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 ORIGINAL PAGE
DLACA AlJQ W H l E P ~ I B T B G R A ~
 On@st m r e hyws of pj~.&.t@tt
msrcriaf are v~,p&ie,each wrttr its
own tf,sY/act e t u f ~@drip
r d r ft)m
part. Thealp rocky renrparts
prompt@dbhii n@jpt$!rampart
craters. G ~ O I O Q Ihalrtrve
V ~ S the
rtrmpttrfs form& whtr? rock rhar
was saturarcpd wtth permefrosf
Qksbstziuw?QIthe RPW cxafPtr*
then flowed g m t disrsnces &ref
T b , :#ok 8ks the atream bed^ in werer ffowitrg nnrn I'hs ,$uif@w,
Earrh's CfrPsarf~fha?src, carved b y The hesds of ?hs.~c. srnuil V R I ~ ~ V
flitsk ffaod3, rrsrworks srcr ~ n m ~ , k f t rd',ff~rertr
iy
The smstlrssf of the thrm ktnds from the SOU?CL?S of ri7tnfaIl
of chanrtcitis w w h~rcalyvrsrbks ln rivers ~ r ~ 1s9 I' ~ P $~C on
ca'~~~53d
Marzoctr 9 ' s phorbgr~pha.#ti? Vt frtrrh
ktng laund rhar tPluz;~elrarmels
nrr the most abundant of sf/ Msr.
tmn vlriilffymrworks, At first,
so~rtlcr ts thought those snrsN
groups of vstli~v.$Ioaked fike
chennb/s thar arc, forr??fidon Effrrh
whew! rmnJel rum sfawn slepe~.
Howbvtpr, ion# and careful study
of thetr shdm.~ end petterns led
sci~ntistsfa conetude P t ~ rthey
hsd nnrhinp to do with rcrinfrrli,
bur were caused A y ~/nd@rgrot/nd
 Pmh Wking land@rc&iriecfrr
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 ORlG iNAL PAGE
COi.OR P(i0 ixOG RAPM
 p@erIf*-
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Frh 88krr A*w dam

vnd t# 1Mm)
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6ale)n&@n$@~ ~(%mbtim@ i'n th@
~ B t,S$t"fm rL%% h a w d&t@rmmr?d
The Viktfig i~k)ndt*@% st(~zdi8dPht?; thl~tM8rs t?mfosf i-fhotrt J O
cbmr.chy of f#r@ stm@dphtzf@ and tarPrt?SbBS much Off?Qlrl$@Tt195M
#Q~JII~.~' th&ftt rs 9 B {?t.rc@n!c~vhaa prssentl igd#y, and ~tZ0lrl2Q
d t @ ~ / d #z?@ the svrpftBa of slmt2st
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Pirvt:rpdfag, tklby td2dtrrd frrrragen, &f" The SCfbMtt31J:@#SO d@dtl~&llf &df,
absur 2.7 pr?rcarot. INcr, t ~ ~ l r f t ~ r ftrroti~tmutrls kfstCPry, M B I ~pro- ~
~@x#~re~rZ' f99d dla?&~fb8 fllfTQ@9Qr
&ced enouqh water 16 covw the
c ? # ~ o/ the mosl r#porf&n? canslt- entrrc? strrfrsc'edhcrttf 33 fw*
tcbmtd; OP &Id, ~ l pMt%rgS~tlm-
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T h ~ t3aves
t /ESS fhsn one p s f e ~ n ?
rat@/for wl, the asaher ~ds@s.'f7?@)4
am* in arr&r of @bunn'sncernxy-
g@nl cerbwn ~ona?xid@~ nasrn,
krypPr)n, xefl0n, and cizm@,Them "2igkc ac*i~ds Jmm ~ b c&st in F ~ la& P g@mm~,ch~zgifalqt n
8s some w&er @@$?or r f l rho Bfmn- f&J~c ~mci'sfmm file ,$dUthmr~g.&r mmds&/rir, Mm'mww
sphere, but fh'ttepsmocrnr is lrqhff tr twds WPFP I 5 rctilrs @P hnut. T ' u a p r ~ r r c r e ~ n g e i from
d
v ~ r ~ a b lIne .,~tmmri+rttl reaches 2 mmm f 22 &#WC FffJr~rpPIChrif pj.l~t#Itla?S J l f t t ~ tti) ~ *22 t ~ ~ ~
to 3 p&~"c@pt? of t c ~ ~it? ~f; dr"pe~xf.jbrr*#l~it. .
, , Pil?~.mrc S~CPY& fit 1.70 ;&1J I t h r ~ ,'
w&f8r, ~ M U S Bmost 06 the - Fmt e a r f t s d r . ~q w t irxmns Naa, 4%givc~rb p %mnztr B 31%
wntetr r$ drorfrnrxtt attd fr?N;~ to
the surfi~c:&,the percenr#ge rs
negirgbke,