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C Lab Manual
C Lab Manual
C Lab Manual
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1=0, num2=1,no,counter,fab;
clrscr();
printf("<===========PROGRAM TO FIND THE FIBONACCI SERIES UP TO N NO. IN
SERIES=========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\tENTER LENGTH OF SERIES (N) : ");
scanf("%d",&no);
printf("\n\n\t\t\t<----FIBONACCI SERIES---->");
printf("\n\n\t\t%d %d",num1,num2);
//LOOP WILL RUN FOR 2 TIME LESS IN SERIES AS THESE WAS PRINTED IN
ADVANCE
for(counter = 1; counter <= no-2; counter++)
{
fab=num1 + num2;
printf(" %d",fab);
num1=num2;
num2=fab;
}
getch();}
1
c. Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value
supplied by the user.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int no,counter,counter1,check;
clrscr();
printf("<-----------------------PRIME NO. SERIES------------------------>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tINPUT THE VALUE OF N: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
printf("\n\nTHE PRIME NO. SERIES B/W 1 TO %d : \n\n",no);
for(counter = 1; counter <= no; counter++)
{
check = 0;
//THIS LOOP WILL CHECK A NO TO BE PRIME NO. OR NOT.
for(counter1 = counter-1; counter1 > 1 ; counter1--)
if(counter%counter1 == 0)
{
check++; // INCREMENT CHECK IF NO. IS NOT A PRIME NO.
break;
}
if(check == 0)
printf("%d\t",counter);
}
getch();
}
2a. Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:
Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int counter,f_coun;
float sum=0,x,power,fact;
clrscr();
printf("<-----------------------PROGRAM FOR SUM OF EQ. SERIES----------------------->");
printf("\n\n\tEQUATION SERIES : 1- X^2/2! + X^4/4! - X^6/6! + X^8/8! - X^10/10!");
printf("\n\n\n\tENTER VALUE OF X : ");
scanf("%f",&x);
for(counter=0, power=0; power<=10; counter++,power=power+2)
{
fact=1;
//CALC FACTORIAL OF POWER VALUE
for(f_coun=power; f_coun>=1; f_coun--)
fact *= f_coun;
//EQ. FOR SUM SERIES
sum=sum+(pow(-1,counter)*(pow(x,power)/fact));
}
printf("SUM : %f",sum);
getch();
}
2b. Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c,root1,root2;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter values of a,b,c for finding roots of a quadratic eq:\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
/*checking condition*/
if(b*b>4*a*c)
{
root1=-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/2*a;
root2=-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/2*a;
printf("\n*****ROOTS ARE*****\n");
printf("\n root1=%f\n root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
else
printf("\n Imaginary Roots.");
getch();
}
3.
i) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To find the factorial of a given integer.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n);
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n);
void main()
{
int n,i;
long fact;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n==0)
printf("Factorial of 0 is 1\n");
else
{
printf("Factorial of %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",n,recr_factorial(n));
printf("Factorial of %d Using Non-Recursive Function is %d\n",n,iter_factorial(n));
}
getch();
}
/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n) {
return n>=1 ? n * recr_factorial(n-1) : 1;
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n) {
int accu = 1;
int i;
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
accu *= i;
}
return accu;
}
3. ii) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n);
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q);
int main(void)
{
int a,b,iGcd;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdRecursive(a,b));
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Non-Recursive Function is
%d\n",a,b,GcdNonRecursive(a,b));
getch();
}
/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n)
{
if(n>m)
return GcdRecursive(n,m);
if(n==0)
return m;
else
return GcdRecursive(n,m%n);
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q)
{
unsigned remainder;
remainder = p-(p/q*q);
if(remainder==0)
return q;
else
GcdRecursive(q,remainder);
}
3.iii) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions
To solve Towers of Hanoi problem.
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
void hanoiNonRecursion(int num,char sndl,char indl,char dndl)
{
char stkn[100],stksndl[100],stkindl[100],stkdndl[100],stkadd[100],temp;
int top,add;
top=NULL;
one:
if(num==1)
{
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
goto four;
}
two:
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=3;
num=num-1;
sndl=sndl;
temp=indl;
indl=dndl;
dndl=temp;
goto one;
three:
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=5;
num=num-1;
temp=sndl;
sndl=indl;
indl=temp;
dndl=dndl;
goto one;
four:
if(top==NULL)
return;
num=stkn[top];
sndl=stksndl[top];
indl=stkindl[top];
dndl=stkdndl[top];
add=stkadd[top];
top=top-1;
if(add==3)
goto three;
else if(add==5)
goto four;
}
/* Recursive Function*/
void hanoiRecursion( int num,char ndl1, char ndl2, char ndl3)
{
if ( num == 1 ) {
printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
return;
}
hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl1, ndl3, ndl2 );
printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl3, ndl2, ndl1 );
}
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of disks to be transferred: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no<1)
printf("\nThere's nothing to move.");
else
printf("Non-Recursive");
hanoiNonRecursion(no,'A','B','C');
printf("\nRecursive"); hanoiRecursion(no,'A','B','C');
getch(); }
4a. The total distance travelled by vehicle in 't' seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2
where 'u' and 'a' are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration (m/sec2).
Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given
the values of 'u' and 'a'. The program should provide the flexibility to the user
to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of 'u' and 'a'.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int tim_intrval, counter,time;
float accl, distance=0, velos;
clrscr();
printf("<===========PROGRAM FOR CALC TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A
VECHIAL===========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tNO OF TIME INTERVALS : ");
scanf("%d",&tim_intrval);
for(counter = 1; counter <= tim_intrval; counter++)
{
printf("\n\t\t\tAT T%d TIME(sec) : ",counter);
scanf("%d",&time);
printf("\t\t\tVELOCITY AT %d sec (m/sec) : ",time);
scanf("%f",&velos);
printf("\t\t\tACCLERATION AT %d sec (m/sec^2): ",time);
scanf("%f",&accl);
distance += (velos*time + (accl*pow(time,2))/2);
}
printf("\n\n\n\tTOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN %d INTERVALS OF
TIME : %f",tim_intrval,distance); getch(); }
4b. Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user,
performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use
Switch Statement)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,res,ch;
clrscr();
printf("\t *********************");
printf("\n\tMENU\n");
printf("\t********************");
printf("\n\t(1)ADDITION");
printf("\n\t(2)SUBTRACTION");
printf("\n\t(3)MULTIPLICATION");
printf("\n\t(4)DIVISION");
printf("\n\t(5)REMAINDER");
printf("\n\t(0)EXIT");
printf("\n\t********************");
printf("\n\n\tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch<=5 & ch>0)
{
printf("Enter two numbers:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
}
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
res=a+b;
printf("\n Addition:%d",res);
break;
case 2:
res=a-b;
printf("\n Subtraction:%d",res);
break;
case 3:
res=a*b;
printf("\n Multiplication:%d",res);
break;
case 4:
res=a/b;
printf("\n Division:%d",res);
break;
case 5:
res=a%b;
printf("\n Remainder:%d",res);
break;
case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;
default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice"); } getch(); }
5a. Write a C program to find both the largest and smallest number in a list of integers*/
main( )
{
float largest(float a[ ], int n);
float value[4] = {2.5,-4.75,1.2,3.67};
printf("%f\n", largest(value,4));
}
float largest(float a[], int n)
{
int i;
float max;
max = a[0];
for(i = 1; i < n; i++)
if(max < a[i])
max = a[i];
return(max);
}
5b. Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Addition of Two Matrices
ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int ch,i,j,m,n,p,q,k,r1,c1,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
clrscr();
printf("************************************");
printf("\n\t\tMENU");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[0]EXIT");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Valid Choice\n");
}
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n =====Matrix Addition=====\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]+b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
break;
case 2:
printf("Input rows and columns of A matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Input rows and columns of B matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("matrices can be multiplied\n");
printf("resultant matrix is %d*%d\n",m,q);
printf("Input A matrix\n");
read_matrix(a,m,n);
printf("Input B matrix\n");
/*Function call to read the matrix*/
read_matrix(b,p,q);
/*Function for Multiplication of two matrices*/
printf("\n =====Matrix Multiplication=====\n");
for(i=0;i<m;++i)
for(j=0;j<q;++j)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;++k)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
printf("Resultant of two matrices:\n");
write_matrix(c,m,q);
}
/*end if*/
else
{
printf("Matrices cannot be multiplied.");
}
/*end else*/
break;
case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;
default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}
getch();
}
/*Function read matrix*/
int read_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
return 0;
}
/*Function to write the matrix*/
int write_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0; }
6a.Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
i)To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char a[10];
char b[10];
char c[10];
int p=0,r=0,i=0;
int t=0;
int x,g,s,n,o;
clrscr();
puts("Enter First String:");
gets(a);
puts("Enter Second String:");
gets(b);
printf("Enter the position where the item has to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d",&p);
r = strlen(a);
n = strlen(b);
i=0;
// Copying the input string into another array
while(i <= r)
{
c[i]=a[i];
i++;
}
s = n+r;
o = p+n;
// Adding the sub-string
for(i=p;i<s;i++)
{
x = c[i];
if(t<n)
{
a[i] = b[t];
t=t+1;
}
a[o]=x;
o=o+1;
}
printf("%s", a);
getch();
}
ii) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void delchar(char *x,int a, int b);
void main()
{
char string[10];
int n,pos,p;
clrscr();
puts("Enter the string");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position from where to delete");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("Enter the number of characters to be deleted");
scanf("%d",&n);
delchar(string, n,pos);
getch();
}
// Function to delete n characters
void delchar(char *x,int a, int b)
{
if ((a+b-1) <= strlen(x))
{
strcpy(&x[b-1],&x[a+b-1]);
puts(x); }}
6b. Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
enum Boolean{false,true};
enum Boolean IsPalindrome(char string[])
{
int left,right,len=strlen(string);
enum Boolean matched=true;
if(len==0)
return 0;
left=0;
right=len-1;
/* Compare the first and last letter,second & second last & so on */
while(left<right&&matched)
{
if(string[left]!=string[right])
matched=false;
else
{
left++;
right--;
}
}
return matched;
}
int main()
{
char string[40];
clrscr();
printf("****Program to test if the given string is a palindrome****\n");
printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s",string);
if(IsPalindrome(string))
printf("The given string %s is a palindrome\n",string);
else
printf("The given string %s is not a palindrome\n",string);
getch();
return 0;
}
7a. Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S
where the string T begins, or - 1 if S doesn't contain T.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();
/* Entering the main string */
puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);
/* Entering the string whose position or index to be displayed */
puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");
gets(t);
/*Searching string t in string s */
found=strstr(s,t);
if(found)
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",found-s);
else
printf("-1");
getch();
}
7b. Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char line[81], ctr;
int i,c,
end = 0,
characters = 0,
words = 0,
lines = 0;
printf("KEY IN THE TEXT.\n");
printf("GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.\n");
printf("WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.\n\n");
while( end == 0)
{
/* Reading a line of text */
c = 0;
while((ctr=getchar()) != '\n')
line[c++] = ctr;
line[c] = '\0';
/* counting the words in a line */
if(line[0] == '\0')
break ;
else
{
words++;
for(i=0; line[i] != '\0';i++)
if(line[i] == ' ' || line[i] == '\t')
words++;
}
/* counting lines and characters */
lines = lines +1;
characters = characters + strlen(line);
}
printf ("\n");
printf("Number of lines = %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words = %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters = %d\n", characters);
}
8a. Write a C program to generate Pascal's triangle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int bin,p,q,r,x;
clrscr();
bin=1;
q=0;
printf("Rows you want to input:");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("\nPascal's Triangle:\n");
while(q<r)
{
for(p=40-3*q;p>0;--p)
printf(" ");
for(x=0;x<=q;++x)
{
if((x==0)||(q==0))
bin=1;
else
bin=(bin*(q-x+1))/x;
printf("%6d",bin);
}
printf("\n");
++q;
}getch();}
8b. Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,y,x=35;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number to generate the pyramid:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(y=0;y<=num;y++)
{
/*(x-coordinate,y-coordinate)*/
gotoxy(x,y+1);
/*for displaying digits towards the left and right of zero*/
for(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)
printf("%3d",abs(i));
x=x-3;
}
getch();
}
9.Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this
geometric progression:
1+x+x2+x3+………….+xn For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes
1+5+25+125.
Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense
for negative exponents - if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n<0,
then go back and read in the next pair of numbers of without computing the sum.
Are any values of x also illegal ? If so, test for them too.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int s_sum,i,x,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the values for x and n:");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&n);
if(n<=0 || x<=0)
{
printf("Value is not valid\n");
}
else
{
printf("Value is valid\n");
s_sum=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
s_sum=s_sum+pow(x,i);
}
printf("Sum of series=%d\n",s_sum);
}
getch();
}
10a. 2’s complement of a number is obtained by scanning it from right to left and
complementing all the bits after the first appearance of a 1. Thus 2’s complement of 11100 is
00100.Write a C program to find the 2’s complement of a binary number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void complement (char *a);
void main()
{
char a[16];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the binary number");
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!='\0'; i++)
{
if (a[i]!='0' && a[i]!='1')
{
printf("The number entered is not a binary number. Enter the correct number");
exit(0);
}
}
complement(a);
getch();
}
void complement (char *a)
{
int l, i, c=0;
char b[16];
l=strlen(a);
for (i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if (a[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
b[i]='0';
}
for(i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if(i==l-1)
{
if (b[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
else
{
if(c==1 && b[i]=='0')
{
b[i]='1';
c=0;
}
else if (c==1 && b[i]=='1')
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
}
b[l]='\0';
printf("The 2's complement is %s", b);
}
10b. Write a C program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *a,len,i,j,k;
char *rom;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Roman Numeral:");
scanf("%s",rom);
len=strlen(rom);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(rom[i]=='I')
a[i]=1;
else if(rom[i]=='V')
a[i]=5;
else if(rom[i]=='X')
a[i]=10;
else if(rom[i]=='L')
a[i]=50;
else if(rom[i]=='C')
a[i]=100;
else if(rom[i]=='D')
a[i]=500;
else if(rom[i]=='M')
a[i]=1000;
else
{
printf("\nInvalid Value");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
k=a[len-1];
for(i=len-1;i>0;i--)
{
if(a[i]>a[i-1])
k=k-a[i-1];
else if(a[i]==a[i-1] || a[i]<a[i-1])
k=k+a[i-1];
}
printf("\nIts Decimal Equivalent is:");
printf("%d",k);
getch();
}
11. Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
i) Reading a complex number
ii) Writing a complex number
iii) Addition of two complex numbers
iv) Multiplication of two complex numbers
(Note: represent complex number using a structure.) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void arithmetic(int opern);
struct comp
{
double realpart;
double imgpart;
};
void main()
{
int opern;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n \t\t\t***** MAIN MENU *****");
printf("\n\n Select your option: \n 1 : ADD\n 2 : MULTIPLY\n 0 : EXIT \n\n\t\t Enter your
Option [ ]\b\b");
scanf("%d",&opern);
switch(opern)
{
case 0:
exit(0);
case 1:
case 2:
arithmetic(opern);
default:
main();
}
}
void arithmetic(int opern)
{
struct comp w1, w2, w;
printf("\n Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):\n Real Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.imgpart);
printf("\n Real Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.imgpart);
switch(opern)
{
/*addition of complex number*/
case 1:
w.realpart = w1.realpart+w2.realpart;
w.imgpart = w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart;
break;
/*multiplication of complex number*/
case 2:
w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)-(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart);
w.imgpart=(w1.realpart*w2.imgpart)+(w1.imgpart*w2.realpart);
break;
}
if (w.imgpart>0)
printf("\n Answer = %lf+%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
else
printf("\n Answer = %lf%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
getch();
main();
}
12a. Write a C program which copies one file to another.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE *fs,*ft;
char ch;
clrscr();
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Invalid number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fs = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fs==NULL)
{
puts("Source file cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
ft = fopen(argv[2],"w");
if (ft==NULL)
{
puts("Target file cannot be opened.");
fclose(fs);
exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
ch=fgetc(fs);
if (ch==EOF)
break;
else
fputc(ch,ft);
}
fclose(fs);
fclose(ft);
getch();
}
12b. Write a C program to reverse the first n characters in a file.
(Note: The file name and n are specified on the command line.)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char a[15];
char s[20];
char n;
int k;
int j=0;
int i;
int len;
FILE *fp;
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Improper number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fp = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
puts("File cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
k=*argv[2]-48;
n = fread(a,1,k,fp);
a[n]='\0';
len=strlen(a);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s[j]=a[i];
printf("%c",s[j]);
j=j+1;
}
s[j+1]='\0';
getch();
}
14.i) Write a program to create a linear linked list interactively and print out the list and the total
number of items in the list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NULL 0
struct linked_list
{
int number;
struct linked_list *next;
};
typedef struct linked_list node; /* node type defined */
main()
{
node *head;
void create(node *p);
int count(node *p);
void print(node *p);
head = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
printf("\n");
printf(head);
printf("\n");
printf("\nNumber of items = %d \n", count(head));
}
void create(node *list)
{
printf("Input a number\n");
printf("(type -999 at end): ");
scanf("%d", &list -> number); /* create current node */
if(list->number == -999)
{
list->next = NULL;
}
else /*create next node */
{
list->next = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next); */ Recursion occurs */
}
return;
}
void print(node *list)
{
if(list->next != NULL)
{
printf("%d-->",list ->number); /* print current item */
if(list->next->next == NULL)
printf("%d", list->next->number);
if(n1 == NULL)
printf("\n key is not found \n");
else /* insert new node */
{
new = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
new->number = x;
new->next = n1->next;
n1->next = new;
}
}
return(head);
}
node *find(node *lists, int key)
{
if(list->next->number == key) /* key found */
return(list);
else
if(list->next->next == NULL) /* end */
return(NULL);
else
find(list->next, key);
}
iii) Write a function for deleting an item from linked list */
node *delete(node *head)
{
node *find(node *p, int a);
int key; /* item to be deleted */
node *n1; /* pointer to node preceding key node */
node *p; /* temporary pointer */
printf("\n What is the item (number) to be deleted?");
scanf("%d", &key);
if(head->number == key) /* first node to be deleted) */
{
p = head->next; /* pointer to 2nd node in list */
free(head); /* release space of key node */
head = p; /* make head to point to 1st node */
}
else
{
n1 = find(head, key);
if(n1 == NULL)
printf("\n key not found \n");
else /* delete key node */
{
p = n1->next->next; /* pointer to the node
following the keynode */
iv) Write a program for creation of sorted list from a given list of numbers .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NULL 0
struct linked_list
{
int number;
struct linked_list *next;
};
typedef struct linked_list node;
main ()
{
int n;
node *head = NULL;
void print(node *p);
node *insert_Sort(node *p, int n);
if(queue->r == size - 1)
queue->r = -1;
queue->a[++queue->r] = j;
queue->num++;
return true;
}
/* Function to remove an element of the queue*/
int rem_ele(struct q_arr* queue)
{
int j;
if(e_que(queue))
return -9999;
j = queue->a[queue->f++];
if(queue->f == size)
queue->f = 0;
queue->num--;
return j;
}
/* Function to display the queue*/
void display_ele(struct q_arr* queue)
{
int j;
if(e_que(queue))
{
printf("Queue is Empty. No records to display.");
return;
}
printf("\nElements present in the Queue are: ");
for(j=queue->f;j<=queue->r;j++)
printf("%d\t",queue->a[j]);
printf("\n");
}
16b. Write C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using ii) Pointers
#define true 1
#define false 0
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct q_point
{
int ele;
struct q_point* n;
};
struct q_point *f_ptr = NULL;
int e_que(void);
void add_ele(int);
int rem_ele(void);
void show_ele();
/*main function*/
void main()
{
int ele,choice,j;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****\n");
printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU\n");
printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t[1] To insert an element");
printf("\n\t[2] To remove an element");
printf("\n\t[3] To display all the elements");
printf("\n\t[4] Exit");
printf("\n\n\tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
add_ele(ele);
getch();
break;
}
case 2:
{
if(!e_que())
{
j=rem_ele();
printf("\n\t%d is removed from the queue",j);
getch();
}
else
{
printf("\n\tQueue is Empty.");
getch();
}
break;
}
case 3:
show_ele();
getch();
break;
case 4:
exit(1);
break;
default:
printf("\n\tInvalid choice.");
getch();
break;
}
}
}
/* Function to check if the queue is empty*/
int e_que(void)
{
if(f_ptr==NULL)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Function to add an element to the queue*/
void add_ele(int ele)
{
struct q_point *queue = (struct q_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct q_point));
queue->ele = ele;
queue->n = NULL;
if(f_ptr==NULL)
f_ptr = queue;
else
{
struct q_point* ptr;
ptr = f_ptr;
for(ptr=f_ptr ;ptr->n!=NULL; ptr=ptr->n);
ptr->n = queue;
}
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int st[100];
int st_top=-1;
/*main function*/
void main()
{
char in[100],post[100];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tEnter the Infix Expression: ");
gets(in);
in_post(in);
getch();
}
/*end main*/
int pop_item()
{
int it;
if(st_top==-1)
{
getch();
}
return(st[st_top--]);
}
while(st_top!=-1)
{
c=pop_item();
post[y]=c;
y++;
}
printf("\n\tThe Postfix Expression is:");
for(z=0;z<y;z++)
printf("%c",post[z]);
printf("\n\nDo you want to evaluate the Result of Postfix Expression?(Y/N):");
scanf("%c",&a);
if(a=='y' || a=='Y')
{
result=cal(post);
printf("\n\n\tResult is: %d\n",result);
getch();
}
else if(a=='n' || a=='N')
{
exit(0);
}
}
switch(post[j])
{
case '+':x=n+m;
break;
case '-':x=n-m;
break;
case '*':x=n*m;
break;
case '/':x=n/m;
break;
}
push_item(x);
}
j++;
}
if(st_top>0)
{
printf("Number of Operands are more than Operators.");
exit(0);
}
else
{
y=pop_item();
return (y);
}
return 0;
}
18. Write C programs that implement the following sorting methods to sort
a given list of integers in ascending order: i) Bubble sort
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\n***** Enter the number of elements [Maximum 10] *****\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
readlist(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
bub_sort(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
getch();
}
19. Write C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions
to perform the following searching operation for a Key value in a given list of integers :
i) Linear search
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 10
void main()
{
int l[MAX_LEN], num, ele;
int ch;
clrscr();
printf("======================================================");
printf("\n\t\t\tMENU");
printf("\n=====================================================");
printf("\n[1] Linary Search using Recursion method");
printf("\n[2] Linary Search using Non-Recursion method");
printf("\n\nEnter your Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Enter the number of elements :");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_list(l,num);
printf("\nElements present in the list are:\n\n");
print_list(l,num);
printf("\n\nElement you want to search:\n\n");
scanf("%d",&ele);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:printf("\n**Recursion method**\n");
l_search_recursive(l,num,ele);
getch();
break;
/* Recursive method*/
void l_search_recursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int f = 0;
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 10
/* Non-Recursive function*/
void b_search_nonrecursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int l1,i,j, flag = 0;
l1 = 0;
i = num-1;
while(l1 <= i)
{
j = (l1+i)/2;
if( l[j] == ele)
{
printf("\nThe element %d is present at position %d in list\n",ele,j);
flag =1;
break;
}
else
if(l[j] < ele)
l1 = j+1;
else
i = j-1;
}
if( flag == 0)
printf("\nThe element %d is not present in the list\n",ele);
}
/* Recursive function*/
int b_search_recursive(int l[],int arrayStart,int arrayEnd,int a)
{
int m,pos;
if (arrayStart<=arrayEnd)
{
m=(arrayStart+arrayEnd)/2;
if (l[m]==a)
return m;
else if (a<l[m])
return b_search_recursive(l,arrayStart,m-1,a);
else
return b_search_recursive(l,m+1,arrayEnd,a);
}
return -1;
}
/*main function*/
void main()
{
int l[MAX_LEN], num, ele,f,l1,a;
int ch,pos;
clrscr();
printf("======================================================");
printf("\n\t\t\tMENU");
printf("\n=====================================================");
printf("\n[1] Binary Search using Recursion method");
printf("\n[2] Binary Search using Non-Recursion method");
printf("\n\nEnter your Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
clrscr();
printf("\n***** Enter the number of elements Maximum [10] *****\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_data(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
quicksort(list,0,num-1);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
getch();
}
21.Write C program that implement the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers
in ascending order:
i) Merge sort
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_ARY 10
int main(void) {
int ary[MAX_ARY];
int j = 0;
printf("\n");
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MaxN 90
void main()
{
float arr_x[MaxN+1], arr_y[MaxN+1], numerator, denominator, x, y=0;
int i, j, n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of n: \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the values of x and y: \n");
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
scanf("%f%f", &arr_x[i], &arr_y[i]);
printf("Enter the value of x at which value of y is to be calculated: ");
scanf("%f", &x);
for (i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
numerator=1;
denominator=1;
for (j=0; j<=n; j++)
if(j!=i)
{
numerator *= x-arr_x[j];
denominator *= arr_x[i]-arr_x[j];
}
y+=(numerator/denominator)*arr_y[i];
}
printf("When x=%4.1f y=%7.1f\n",x,y);
getch();
}
ii) Write C program to implement the Newton- Gregory forward interpolation.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MaxN 100
#define Order_of_diff 4
void main ()
{
float arr_x[MaxN+1], arr_y[MaxN+1], numerator=1.0, denominator=1.0, x, y, p, h,
diff_table[MaxN+1][Order_of_diff+1];
int i,j,n,k;
clrscr();
while(!(arr_x[i]>x)) /* Finding x0 */
i++;
i--;
p=(x-arr_x[i])/h;
y=arr_y[i];
clrscr();
if(strcmp(type_coff,"x on y")==1)
{
reg_coff_xy=corr_coff*(sx/sy);
printf("\nThe value of linear regression coefficient is %f",reg_coff_xy);
}
else if(strcmp(type_coff,"y on x")==1)
{
reg_coff_yx=corr_coff*(sy/sx);
printf("\nThe value of linear regression coefficient is %f",reg_coff_yx);
}
else
printf("\nEnter the correct type of regression coefficient.");
getch();
}
float mean(float *a, int n)
{
float sum=0, i=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
sum=sum+a[i];
sum=sum/n;
return (sum);
}
void deviation(float *a, float mean, int n, float *d, float *s)
{
float sum=0,t=0;
int i=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
d[i]=a[i]-mean;
t=d[i]*d[i];
sum=sum+t;
}
sum=sum/n;
*s=sqrt(sum);
}