Compressed

natural
gas
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a fossil
fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel,
or propane fuel. Although its combustion does
produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally
clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than
other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter
than air, and disperses quickly when released).

CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is

mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of
its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored
and distributed in hard containers, at a normal pressure
of 200–248 bar (2900–3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or
spherical shapes.
CNG is used in traditional gasoline internal combustion
engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel
vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are
increasingly used in Europe and South America due to
rising gasoline prices.
In response to high fuel prices and environmental
concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-
tuksand pickup trucks, transit and school buses,
and trains.

CNG's volumetric energy density is estimated to be 42%

of LNG's (because it is not liquefied), and 25% of
diesel's.
 Technology
CNG can be used in Otto-cycle (gasoline) and
modified Diesel cycle engines. Lean-burn Otto-cycle
engines can achieve higher thermal efficiencies
than stoichiometric Otto-cycle engines, at the expense of
higherNOx and hydrocarbon emissions. Electronically
controlled stoichiometric engines offer the lowest
emissions across the board and the highest possible
power output, especially when combined with exhaust
gas recirculation, turbocharging and intercooling, and
three-way catalytic converters, but suffer in terms of
heat rejection and fuel consumption. A suitably designed
natural gas engine may have a higher output compared
with a petrol engine because the octane number of
natural gas is higher than that of petrol as this would
allow for an engine design with a higher compression
ratio.

CNG cylinders can be made of steel, aluminum,

or plastic. Lightweight composite (fiber-wrapped thin
metal "ISO 11439 CNG-3" / fibre-wrapped plastic "ISO
11439 CNG-4") cylinders are especially beneficial for
vehicular use because they offer significant weight
reductions when compared with earlier generation steel
and aluminum cylinders, which leads to lower fuel
consumption. The CNG cylinders bundled with safety-
valve generally follow the ISO 11439 standard.
 Developments
Scientists are developing methods of storing methane in
a new form known as ANG (Absorbed Natural Gas) at 35
bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in natural gas pipelines)
in various sponge like materials, such asactivated
carbon[6] and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).[7] The
fuel is stored at similar or greater energy density than
CNG. The benefits are that vehicles can be refuelled from
the natural gas network without extra gas compression,
the fuel tanks can be made of lighter, less strong
materials, and the tank designed to be much slimmer.
 CNG cars
Worldwide, there are more than 7 million NGVs on the
roads as of 2008,with the largest number of NGVs
in Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan,Italy, India, China, Thailand
, and Iran,[9][10] with South America leading with a global
market share of 48%.

CNG cars available in Europe are bi-fuel vehicles burning

one fuel at a time. Their engine is a standard
gasoline internal combustion engine(ICE). This means
that they can indifferently run on either gasoline from a
gasoline tank or CNG from a separate cylinder in the
trunk. The driver can select what fuel to burn by simply
flipping a switch on the dashboard.

Several manufacturers (Fiat, Opel(General Motors),

Peugeot, Volkswagen, Toyota, Honda and others) sell bi-
fuel cars. In 2006, Fiat introduced the Siena Tetrafuel in
the Brazilian market, equipped with a 1.4L FIRE engine
that runs on E100, E25 (Standard Brazilian Gasoline),
Gasoline and CNG.

Any existing gasoline vehicle can be converted to a bi-

fuel (gasoline/CNG) vehicle. Authorized shops can do the
retrofitting, this involves installing a CNG cylinder in the
trunk, installing the plumbing, installing a CNG injection
system and the electronics.
 Advantages of compressed
natural gas:
• One of the cleanest burning fuels available.

• Requires less vehicle maintenance, fewer oil changes,

and prolongs the life of engines, pipes and mufflers.

• Produces the fewest emissions of any motor fuel.

• Gives the same mileage as gasoline in a converted

vehicle.

• CNG provides superior starting and driveability, even

under severe hot and cold weather conditions.

• Less knocking and no vapor locking.

• CNG is as safe as, or safer than, other vehicle fuels.

 Drawbacks
Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater
amount of space for fuel storage than conventional
gasoline power vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas,
rather than a liquid like gasoline, CNG takes up more
space for each gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE).
Therefore, the tanks used to store the CNG usually take
up additional space in the trunk of a car or bed of a
pickup truck which runs on CNG. This problem is solved
in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the tanks under
the body of the vehicle, thanks to a more rational
disposition of components, leaving the trunk free
[eg. Fiat Multipla, New Fiat Panda, Volkswagen
Touran Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi (sold in countries such as
Peru)]. CNG-powered vehicles are considered to be safer
than gasoline-powered vehicles.
 CNG compared to LNG
CNG is often confused with liquefied natural gas (LNG).
While both are stored forms of natural gas, the key
difference is that CNG is gas that is stored at high
pressure, while LNG is in uncompressed liquid form. CNG
has a lower cost of production and storage compared to
LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process
and cryogenic tanks. CNG requires a much larger volume
to store the same mass of gasoline or petrol and the use
of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to
275 bar).
 Do's and Don'ts for CNG
conversion
Ensure that the workshop is authorised and observes Safety
Standards and Code of Practices in kit installation and
commissioning.

The kit, including the cylinder must be of the type approved for
the make of the car. Do not buy components from different
sources and install the kit yourself.

Ensure that the car undergoes the required pre-conversion checks

thoroughly. After the connections are made, ensure a complete
and thorough leak test of the gas system.

Installer's certificate must be collected from the workshop.

Any modification or improvisation should only be done at an

authorised workshop.

Acquaint yourself with the mechanism of CNG and the

precautions essential for a CNG vehicle. Follow them strictly.

In case of an accident, get the vehicle thoroughly checked by an

authorised workshop and obtain re-certification.

Do not install an LPG, Propane or any other cylinder in place of a

CNG cylinder. It is illegal and unsafe.

Additional premium is charged by the insurance company for CNG

run cars. One should run the vehicle only after the risks of the
additional CNG kit system are covered by the insurance company.
 Safety
When used as an automobile fuel, compressed natural
gas (CNG) is stored onboard vehicles in tanks that meet
stringent safety requirements.
Natural gas fuel systems are "sealed," which prevents
spills or evaporative losses. Even if a leak were to occur
in a fuel system, the natural gas would dissipate up into
the atmosphere – unlike gasoline, which in the event of a
leak or accident, pools on the ground, creating a fire
hazard.
Natural gas has a high ignition temperature, about
1,200° Fahrenheit, compared with about 600° Fahrenheit
for gasoline.
Natural gas is not toxic or corrosive and will not
contaminate ground water.
 History and Global Use
Of CNG

• The first natural gas engine was invented in the

mid-1800's. Since the 1930's, Italy has been
using natural gas as a vehicle fuel and
developing its associated technologies. During
World War II some cars in Australia were
converted to run on "town gas".

• The adoption of CNG as a vehicle fuel is now

accelerating worldwide. In the last decade, the
number of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles
(CNGV's) around the world has jumped by 500%
from around 1 million vehicles in 1996 to in
excess of 5 million vehicles in 2006.

• Currently the leading nations adopting CNG

around the world is as follows;
World Standing Country CNG vehicals &
Fuel Stations:-

World Fuelling
Country Vehicles
Standing Stations
1 Argentina 1.5 million 1,400
2 Brazil 1.1 Million 1,200
3 Pakistan 1.0 Million 1,000
4 Italy 0.4 Million 500
0.25
5 India 200
Million
6 USA 130,000 1,300
7 Iran 115,000 140
8 China 97,000 360
9 Ukraine 67,000 150
10 Egypt 63,000 100
11 Colombia 60,000 90
12 Bangladesh 55,000 120
 13 Bolivia 45,000 60
14 Venezuela 44,000 150
15 Russia 42,000 210
16 Armenia 38,000 60
17 Germany 33,000 650
18 Japan 25,000 300
19 Canada 20,000 220

• The online Newspaper DNA (Daily News and

Analysis) states that according to statistics

available with the Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited (BPCL), the consumption of natural gas
in Mumbai, India has risen by a whopping 374%
over the past 3 years.

• To improve security of energy supply and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions, the European Union
has set itself an objective to have substituted
20% of all traditional fuels used in the road
transport sector (petrol and diesel) with
alternative fuels before the year 2020. Three
alternative solutions are seen as promising:
biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. By 2020, at
 least 50% of alternative fuel substitution is
expected to be natural gas

CNG Retail Outlets In

Mumbai
Name of the Outlet Owner Type of Outlet Operating
Company Hours
MAHANAGAR GAS LIMITED MGL Mother Station 24
City Gate Station with 7 mother
Opp. Anik Bus Depot compressors and
Near Everard Nagar 8 refuelling points
Sion – 400 022
407 4748
NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRUCKING HPCL Online station 24
CENTRE with 4 refuelling
76-77, G.M.Road points
Chembur – 400 089
522 1759 / 522 4244
KAUSAR AUTO SERVICES BPCL Daughter-booster 24
S.G.Road station with 3
Agripada – 400011
308 1782 / 309 1926
GUJRAT SERVICE CENTRE
Arthur Road
Pin Code – 400 011
307 4118 / 307 5789
MODERN AUTO
Near Maratha Mandir
Bombay Central
307 7783
PAREKH PETROLEUM SERVICES
S.V.Road
Vile Parle (W) – 400057
612 2035 / 613 2051
SHRISEVA ENTERPRISES
Kherani Road
Saki Naka – 400 072
511 8917
MUMBAI TAXI ASSOCIATION
CST, LBS Kurla – 400 070
511 4853 / 514 3680
refuelling points
IOCL Daughter-booster 24
station with 4
refuelling points
HPCL Daughter-booster 6 am to 10pm
station with 2
refuelling points
IOCL Daughter-booster 24
station with 3
refuelling points
Private Daughter station 24
with 1 refuelling
point
BPCL Daughter-booster 24
station with 4
refuelling points

UNIVERSAL MOTORS BPCL Daughter-booster 24

Dr. Mascarenhas Road station with 2
Mazagaon – 400 010 refuelling points
371 3417 / 375 8363
ROYAL SERVICE STATION IOCL Online station 24
near Hotel Leela Kempinski, with 2 refuelling
Andheri – 400059 points
838 6319 / 837 7197

CHEMBUR SERVICE STATION BPCL Online station 24

Sion-Trombay Road with 2 refuelling
Opp Swastik Mills points
Chembur – 400071
AMAR AUTOMOBILES BPCL Daughter-booster 24
P.D’Mello Road station with 2
46, Wadi Bunder refuelling points
Mumbai
375 4670 / 377 4307

AMERICAN AUTO SUPPLY HPCL Daughter-booster 24

Victoria Road station with 2
Opp. Rustom Baug, refuelling points
Byculla – 400 027
372 5108

CNG prices revised in Mumbai

CONSEQUENT to the increased input price of natural gas,
compressed natural gas (CNG) price will be revised with
effect from July 1.The current price of CNG in Mumbai is
Rs 19.77 per kg. The revised price will be Rs 20.90 per
kg. Owing to Octroi, the new price in Mira-Bhayandar
area will be Rs 21 per kg and in the Thane area Rs 21.30
per kg.

Approximate cost of CNG Conversion:

Approximate cost of CNG conversion of LMVs (taxi / Pvt.
car - petrol driven) : Rs. 32,000/-**
Approximate cost of CNG conversion of Auto - petrol
driven : Rs. 23,000/-**
Approximate cost of CNG conversion of in-use diesel
buses / tempos : Rs. 3.5 to 4.5 lacs**
** - approximate only. To check with CNG retrofitters.

Safety aspect:
Safety is of paramount importance to MGL. CNG is
delivered to vehicles having CNG cylinders, which are
approved and are within the periodic test life.
Identification labels (metal plate) are provided by MGL
and installed in CNG vehicles near the refueling valve
after the vehicle owner has got certification from RTO &
necessary endorsement on RC book. Every dispensing
operator is trained and have been instructed to dispense
gas to only those vehicles who have a valid metal plate.
Continuous improvement in the process is a part of MGL's
policy.
FROM INTERNET SITES SUCH AS:-
www.wikipedia.com
&
SEARCH ON GOOGLE

Done By
Karan . A . Dedhia ------010

Submit to:-
Dr. Rode Sir