Formula

1. Population Standard deviation `sigma = sqrt((sum (x - bar x)^2)/n)`

2. Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3n⋅S3

3. Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4n⋅S4

Examples
1. Calculate Population Skewness, Population Kurtosis from the following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1

Solution:
Mean ˉx=∑fx∑f

=5210

=5.2

Clas Mid value

s (x)
f f⋅x (x-ˉx) f⋅(x-ˉx)2 f⋅(x-ˉx)3
(3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5) (6)=(3)×(5) (7)=(5)×(6)
(1) (2)

9 9=3×3 -2.2 |3-5.2|=- 14.52 14.52=3×-2.2×- -31.944 -31.944=14.52×-

2-4 3 3=2+42 3 (4)=(2)×(3 2.2 2.2 2.2

) |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

20 20=4×
-0.2 |5-5.2|=-
5 0.16 0.16=4×-0.2×-0.2 -0.032 -0.032=0.16×-0.2
4-6 5 5=4+62 4 0.2
(4)=(2)×(3 (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
|x-5.2|
)

14 14=2×

7 1.8 |7-5.2|=1.8 6.48 6.48=2×1.8×1.8 11.664 11.664=6.48×1.8

6-8 7 7=6+82 2
(4)=(2)×(3 |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

9 9=1×9
9 9=8+10 3.8 |9-5.2|=3.8 14.44 14.44=1×3.8×3.8 54.872 54.872=14.44×3.8
8-
1 (4)=(2)×(3
10
2 |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
)

--- --- --- --- --- --- ---

n=1
-- --
0 ∑f⋅x=52 `-- =35.6 =34.56
Population Standard deviation σ= √( ∑ x-ˉx)2n

= √ 35.610

=√3.56

=1.8868

Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3n⋅S3

=34.5610⋅(1.8868)3

=34.5610⋅6.717

=0.5145

Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4n⋅S4

=299.79210⋅(1.8868)4

=299.79210⋅12.6736

=2.3655

2. Calculate Population Skewness, Population Kurtosis from the following grouped data
X Frequency
0 1
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 3

Solution:
Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5525

=2.2

x f f⋅x (x-ˉx) f⋅(x-ˉx)2 f⋅(x-ˉx)3

(2) (3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5) (6)=(3)×(5) (7)=(5)×(6)

0 0=1×0 -2.2 |0-2.2|=-2.2 4.84 4.84=1×-2.2×-2.2 -10.648 -10.648=4.84×-2.2

0 1
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

5 5=5×1 -1.2 |1-2.2|=-1.2 7.2 7.2=5×-1.2×-1.2 -8.64 -8.64=7.2×-1.2

1 5
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
 20 20=10×2 -0.2 |2-2.2|=-0.2 0.4 0.4=10×-0.2×-0.2 -0.08 -0.08=0.4×-0.2
2 10
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

18 18=6×3 3.84 3.84=6×0.8×0.8 3.072 3.072=3.84×0.8

3 6 0.8 `|3-2.2|=0.8|x - 2.2|`
(4)=(2)×(3) (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

12 12=3×4 1.8 |4-2.2|=1.8 9.72 9.72=3×1.8×1.8 17.496 17.496=9.72×1.8

4 3
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

--- --- --- --- --- ---

-- n=25 ∑f⋅x=55 `-- =26 =1.2

Population Standard deviation σ= √( ∑ x-ˉx)2n

= √ 2625

=√1.04

=1.0198

Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3n⋅S3

=1.225⋅(1.0198)3

=1.225⋅1.0606

=0.0453

Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4n⋅S4

=67.7625⋅(1.0198)4

=67.7625⋅1.0816

=2.5059
Formula
1. Mean ˉx=∑fxn
2. Sample Variance S2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

3. Sample Standard deviation S= √ ∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

4. Co-efficient of Variation (Sample) =Sˉx⋅100%

Examples

( )
1. Calculate Sample Variance S2 , Sample Standard deviation (S), Sample Coefficient of Variation from the
following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1

Solution:
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) f⋅x f⋅x2=(f⋅x)×(x)
(1) (2) (3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

9 9=3×3 27 27=9×3
2-4 3 3 3=2+42
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

20 20=4×5 100 100=20×5

4-6 4 5 5=4+62
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

14 14=2×7 98 98=14×7
6-8 2 7 7=6+82
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

9 9=1×9 81 81=9×9
8-10 1 9 9=8+102
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

--- --- --- --- ---

-- n=10 -- ∑f⋅x=52 ∑f⋅x2=306

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5210

=5.2

Sample Variance S2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

=306-(52)2109

=306-270.49
=35.69

=3.9556

Sample Standard deviation S= √ ∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

= √ 306-(52)2109

= √ 306-270.49

= √ 35.69

=√3.9556

=1.9889

Co-efficient of Variation (Sample) =Sˉx⋅100%

=1.98895.2⋅100%

=38.25%

( )
2. Calculate Sample Variance S2 , Sample Standard deviation (S), Sample Coefficient of Variation from the
following grouped data
X Frequency
0 1
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 3

Solution:
x Frequency (f) f⋅x f⋅x2=(f⋅x)×(x)
(1) (2) (3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

0 0=1×0 0 0=0×0
0 1
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

5 5=5×1 5 5=5×1
1 5
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)
 20 20=10×2 40 40=20×2
2 10
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

18 18=6×3 54 54=18×3
3 6
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

12 12=3×4 48 48=12×4
4 3
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

--- --- --- ---

n=25 ∑f⋅x=55 ∑f⋅x2=147

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5525

=2.2

Sample Variance S2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

=147-(55)22524

=147-12124

=2624

=1.0833

Sample Standard deviation S= √ ∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn-1

= √ 147-(55)22524

= √ 147-12124

= √ 2624

=√1.0833

=1.0408

Co-efficient of Variation (Sample) =Sˉx⋅100%

=1.04082.2⋅100%

=47.31%
Formula
1. Mean ˉx=∑fxn
2. Population Variance σ2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

3. Population Standard deviation σ= √ ∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

4. Co-efficient of Variation (Population) `=sigma / bar x * 100 %`

Examples

( )
1. Calculate Population Variance σ2 , Population Standard deviation (σ), Population Coefficient of
Variation from the following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1

Solution:
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) f⋅x f⋅x2=(f⋅x)×(x)
(1) (2) (3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

9 9=3×3 27 27=9×3
2-4 3 3 3=2+42
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

20 20=4×5 100 100=20×5

4-6 4 5 5=4+62
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

14 14=2×7 98 98=14×7
6-8 2 7 7=6+82
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

9 9=1×9 81 81=9×9
8-10 1 9 9=8+102
(4)=(2)×(3) (5)=(4)×(3)

--- --- --- --- ---

-- n=10 -- ∑f⋅x=52 ∑f⋅x2=306

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5210

=5.2

Population Variance σ2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

=306-(52)21010

=306-270.410
=35.610

=3.56

Population Standard deviation σ= √∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

= √ 306-(52)21010

= √ 306-270.410

= √ 35.610

=√3.56

=1.8868

Co-efficient of Variation (Population) =σˉx⋅100%

=1.88685.2⋅100%

=36.28%

( )
2. Calculate Population Variance σ2 , Population Standard deviation (σ), Population Coefficient of
Variation from the following grouped data
X Frequency
0 1
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 3

Solution:
x Frequency (f) f⋅x f⋅x2=(f⋅x)×(x)
(1) (2) (3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

0 0=1×0 0 0=0×0
0 1
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

5 5=5×1 5 5=5×1
1 5
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)
 20 20=10×2 40 40=20×2
2 10
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

18 18=6×3 54 54=18×3
3 6
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

12 12=3×4 48 48=12×4
4 3
(3)=(2)×(1) (4)=(3)×(1)

--- --- --- ---

n=25 ∑f⋅x=55 ∑f⋅x2=147

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5525

=2.2

Population Variance σ2=∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

=147-(55)22525

=147-12125

=2625

=1.04

Population Standard deviation σ= √∑f⋅x2-(∑f⋅x)2nn

= √ 147-(55)22525

= √ 147-12125

= √ 2625

=√1.04

=1.0198

Co-efficient of Variation (Population) =σˉx⋅100%

=1.01982.2⋅100%

=46.35%
Formula
1. Mean ˉx=∑fxn
2. Median M=L+n2-cff⋅c

3. Mode Z=L+ ( )
f1-f02⋅f1-f0-f2 ⋅c

Examples
1. Calculate Mean, Median, Mode from the following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1

Solution:
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) f⋅x cf
(1) (2) (3) (4)=(2)×(3) (6)

9 9=3×3 3 3=0+3
2-4 3 3 3=2+42
(4)=(2)×(3) (6)=Previous (6)+(2)

20 20=4×5 7 7=3+4
4-6 4 5 5=4+62
(4)=(2)×(3) (6)=Previous (6)+(2)

14 14=2×7 9 9=7+2
6-8 2 7 7=6+82
(4)=(2)×(3) (6)=Previous (6)+(2)

9 9=1×9 10 10=9+1
8-10 1 9 9=8+102
(4)=(2)×(3) (6)=Previous (6)+(2)

--- --- --- --- ---

-- n=10 -- ∑f⋅x=52 --

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5210

=5.2

To find Median Class

= value of ()
n2 th observation

= value of ( )
102 th observation

= value of 5th observation

From the column of cumulative frequency cf, we find that the 5th observation lies in the class 4-6.

∴ The median class is 4-6.

Now,
∴L=lower boundary point of median class =4

∴n=Total frequency =10

∴cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =3

∴f=Frequency of the median class =4

∴c=class length of median class =2

Median M=L+n2-cff⋅c

=4+5-34⋅2

=4+24⋅2

=4+1

=5

To find Mode Class

Here, maximum frequency is 4.

∴ The mode class is 4-6.

∴L=lower boundary point of mode class =4

∴f1= frequency of the mode class =4

∴f0= frequency of the preceding class =3

∴f2= frequency of the succedding class =2

∴c= class length of mode class =2

Z=L+ ( f1-f02⋅f1-f0-f2 ) ⋅c

=4+ ( 4-32⋅4-3-2 ) ⋅2

=4+ () 13 ⋅2

=4+0.6667

=4.6667

2. Calculate Mean, Median, Mode from the following grouped data

X Frequency
0 1
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 3

Solution:
x Frequency (f) f⋅x cf
(1) (2) (3)=(2)×(1) (5)

0 0=1×0 1 1=0+1
0 1
(3)=(2)×(1) (5)=Previous (5)+(2)

5 5=5×1 6 6=1+5
1 5
(3)=(2)×(1) (5)=Previous (5)+(2)

20 20=10×2 16 16=6+10
2 10
(3)=(2)×(1) (5)=Previous (5)+(2)

18 18=6×3 22 22=16+6
3 6
(3)=(2)×(1) (5)=Previous (5)+(2)

12 12=3×4 25 25=22+3
4 3
(3)=(2)×(1) (5)=Previous (5)+(2)

--- --- --- ---

n=25 ∑f⋅x=55 --

Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5525

=2.2

Median :

M = value of ()
n2 th observation

= value of ( ) 252 th observation

= value of 12th observation

From the column of cumulative frequency cf, we find that the 12th observation is 2.

Hence, the median of the data is 2.

Mode :
the frequency of observation 2 is maximum (10)

∴Z=2
Formula

1. Sample Standard deviation S= √( ∑ x-ˉx)2n-1

2. Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3(n-1)⋅S3

3. Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4(n-1)⋅S4

Examples
1. Calculate Sample Skewness, Sample Kurtosis from the following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1

Solution:
Mean ˉx=∑fx∑f

=5210

=5.2

Clas Mid value (x

s )
f f⋅x (x-ˉx) f⋅(x-ˉx)2 f⋅(x-ˉx)3
(3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5) (6)=(3)×(5) (7)=(5)×(6)
(1) (2)

9 9=3×3 -2.2 |3-5.2|=- 14.52 14.52=3×-2.2×- -31.944 -31.944=14.52×-

2-4 3 3=2+42 3 (4)=(2)×(3 2.2 2.2 2.2

) |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

20 20=4×
-0.2 |5-5.2|=-
5 0.16 0.16=4×-0.2×-0.2 -0.032 -0.032=0.16×-0.2
4-6 5 5=4+62 4 0.2
(4)=(2)×(3 (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
|x-5.2|
)

14 14=2×

7 1.8 |7-5.2|=1.8 6.48 6.48=2×1.8×1.8 11.664 11.664=6.48×1.8

6-8 7 7=6+82 2
(4)=(2)×(3 |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

9 9=1×9
9 9=8+10 3.8 |9-5.2|=3.8 14.44 14.44=1×3.8×3.8 54.872 54.872=14.44×3.8
8-
1 (4)=(2)×(3
10
2 |x-5.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
)

--- --- --- --- --- --- ---

 n=1
-- --
0 ∑f⋅x=52 `-- =35.6 =34.56

Sample Standard deviation S= √( ∑ x-ˉx)2n-1

= √ 35.69

=√3.9556

=1.9889

Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3(n-1)⋅S3

=34.569⋅(1.9889)3

=34.569⋅7.867

=0.4881

Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4(n-1)⋅S4

=299.7929⋅(1.9889)4

=299.7929⋅15.6464

=2.1289

2. Calculate Sample Skewness, Sample Kurtosis from the following grouped data
X Frequency
0 1
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 3

Solution:
Mean ˉx=∑fxn

=5525

=2.2

x f f⋅x (x-ˉx) f⋅(x-ˉx)2 f⋅(x-ˉx)3

(2) (3) (4)=(2)×(3) (5) (6)=(3)×(5) (7)=(5)×(6)

0 0=1×0 -2.2 |0-2.2|=-2.2 4.84 4.84=1×-2.2×-2.2 -10.648 -10.648=4.84×-2.2

0 1
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)
 5 5=5×1 -1.2 |1-2.2|=-1.2 7.2 7.2=5×-1.2×-1.2 -8.64 -8.64=7.2×-1.2
1 5
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

20 20=10×2 -0.2 |2-2.2|=-0.2 0.4 0.4=10×-0.2×-0.2 -0.08 -0.08=0.4×-0.2

2 10
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

18 18=6×3 0.8 |3-2.2|=0.8 3.84 3.84=6×0.8×0.8 3.072 3.072=3.84×0.8

3 6
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

12 12=3×4 1.8 |4-2.2|=1.8 9.72 9.72=3×1.8×1.8 17.496 17.496=9.72×1.8

4 3
(4)=(2)×(3) |x-2.2| (6)=(2)×(5) (7)=(2)×(6)

--- --- --- --- --- ---

-- n=25 ∑f⋅x=55 `-- =26 =1.2

Sample Standard deviation S= √(

∑ x-ˉx)2n-1

= √ 2624

=√1.0833

=1.0408

Skewness =∑(x-ˉx)3(n-1)⋅S3

=1.224⋅(1.0408)3

=1.224⋅1.1276

=0.0443

Kurtosis =∑(x-ˉx)4(n-1)⋅S4

=67.7624⋅(1.0408)4

=67.7624⋅1.1736

=2.4057