MP3 - Gonzales, Ernesto V D Math 11

Bicol University East Campus
College Of Engineering
Legazpi City
A.Y. 2019 – 2020
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A Numerical Approach in Solving the Roots of an Equation:

Employing Newton’s Method
in Microsoft Excel
Proponent:
Ernesto Dado Gonzales V
BS ChE 1 – C
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Objectives............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Materials and Methods............................................................................................................................................................................................1
Illustration 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Illustration 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Results and Discussion............................................................................................................................................................................................2
Equation 1................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Equation 2................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Equation 3................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Equation 4................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Equation 5................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Equation 6................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Equation 7................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Equation 8................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Equation 9................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Equation 10 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
General Findings ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Introduction
There are multiple ways in solving for the roots of an equation. One of such methods is identified as the
Numerical Method, which are ways to find the real roots of an equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) being the function of a single
variable. One of these methods is the Newton Method, also called the Newton-Raphson Method in some sources. It
finds the root(s) of a given equation using its first-order derivative. In comparison with other numerical methods,
this method has a faster rate of conversion.
In finding the roots of 𝑥, the following equation is used:

𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )
wherein 𝑥𝑖 represents an approximation value

𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) signifies the equation whose roots is to be found, and
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 ) represents the first-order derivative of the equation.
The Newton’s Method is also considered to be an iterative method for solving the roots of an equation, since
it uses an approximation value to facilitate the process, whilst using a certain error tolerance in order to see if the
iteration converges (usually expressed as |𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥1 | < 𝜖).
Newton’s method has salient applications in the context of engineering: to give an example, the method can
be used in electric power systems engineering, in solving power flow (also called load flow), which is considered a
prerequisite for different problems in the power system studies: fault analysis and relays coordination, to name
some.
a) Demonstrate the use of one of the numerical method for solving roots of an equation, which
is the Newton’s Method;
b) Exhibit the use of Newton’s Method in different forms of functions;
c) Identify salient characteristics regarding the method;
d) Use the program Microsoft Excel in presenting the use of Newton’s Method.
Materials and Methods
The machine problem made use of the program Microsoft Excel in showing the efficacy of the Newton’s
Method in solving for the roots of an equation. There were 10 equations that were used to exhibit the numerical
method in total. Equation 7 is an irrational function, Equation 8 is a logarithmic function, Equation 9 is a
trigonometric function, and Equation 10 is a rational function.
As stated, the following will serve as the general form of each iteration:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )
Illustration 1. Newton’s Iteration Formula Input

1
𝑥𝑖+1 is the first approximation value that the system will exploit. The amount of approximations for each
equation can be as desired.
In utilizing the program Microsoft Excel, a condition is also utilized in order to further dictate if the iteration
already converged, or will converge at all.
Illustration 2. Condition Formula Input
The figure shows the input of the condition table in Microsoft Excel. Its general form is as follows:
= 𝐼𝐹(𝐴𝐵𝑆(𝑥𝑖 + 1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) < 1 ∗ 10−5 , "STOP", "CONTINUE")

Where: 𝐴𝐵𝑆(𝑥𝑖 + 1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) is the logical test,
𝑥𝑖 + 1 is the new value,
𝑥𝑖 is the preceding value,
"STOP" is the value shown if the logical test is true, and
"CONTINUE" is the value shown if false.
The tolerance that the condition used is |𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥1 | < 1 × 10−5 . The condition is read as: “If the absolute
value of the difference of two iterations is less than 0.00001, then the solution converges (STOP) at that iteration.
Otherwise, it has not (CONTINUE)”. This condition analyzes the iterations done whilst using the aforementioned
numerical method. The IF Statement makes use of a comparison with a relatively small value [(𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) < 1 ∗
10−5], in order to ensure that the differences between the iterations can be considered negligible as to make the
approximations more accurate.
Results and Discussion
The numerical method Newton’s method for solving the roots of an equation was used in solving different
functions using the program Microsoft Excel. For each respective function, the following results were gathered:
Equation 1
𝑓(𝑥) = x 3 + 14x 2 + 9x − 180

𝑓′(𝑥) = 3x 2 + 28x + 9
1 -8 -50
𝑥𝑖
iteration result result result
1 4.9 CONTINUE -2.26087 CONTINUE -35.1645 CONTINUE
5 3 STOP -5 STOP -13.0597 CONTINUE
8 3 STOP -5 STOP -12 STOP
2
Table 1. Initial approximation and iteration results for Equation 1
The first equation solved using Newton’s Method is a polynomial function in the 3rd degree. There were three
approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation, namely: 1, -8, and -50. Each approximation value arrived to each
respective root of the equation.
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-5
-10 Series1
-15 Series2
-20 Series3
-25
-30
-35
-40
Figure 1: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 1
As seen in the Scatter Plot graph, each approximation yielded results dependent on the value of 𝑥𝑖 . Each of
these approximations further yielded results that approach three specific numbers, namely 3, -5, and -12, which are
significant to the given polynomial. The approximation value of 1 converged at the 5th iteration, much like the value
-8. Lastly, the approximation value -50 converged at the 8th iteration.
3
Illustration 3: Graph of Equation 1
The illustration shows the graph of the polynomial function or equation 1. Further analyzing the figure, it
was found out that the roots of the equation were indeed 3, -5, and -12.
Equation 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2x 3 + 32x 2 + 142x + 112
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6x 2 + 64x + 142
5 -6 -10
iteration result result result
3 -0.74054 CONTINUE -6.99931 CONTINUE -8.08375 CONTINUE
4 -0.98141 CONTINUE -7 STOP -8.00685 CONTINUE
5 -0.99989 CONTINUE -7 STOP -8.00005 CONTINUE
6 -1 STOP -7 STOP -8 STOP
Table 2: Initial approximation and iteration results for Equation 2
4
The second equation scrutinized using Newton’s Method is also a polynomial function in the 3rd degree. There
were three approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation, as well: 5, -6, and -10. Each approximation value arrived to
each respective root of the equation.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2 Series1
Series2
-4 Series3
-6
-8
-10
As seen in the Scatter Plot graph, each approximation yielded results dependent on the value of 𝑥𝑖 . Each of
these approximations further yielded results that approach three specific numbers, namely -1, -7, and -8. The first
approximated value converged at the 6th iteration, much like the third approximated value. The second
approximation value converged at the 4th iteration.

5
The illustration shows the graph of Equation 2. Similar to the first equation, its roots were explicitly found
using Newton’s Method: these roots are -1, -7, and -8.
Equation 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3x 2 + 31x + 78
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6x + 31
-8 -13 0 25 -40
iteration result result result result result

1 -6.70588 CONTINUE -9.12766 CONTINUE -2.51613 CONTINUE 9.928177 CONTINUE -22.5933 CONTINUE
2 -6.16186 CONTINUE -7.23482 CONTINUE -3.7104 CONTINUE 2.403758 CONTINUE -13.8999 CONTINUE
3 -6.01316 CONTINUE -6.36863 CONTINUE -4.2001 CONTINUE -1.33559 CONTINUE -9.57305 CONTINUE
4 -6.0001 CONTINUE -6.05653 CONTINUE -4.32415 CONTINUE -3.16049 CONTINUE -7.44866 CONTINUE
5 -6 STOP -6.0018 CONTINUE -4.33328 CONTINUE -3.9905 CONTINUE -6.45982 CONTINUE
6 -6 STOP -6 STOP -4.33333 STOP -4.28337 CONTINUE -6.08175 CONTINUE
7 -6 STOP -6 STOP -4.33333 STOP -4.33192 CONTINUE -6.00365 CONTINUE
8 -6 STOP -6 STOP -4.33333 STOP -4.33333 STOP -6.00001 STOP
9 -6 STOP -6 STOP -4.33333 STOP -4.33333 STOP -6 STOP
The third equation solved using Newton’s Method is a polynomial function in the 2nd degree. There were five
approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation, namely: -8, -13, 0, 25, and -40. Each approximation value arrived to each
respective root of the equation.
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

6
The Scatter Plot graph for Equation 3 is shown in the figure above. Each approximation yielded results
dependent on the value of 𝑥𝑖 . Each of these approximations further yielded results that approached two specific
numbers, namely -4.33 and -6. The approximation value of -8 converged at the 4th iteration. The value -13 converged
at the 6th iteration. Setting the approximation value to zero saw the iteration converging at its 7 th repetition. The
approximation value of 25 converged at the 8th iteration, and the value of -40 converged at the 9th iteration.
The illustration shows the graph of the polynomial function mentioned as Equation 3. The roots of the
equation are -4.33 and -6, as found using the iterative Newton’s method.
Equation 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 3x 2 + 31x + 78
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6x + 31
1 10 25 -8 -12 -31
iteration result result result result result result
1 -3.5 CONTINUE 6.625 CONTINUE 13.71739 CONTINUE -3.5 CONTINUE -5.35714 CONTINUE -14.6515 CONTINUE
4 -1.16246 CONTINUE 5.162287 STOP 5.238715 CONTINUE -1.16246 CONTINUE -1.16632 CONTINUE -1.46827 CONTINUE
5 -1.16228 STOP 5.162278 STOP 5.16318 CONTINUE -1.16228 STOP -1.16228 STOP -1.17578 CONTINUE
6 -1.16228 STOP 5.162278 STOP 5.162278 STOP -1.16228 STOP -1.16228 STOP -1.16231 CONTINUE
7 -1.16228 STOP 5.162278 STOP 5.162278 STOP -1.16228 STOP -1.16228 STOP -1.16228 STOP
7

The fourth equation scrutinized using Newton’s Method is also a polynomial function in the 2nd degree. There
were six approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation, namely: 1, 10, 25, -8, -12, and -31. Each approximation value,
similar to the equations solved prior, arrived to each respective root of the equation.
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-5
-10
-15
-20
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6
Figure 4’s Scatter Plot graph is shown in the above. Each approximation yielded results dependent on the
value of 𝑥𝑖 . Each of these approximations further yielded results that approached two specific numbers, namely -
1.16 and -5.16. The first approximation value converged at the 5th iteration, similar to the fourth and fifth
approximation values; The second approximation value converged at the 4th iteration; The third approximation value
converged at the 6th iteration; Lastly, the sixth approximation converged at the 7th iteration.
8
The illustration above shows the graph of Equation 4. The roots of the equation are, as they were found using
Newton’s method, -1.16 and 5.16.
Equation 5
62 3 21 45
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 + 𝑥 + 25𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −
3 2 2
21
𝑓′(𝑥) = 16𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 + 50𝑥 −
2
-2 1 -5 3 0

1 -1.70175 CONTINUE 0.858156 CONTINUE -4.1954 CONTINUE 2.067729 CONTINUE -2.14286 CONTINUE
2 -1.5969 CONTINUE 0.833997 CONTINUE -3.63278 CONTINUE 1.429982 CONTINUE -1.70435 CONTINUE
3 -1.54773 CONTINUE 0.833334 STOP -3.26808 CONTINUE 1.043039 CONTINUE -1.59807 CONTINUE
6 -1.5059 CONTINUE 0.833333 STOP -3.00008 CONTINUE 0.833336 STOP -1.51196 CONTINUE
7 -1.50295 CONTINUE 0.833333 STOP -3 STOP 0.833333 STOP -1.50597 CONTINUE
15 -1.50001 STOP 0.833333 STOP -3 STOP 0.833333 STOP -1.50002 CONTINUE
16 -1.50001 STOP 0.833333 STOP -3 STOP 0.833333 STOP -1.50001 STOP
The second equation solved with the Newton’s Method is a polynomial function in the 4th degree. There were
five approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation: -2, 1, -5, 3 and 0. Each approximation value arrived to a respective
root of the equation.
9
3
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
The Scatter Plot graph for the fifth equation is shown above. There were three values that were evident whilst
using Newton’s method: these were the values -1.5, 0.83, and -3. The approximation value -2 converged at the 17th
iteration; the approximation value of 1 converged at the 3rd iteration. The approximation of -5 converged at the 7th
iteration. The approximation value of 3 converged at the 6th iteration. Lastly, setting the approximation value to 0
shows the convergence at the 16th iteration.
The illustration shows the graph of Equation 2. Analysis of the graph shows the roots of the equations to be
-1.5, -3, and 0.83, which is found to be a double root.
10
Equation 6
𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 5
𝑓′(𝑥) = 28x 3 + 24x 2 + 5
-7 2 6 0
Iteration result result result result
1 -5.33397 CONTINUE 1.412308 CONTINUE 4.433569 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE
2 -4.08991 CONTINUE 0.938316 CONTINUE 3.258009 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE
3 -3.16495 CONTINUE 0.497271 CONTINUE 2.373166 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE
4 -2.48313 CONTINUE -0.12161 CONTINUE 1.700889 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE
5 -1.98904 CONTINUE -0.94714 CONTINUE 1.175674 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE
6 -1.64294 CONTINUE -0.6187 CONTINUE 0.730467 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE
7 -1.41662 CONTINUE -0.75602 CONTINUE 0.251229 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE
8 -1.28935 CONTINUE -0.76354 CONTINUE -0.67004 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE
9 -1.23966 CONTINUE -0.76359 STOP -0.75902 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE
10 -1.23158 CONTINUE -0.76359 STOP -0.76358 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE
11 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP -1 CONTINUE
12 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP 0 CONTINUE
14 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP 0 CONTINUE

The sixth equation analyzed via the Newton’s Method is a polynomial function in the 4th degree, as well. There
were four approximations 𝑥𝑖 used with the equation: -7, 2, 6, and 0. Each approximation value, with the exception of
0, arrived to a respective root of the equation.
11
6
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-2
-4
-6
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4
The Figure shows the Scatter Plot Graph for the Sixth Equation. There were two evident in the iterations: -
1.23 and -0.76. The first approximation value converged at the 11th iteration, similar to the third approximation. The
second value converged at the 9th iteration. Setting the approximation value to 0 produced alternating values of
results -1 and 0, respectively. Thus, the iterations with the said value do not converge.
The graph for the sixth equation is shown in the illustration above. Its roots are found to be -1.23 and -0.76.
12
Equation 7
𝑓(𝑥) = √12𝑥 2 + 18
12
𝑓′(𝑥) =
√12𝑥 2 + 18
1 -8 10 -20
iteration result result result result
1 -1.5 CONTINUE -73.5 CONTINUE -91.5 CONTINUE -421.5 CONTINUE
2 -5.25 CONTINUE -5477.25 CONTINUE -8465.25 CONTINUE -178085 CONTINUE
3 -34.3125 CONTINUE -3E+07 CONTINUE -7.2E+07 CONTINUE -3.2E+10 CONTINUE
4 -1213.16 CONTINUE -9E+14 CONTINUE -5.1E+15 CONTINUE -1E+21 CONTINUE
5 -1472972 CONTINUE -8.1E+29 CONTINUE -2.6E+31 CONTINUE -1E+42 CONTINUE
6 -2.2E+12 CONTINUE -6.6E+59 CONTINUE -7E+62 CONTINUE -1E+84 CONTINUE
7 -4.7E+24 CONTINUE -4E+119 CONTINUE -5E+125 CONTINUE -1E+168 #NUM!
8 -2.2E+49 CONTINUE -2E+239 #NUM! -2E+251 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
9 -4.9E+98 CONTINUE #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
10 -2E+197 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
11 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
5E+250
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-5E+250
-1E+251
-1.5E+251
-2E+251
-2.5E+251
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

13
The seventh equation used with Newton’s Method is an irrational function. As shown in the table and figure,
Equation 7, a Number Error was experienced, which meant that the yielded value was too large for the algorithm
currently used. Thus, Equation 7 does not converge.
Via the illustration shown above, the function does not pass through the x-axis. In other words, the function
does not have any known roots.
Equation 8
𝑓(𝑥) = log(2𝑥 + 2) − 1
1
𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
1 2.718282 6 15
iteration result result result result
1 0.806853 CONTINUE 1.982538 CONTINUE 4.595094 CONTINUE 12.68837 CONTINUE
14
41 0.359185 STOP 0.359233 CONTINUE 0.359308 CONTINUE 0.359586 CONTINUE
44 0.359164 STOP 0.359189 STOP 0.359228 CONTINUE 0.359374 CONTINUE
47 0.359153 STOP 0.359166 STOP 0.359187 STOP 0.359263 CONTINUE
51 0.359146 STOP 0.359152 STOP 0.35916 STOP 0.359192 STOP
15
The eighth equation utilized with the numerical method is a logarithmic function. Compared to the previous
equations, the eighth equation is the most extensive in terms of its convergence. There were four approximation
values made, one of which was Euler’s number, 2.718, among the other values, 1, 6, and 15. The iteration, although
lengthy, came to a converged value.
14
12
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

16
The Figure shows the Scatter Plot Graph for the Eighth Equation. The approximation values converged with
the value 0.359; The first approximation value converged at the 41st iteration. Setting the approximation value as the
Euler’s number showed a convergence at the 44th iteration. The third and fourth approximation values converged at
the 47th and 51st iterations, respectively.
As shown in the graph of the Eighth equation, the function only passed through the x-axis once, thus the root
of the function being identified as 0.359.
Equation 9
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 𝑥
14 3 0 -6 -16

1 12.65646 CONTINUE 2.814254 CONTINUE -0.33333 CONTINUE -6.65786 CONTINUE -16.0599 CONTINUE
17
12 12.17372 CONTINUE 2.748927 CONTINUE -0.39267 CONTINUE -6.67587 STOP -16.1006 CONTINUE
13 12.1737 CONTINUE 2.748911 STOP -0.39268 STOP -6.67588 STOP -16.1007 STOP
14 12.17368 STOP 2.748902 STOP -0.39269 STOP -6.67588 STOP -16.1007 STOP
The ninth equation exploited via Newton’s method is a trigonometric function. By definition, it contains an
infinite number of roots. Thus, for each approximation value, the roots that they calculate are dependent of the value
of the approximation themselves, as well.
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-5
-10
-15
-20
The aforementioned figure presents the Scatter Plot Graph of the ninth equation. As shown, each
approximation value converges at a certain value, however this converged value varies among the different
approximation values.
18
Trigonometric functions are also identified as periodic functions. Because of this nature, the function passes
through the x-axis several times, thus producing an infinite number of roots.
Equation 10
𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −
(𝑥 + 1)2
-2 -2.6 -2.3 -1.1 -1.4 0
iteration result result result result result result
1 -2.5 CONTINUE -2.92 CONTINUE -2.755 CONTINUE -1.195 CONTINUE -1.72 CONTINUE 1.5 CONTINUE
2 -2.875 CONTINUE -2.9968 CONTINUE -2.96999 CONTINUE -1.37099 CONTINUE -2.1808 CONTINUE 7.125 CONTINUE
3 -2.99219 CONTINUE -2.99999 STOP -2.99955 CONTINUE -1.67316 CONTINUE -2.66446 CONTINUE 48.25781 CONTINUE
4 -2.99997 CONTINUE -3 STOP -3 STOP -2.11975 CONTINUE -2.94371 CONTINUE 1310.682 CONTINUE
5 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -2.61258 CONTINUE -2.99842 CONTINUE 862876.8 CONTINUE
6 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -2.92495 CONTINUE -3 STOP 3.72E+11 CONTINUE
7 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -2.99718 CONTINUE -3 STOP 6.93E+22 CONTINUE
8 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP 2.4E+45 CONTINUE
9 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP 2.88E+90 CONTINUE
10 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP 4.2E+180 #NUM!
11 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP #NUM! #NUM!
The tenth equation solved with the Newton’s method is a rational function. Utilizing the numerical method
yielded its root, however the approximation values played a significant factor in the convergence of their iterations.
19
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
The Scatter Plot Graph of the tenth equation shows that the iterations are possible to converge if the
approximation value is significantly close to the actual root of the equation, which in this case is the value -3.
The approximation value of -2 converged at the 5th iteration; the approximation values of -2.6 and -2.3 both
converged at the 4th iteration. The approximation value of -1.1 converged at the 8th iteration, and the value -1.4
converged at the 6th iteration. Considering 0 as the approximation values, a numerical error is experienced.
Analyzing this behavior, it was found that 0 is a significantly far value compared to the root of the equation. This can
further be seen graphically in the figure below.
The Newton’s Method provides the value of the real roots of an equation. This is, however, not applicable to
all kinds of equations; there still are limitations in the algorithm, in this case in the Microsoft Excel program, while
using the aforementioned method. For instance, when the resulting value of an iteration is too large, the algorithm
may not be able to interpret it. The method is also bounded by numerical certainties, such as being unable to solve
complex roots, and in some extreme cases, garnering values that are to be divided by 0. One such way to find effective
20
approximation values is to graph the equation that is analyzed, and getting its x-intercepts. The determination of
these intercepts will also reveal the roots of the equation itself. In order to see if Newton’s method can find the value
of the root, one can pick a value for the approximation by choosing a number close to the x-intercept itself.
Conclusion
By using Newton’s Method in solving the roots of different equations, the following conclusions were
garnered:
Newton’s Method for solving roots provide the values for the real roots of an equation, with a faster rate of
convergence. The convergence of iteration values are based on the initial approximation utilized in the equation:
that is, the approximation will converge in the value of the equation’s root closest to the approximation itself.
However, in some special conditions, this generalization is not applicable, such as for finding complex roots, or
functions that yield values far too large compared to its initial approximation. Newton’s method for solving the roots
of equations is a powerful method of finding the roots of a given function, its effectivity being the wider range of
approximations that can be used in finding roots that have real value.
References
Barbosa, F.S. & Castro, E.S. (2010.) Applying the Newton—Raphson method in order to solve the Riccati algebraic
equations in dynamic structural controlled models. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077546310372849
Djurić, M. B., & Terzija, V. V. (1994). An algorithm for frequency relaying based on the Newton-Raphson method.
Electric Power Systems Research, 31(2), 119-124.
Essays, UK. (November 2018). Newton Raphson Method Example. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/newton-raphson-method-example-7074.php?vref=1
Gil, A.; Segura, J.; Temme, N. M. (2007). Numerical methods for special functions. Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics. ISBN 978-0-89871-634-4.
Süli, Endre; Mayers, David (2003). An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-
521-00794-1.
21

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Bicol University East Campus

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A Numerical Approach in Solving the Roots of an Equation:

Materials and Methods............................................................................................................................................................................................1

Results and Discussion............................................................................................................................................................................................2

In finding the roots of 𝑥, the following equation is used:

wherein 𝑥𝑖 represents an approximation value

Materials and Methods

Illustration 1. Newton’s Iteration Formula Input

Illustration 2. Condition Formula Input

= 𝐼𝐹(𝐴𝐵𝑆(𝑥𝑖 + 1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) < 1 ∗ 10−5 , "STOP", "CONTINUE")

Results and Discussion

𝑓(𝑥) = x 3 + 14x 2 + 9x − 180

Figure 1: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 1

𝑓(𝑥) = 2x 3 + 32x 2 + 142x + 112

𝑓′(𝑥) = 6x 2 + 64x + 142

Figure 2: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 2

Illustration 4: Graph of Equation 2

iteration result result result result result

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

Figure 3: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 3

Illustration 5: Graph of Equation 3

iteration result result result result result result

Table 4. Initial approximation and iteration results for Equation 4

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6

Figure 4: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 4

Illustration 6: Graph of Equation 4

iteration result result result result result

Figure 5: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 5

Illustration 7: Graph of Equation 5

𝑓′(𝑥) = 28x 3 + 24x 2 + 5

Iteration result result result result

1 -5.33397 CONTINUE 1.412308 CONTINUE 4.433569 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE

2 -4.08991 CONTINUE 0.938316 CONTINUE 3.258009 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE

3 -3.16495 CONTINUE 0.497271 CONTINUE 2.373166 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE

4 -2.48313 CONTINUE -0.12161 CONTINUE 1.700889 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE

5 -1.98904 CONTINUE -0.94714 CONTINUE 1.175674 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE

6 -1.64294 CONTINUE -0.6187 CONTINUE 0.730467 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE

7 -1.41662 CONTINUE -0.75602 CONTINUE 0.251229 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE

8 -1.28935 CONTINUE -0.76354 CONTINUE -0.67004 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE

9 -1.23966 CONTINUE -0.76359 STOP -0.75902 CONTINUE -1 CONTINUE

10 -1.23158 CONTINUE -0.76359 STOP -0.76358 CONTINUE 0 CONTINUE

11 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP -1 CONTINUE

12 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP 0 CONTINUE

13 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP -1 CONTINUE

14 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP 0 CONTINUE

15 -1.23137 STOP -0.76359 STOP -0.76359 STOP -1 CONTINUE

Table 6: Initial approximation and iteration results for Equation 6

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

Figure 6: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 6

Illustration 8: Graph of Equation 6

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

Figure 7: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 7

Illustration 9: Graph of Equation 7

Figure 8: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 8

Illustration 10: Graph of Equation 8

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 𝑥

iteration result result result result result

Figure 9: Scatter Plot of Approximations for Equation 9

-2 -2.6 -2.3 -1.1 -1.4 0

iteration result result result result result result

5 -3 STOP -3 STOP -3 STOP -2.61258 CONTINUE -2.99842 CONTINUE 862876.8 CONTINUE