ballad d. pastoral • Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott
• It has 17, 500 -40, 000 words • Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte
a. short story b. novellete • For Whom the Bell Tolls - Ernest Hemingway
c. novella c. novel • A Christmas Carol - Charles Dickens
• Written from an author’s personal point of view. • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Mark Twain
a. diary b. journal • Silas Manner - George Elliot
c. essay d. documentary • Uncle Toms Cabin - Harriet Stowe
. A five line poem with strict form, popularized in England by • The Sound and the Fury - William Faulkner
Edward Lear. • The Crucible - Yay Panlilio
a. cinquain b. ode c. limerick d. couplet • The Tempest - William Shakespeare
• A poetry that has a regular rhythm and line length but no • Swiss Family Robinson - Johana Rudolf
rhyme. • Gulliver's Travel - Jonathan Swift
a. blank verse b. free verse • The Prince and the Pauper - Mark Twain
c. idyll c. metrical tale • The Alhambra - Washington Irving
• A lamentation or grief poem. • Dead Star - Paz Marquez Benitez
a. ballad b. ode • Pride and Prejudice - Jane Austen
c. elegy d. lyric
• Poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity on a
certain thing/object.
a. ode b. ballad
c. anecdote d. elegy
Identify Me!!!! Philippine Literature
• Held on the eve of Christmas - Panunuluyan
• Passion and death of Christ - Cenaculo
• Easter play, meeting of Christ and his mother - Salubong
• St. Elena’s search for the cross on which Christ died. –
Tibag/Sta.Cruzan
• Forerunner of the Balagtasan - Duplo
• Shadow play - Carillo
• Spectacularly play of courtly love - Comedia
• Play about the fighting between Moros and Christians – Moro-
moro
• First Tagalog novel published in the Philippines – Barlaan and
Josephat