Emission Testing

David Hambley MSc. C. Eng.

MIEE
 Emission Testing

Contents
!Common EMC tests
− What are we testing for?
− What do we need to do the test?
− What are the important parameters?
− How do we do it?
− Which standards?
 Introduction
!Electromagnetic Compatibility
− Ability of equipment……to function
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing
intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances to anything in that
environment.
 EMC testing

Electromagnetic Compatibility

Emissions Immunity

Conducted Radiated Conducted Radiated

 Emissions
!Why worry?
− Protect the electromagnetic
environment
− Protect radio services
• Emergency services
• Commercial broadcasts
− Prevent interference with other
equipment intended to operate in the
same environment
 Emissions
!Standards contain:
− Limit lines
− Test method
!Basic emission standards
− EN55011 – Industrial, scientific and medical
− EN55013 – Broadcast receivers
− EN55014 – Household appliances
− EN55015 – Lighting apparatus
− EN55022 – Information Technology Equipment
 Conducted emissions
!AC power port
− Conducted electrical noise
− Switched mode power supplies
− 150kHz-30MHz (most equipment)
− 9kHz-30MHz (lighting)
!Aim to protect LW/MW/SW broadcasts
!Main equipment required
− Spectrum analyser or receiver
− Line Impedance Stabilisation Network (LISN)
Conducted emissions
 Conducted emissions
! LISN
− Inserted into power line
− Allows measurement of RF voltage
− Provides defined impedance eg 50ΩΩ//50µ
µH
− Provides some noise isolation from mains supply
! Some precautions
− EUT current
− Earth leakage current
− Filtered supply
− Ambient radiated signals
 Harmonic emissions
! AC power port
− Conducted electrical noise
− Linear power supplies
− 50Hz-2kHz
! Aim to protect electrical supply quality
− Prevent conductor burnout
− Protect supply waveform
! Main Equipment required
− 50Hz power amplifier
− Power analyser
Harmonics/flicker
equipment
 Harmonic emissions
!50Hz power amplifier
− Powers equipment under test
− Removes harmonics present on
incoming supply
!Power analyser
− Measures the harmonics generated
!Standard
− EN61000-3-2
 Flicker
! AC power port
− Disturbances impressed on electrical supply
− Simulates effect on 60W light bulb
! Aim to protect electrical supply quality
− Prevent excessive voltage deviations
− Protect supply waveform
! Main Equipment required
− 50Hz power amplifier
− Flicker impedance
− Software algorithms
 Flicker
!50Hz power amplifier
− Powers equipment under test
− Provides a stabilised voltage supply
!Flicker impedance
− Defined impedance across which the
flicker voltage is measured
!Standard
− EN61000-3-3
 Radiated emissions
! Enclosure port and associated cabling
− Microprocessor frequencies
− Switched mode power supplies
− DC brushed motors
− 30MHz-1000MHz (most equipment)
− 9kHz-30MHz (additionally for lighting)
! Aim to protect
− Commercial broadcasts
− Emergency services
− Mobile phone services
 Radiated emissions
!Main equipment required
− Spectrum analyser or receiver
− Antenna
− Open Area Test Site (OATS)
− 4m mast
− Turntable
− Ellipse free from reflecting objects
Radiated emissions
antenna

mast

EUT
Non-metallic
table
3m or 10m

cable running ground plane

underground
to control room

ground plane Antenna

x 10m x 3m EUT

CISPR Ellipse
Position of
measurement
equipment if not
underground
Typical open area test site
Covered open area test site
 Measuring detectors
!Hardware detectors contained in spectrum
analysers and receivers
!4 detectors used in EMC testing
− Peak
− Peak hold (max hold)
− Quasi-peak
− Average
!Each detector has unique characteristics
 Peak detector
!‘Standard’ detector
!Detects signal peak or envelope ‘worst
case’ levels
!Allows measurements to be made quickly
!Not referenced in commercial EMC
standards (except one railway standard)
!Used
− For pre-compliance testing
− In conjunction with a quasi-peak detector
 Peak hold detector
!Variant of peak detector
!Display updated if the amplitude
measured is greater on current
sweep than on previous sweeps
!Useful for measuring emissions from
cyclic equipment
!Not referenced in commercial EMC
standards
 Quasi-peak detector
!Referenced by all commercial EMC
standards
!Based upon subjective human response
to pulsed interference e.g. car ignition
!Provides a weighted output
!Weighted output based upon pulse
repetition frequency (PRF)
!Output up to 43.5dB less than peak
detector
 Quasi-peak detector
! Long charge/discharge times
! Measurements are slow
! 9k-150k 150k-30M 30-1000M
RBW (kHz) 0.2 9 120
Charge Tc (ms) 45 1 1
Discharge Td (ms) 500 160 550
! Conducted emission =53 minutes per phase
! QP detector used in conjunction with peak detector
! Only emissions from EUT are measured using QP detector
 Average detector
!Referenced in commercial EMC
standards for conducted emission
tests
!Measures the ‘average’ level
!Average level <QP level
!Not available on a spectrum analyser
!Averaging effect obtained by
controlling the video bandwidth
 Other emissions tests
! Conducted emissions on telecoms ports
− Similar to that on ac ports using ISN
! Conducted disturbance power
− Applies to household appliances mainly
− AC power port
− Emissions measured using clamp on wheels
! Discontinuous interference
− Measures transient conducted emissions (spikes)
− AC power port
− Requires oscilloscope to capture spikes
Immunity Testing
 Immunity
!Why worry?
− Ensure adequate protection against
interference
• Annoyance
o Interference on radio or TV
• Safety critical
o Lift electronics
o Vehicle ABS systems
 Immunity
! Standards contain:
− Test levels
− Test method
! Basic immunity standards
− EN61000-4-2 Immunity to ESD
− EN61000-4-3 Radiated immunity
− EN61000-4-4 Immunity to EFT/B
− EN61000-4-5 Immunity to surge
− EN61000-4-6 Conducted RF immunity
− EN61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic immunity
− EN61000-4-11 Voltage dips and interruptions
 Introduction
!Emission tests have limits
− Under limit = pass, over limit = fail
!How can immunity be assessed?
− What parameters should be monitored?
− How should they be quantified?
− What degradation is acceptable?
• To the manufacturer?
• To the user?
− Standards contain performance criteria
 Introduction
! Performance criteria B
− The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the
test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is
allowed below a performance level specified by the
manufacturer, where the apparatus is used as intended. The
performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of
performance. During the test, degradation of performance is,
however, allowed. No change of actual state or stored data is
allowed.
− If the minimum performance level, or the permissible
performance loss, is not specified by the manufacturer, then
either of these may be derived from the product description
and documentation and what the user may reasonably expect
from the apparatus if used as intended.
 Immunity to ESD
!Enclosure port
− Areas which can be touched under normal
operation
!Increasing importance
!More sensitive electronics
!More hostile environment
− Particularly the home
!Aim to protect semiconductor devices
− Temporary disturbance or destruction of
components!
Immunity to ESD
Immunity to ESD
 Immunity to ESD
!Main equipment required
− ESD simulator (gun)
 Immunity to ESD
!Standard
− EN61000-4-2
!Two types of discharge
− Contact (typically ±4kV or 6kV)
• To metallic surfaces
• Coupling planes
− Air (typically ±8kV)
• Insulating surfaces
 Immunity to ESD
!Two types of application
− Direct
• To the equipment under test
• Contact discharge
• Air discharge
− Indirect
• To coupling planes
• Contact discharge only
• Horizontal coupling plane (HCP)
• Vertical coupling plane (VCP)
 Radiated immunity
! Enclosure port and associated cabling
! Electromagnetic fields from intentional
transmitters
− Mobile phones
− Other radio communications
! 80MHz-1000MHz frequency range
− >1GHz testing will be required in the future
! Analogue circuits are vulnerable
− Measuring circuits eg thermometers
− Audio equipment
 Radiated immunity
!Main equipment required
− Anechoic chamber
− Signal generator
− Power amplifier
− Power meter
− Antenna
− Field probe
Radiated immunity
 Radiated immunity
! Standard
− EN61000-4-3
! Requirements
− 0-6dB field uniformity over 1.5m x 1.5m area
− 80MHz-1000MHz
− Test level: 3V/m, 10V/m or 20V/m depending upon
environment
− 1kHz 80% amplitude modulated field
− Pre-calibrated field
! Monitoring the equipment under test
− CCTV
− External monitoring
 Immunity to EFT/B
!Electrical fast transient/burst
interference
!Results from electrical switching
− Thermostats
− Equipment being switched on & off
!5ns rise time and 50ns half life
!Applied in bursts 15ms in duration
!300ms repetition rate
Immunity to EFT/B
 Immunity to EFT/B
!Standard
− EN61000-4-4
!Requirements
− Direct coupling
• AC power port
• DC power port
• Typically ±1kV or ±2kV depending upon environment
− Indirect coupling
• Signal cables
• Control cables
• Typically ±1kV or ±2kV depending upon environment
 Immunity to EFT/B
!Main equipment required
− EFT/B generator
− Capacitive coupling clamp

!
 Immunity to surge
!Similar to EFT/B
!Voltage & current surge
− Nearby lightning strikes
− Switching of inductive loads
!Surge waveforms
− Voltage waveform specified
− Current waveform specified
Immunity to surge
Immunity to surge
 Immunity to surge
! Standard
− EN61000-4-5
! Requirements
− Applied in single pulses
− Normally 1 minute apart
− At 0°, 90°, 180° & 270° on 50Hz waveform
− Line to line coupling
• Surge applied between lines with respect to earth
• Typically ±1kV
− Line to earth coupling
• Surge applied between line and earth
• Typically ±2kV
 Immunity to surge
! Main equipment required
− Surge generator
− Coupling/decoupling network
 Conducted RF immunity
! Injection of RF currents into cables
! Electromagnetic fields from intentional
transmitters
− Lower frequency that radiated immunity
− LW/MW/SW broadcasts
! 150kHz-80MHz frequency range
− Overcomes antenna inefficiency
! Analogue circuits are vulnerable
− Measuring circuits eg thermometers
− Audio equipment
 Conducted RF immunity
!Main equipment required
− Shielded enclosure
− Signal generator
− Power amplifier
− Power meter
− Coupling/decoupling networks (CDNs)
− Injection clamp
Conducted RF immunity
 Conducted RF immunity
! Standard
− EN61000-4-6
! Requirements
− 150kHz-80MHz (230MHz)
− Test level: 3Vrms, or 10Vrms depending upon
environment
− 1kHz 80% amplitude modulated field
− Pre-calibrated injection level
− Use of CDNs preferred
− Use of ferrite clamp with feedback as an alternative
 Immunity to VDI
!Voltage dips & interruptions
!AC power port
!Supply perturbations
− Voltage dips
• Deviation from nominal 230V supply
• Resulting from equipment being switched on
− Voltage interruptions
• Loss of supply
• Resulting from supply interruption
 Immunity to VDI
! Standard
− EN61000-4-11
! Requirements
− Inrush capability of facility to be measured
− Voltage dip
• Specified as a X% dip for Yms
• Typically 30% for 10ms & 60% for 100ms
− Voltage interruptions
• Specified as a X% dip for Yms
• Typically >95% for 5000ms
• Normally commencing at zero crossing point (but not
always)
 Immunity to VDI
!Main equipment required
− VDI generator
− Oscilloscope
 Summary
!Common EMC tests
− What are we testing for?
− What do we need to do the test?
− What are the important parameters?
− How do we do it?
− Which standards?