Outline

• Principal stresses
• Mohr’s circle in 3D
• Strain tensor
• Principal strains

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Principal Stresses in 3D
• 3-D Stresses can be represented by in usual
notation
σ x τ xy τ xz 
 
τ
 xy σ y τ yz 
τ xz τ yz σ z 
 
We will use a concept from continuum mechanics
) r Traction vector
σ ⋅n = T Force/area

Stress Tensor
Unit normal vector

Prof. Ramesh Singh

Principal Stresses

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Principal Stresses in 3D
nˆ = liˆ + mˆj + nkˆ
σ x τ xy τ xz   l  T x 
    
τ xy σ y τ yz  m = T y 
τ xz τ yz σ z   n  T z 

σ x τ xy τ xz   l   l  σ 0 0   l 
        
τ xy σ y τ yz  m = σ m =  0 σ 0  m
τ xz τ yz σ z   n   n   0 0 σ   n 

Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Stresses in 3D
σ x − σ τ xy τ xz   l  0
    
 τ xy σ y −σ τ yz  m = 0
 τ xz τ yz σ z − σ   n  0

σ x −σ τ xy τ xz
τ xy σ y −σ τ yz = 0
τ xz τ yz σ z −σ

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 3D Stress – Principal Stresses
The three principal stresses are obtained as the
three real roots of the following equation:

σ 3 − I1σ 2 + I 2σ − I 3 = 0
where

I1 = σ x + σ y + σ z
I 2 = σ xσ y + σ xσ z + σ yσ z − τ xy2 − τ xz2 − τ yz2
I 3 = σ xσ yσ z + 2τ xyτ xzτ yz − σ τ − σ τ − σ τ
2
x yz
2
y xz
2
z xy

I1, I2, and I3 are known as stress invariants as

they do not change in value when the axes are
rotated to new positions.
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Stress
 0 − 240 0 
− 240 200 0 
 
 0 0 − 280

In[3]:= Det@880 − σ, − 240, 0<, 8− 240, 200 − σ, 0<, 80, 0, −280 − σ<<D
Out[3]= 16 128 000 + 113 600 σ − 80 σ2 − σ3

In[2]:= Solve@ Det@880 − σ, − 240, 0<, 8− 240, 200 − σ, 0<, 80, 0, −280 − σ<<D 0,
σD

Out[2]= 88σ → −280<, 8σ → − 160<, 8σ → 360<<

In[1]:= Eigenvalues@880, −240, 0<, 8−240, 200, 0<, 80, 0, − 280<<D

Out[1]= 8360, −280, −160<

Prof. Ramesh Singh

Principal Stresses in 3-D

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Linear Strains
∆u

∆x

Linear strain formulation:

∆u
εx =
∆x
Taking limits it can be represented as,
∂u ∂v ∂w
εx = ;ε y = ;ε z =
∂x ∂y ∂z

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Shear Strain
∆u

∆y

∆v

∆x
π
γ xy = −ψ = θ1 + θ 2
2
∆v
tan θ1 ≈ θ1 ≈
∆x
∆u
tan θ 2 ≈ θ 2 ≈
∆y
1
ε xy = γ xy =
1
(θ1 + θ 2 ) = 1  ∆u + ∆v  = 1  ∂u ∂v 
 + 
2 2 2  ∆y ∆x  2  ∂y ∂x 
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Strain Tensor

 ∂u 1  ∂u ∂v  1  ∂u ∂w 
  +   + 
∂x 2  ∂y ∂x  2  ∂z ∂x 
εx ε xy ε xz  
   1  ∂u ∂v  ∂v 1  ∂v ∂w  
ε i, j = ε xy εy ε yz  =   +   +  
 2  ∂y ∂x  ∂y 2  ∂z ∂y  
ε xz ε yz ε z 
  1  ∂u ∂w  1  ∂u ∂w  ∂w 
 2  ∂z + ∂x   + 
2  ∂z ∂x  ∂z 
 

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Strain Transformation

1
ε xy = γ xy
2

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Prof. Ramesh Singh

Mohr’s Circle for Strain

1
ε xy = γ xy
2
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Strains

where,
1
ε xy = γ xy
2

Prof. Ramesh Singh