Module 5 Lesson 15

MODULE V

Lesson15. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

 Explain what statistics is.

 Differentiate the two branches of statistics.

Ice Breaker: Video presentation about descriptive and

inferential statistics

Discussion

Definition of Terms

Statistics is a branch of science that deals with collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of quantitative data. (Gabuyo, 2012)

Descriptive statistics uses methods to summmarize a collection of data by

describing what was observed using numbers or graphs. Numerical
descriptions include mean adn standard deviation for data types (such as
weighs and heights) or freaquency and percentag for describing categories
(such as religion or race). This is most useful in communicating the results of
inquiry, particularly experiments or surveys (Navarro & Guzman-Santos,
2013).

Inferential Statistics is a branch of statistics concerned with the analysis of a

subset of data leading to predictions or interferences about the entire set of
data. (Gabuyo, 2012)

Sample is a small subset of a larger set of data (Helb & Lane).

Population is the larger set of data where the sample is drawn. (Helb & Lane)

Descriptive Statistics
(based from Salkind, 2000 and Kenton, 2019)

The first step in the analysis of data is to describe them. Descibing them
usually means computiang a set of descriptive statistics. These are called
description because they describe the general characteristics of a set of
distribution scores. In effec, they allow the researcher (or the reader of the
research report) to get an accurate first pression of "what the data look like"
(Salkind, 2000).

Name of Professor: Ava Clare Marie O. Robles, Ph.D. Subject: Assessment In Learning 2(CPE 106)
 Module 5 Lesson 15

Understanding Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics, in short, help describe and understand the

features of a specific data set by giving short summaries about the sample and
measures of the data. The most recognized types of descriptive statistics are
measures of center: the mean, median, and mode, which are used at almost all
levels of math and statistics. The mean, or the average, is calculated by adding
all the figures within the data set and then dividing by the number of figures
within the set. For example, the sum of the following data set is 20: (2, 3, 4, 5,
6). The mean is 4 (20/5). The mode of a data set is the value appearing most
often, and the median is the figure situated in the middle of the data set. It is
the figure separating the higher figures from the lower figures within a data set.
However, there are less-common types of descriptive statistics that are still very
important (Kenton, 2019)

People use descriptive statistics to repurpose hard-to-understand

quantitative insights across a large data set into bite-sized descriptions. A
student's grade point average (GPA), for example, provides a good
understanding of descriptive statistics. The idea of a GPA is that it takes data
points from a wide range of exams, classes, and grades, and averages them
together to provide a general understanding of a student's overall academic
abilities. A student's personal GPA reflects his mean academic performance
(Kenton, 2019).

KEY TAKEAWAYS (Kenton, 2019)

 Descriptive statistics summarizes or describes characteristics of a data

set.

 Descriptive statistics consists of two basic categories of measures:

measures of central tendency and measures of variability or spread.

 Measures of central tendency describe the center of a data set.

 Measures of variability or spread describe the dispersion of data within

the set.

Measures of Descriptive Statistics

All descriptive statistics are either measures of central tendency or measures

of variability, also known as measures of dispersion. Measures of central
tendency focus on the average or middle values of data sets; whereas,
measures of variability focus on the dispersion of data. These two measures
use graphs, tables, and general discussions to help people understand the
meaning of the analyzed data (Kenton, 2019).

Measures of central tendency describe the center position of a

distribution for a data set. A person analyzes the frequency of each data point

Name of Professor: Ava Clare Marie O. Robles, Ph.D. Subject: Assessment In Learning 2(CPE 106)
 Module 5 Lesson 15

in the distribution and describes it using the mean, median, or mode, which
measures the most common patterns of the analyzed data set (Kenton, 2019).

Measures of variability, or the measures of spread, aid in analyzing how

spread-out the distribution is for a set of data. For example, while the
measures of central tendency may give a person the average of a data set, it
does not describe how the data is distributed within the set. So, while the
average of the data may be 65 out of 100, there can still be data points at both
1 and 100. Measures of variability help communicate this by describing the
shape and spread of the data set. Range, quartiles, absolute deviation, and
variance are all examples of measures of variability. Consider the following data
set: 5, 19, 24, 62, 91, 100. The range of that data set is 95, which is calculated
by subtracting the lowest number (5) in the data set from the highest (100)
(Kenton, 2019).

Inferential Statistics
(based from Navarro & Guzman-Santos, 2013 & Todd, 2017)

In Inferential Statistics, conclusion may take the form of:

a) Answering yes or no (hypothesis testing)

b) Estimating numerical characteristics of data (estimation)
c) Describing relations among data (correlation)
d) Modeling relationship among data (for example hypothesis analysis)
e) Predicting, forecasting or edtimating which has not yet been observed
but which can be related to the population study
f) Extrapolation and interpolation of time series data or spatial data.

Statistical methods (Navarro & Guzman-Santos, 2013)

Statistics is useful in the teaching-learning process, along several

research based inquries:

1. Experimental Studies
These inquries investigate causes, in addition to drawing
conclusions on the effect of changes in elements (called variables)
being studied.

 Expirement group is a group that is given a treatment or tested

(Todd, 2017).
 Control group is a group that is not given a treatment (Todd,
2017).

2. Inferential Studies
This does not involve any expiremental and control group. Instead,
data are gathered and the correlation between interventions and
the results derived from a single groups are investigated.

Name of Professor: Ava Clare Marie O. Robles, Ph.D. Subject: Assessment In Learning 2(CPE 106)
 Module 5 Lesson 15

Generally, statistical inquiries observed five basic steps:

a) Planning the research-based inquiry around size, hypothesis, variability,

subjects, etc.;
b) Designing the expirement by blocking to reduce error; random
assignment for unbiased estimates, and mapping the procedures
(expiremental protocol);
c) Implementation and analyzing of data;
d) Further examination of data for secondary analysis; and
e) Documentaion and presentation of results of the study.

Activity
Test I. True or False

Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true and if
FALSE, underline the word and write the correct answer.

1. One in taking conclusion in Inferential Statistics is hypothesis testing.

(True)
2. Expirement group is a group that was not given a treatment while control
group is a group that was given a treatment or was tested.
(Expirement group is a group that was given a treatment while
control group is a group that was not given a treartment or
was tested.)
3. Inferential Statistics does involve any expiremental and control group.
(Inferential Statistics does NOT involve any expiremental and
control group.)
4. Inferential Statistics is taking a sample data from a population and draw
predictions or inferences. (True)
5. One of the five basic steps in statistical inquries is further examination of
data for primary analysis.
(Primary analysis – Secondary Analysis)
6. The first step in the searching for data is to describe them.
(Analysis of data)
7. Describing data usually means computing a set of descriptive statistics.
(True)

Name of Professor: Ava Clare Marie O. Robles, Ph.D. Subject: Assessment In Learning 2(CPE 106)
 Module 5 Lesson 15

8. Descriptive statistics uses methods to summarize a collection of data by

describing what was observed using numbers or graphs. (True)
9. Categorical descriptions include mean and standard deviation for data
types (such as weighs and heights) or frequency and percentage for
describing categories (such as race and religion). (Numerical)
10. Descriptive Statistics allow the researcher (or the reader of the
research report) to get an accurate first impression of “what the data look
like". (True)

Reference

Helb & Lane. Inferential Statistics. Retrieved from

http://onlinestatbook.com/2/introduction/inferential.html

Navarro, Guzman-Santos, 2013. Authentic Assessment of Student Learning

Outcomes. Assessment of Learning 2 2nd Edition. Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Pp. 100-103.

Gabuyo, 2012. Assessment of Learning 1 First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Todd, D. 2017. An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing. Hypothesis Testing

Handbook. Retrieved from
https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/mobile/folders/1n9aCsq5j4dQ6m_s
v62ohDI69aol3rW6Q?usp=sharing

Salkind, N. 2000. Exploring Research 4th Edition. Mazer Corp. Pp 150.

Kenton, W. 2019. Descriptive Statistics. Retrived from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp

Prepared by:
Pacarat, Riza
Putian, Prencess Jazz Luz

2nd year BSED Filipino

Name of Professor: Ava Clare Marie O. Robles, Ph.D. Subject: Assessment In Learning 2(CPE 106)