Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 2601–2608

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A computational approach for the unsteady flow of

maxwell fluid with Caputo fractional derivatives
Ehsan Ul Haque a, Aziz Ullah Awan b, Nauman Raza b,*, Muhammad Abdullah c,
Maqbool Ahmad Chaudhry a

a
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Received 24 April 2017; revised 14 July 2017; accepted 27 July 2017

Available online 20 August 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper, the velocity field and the time dependent shear stress of Maxwell fluid with
Shear stress; Caputo fractional derivatives in an infinite long circular cylinder of radius R is discussed. The
Maxwell fluid; motion in the fluid is produced by the circular cylinder. The fluid is initially at rest and at time
Laplace transformation; t ¼ 0þ , cylinder begins to oscillate with the velocity fsinxt, due to time dependent shear stress acting
Velocity field; on the cylinder tangentially. The hybrid technique used in this paper for the solution of the problem
Modified Bessel function has less computational efforts and time cost as compared to other commonly used methods. The
obtained solutions are in transformed domain, which are expressed in terms of modified Bessel
functions I0 ðÞ and I1 ðÞ. The inverse Laplace transformation has been calculated numerically by
using MATLAB package. The semi analytical solutions for Maxwell fluid with fractional deriva-
tives are reduced to the similar solutions for Newtonian and ordinary Maxwell fluids as limiting
cases. In the end, numerical simulations have been performed to analyze the behavior of fractional
parameter a, kinematic viscosity m, relaxation time k, radius of the circular cylinder R and dynamic
viscosity l on our obtained solutions of velocity field and shear stress.
Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction equations of the fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids are the fluids

that cannot be modeled by Navier-Stokes equations. The
Many viscoelastic fluids have applications in industry and non-Newtonian fluid describes all those fluids, due to which
engineering. It contains the extrusion of polymer fluids, sus- shear rate is not directly proportional to shear stress.
pension and colloidal solutions, biomagnetic fluids, food The book of Chanderashker [1] is considered standard for
stuffs, exotic lubricants and cooling of the metallic plate. the exact solutions of non-Newtonian fluids in cylindrical
Newtonian and Navier-Stokes view is based on constitutive domains. Makris and Constantinou [2] discovered that it is
not possible for Maxwell fluid to get sufficient experimental
* Corresponding author. data due to range of its different frequencies. Friedrich [3]
E-mail address: raza_nauman@yahoo.com (N. Raza). found that there is a relationship between governing equations
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria involving fractional derivatives and molecular theories. Makris
University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.07.012
1110-0168 Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2602 E.U. Haque et al.

et al. [4] presented that when the ordinary Maxwell fluid has and modified Bessel equation. The inverse Laplace transforma-
been replaced by Maxwell fluid with fractional calculus, a good tion has been achieved through MATLAB. The obtained solu-
fit of experimental data is obtained. The constitutive equations tions are in series form in terms of modified Bessel functions
of non-Newtonian and rate type fluids are studied by Rajago- I0 ðÞ and I1 ðÞ and meet all initial and boundary conditions.
pal [5] and differential type fluids have been studied by Dunn We obtained the known solutions corresponding to a Newto-
and Rajagopal [6]. Unsteady pressure flow of a classical Max- nian fluid for k; a ! 0 and ordinary Maxwell fluid for a ! 1
well fluid in a cylinder is discussed by Rahaman and Ramkis- performing the same motion, as the limiting cases of our gen-
soon [7]. In particular, the predictions of a fractional Maxwell eral solutions. According to the best of our knowledge, no
model with the linear viscoelastic date in glass transition and a work has been done to solve oscillating Maxwell fluid models
relaxation zeros is given by Palade et al. [8]. Wood [9] studied with this technique. A table is included in the paper, which
the helical movement of an Oldroyd-B fluid due to the com- shows the good agreement of our obtained results of inverse
bined action of a constant pressure gradient and rotating cylin- Laplace transform, with two other existing numerical algo-
ders. Zhu et al. [10] studied the characteristics of the shear rithms, named as Stehfest’s [41] and Tzou’s [42]. Finally, some
stress and the velocity field of an ordinary Maxwell fluid. Some graphs are presented to show the impact of physical
exact solutions with respect to different flows of non- parameter.
Newtonian fluids with fractional derivatives in cylindrical It is worthy pointing out that the integral transform meth-
domain have been presented in [11–14]. ods previously used for finding the exact solutions of such kind
Peristaltic flow of fractional Maxwell fluid model through a of models have some flaws. For example the graphical solu-
medium examined by Tripathi et al. [15]. Peristaltic transport tions obtained by Hankel transformation in [34] does not sat-
of fractional Maxwell fluid model in uniform tubes was studied isfy its initial and boundary conditions. Recently, Abdullah
by Tripathi [16]. The motion of a fractional Maxwell fluid et al. [35] used the numerical Laplace method in an efficient
inside two walls perpendicular to a plate is discussed by Vieru way to solve fractional Maxwell model. Sheng et al. [36] found
et al. [17]. Yang and Zhu [18] studied start up motion of a vis- that the numerical inverse Laplace algorithms are reliable for
coelastic fluid in a pipe with fractional calculus approach. The fractional differential equations. Tahir et al. [37], Raza et al.
movement of a viscoelastic fluid between two side perpendicu- [38], Tong et al. [39] and Jiang et al. [40] used the numerical
lar walls with vibrating shear stress is discussed by Fetecau inverse Laplace algorithm successfully to solve fluid models.
et al. [19]. Oscillating flows of Newtonian and Maxwell fluid
with slip and no slip effects can be found in the references 2. Basic governing equations
[20–22]. Tripathi [23] discussed peristaltic transport of a Max-
well model in a channel where Tripathi and Anwar [24] found The velocity field G and the extra–stress T for the movement of
numerical solution of oscillating peristaltic flow of viscoelastic fluid [9] are considered as
fluids of a generalized Maxwell model through a porous med-
ium. Tripathi and Anwar [25] investigated peristaltic flow of G ¼ Gðr; tÞ ¼ gðr; tÞez ; T ¼ Tðr; tÞ; ð1Þ
viscoelastic fluid with a slip condition. where ez is the unit vector of the cylindrical coordinate system
Exact analytical solutions for a longitudinal flow of a frac- (r; h; z) along the z-direction. Moreover, when the fluid starts
tional Maxwell fluid between two coaxial cylinders is discussed to move, we have
by Awan et al. [26]. The unsteady flow of a Maxwell fluid with
fractional derivatives in a circular cylinder moving with a non- Gðr; 0Þ ¼ 0; Tðr; 0Þ ¼ 0: ð2Þ
linear velocity is discussed by Athar et al. [27]. Soret and The governing equations, due to such motions for Maxwell
Dufour effects on unsteady flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with fluids [9] are
boundary conditions discussed by Ashraf et al. [28]. Some

@ @gðr; tÞ
interesting and recent results for the solution of viscoelastic flu- 1þk fðr; tÞ ¼ l ; ð3Þ
ids with fractional derivatives have been presented in [29–33]. @t @r
In several industrial, engineering and biological transport


processes, oscillating motion of viscoelastic fluids in a tube @ @gðr; tÞ @ 1 @gðr; tÞ
1þk ¼m þ ; ð4Þ
or channel is a fundamental flow dominion confront. The @t @t @r r @r
examples of oscillating flow in biological systems are the where fðr; tÞ ¼ Trh ðr; tÞ is the only nontrivial shear stress, l is
quasi-periodic blood flow in the cardiovascular system, urody- the dynamics viscosity, m is the kinematics viscosity and k is
namic transport in the human ureter and movement of food relaxation time of the motion. The Caputo fractional differen-
bolus in the gastrointestinal tract. The examples of oscillating tial operator [9] is defined as
flows in industrial systems include waste conveyance systems ( 1 d R t gðfÞ
employing roller pumps and finger pumps. As such fractional . Cð1.Þ dt 0 ðtfÞ.
df; 0 6 . < 1;
Dt gðtÞ ¼ ð5Þ
models have been studied extensively in recent years in dgðtÞ
; . ¼ 1;
dt
biomedical transport problems.
This paper deals with the semi analytical solutions for the where CðÞ denotes the Gamma function. By using the Caputo
unsteady flow of a Maxwell fluid with fractional derivatives. fractional differential operator Dat instead of inner time deriva-
Initially the fluid in the circular cylinder of radius R is at rest tives in Eqs. (3) and (4), the equations related to the Maxwell
and at time t ¼ 0þ , because of the shear stress, it starts to oscil- fluid having fractional derivatives can be obtained as
late longitudinally with the velocity fsinwt. The semi analytical   @gðr; tÞ
solutions are procured with the tool of Laplace transformation 1 þ ka Dat fðr; tÞ ¼ l ; ð6Þ
@r
A computational approach for the unsteady flow of maxwell fluid with Caputo fractional derivatives 2603


  @gðr; tÞ @ 1 @gðr; tÞ bðsÞ
1 þ ka Dat ¼m þ : ð7Þ C1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ð17Þ
@t @r r @r aðsÞI1 ðR aðsÞÞ
substituting the value of C1 in Eq. (16), we get
3. Oscillatory flow through a circular cylinder pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
bðsÞI0 ðr aðsÞÞ
gðr; sÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð18Þ
aðsÞI1 ðR aðsÞÞ
Consider a Maxwell fluid with fractional derivatives which is
initially at rest in an infinitely long circular cylinder of radius Eq. (18) is in a complicated form of modified Bessel func-
R. In the presence of shear stress, at t ¼ 0þ , the cylinder begins tions of first and second kind. For the solution of Eq. (18), it
to oscillate due to shear stress with the velocity fsinxt. The is very difficult to find the inverse Laplace transform tradition-
fluid is gently stirred due to the shear with the velocity of the ally. To solve this problem, we used some numerical packages
form ð1Þ1 . to obtain the inverse Laplace transform. Here, we have found
The initial and boundary conditions of the flow are the inverse Laplace transform numerically through MATLAB.
 Our technique is referred as semi analytical because the analyt-
@gðr; tÞ
gðr; 0Þ ¼ ¼ 0; fðr; 0Þ ¼ 0; r 2 ½0; R; ð8Þ ical and numerical methods are used in this paper.
@t t¼0

   @gðr; tÞ
1 þ ka Dat fðr; tÞr¼R ¼ l ¼ fsinxt; ð9Þ 5. Calculation of the shear stress
@r r¼R
where f is a constant and x is the angular frequency. The Eqs. Taking Laplace transform of Eq. (6), we have
(6) and (7) involve fractional derivatives, these equations are
l @gðr; sÞ
solved by using the tool of Laplace transformation and modi- fðr; sÞ ¼ : ð19Þ
ð1 þ ka sa Þ @r
fied Bessel equation.
Differentiating Eq. (18) with respect to r, we have
4. Calculation of the velocity field pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
@gðr; sÞ I1 ðr aðsÞÞ
¼ bðsÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð20Þ
@r I1 ðR aðsÞÞ
Taking the Laplace transformation of Eqs. (7) and (9), we have
Substituting the above Eq. (20) into Eq. (19), we obtain
@ 2 gðr; sÞ 1 @gðr; sÞ ðs þ ka saþ1 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ  gðr; sÞ ¼ 0; ð10Þ
@r2 r @r m l I1 ðr aðsÞÞ
fðr; sÞ ¼ bðsÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð21Þ
 ð1 þ ka sa Þ I1 ðR aðsÞÞ
@gðr; sÞ fx
¼ ; ð11Þ
@r r¼R lðs2 þ x2 Þ After taking inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (21), we
obtain the solution of shear stress. The expression of Eq.
where s is the Laplace transform parameter. Eqs. (10) and (11) (21) is of the same type of Eq. (18). Here, again we have found
can be written as the inverse Laplace transform numerically through MATLAB.
@ 2 gðr; sÞ 1 @gðr; sÞ
þ  aðsÞgðr; sÞ ¼ 0; ð12Þ 6. Limiting cases
@r2 r @r

@gðr; sÞ We can take the following limiting cases of our general
¼ bðsÞ; ð13Þ
@r r¼R solutions.
where
6.1. Ordinary maxwell fluid
ðs þ ka saþ1 Þ fx
aðsÞ ¼ and bðsÞ ¼ :
m lðs2 þ x2 Þ Using a ! 1 in Eqs. (18) and (21), we acquire the transformed
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi solutions of the velocity field gOM ðr; tÞ and the shear stress
By introducing variable transformation m ¼ r aðsÞ in Eq.
(12), we get fOM ðr; tÞ respectively equivalent to ordinary Maxwell fluid.

d2 g dg 6.2. Newtonian fluid

m2 2
þm  ðm2  02 Þg ¼ 0: ð14Þ
dm dm
The general solution of this modified Bessel equation is When we take a; k ! 0 in Eqs. (18) and (21), the transformed
given by solutions of the velocity field gN ðr; tÞ and the shear stress
fN ðr; tÞ equivalent to Newtonian fluid are procured
gðm; sÞ ¼ C1 I0 ðmÞ þ C2 K0 ðmÞ; ð15Þ
respectively.
where C1 and C2 are constants, I0 ðmÞ and K0 ðmÞ are the mod-
ified Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively. 7. Results and discussion
In order to have a finite solution at m ¼ 0ðr ¼ 0Þ, C2 must be
zero. Then Eq. (15) becomes In order to provide the validation of results, we presented in
gðm; sÞ ¼ C1 I0 ðmÞ: ð16Þ Table 1, numerical results of fluid velocity, obtained with
MATLAB program and with other two numerical algorithms,
Using the boundary condition given by Eq. (13) with Eq.
namely the Stehfest’s algorithm [41] and Tzou’s algorithm [42].
(16), we obtain
2604 E.U. Haque et al.

According to Stehfest’s algorithm, the inverse Laplace trans-

Table 1 Comparison between different numerical algorithms.
form is given by
r gðr; tÞ (MATLAB) gðr; tÞ (Stehfest’s) gðr; tÞ (Tzou’s)

[43] [41] [42] ln2 X
N
ln2
uðr; tÞ ¼ Vk u r;
0 0 0 0 t k¼1 t
0.05 0.449567 0.446226 0.447221
minðk;N2 Þ
0.1 0.451195 0.447853 0.448848
kþN2
X N
j 2 ð2jÞ!
0.15 0.453910 0.450566 0.451561 Vk ¼ ð1Þ ; ð22Þ
0.2 0.457715 0.454368 0.455364 ðN2  jÞ!j!ðj  1Þ!ðk  jÞ!ð2j  kÞ!
j¼½kþ1
2 
0.25 0.462615 0.459264 0.460261
0.3 0.468615 0.465259 0.466257 where N is the number of the expansion terms and must be an
0.35 0.475722 0.472361 0.473360 even number (N = 16 leads to a very good precision).
0.4 0.483944 0.480577 0.481577 Tzou’s algorithm is based on the Riemann-sum approxima-
0.45 0.493291 0.489916 0.490918 tion. In this method the inverse Laplace is given by
0.5 0.503772 0.500389 0.501392 "

!#
e4:7 1 4:7 XN1
k 4:7 þ kpi
uðr; tÞ ¼ u r; þ Re ð1Þ u r; ;
t 2 t k¼1
t
ð23Þ
where ReðÞ is the real part, i is the imaginary unit and N1 is a
natural number. The values of inverse Laplace transform
obtained with MATLAB, Eqs. (22) and (23) are given in the
following table.
It is observed that the results with different numerical algo-
rithms has a good agreement among them.
Finally, we have plotted some graphs for the velocity field
and the shear stress of the fluid by using Eqs. (18) and (21)
respectively, to see the effect of various material parameters
on our results. Fig. 2(a) and (b) depicts r with shear stress
fðr; tÞ and velocity field gðr; tÞ for various values of t at
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1; x ¼ 5,
a ¼ 0:5; m ¼ 0:035754 and it is observed that the shear stress
fðr; tÞ and velocity field gðr; tÞ is an increasing function. Other
graphs have been plotted against the values of t. Fig. 3(a) and
(b) depicts t with shear stress fðr; tÞ and velocity field gðr; tÞ
Fig. 1 Longitudinal oscillation of a Maxwell fluid. for various values of relaxation time k ¼ 5 at
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; x ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1; a ¼ 0:5, m ¼ 0:035754. We
conclude that the shear stress and the velocity field are decreas-

7 0.16
t =1.0 t =1.0
1 1
t2=1.1 0.14 t2=1.1
6
t3=1.2 t3=1.2
0.12
5

0.1
4
ζ(r,t)

g(r,t)

0.08
3
0.06

2
0.04

1 0.02

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
r r

Fig. 2 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1, x ¼ 5; a ¼ 0:5; m ¼ 0:035754 and various values of t.
A computational approach for the unsteady flow of maxwell fluid with Caputo fractional derivatives 2605

14 1.4
λ1=4 λ1=4
λ2=8 λ2=8
12 1.2
λ3=12 λ3=12

10 1

8 0.8
ζ(r,t)

g(r,t)
6 0.6

4 0.4

2 0.2

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 3 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; x ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1, a ¼ 0:5; m ¼ 0:035754 and various values of k.

20 2
ν1=0.03 ν1=0.03
18 1.8
ν2=0.04 ν2=0.04

16 ν =0.05 1.6 ν =0.05

3 3

14 1.4

12 1.2
ζ (r,t)

g(r,t)

10 1

8 0.8

6 0.6

4 0.4

2 0.2

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 4 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; x ¼ 5, R ¼ 0:1; a ¼ 0:5 and various values of m.

ing function to relaxation time k. Fig. 4(a) and (b) depicts t with
shear stress fðr; tÞ and velocity field gðr; tÞ for various values of
kinematic viscosity m at l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; x ¼ 5;
R ¼ 0:1, a ¼ 0:5 which show that the kinematics viscosity m is
increasing function to both the shear stress and the velocity
field. Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) depicts t with shear stress fðr; tÞ and
velocity field gðr; tÞ for various values of the radius of circular
cylinder R at l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; x ¼ 5, m ¼ 0:035754;
a ¼ 0:5 which show that shear stress and velocity field are
decreasing function to the radius of circular cylinder R. Fig. 6
(a) and (b) depicts t with shear stress fðr; tÞ and velocity field
gðr; tÞ for various values of the fractional parameter a at
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1; x ¼ 5; m ¼ 0:035754 which
show that shear stress and velocity field are decreasing function
to the fractional parameter a. Fig. 7(a) and (b) depicts t with
shear stress fðr; tÞ and velocity field gðr; tÞ for various values
of the angular velocity x at l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5,
m ¼ 0:035754; a ¼ 0:5; R ¼ 0:1 which show that the shear
stress and velocity field are increasing function to angular
velocity x. Fig. 8(a) depict t with velocity field gðr; tÞ for various
values of the dynamics viscosity m at l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5;
x ¼ 5; a ¼ 0:5; R ¼ 0:1 which shows that dynamics viscosity
is decreasing function to velocity field. Fig. 8(b) depict the com-
parison of velocity field gðr; tÞ between Maxwell fluid with frac-
tional derivatives, ordinary Maxwell and Newtonian fluid at
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5,
2606 E.U. Haque et al.

120 0.2
R =0.50 R =0.50
1 1
R =0.55 0.18 R =0.55
2 2
100 R3=0.60 R3=0.60
0.16

0.14
80
0.12
ζ (r,t)

g(r,t)
60 0.1

0.08
40
0.06

0.04
20
0.02

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 5 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; x ¼ 5, m ¼ 0:035754; a ¼ 0:5 and various values of R.

60 1.4
α =0.3 α =0.3
1 1
α =0.4 α =0.4
2 1.2 2
50
α =0.5 α =0.5
3 3

1
40

0.8
ζ (r,t)

g(r,t)

30
0.6

20
0.4

10
0.2

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 6 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1, x ¼ 5; m ¼ 0:035754 and various values of a.

m ¼ 0:035754; x ¼ 5; a ¼ 0:5; R ¼ 0:1. It is seen from Fig. 8
(b) that Newtonian fluid is swiftest and Maxwell fluid with frac-
tional derivatives is the slowest.
8. Conclusions
In this paper, the flow of Maxwell fluid governed by the differ-
ential equations with Caputo fractional derivative are studied.
The flow domain is the inner of a circular cylinder and flow is
generated by the longitudinal stress-force given on the cylinder
surface. By applying the Laplace transform with respect to the
time variable t, the semi analytical solutions for the fluid veloc-
ity and longitudinal shear stress are obtained in terms of the
modified Bessel functions of first kind I0 ðÞ and I1 ðÞ. Since
the Laplace transforms of the velocity and of the shear stress
are enough complicated, we have obtained the inverse Laplace
transforms by means of the numerical procedures. Firstly, we
used a MATLAB numerical code. In order to provide valida-
tion of results, we have used other two numerical algorithms,
namely the Stehfest’s algorithm and Tzou’s algorithm.
As shown in Table 1, we found a good agreement between
the results obtained for inverse Laplace transform with three
numerical methods. It is important to observe that the fluid
layers situated close cylinder surface have a significant motion,
while the fluid situated in the central area of the cylinder has a
very slow motion. The fluids modeled with fractional deriva-
tives flow faster than the ordinary fluid. When the fractional
parameter decreases, the fluid velocity increases. Shear stress
A computational approach for the unsteady flow of maxwell fluid with Caputo fractional derivatives 2607

45 0.2
ω =10 ω =10
1 1
40 ω =15
0.18 ω =15
2 2
ω =20 0.16 ω =20
35 3 3

0.14
30
0.12
25
ζ (r,t)

g(r,t)
0.1
20
0.08
15
0.06
10
0.04

5 0.02

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 7 Shear stress fðr; tÞ and the velocity field gðr; tÞ graphs of the fractional Maxwell fluid by using material parameters
l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; R ¼ 0:1, a ¼ 0:5; m ¼ 0:035754 and various values of x.

1.4 0.25
μ =15 Frac
1
Ord
μ =20
1.2 2 New
μ =25 0.2
3

0.15
0.8
g(r,t)

g(r,t)

0.6
0.1

0.4

0.05
0.2

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
time time

Fig. 8 Velocity field gðr; tÞ graph with various values of l and comparison graph of velocities of fractional Maxwell, ordinary Maxwell
and Newtonian fluid by using material parameters l ¼ 15; f ¼ 10; k ¼ 5; m ¼ 0:035754, x ¼ 5; a ¼ 0:5; R ¼ 0:1.

has the behavior similar with velocity; therefore, it is increasing
when the fractional parameter decreases. Physical parameters
t; x and m are directly proportional to both velocity field
and shear stress and parameters R; a; l and k are opposite
to both velocity field and shear stress.
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