Biomodeling Heartbeat
with Pressure Change Approach
for CABbaGe Simulator
Zakia Lutfiyani#1
#
STEI, ITB
Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
1
zakia.lutfiyani@gmail.com
Abstrak— CABbaGe simulator is learning media of heart
coronary surgeon in virtual reality concept. It shows the process
of cutting a new vessel which was then transplanted into a
clogged artery in the heart. Designing biomodeling heartbeat
begins with the approach to the change of pressure pulses
(waves) in the heart of mesh-forming objects, which resulted in
volume change of heart, and ends on press style change of heart.
This design is limited by not taking into account such factors as
density, and elasticity of the heart and its vessels in the
surrounding and interaction between them.
In this research, mathematical models of the approach of sine
function to the wave equation is build. These models represent
the heartbeat biomodelings to refine the simulator design of
coronary heart surgical called CABbaGe simulator.
The results obtained show that the implementation meets
biomodeling mathematical model has been designed so that the
system can be applied to existing products.
Kata kunci— biomodeling heartbeat, wave equation, cardiac
surgery coronary, CABbaGe simulator, pressure
change.
I. INTRODUCTION
Heart disease is still the number one disease that causes
death in Indonesia (source: http://id.inaheart.or.id). There are
various types of heart disease that can be experienced by
humans. Handling of heart disease varies depending on its
type. Handling the most severe heart disease is through
surgery. It is as other surgical operations vulnerable to failure
that is fatal to patients who experience it. This may occur
because of human error which is due to a lack of flying hours
or surgical training. To overcome this, created a simulation
application called CABbaGe Simulator.
Making CABbaGe simulator produces four topics that
deserve to be studied, namely biomodeling heartbeat, tool
movement, cutting, and bleeding. Biomodeling heartbeat are
the focus of the author to participate in building this simulator.
The mathematical model constructed to biomodeling
heartbeat can be displayed, at least the nature of the original
heartbeat, in order to improve the application of the simulator.
Modeling does not take into account such factors as density
and the elasticity of the heart and its vessels contained therein
and the interaction between them. These parameters are used
only in the frequency, stiffness, damping, and the deviation of
pressure force per unit area. To test the parameters involved,
only consider testing one parameter and keeping other
parameters at the same time. Besides cardiac objects have also
assumed a simple geometry in order to facilitate computing.
II. DESIGN BIOMODELING HEARTBEAT
Heartbeat can be expressed in simple form with a pulse on
the wave principle. Departure from these principles, wave
equation is the tool to create a mathematical model of
heartbeat. From what appears in the eyes, then poured into the
equation by considering the effects of the sinuses, resulting in
a mathematical equation.
Due to the computational mesh to create a volumetric
(tetrahedral), the calculation of elasticity and mass meetings
involving more than one object is very complicated, and also
needed adequate processing device, then the design is not
limited by factors involving the elasticity and density, and
assumes that the volumetric object mesh heart simplified into
a triangular mesh and is only taken of the forces that occur on
the surface of the object.
Thus the design only involves:
• triangular mesh (surface);
• frequency;
• pulse pressure, cardiac volume and pressure force.
Suppose there is a dummy model of the heart, with a
triangular mesh topology.
P
P P
P
P
P
P
Fig. 1 A dummy model of the heart with a triangle mesh is getting pressure on
each cross section.
 P
V  surface  height
P  Pa
a b 
P P  P  Pa sin  t
V 
 ac
h a  h
b
 h
c
 … 1.4)
6
t
P  Pa
With the change in volume, resulting in a change of style
Fig. 2 Model equation for the wave of the heart that influence stress.
press against the surface of the heart. To get the pressure value
is obtained as following equation.
Each heartbeat produces an amplitude that occurred as a
result of pressure, so-called pressure amplitudes Pressure F  P.A … (1.5)
value lies between the lower limit ( P  P A ) and upper
with the style press, is the pressure, and is the area of the
boundary ( P  P A )to avoid extreme sinus value. base. By substituting broad base contained in the equation
(1.4) and equation (1.5), then obtain the following equation.
Thus, mathematical equations can be written as follows.
a b  ac 
F  P … (1.6)
dp  sin  t 6 a
… (1.1)
dp  sin 2  ft
with the pressure obtained from equation (1.3).
containing terms
Equations generated from the algorithms above, applied in
a programming language for creating a simulation of the
P  PA  P  P  PA … (1.2) heartbeat.

with III. IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

Once the design is done, the concept has been created is
P  P  P A sin  t … (1.3) poured into the SOFA implementation with the assistance
framework. This framework has a variety of files that support
Besides the change of pressure causes changes in cardiac the establishment of medical simulation, which has 41
volume to volume of silence ( V d ). modules which include sofacomponenforcefield,
sofacomponenconstraint, sofacomponencollision, and so forth.
Each module has its own duties as a module for cutting, a
module for bleeding, a module for the collision, and others. In
Vd Vd SOFA, the module for the heartbeat has not been created. For
Vd
that made the module builder heartbeat. Files created are
DetakSinusForceField.cpp, DetakSinusForceField.h, and
DetakSinusForceField.inl. These three files are integrated into
V the module sofacomponenforcefield.
-
A. Implementation
V
Here is the heart of the display object viewed in detail from
+
various models.
1 2 3
Fig. 3 Illustration of changes in cardiac volume

To determine the volume of a triangle mesh, it should be

assumed that the triangle comes from a tetrahedron shape.
With the adaptation of images, obtained a volume form, ie as
follows.
 cardiac heartbeat is very rough. The test results can be seen in
Fig. 6.

Stiffness = 400 Stiffness = 3999

Fixed
constraint

Fig. 4 The object of the heart from various models.

B. Testing Stiffness = 4001 Stiffness = 40000

The model was built by the heartbeat parameters are

Fig. 5 Comparison of results of models with different stiffness values.
determined based on the existing literature.

The first test conducted on aspects of fixed constraints. The

design set a fixed amount of biomodeling constraint is built
as much as six points (see Fig. 4). These points can be said to
function as a drag objects to remain on the basic position for
interacting objects.

If the amount was deducted one point from all the existing
point, then the object will gradually change position during
the simulation in progress. Meanwhile, if plus point
constraint him, the heart of the object's position has not Damping = 10 Damping = 100
changed. Total fixed constraint taken the least but still be able
to perform the function properly. Fig. 6 Comparison of results of models with different damping values.

The second test conducted on the value of stiffness at the heart

of the object. At the selected object, made the default value
4000, while testing is done on the value of 400, 3999, 4001,
and 40 000. When stiffness is at a value of 400, then the object
interacting irregular heart. On the value of stiffness 3999, and
4001, the heart of interacting objects is almost similar to the
object of his dafault rated. While for the stiffness value 40
000, the objects interact with the quality of heart is very weak
pulse. The test results can be seen in Fig. 5.
The third test performed on the value of damping . The default
value for the damping set was 4. Tests conducted on the value
of damping 10 and 100. When damping value 10, the objects
interact with the heart that beats quite smooth. Whereas the
model with a damping value 100, the objects interact with
The fourth and fifth tests performed on the load deviation per
unit area (pressure) and frequency of pulse / heartbeat. Two of
these tests are in one parameter on DetakSinusForceField. For
the deviation of the load per unit area, the default value taken
is 200. Tests carried out at a pressure of 2, 20, and 2000. At
the time of the pressure value 2, the total pressure force can be
calculated in an area. While for the pressure value 20, even
more areas that get the style press, and for the pressure value
in 2000 resulted in many style press that occurred in the object
area so that the resulting pulse becomes irregular and the
deviation of the position of cardiac origin object. The test
results can be seen in Fig. 8.
 For the last testing, ie testing the heart rate, the value being C. Implementation of CABbaGe Simulator
tested is the one and 90. The default value used is 2 with a This implementation has been done along with testing on
frame rate of 60 fps .. at a pulse frequency value, of course, so Cabbage simulator.
move slow pulse. Meanwhile, when given a value of 90,
moving very fast pulse. The test results can be seen in Fig. 7.

a b
Keterangan.
Kiri: model denyut jantung dengan nilai frekuensi denyut jantung 1.
Kanan: model denyut jantung dengan nilai frekuensi denyut jantung 90.

Fig. 7 Comparison between the heart rate model for different frequency
values.

c d

Fig. 9 The visualization of heartbeat on simulator CABbaGe.

From the results of the application, if examined more

closely, the object of the heart beat properly when combined
with three other topics (see Introduction). Combined
simulation takes place at 14 fps frame rates are in line with
simulation time, decreases slowly as a result of increasing the
number of particles

D. Discussion
By collecting the output data generated in this simulation,
obtained the values of the parameters written in Table 1.1.

Tabel 1.1 Parameter values that have been adapted to simulate a heartbeat.
Note.
Top left : heartbeat model with deviation pulse pressure force 2. Parameter Value
Top right : heartbeat model with deviation pulse pressure force 20.
Bottom : heartbeat model with deviation pulse pressure force 200.
Number of Fixed 6
constraint
Stiffness 4000
Fig. 8 Comparison of model results with deviations pulse pressure force per
unit area (pressure) is different. Damping 4
Frequency of heartbeat 2 Hertz
Deviation pulse pressure 200
force
Frame rate 60 fps
 The values mentioned above are the result of selection of
the many values that have been tested. The frame rates are
used depending on the specifications of existing computing
devices.
The frequency used is the frequency of subsequent heart
rate applied in the equation that has been written before.
Although the source of guidance on the normal human heart
rate expressed in value 60-80 ppb (some are mentioned 60-
100 bpm), which if converted into hertz is one per second, but
taken as a default value is 2. This is done to achieve the goals
in the beginning, which displays the heart rate model that can
be said to approach the original model. This value is modified
unit in accordance with the value of a unit of frequency,
namely Hertz (Hz). Frequency pulse is applied to the value of
existing frequencies in the wave equations that have been
designed previously. For the deviation of the pressure pulse,
taken the value 200. This value is the value that has been
selected from the calculation in equation (1.1) are the result of
their interaction approached real model heartbeat. Cardiac
pressure deviation is a measure of deviation of object position
fixed point constraint heart against him. This needs to be
calculated to support the fixed function constraint.
IV. CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
[1] Martini, Frederick H. (2006), Fundamentals of Anatomy
&Physiology:The Heart, Seven Edition, Pearson education Inc.,
California.
[2] Ridwan Hanri K. (2008), Studi Gerak Jantung Menggunakan
MetodePengolahan Citra dan Transformasi Fourier, Tugas Akhir,
Institut Teknologi Bandung.
[3] Palladino, Joseph L. (2006), Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals
:Phisiological Modeling, Simulation , and Control, Third Edition, CRC
Press, Florida.
[4] Allard, J. et al. (2008), SOFA-An Open Source Framework for Medical
Simulation, http://www.sofa-framework.org/docs/sofa_mmvr07.pdf, 11
September 2009, 12.08 WIB.
[5] Santi Fitria A.S., Zakia Lutfiyani, Siti Amanah, Gina Indriani (2009),
Virtual Surgery: Simulator CABbaGe, Dokumentasi B-100, Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
[6] Santi Fitria A.S., Zakia Lutfiyani, Siti Amanah, Gina Indriani (2009),
Virtual Surgery: Simulator CABbaGe, Dokumentasi B-200, Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
[7] Santi Fitria A.S., Zakia Lutfiyani, Siti Amanah, Gina Indriani (2009),
Virtual Surgery: Simulator CABbaGe, Dokumentasi B-300, Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
[8] Cartier, Raymond (2005), Medical Intelligence Unit : Off Pump Coronary
Artery Bypass Surgery, Landes Bioscience, USA.
[9] Wei-He, Guo (1999), Arterial Grafts for Coronary Bypass Surgery,
Springer-Verlag Ltd., Singapore.
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Modified Algorithm of Detrended Fluctuation Anaylisis Based on
Empirical Mode Decomposition, , Medical Engineering & Physics, 31,
92-100.

After implementation and testing is done, the following

conclusion.

 Biomodeling heartbeat that has been created, a new

mathematical model in the implementation phase and
not yet on the graphic design stage.
 Making a mathematical model for this biomodeling,
using the algorithm approach to the concept of
pressure change.
 These paramteres are built in this design has been
adapted from existing sources of medical reference to
the original model approach.
 With stiffness = 4000, damping = 4, frequency = 2,
and pressure deviation = 200, has been modelled
heartbeat which approximates the original nature of
the simulated at frame rates 60 fps.
 The value of these parameters around the points
above do not produce a significant difference in
condition.
 Use parameter values far from the range mentioned
above produce an extreme model of the original
condition.
 Biomodeling still limited to the visualization of the
nature of heartbeat and has not penetrated to the
graphic design aspect which approximates the
original, so it can be said that the supporters of the
application of this simulator is not a perfect simulator
as expected.