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1 Highway Materials 2018 PDF
1 Highway Materials 2018 PDF
HIGHWAY MATERIALS
by
Dr Haryati Yaacob
1
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MALAYSIAN’S ROAD SYSTEM
3. PAVEMENT LAYERS
4. PAVING MATERIALS
2
INTRODUCTION
The needs for roads stems from the invention of wheels in Samaria –
3000SM
Among early roads:
■ Silk Route – 2600BC ,silk , China- India
■ Persian Empire- silk, porcelain and wood crafts, China- Europe
■ Britain/Europe – 2500BC, log-raft type
■ India – bricks, piped surface drainage systems
■ Mesopotamia & Egypt – paved in asphalt and bricks, Pyramid
■ Roman roads – greatest road building era, 3 structured layers
(levelled earth, gravelled surface, paved)
3
Tresaguet (1716)
Gravel
Excavated
road material
Large stone
Foundation
Blind Jack (musician & horse trade), built 290 km in Yorkshire, proper drainage & large stone foundation
Thomas Telford (1757)
civil eng in Britain, built 1600 km ++, flat formation, other layers even thickness
John Macadam (1756)
8
Malaysia Road System
9
Road categories based on funds for construction and
maintenance for administration purpose:
Toll Road
Other Federal
Roads Road
Road
categories
Municipal
State
/City
Council
Road
Federal Road - connects entry points and major cities
- federal gov
11
Toll Highway- concession company (MHA) design, built &
operates , alternative
12
State Road- providing intra-state travel, state fund
13
Local Council Road- township council including built
by developer
14
Small Road- jalan kampung by district office
from state funds
15
Malaysian Road System
Two classification for geometric design purpose:
Urban – U Rural – R
16 Mooc 2832
Pavement layers
17 Mooc, 2832
Sub - Grade
Mooc, 2832
Sub –Grade: Unsuitable Materials
2.Any material
• Consists of highly organic clay and silt;
• Having LL > 80% and/or PI > 55%;
• Susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
• Containing large amounts of roots, grass and other vegetable matter.
2. CBR TEST (determine CBR at 95%
compaction)
1.COMPACTION TEST (determine MDD
Purpose – determine bearing capacity of and OMC) 3 mold at OMC, vary no. of blows to obtain
material against standard crushed 95% compaction, calculate DD, soak, drain,
mold 2.3L, hammer 4.5 kg, 62 blows/layer,
aggregate CBR test, plot Load vs. Penetration graph,
5 layers, 5 different mc, obtain Bulk
calculate CBR at 2.5 and 5.0mm, CBR vs
Density >>> Dry density >>> plot DD vs. MC
DD>>CBR at 95% MDD
Compaction
21
Compaction
DD vs. MC
MDD
Compaction
Curve
Dry Density
OMC
Moisture Content
22
Exercise 1.7.1
Compaction Data
23
CBR
24
CBR
25
CBR Testing
26
1 3
2
CBR 1
12
10
h
Load, kN
6
0
0 2 4 6 8
Penetration, mm
28
CBR 2
12
10
CBR (2.5mm) = (h/13.24) x 100
CBR (5mm) = (y/19.96) x 100
8
Load, kN
6
y
4
h
2
0
0 2 4 6 8
Penetration, mm
29
CBR 3
12
y
10
h
6
0
0 2 4 6 8
Penetration, mm
30
Exercise 1.7.2 & 1.7.3
CBR Data
31
CBR vs. DD Data
32
CBR vs. DD
33
Exercise 1.7.4
34
• CBR value :
• SG: 3- 15%
• SB: 15- 40%
• RB: 60- 100%
35
Assist in
load
spreading
Provide
Separator platform for
construction
Sub
base:
Function
Protection
to the Drainage
exposed layer
sub-grade
Sub -base
Mooc 2832
Road base : Main spreading layer
Dry Bound Macadam Wet mix macadam Cement Stabilised Bituminous Macadam
(natural interlock) • Agreggate + 2-5% base Roadbase
• Aggregate water (plant) • Agg+ filler+ bitumen
-Aggregate + cement (3- Composite
interlocking • Less segreagation , 6%) (site/plant) (4-5%) (plant)
• 1st layer –course agg : easy to compact. • Costly -1st layer- unbound
-Cure before laying material
75-100mm • 200-300 mm
surface
• 2nd layer- fine agg : -2nd layer- bound
25-50mm material bituminous
macadam/cement
bound
Surface layer
Mooc 2832
ROAD PAVING MATERIALS
Aggregate – carry
traffic load, main
interlocking
structure
Road
Paving
Materials
Bitumen – bind Filler – fill small voids,
aggregates durable mixture,
producing strong, increase viscosity of
durable & stable binder, reduces
mixture binder run-off
Natural Aggregate
41
Artificial aggregate – steel slag waste from ore to produce iron, steel,
nickel, etc.
42
Types of Aggregate
For road construction, aggregate classified according to size:
44
2. Fine – (2.36 – 75 micron) fine crushed aggregate, sand (river,
mining)
45
3. Filler – (< 75 micron) fine materials such as cement, lime,
crushed aggregate dust
46
Aggregate Size Definitions
100 100
100 99
• Nominal Maximum Aggregate
90 89
Size
72 72
Largest sieve size that retains
65 some of the agg, but not more than 65
48 10% 48
36 • Maximum Aggregate Size 36
22 Smallest sieve size which 100% of 22
15 the agg pass 15
9 9
4 4
47
Aggregate properties
STRENGHTH
crushing, impact,
during construction
& traffic load (ACV,
TFV,AIV, LAAV)
DURABILITY
RELATIVE DENSITY
AND ABSORPRION resistance to
disintegration
stripping, drying time, under
mix design (SG, WA) weathering
(Soundness)
Aggregate
SHAPE AND
RESISTANCE TO Properties SURFACE
WEAR
TEXTURE
(HARDNESS)
interlocking,
rounded under
resistance to
traffic, skid
sliding, affect
resistance (PSV)
strength (FI, EI)
GRADATION AFFINITY
quality & properly
pavement coated by
strength binder
(Sieving) (Coating and
stripping)
ACV (Aggregate crushing value : Strength ) Resistance to crushing under gradually
applied compressive load
49
ACV - Process
3 layers, compact
each layer 25 times
51
AIV (Aggregate Impact value - Strength) : Resistance to
sudden shock or impact
-Soak in
magnesium
/sodium sulfate
for 16/18 hrs
-Dry, 105˚C, 16-18
hrs
-5 cycles
54
Soundness
Before After
55
Flakiness & Elongation
56
Flakiness & Elongation
Apparatus
-Flaky- thickness is
less than 0.6 times
its average
dimension.
-6.3-63mm
-pass the slot
FI = (weight pass slot) x 100%
(weight original)
- Long- thickness is
more than 1.8 times
its average dimension
- Retained the slot
EI = (weight retained slot) x 100%
(weight original)
57
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity and Water Absorption - Relative density, pores, and
absorption
-Soaked in distilled
water 24 hours
-Weight in water –
C
58
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
59
• A = in water
• B = dry towel
• C= dry oven
60
Coating and stripping test- properly coated by binder
61
Coating & Stripping
62
PSV (Polished Stone Value) – resistance to polishing effect by traffic. Sample
Preparation
63
PSV Sample
64
PSV Polishing
65
PSV Skid Tester
66
Sieve Set
67
Analisis Ayakan
80
70
Percent Passing, %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Sieve Size, mm
68
Bitumen
US UK
** Asphalt binder
69
Bitumen
Two types of binder -
(interchangeably due to
misconception, diff. origin,
chem. composition, physical
characteristics.)
Gasoline
Kerosene
Asphalt
Penetration
Grading
Grading
System
Viscosity Superpave
Grading Performance
Grading (PG)
Penetration Grading
• Penetration test at 25˚C, 1 Pen= 0.1mm
• 80-100 PEN, new spec 60-70 PEN
• Range- 40-300 PEN
• uses the penetration of the original AC. Tests involved: penetration, softening point, flash
point, ductility, solubility, TFOT (penetration & ductility)
80-100 200-300
Properties
min max min max
Penetration 80 100 200 300
Softening Point 45 52 33 43
Solubility 99.0 - 99.0 -
Ductility 100 - 100 -
Flash Point 225 - 200 -
Retained Pen 47 - 37 -
Loss on Heating - 0.5 - 1.0
Drop in Pen - 20 - 25
74
Problem with PEN system??
Temperature susceptibility
Medium
Low
High
77
Superpave Asphalt Binder
Specification
The grading system is based on hot and cold
pavement temperature
PG 64 - 22
Min pavement
Performance temperature
Grade
Average 7-day max
pavement temperature
78
Penetration –
consistency test
(describe the degree
of fluidity of AC at
any particular
temperature). AC is
thermoplastic
(consistency varies Viscosity –
Loss on with temperature) ), consistency
heating- hardness
test,
volatility resistance to
flow
Softening
Point –
TFOT– short Bitumen consistency,
term aging Test temp at
which phase
change occurs
Solubility – Ductility –
purity elongation
(trichloroethy before
lene) breaking
Flash Point –
safety, max
safe
operating
temp
Penetration
80
Bitumen Sample
81
Penetration Apparatus
82
Softening Point
84
Softening Point Apparatus
85
Penetration Index
IP = (1951.4 – 500 log P – 20 SP) / (50 log P – SP – 120.14)
87
Ductility Apparatus
-5cm/min, 25˚C
-distance where it
breaks
Potential it cracks
88
Ductility
89
Flash Point /Cleveland Open Cup
test (Safety)
Thermometer
Wand attached
to gas line
91
Flash Point
92
Solubility (Purity)
Dissolved in
trichloroethylene
filtered through a
glass fiber pad
93
Tests used in PG grading
94
DSR Equipment
DSR Equipment
Computer Control and
Data Acquisition
95
96
25 mm Plate with Sample
97
Motor
98
Original Properties, Rutting, and Fatigue
RV DSR BBR
99
Rutting
run at warm test temps to indicate the ability of binder
to resist rutting – 25 mm plate
RV BBR
DSR
100
Fatigue
1. after RTFO aging (simulate during mixing and constr)
2. after PAV aging (simulate aging after 7-10 yrs service) – 8 mm plate
RV BBR
DSR
101
Rolling Thin Film Oven ( short term aging)
102
Inside of RTFO
Fan
Rotating
Bottle
Carriage
Air Line
103
Bottles Before and After Testing
104
Pressure Aging Vessel
(Long Term Aging)
Simulates aging of an asphalt binder for 7
to 10 years
50 gram sample is aged for 20 hours
Pressure of 2,070 kPa (300 psi)
At 90, 100 or 110 C
Sample from PAV tested for fatigue (DSR)
or low temp prop (BBR)
105
Pressure Aging Vessel
RV BBR
DSR
108
Bending Beam Rheometer
Deflection Transducer
Computer
Air Bearing
109
Bending Beam Rheometer Sample
110
Bending Beam Rheometer Equipment
Fluid Bath
Loading
Ram
Cooling
System
111
Is Stiffness Enough?
112
Direct Tension Test
Load
Stress = s = P / A
DL sf
D Le
ef
Strain
113
Direct Tension Test
FHWA
Courtesy of FHWA
114
Direct Tension Test
Courtesy of FHWA
115
Workability
Construction
RV DSR BBR
116
Rotational Viscometer
• Viscosity of original binder measured to insure material
can be pumped and handled by HMA plants and
construction equipment
• RV capable of measuring viscosity at varying temps and
can handle highly viscous modified asphalts
• Viscosity determined from amount of torque needed to
rotate a spindle
• Viscosity = ratio of shear stress to strain rate
117
Rotational Viscometer
(Brookfield)
Torque Motor
Inner Cylinder
Thermosel
Environmental
Chamber
120
Cutback Bitumen
121
Emulsified Asphalt (Emulsion)
Mixture of bitumen (55 - 65%), water and emulsifying agent passed under pressure tru a
colloid mill
Emulsions are made to reduce the viscosity for lower application temperatures
Two most commonly used emulsions:
i. Anionic – electro negatively charges asphalt droplets. Compatible with positive charge
aggregate such as limestone.
ii. Cationic – electro positively charges asphalt droplets. Compatible with negative charge
aggregates (most siliceous aggregates) such as sandstone, quartz, gravel
122
Emulsion
123
Emulsion
When mixed or sprayed, it sets or breaks because asphalt droplets reacts with the surface
of aggregate and squeezing out the water between them
Evaporation of water – primary mechanism for anionic breakup
Electrochemical process - primary mechanism for cationic
Further graded according to setting rate – RS, MS, SS
Setting rate is controlled by the type and amount of the emulsifying agent
Emulsion are increasingly being used in lieu of cutback due to:
1. Environmental regulations
2. Waste of high energy products
3. Safety
4. Lower application temperature
124
Foamed Asphalt
• Hot asphalt binder + cold water = steam and trapped tiny asphalt binder bubbles
(high volume asphalt foam)
• Used as binder in soil stabilization , stabilizing agent in CIPR
125
THANK YOU
for
your attention
126
Corduroy & Plank Road
127
Paved Roman Road
128
Earth Road
129
Gravel Road
130
Flexible Pavements
• Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete
• Guiding Principle
• Enough total thickness to protect subgrade
• Enough surface thickness to prevent fatigue
cracking
Asphaltic Concrete
- Dense graded, 3
5% air void
132
Porous Asphalt
Chippings
What is surface
dressing?
135
Surface Dressing
Rigid Pavements
• Portland Cement Concrete Pavements
138
Pavement types
Type of Pavement & their
Load Distribution
Pavement Types & How They
Effect the Subgrade
Interlocking Block
142
Interlocking Block
143
Interlocking Block
144
Quiz
1) CBR value reported for material with force of 9.2 and 14.5 kN
at penetration of 2.5 and 5 mm respectively is 0.73
2) The cost to build asphaltic concrete road is about 3 times
higher than concrete road
3) Non-porous pavement has better noise absorbance due to
less air voids compared to porous pavement.
4) CBR values can be more than 100%
5) Degree of compaction was based on soil characteristics only.
6) Interlocking block pavement is suitable for high volume, low
speed road.
145