Construction practices:

Hauling Equipment
PROF. K.C.IYER
IIT DELHI
The equipment used for transportation of material are known as
hauling equipment or simply haulers.
Haulers may operate on the roadways or railways
It involves
◦ Transportation of building materials,
◦ Carriage and disposal of excavated earth
◦ Haulage of heavy construction equipment

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Introduction
Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is
usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while
a dump truck has its cab in front of the load
Trucks, when equipped with mechanism to dump their loaded material are
termed as dump trucks and classified on the basis of dumping on their rear side,
at their bottom or on either side
Belt conveyors: Conveyor is an equipment capable of carrying material in a
continuous stream usually having as its special feature- same kind of an endless
chain or belt
Wagons: Carts or pulleys designed to be pulled, used for transporting material

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Dumpers
 High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks
 Short chassis, Suitable for short hauls on
rough roads
Loading, hauling and dumping is done very
fast as compared to other equipment
 Specially where a shuttle movement is
required

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Rear Dump Truck

 These are heavy duty trucks

with strongly built body which is
hinged on the truck chassis at
the rear end and one side
respectively, and can be fitted
to the rear in the case of rear
dump, through the action of
hydraulic jacks

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Uses of Rear Dump Truck
 When material to be hauled is large rock and the maximum flexibility is
required for hauling a variety of materials
 Maximum gradeability and rapid spotting in restricted area is required
 Hauling unit is subject to severe loading impact when under a large shovel or
dragline
 When dumping is in restricted hoppers of fill
 These trucks are used for transporting free flowing materials like blasted rock,
earth, sand, gravel. Ore, coal etc

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Side Dump Truck
•These are heavy duty trucks which is
hinged on both sides such that they
can dump the material in a narrow
stretch on either side of the road
•These trucks are suitable for use in
hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry
rocks etc.

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Bottom Dump Truck
 These are similar to semi-trailers in which
their front is supported on the rear of the
hauling tractor and their rear is resting on
their own wheels.
 The body of the truck remains in the same
position and the discharge of the material
takes place through its bottom after opening
of two longitudinal gates.
 These trucks are suitable for use in hauling
free flowing material, such as, sand, gravel,
dry earth, hard clay etc.

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Capacity of Dump Trucks
Capacity of a dump truck can be expressed in following ways:
1. By the load which it will carry, expressed gravimetrically in tons
2. By its Struck volume : Material volume which it will haul when it is filled level to
the top of the sides of the body
3. By its Heaped volume : Material volume which it will carry when load is heaped
above the sides

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Performance Capabilities Of Trucks And
Wagons
Productive capacity of trucks and wagons depend upon:
• Size of its load – It can be determined from the specifications furnished by the
manufacturer.
• Number of trips made per hour – It depends upon Weight of vehicle, Engine
horsepower, Haul distance, Haul road conditions.
• Performance charts can be used to determine the maximum speed for the each
haul with different grades.

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Balancing Hauling Unit Capacities With
Excavator Size
• Desirable to use units whose capacities balance the excavator output.
• Illogical combination may lead to rise in the combined cost of excavating and
hauling of material.
• A rule of thumb practice used for equipment selection is – to use trucks with
minimum capacity of four to five times the capacity of the excavator bucket or
dipper.
• A few Guidelines for selecting equipment to have right combination are
following

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Effect Of Truck Size On Cost Of Hauling
Earth
• Increased size of the excavator results into lowering the time lost by the larger
trucks at loading.
• This reduces the hauling cost per unit of earth.
• Cost of trucks while they are being loaded will be higher because of :
 Higher hourly cost of larger trucks.
 Longer time required to load.
• The use of larger trucks is justified if higher cost can be recovered by more
economical performance during travel cycle.

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Advantages Of Small Trucks
• More flexible in manoeuvring
• Have higher speeds
• Less loss in production when one truck breaks down in fleet
• Easier to balance the trucks with excavator output

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Disadvantages Of Small Trucks
• Difficult for the excavator to load owing to small targets for depositing earth
• More total time lost in spotting the trucks because of the larger number of
trucks required
• More driver are required
• Greater number of trucks required increases danger of bunching up at the pits,
along the haul road, or at the dump
• Greater number of trucks may increase the total investment in the hauling
equipment

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Advantages Of Large Trucks
• Few trucks are required
• Fewer drivers are required
• Smaller number of trucks facilitate the synchronizing the equipment
• They give a larger target for excavator during loading
• Reduce frequency of sporting the trucks
• Fewer trucks to maintain and repair and fewer parts to stock
• Engines ordinarily use cheaper fuels

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Disadvantages Of Large Trucks
• Cost of truck time at loading is greater especially with small excavators
• Heavier load may cause more damage to the haul roads, thus increasing
maintenance cost of haul roads
• More difficult to balance the number of trucks with the output of the excavator
• Repair parts may be difficult to obtain
• Largest size may not be permitted to haul on the highways

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Effect Of Excavator Size On Cost Of
Excavating & Hauling Earth
• Increase in excavator size (keeping truck size constant), reduces the time
required to load a truck
• This reduces truck cost and hauling cost per unit of earth during loading
• The total cost may be obtained by adding the cost of operating the shovel and
the labor cost

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Effect Of Grade On The Cost Of Hauling
Earth With Trucks
• To construct a fill the earth may be obtained from a borrow pit located either
above or below the fill
• For borrow pit above the fill the effect of favourable grade on loaded truck is to
reduce the rim pull by 20 lb per gross ton for each 1 % of grade
• For borrow pit below the fill the effect of adverse grade on loaded truck is to
increase the rim pull by 20 lb per gross ton for each 1 % of grade
• Hence, it is economical to obtain the earth from borrow pit which is above the
fill

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Effect Of Grade On The Cost Of Hauling
Earth With Trucks
• For downhill hauling sideboards may be added to increase the hauling capacity,
up to maximum capacity the tires can take
• Larger tires may be permitted to trucks to haul the greater loads
• If earth is hauled uphill it is necessary to reduce the size of the load or travel
speed, either of which will increase the cost of hauling the earth

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Effect Of Grade In Locating A Borrow Pit

• It is desirable, when possible, to locate a borrow pit at a higher elevation than

the fill, in order that the slope down the haul road may help the loaded trucks or
other hauling equipment by permitting them to carry larger roads or to travel at a
higher speeds.
• Since the vehicles will be empty when returning up the haul road from the fill to
the borrow pit, the effect of the grade will be considerably less.

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Effect Of Rolling Resistance On Cost Of
Earth Hauling
• Rolling resistance is determined by two factors:
• Physical condition of road.
• Tires used on hauling unit.
• Rolling resistance can be reduced by :
• Proper maintenance of the road
• By selecting proper tyre and keeping them inflated to correct pressures.
• Roads can be maintained by patrol grader, sprinkled with water, and compacted as
required.
• The size of selected tires and pressure should be based on resistance which the surface
of the road offers to penetration.

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Effect Of Altitude On Performance Of
Hauling Equipment

 Altitude leads to reduction in the sea level power of a four cycle internal
combustion engine by approx.
 3 % for additional 1000 ft of altitude above 1000 ft unless a super charger is
installed on the engine.

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Operation Analysis
• Loading time – starts when the
shovel begins serving the truck and
ends when the truck begins moving
away.
• Hauling time – continues until the
truck stops at the dump site
• Returning time – starts when truck
begins moving away from the dump
& ends when the truck returns to the
shovel site.

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Hauling Unit
Under optimum condition, the hauling unit’s productive capacity can be determined using the
formulae;
Productive capacity per hour =
60
∗ 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑚
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

Where,
Pay-load : maximum recommended load for a hauling unit as prescribed
Cycle time = Loading time +hauling time + dumping and return time+ spotting and waiting time

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Ex. Estimate the number of trucks required for transportation of 1125 cum of materials per
day for average lead of 5 km (Given data : 15 cum as capacity of 1 dump truck; loading time
for one dump truck as 10 minutes. Speed @25kmph during empty haul and 20 kmph during
loaded haul
Sol. Computing cycle time for the dump truck;
Loading time = 10 minutes
Hauling time@ 20 kmph = (5*60)/20 = 15 min
Returning time@ 25 kmph = (5*60)/25 = 12 min
Other fixed time = 3 min
Cycle time = 40 min
For estimating purpose, actual working period is considered as 50 min per hour and 6 hrs working in a day
Material transported in an hour = (15/40) * 50 = 18.75 cum [* 15 cum capacity]
Material transported per day = 18.75 * 6 = 112.5 cum
Number of dump trucks required per day = 1125/112.5 = 10
[Standby 10% =1]
Total dump trucks required = 11

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Conveying Equipment
1. Belt conveyor
2. Screw conveyor
3. Bucket conveyor
4. Aerial transport

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1.Belt conveyor

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2.Screw conveyor

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3.Bucket conveyor 4.Aerial conveyor

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Coal Conveyor Coal Bunker

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Belt Conveyors
 Conveyor is an equipment capable of carrying material in a continuous stream
usually having as its special feature- same kind of an endless chain or belt
 Conveying may involve horizontal, inclined or vertical movement
 Horizontal or inclined transport is through conveyor, while if it vertical
movement it is known as elevator
 Aerial transportation is done through ropeways and tramways
 Essential parts of a belt conveyor include a continuous belt, idlers, driving and
tail pulleys, take-up equipment, and a supporting structure
 Belts are made by joining several layers of woven cotton, top and bottom
surface covered with rubber to protect from abrasion

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Merits and Demerits
Advantages:
a) Continuous and uniform haulage
b) Low maintenance cost
c) Labour requirement
d) Ability to cross adverse terrain
e) High reliability and safety
Disadvantages:
a) High initial cost and requirement of skilled labour
b) Needs continuous supply of electric power

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1. Smooth-wheel rollers
2. Sheep-foot rollers
◦ Ordinary sheep-foot roller
◦ Convertible roller
◦ Turn foot roller
3. Pneumatic-tyred rollers

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Smooth-wheel rollers
Plain steel rollers, Self-propelled type
Weighing from 5 to 15 tons
Used for ordinary rolling work where deep compaction
is not required
These rollers may have one front and two rear wheels
The rear wheels being usually larger in diameter and
the front one being wider
Weight of rollers may be increased by filling water or
sand ballast in hollow cylinder.
These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils,
such as sand, gravel and crushed stone

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Schematic diagram

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Sheep-foot rollers
 It is used for compacting earth work in embankments and canals (where
compaction deep into the layer of the earth is required)
 These gives best result in compaction when the soil is clay or predominantly
cohesive and impervious
 The sheep foot rollers may weigh up to 15 tons or more and travel at a speed of
25 kmph
 As roller moves over the surface, the feet penetrate the soil to produce a
kneading action and a pressure to mix and compact the soil from bottom to top
layer
 With repeated passages of the roller, the penetration of feet decreases

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Compaction

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Pneumatic-tyred Rollers
It consists a base or a platform mounted between two axles.

The rear end has one more wheel than the front.

Most suitable for compacting fine-grained soil and well graded sands.

Ballasting is done using either water, sand or pig iron in order to increase the self
weight

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Application
Major advantages are the ability to control
the ground contact pressure by:
Altering the weights of machines
Increasing the number of wheels
Increasing the tyre width
Changing the contact area of the tyre by
altering the contact pressure

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Other types

Rammer compactor Vibratory Plate compactor

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