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2 - Heat Conduction - 10012020
2 - Heat Conduction - 10012020
Introduction
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude.
The rate of heat conduction in a specified direction is
proportional to the temperature gradient.
Heat conduction in a medium is three dimensional and
time dependent
Thermal Conductivity
dT
Fourier’s law of Conduction q kA
dx
1 1 1 1
Conductivity: k q dx k q (dx 1)
A dT A 1 dT 1
i. Motion of free
electrons
ii. Molecular
vibrations
(oscillation)
Thermal Conductivity
Why the thermal conductivity of gases is smaller than that of
solids?
In case of non metals, there are no free electrons. So, only the
molecular vibrations are responsible for conduction of heat and
hence for non metals the conductivity increases with increase in
temperature.
Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature
Conservation equation
Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
General Heat Conduction Equation
• Rectangular Coordinates Homogeneous medium
qy+Δy qz+Δz No bulk motion
T
qx k x A
Δy E g , E st
x
qx qx+Δx
T
Δz Δx qx k x yz
x
qz q x
qy q x x qx x
x
General Heat Conduction Equation
E in q x q y qz
E out q x x q y y qz z
E g q xyz
There may occur changes in the amount of the internal thermal
energy stored by the material in the control volume.
T
E st C p
xyz
t
General Heat Conduction Equation
q x
q y qz q xyz q x x q y y qz z C p
T
t
xyz
q x T
q x x qx x qx k x yz
x x
q x q x
q x q x x qx qx x x
x x
T T
q x q x x kx yz x kx xyz
x x x x
2T 2T 2T q C p T
2 2
x 2
y z k k t
k
Thermal Diffusivity
C p
General Heat Conduction Equation
Note: Thermal conductivity is a constant
2T 2T 2T q 1 T
2 2 Fourier-Biot Equation
x 2
y z k t
T
kx 0
x x
The hot gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air,
which is at 250 C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick.
The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m K.
Under steady state conditions an outer surface temperature of
brick is 1000 C.
Convection heat transfer to the air adjoining the outer surface is
characterized by a convection coefficient of h = 20 W/m2K.
K
Tgases
, Gases qCond
qConv , Brick qConv
, Air
, Air hair T2 T 1500 W/m 2
qConv
T2 T1 T1 T2
1500 -k k T1 287.5 C
L L
1500 hgas Tg T1 437.5 C
General Heat Conduction Equation
• Cylindrical Coordinates qz+Δz
qθ+rΔθ
qr+Δr
Δz qr
qθ
qz
1 T 1 T T T
kr r 2 k kz q C p
r r r r z z t
Cylindrical Coordinates
T T
qr k r Ar qz k z Az
r z
T T
qr k r rz qz k z rr
r z
qr qz
qr r qr r qz z qz z
r z
T T
qr qr r r
k r z r q z q z z z
k r r z
r r z z
T T
kr r rz kz rrz
r r z z
Cylindrical Coordinates
T
q k A E g q rrz
r
T T
q k rz E st C p
rrz
r t
q q
q r q r q
r
T T rz
q q r k rz k
r r
1 T 1 T T T
kr r 2 k kz q C p
r r r r z z t
General Heat Conduction Equation
• Spherical Coordinates
1 2 T 1 T 1 T T
k r k k sin θ
q C
r r 2 sin2 θ r 2 sinθ
r 2 r t
r p
Spherical Coordinates
T T
qr k r Ar q k A
r r
T T
qr k r r r sinθ q k r r sinθ
r r
qr q
qr r qr r q q
r
T T
qr qr r kr r r sinθ r q q k r r sinθ
r r r
2 T T
kr r sin θr k sinθ r
r r
Spherical Coordinates
T
q k A E g q r 2 sinθr
r sin θ
T T 2
q k r r E st C p
r sinθr
r sinθ t
q
q r sinθ q
T
q q r k r r k T r
r sinθ sin θ
1 2 T 1 T 1 T T
k r k k sin θ
q C
r r 2 sin2 θ r 2 sinθ
r 2 r t
r p
The temperature distribution across a wall of 1 m thick is given as
T(x) = a+bx+cx2 where T is in ˚C and x is in meters, a = 800 oC,
b = -350 oC/m, and c = -60 oC/m2 .
A uniform heat generation = 1000 W/m3, is present in the wall of
area 10 m2 having the properties Density = 1600 kg/m3, k = 40
W/m.K, and Cp = 4 kJ/kg.K.
• Determine the rate of heat transfer entering the wall ( x = 0) and
leaving the wall ( x = 1m)
• Determine the rate of change of energy storage in the wall
• Determine the time rate of temperature change at x = 0.25 and
0.5 m 2
A=10 m q=1000W/m2
k=40W/mK
T(x)=a+bx+cx 2 =1600kg/m3
.
Eg cp=4kJ/K
& qout
q .
in Est
L=1 m
x
T
qin qx ( 0 ) k A kA b 2cx
x x0
x 0
T
qout qx L kA kA b 2cx
x xL
x L
2T T
b 2cx 2c 2 60 120 C m 2
x 2 x x x
T 40 1000
120 5.94 104 C s
t 1600 4000 1600 4000
Comments:
• From the above result it is evident that the temperature at every
point within the wall is decreasing with time.
• Fourier's law can always be used to compute the conduction heat
rate from knowledge of the temperature distribution, even for
unsteady conditions with internal heat generation
The hot gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air,
which is at 250 C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick.
The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m K.
Convection heat transfer to the air adjoining the outer surface is
characterized by a convection coefficient of h = 20 W/m2K.
Convection heat transfer to the gas adjoining the inner surface is
characterized by a convection coefficient of h = 10 W/m2K.
Temperature of Gases is 437.5 0C
Determine;
(A) Heat Flux transfer from gases to air under steady state
conditions.
, Gases qCond
qConv , Brick qConv
, Air
q x h1 A T ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,2 kA
L
h2 A Ts ,2 T ,2
qx
T ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Ts ,2 T ,2
1 L 1
h1 A kA h2 A
Thermal Resistance Network For Heat Transfer
Through a Plane Wall
Too,1 V V
I I
R R
Ts,1 Ts,2 Th Tc T
q kA
Too,2 L L kA
T
q hATS 1 TS 2
Too,1 h1 x=0 x=L Too,2 h2 1 hA
V1 V4
I
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid R1 R2 R3
q
x
Too,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 Too,2 T1 T 2
q
L 1 1 L 1
1
h2 A
h1 A kA h1 A kA h2 A
T1 T 2
q
1 L 1
h1 A kA h2 A
q T1 T 2
q
A 1 L 1
h1 k h2
437.5 25
q 1500 W
1 0.15 1
10 1.2 20
A B
A B
T2 30 C kF kG 1 W/mK
LE LH 10 mm q ? RTotal ?
LF LG 50 mm TAA ?
TBB ?
C
q 3.88 W/m 2 RTotal 0.25 2
W m
TAA 612 C C
RE RH 0.1 2
W m
TBB 418 C
C
RFG 0.05 2
W m
C A B
C A B
T2 30 C kF k H 1 W/mK
LE LH 10 mm TCC ?
LF LG 50 mm T1 TAA
TCC
2
A leading manufacturer of household appliances is proposing a oven
design that involves use of a composite window separating the oven
cavity from the room air. The window is to consist of two high
temperature plastics (A and B) of thicknesses LA= 2LB and thermal
conductivities kA=0.15 W/m.K and kB= 0.08 W/m.K.
During the process, the oven wall temperature Tw is 4000C, while the room
air temperature is 250C. The inside convection heat transfer coefficients as
well as the outside convection coefficient are each 25 W/m2.K.
o
w
2 Ts,i Ts,o 50
hr=25W/m K
o A B
a
Air
2
hi =25W/m K
kA=0.08W/mK
o kB=0.15W/mK
oo
Air ho=25W/m K
2
Ta T
q
1 La Lb 1
hi A ka A kb A ho A
La 0.0403 m
Ta Ts ,o
ho Ta T
q
A 1 La Lb
hi ka kb
L La La 2 0.06045 m 60.45 mm
A leading manufacturer of household appliances is proposing a oven
design that involves use of a composite window separating the oven
cavity from the room air. The window is to consist of two high
temperature plastics (A and B) of thicknesses LA= 2LB and thermal
conductivities kA=0.15 W/m.K and kB= 0.08 W/m.K.
During the process, the oven wall temperature is 4000C, while the room
air temperature is 250C. The inside convection and radiation heat transfer
coefficients as well as the outside convection coefficient are each 25
W/m2.K. The emissivity of outside wall is 0.6.
T x C1 x C2
T x Ts , 2 Ts ,1 x
L
Ts ,1
T 0 Ts,1 and T L TS ,2
at x = 0 Ts,1 C2
q x kA
dT kA
dx
L
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
Ts,2 Ts,1
at x = L C1
L
Contact Thermal Resistance
In heat conduction analysis through composite walls, we have
assumed "perfect contact" at the interface of two layers, and
thus no temperature drop at the interface.
In reality, however, even flat surfaces that appear smooth to the
eye turn out to be rather rough when examined under a
microscope, with numerous peaks and valleys.
That is, a surface is microscopically rough no matter how smooth
it appears to be.
Interface T1
T2
T1=T2
Interface
Interface T1
T2
T1=T2
Interface
r = r1;
Ts = Ts1
q=?
T
qr k r Ar
r
1 T 1 T T T
kr r 2 k kz q C p
r r r r z z t
Temperature distribution in Hollow Cylinder
Steady-state, radial direction Heat Conduction
Equation with No Heat Generation for Cylinder
1 T
kr r 0
r r r
T( r ) C1 ln r C2
Ts,1 C1 ln r1 C2 Ts,2 C1 ln r2 C2
Temperature distribution in Hollow Cylinder
Solving for C1and C2 and substituting into the general solution
Ts ,1 Ts ,2 r
T( r ) ln Ts ,2
ln r1 r2
2r
dT dT
qr kA k ( 2 rL )
dr dr
qr
2 L k Ts ,1 Ts ,2
ln
r2
1
r
ln
r2 Rt ,cond
r1 2 Lk
Temperature distribution in Hollow Cylinder
Conduction Through Cylinder
A 5 mm diameter electrical wire with plastic cover passes across a
2-m-long and 10°C room. Heat is generated in the wire as a result
of resistance heating, The wire is made of copper and cover with
plastic. The thickness of plastic cover is 1 mm. The surface
temperature of the Copper is measured to be 150°C in steady
operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric current through the
wire are measured to be 60 V and 15 A, respectively.
Determine;
(1) Rate of heat transfer
(2) Surface temperature of electrical wire
(3) Heat Transfer by radiation
(4) Convection coefficient of air
q=?
q gen VI 60 15 900 W qTransfer
qr
2 L k Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Qrad 9.15 W
ln
r2
1r
q=?
q gen VI 60 15 900 W qTransfer
qr
2 L k Ts ,1 Ts ,2
ln
r2
1r
A 50 mm inner diameter pipe transfers the steam of 150°C. Pipe
passes across a 10-m-long and 10°C room. The thickness of pipe is
10mm.
Conductivity of pipe is 5 W/mK
Convection coefficient of air in a room is 10 W/m2K and steam in a
pipe is 600 W/m2K
Determine;
(1) Surface temperatures of Pipe.
(2) Heat loss rate
To decrease heat loss rate from pipe, insulation with conductivity
0.5 is applied on pipe.
Determine;
(3) Heat loss rate if Insulation thickness is 5 mm
(4) Heat loss rate if Insulation thickness is 15 mm
(5) Heat loss rate if Insulation thickness is 30 mm
(6) Draw the graph of heat transfer rate vs. outer radius
TSteam Tair
q
1 lnr2 r1 1 q 2940.9 W
hi 2r1 L 2k P L ho 2r2 L
r3 40 mm q 3036.6 W
TS ,o Tair
q
lnr3 r2 1 r3 50 mm q 3096.7 W
2k I L ho 2r3 L
r3 65 mm q 3026.2 W
Heat Transfer Rate vs. Outer Radius
k
r2 h
r1
.
Q
.
Qmax
.
Qbare
0 r1 r2
rcr =k/h
The Critical Radius of Insulation
We know that by adding more insulation to a wall always
decreases heat transfer.
ln 2
r
r
r1 1
2 Lk h 2 r2 L
dqr
0 r2 rcr
dr2
k
rcr ,cylinder
h
The rate of heat transfer from the cylinder increases with the
addition of insulation for r2< rcr, reaches a maximum when r2= rcr, and
starts to decrease for r2> rcr. Thus, insulating the pipe may actually
increase the rate of heat transfer from the pipe instead of decreasing
it when r2< rcr .
The Critical Radius of Insulation
2k
rcr ,sphere
h
Summary of 1-D Steady State Conduction
d 2T 1 d dT 1 d 2 dT
Heat Equation 0 kr 0 2 dr
kr 0
dx 2
r dr dr r dr
Temperature T r T 1 1
x ln Ts,2 Ts,1
Ts,1 T 1 1 r1 r
Distribution ln 1 r2
r
L
r2 r2 r1
k T k T
Heat Flux (q” )
T 1 1
r ln 2
k r r2
L
r1 r1 r2
2 L k T 4 k T
T 1 1
ln 2
kA r
Heat Rate (q)
L r1
r1 r2
Thermal ln 2
r 1 1
Resistance L r1
r1 r2
kA 2 L k
(Rt, cond) 4 k
CONDUCTION with Heat Generation
1-D Temperature Distribution in a Wall
Steady-state, one-dimensional Heat Conduction
Equation with Heat Generation
d 2T q
0
T
2 qx k x A
dx k x
q 2
T x C1 x C2
2k
-L +L -L x +L
. .
q q
T(x) To
Ts,1
Ts q"
Ts T(x) q"cond conv
Too,1 h1 Too,2 h2
Too ,h Too ,h
q 2
T x C1 x C2
2k
q L2 x 2 Ts ,2 Ts ,1 x Ts ,1 Ts ,2
T x 1 2
2k L 2 L 2
dT q 2
r r C1
dr 2k
q 2
T r r C1 ln r C2
4k
dT
at r = 0 0
dr r 0 q 2
C1 0 C2 Ts r0
4k
at r = ro T(ro) = Ts
qr02 r2
T r Ts 1 2
4k r0
T r Ts
2
r
1
T0 Ts r0
q r02 L h 2 r0 L Ts T Ts T
qr
2h
A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B.
The wall of material A has uniform heat generation = 1.5 x 106
W/m3 ; kA = 75 W/m.K, and thickness LA= 50 mm.
The wall material B has no heat generation with kB =150 W/m.K
and thickness LB = 20 mm.
The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the outer
surface of material B is cooled by water stream = 300C and h=1000
W/m2.K.
d c
T1
T2
e
A B
Too
0 LA LA+ LB x
q h T2 T
" q LA q"
q L2A
To T1
2 kA
"
T1 T Rcond ,B R"
conv q"
"
Rcond ,B
LB
kB
and "
Rconv
1
h
0.02 1
T1 30 1.5 10 0.05 T1 30 85 115C
6
150 1000
Boundary and Initial Conditions
A long copper bar of rectangular cross-section, whose width (w) is
much greater than its thickness (L), is maintained in contact with
a heat sink at its lower surface, and the temperature throughout
the bar is approximately equal to that of the sink, (To).
T
Constant Surface Heat Flux k qS
x x 0
T
Adiabatic or Insulated Surface k 0
x x0
T 0,t To
T
k h T L,t T
x x L
T x,0 To