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Bahan 1 PDF
Bahan 1 PDF
Bahan 1 PDF
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe and discuss, fIrstly, how cogmtIve
ergonomics principles have been applied for the evaluation of the activities carried out in
the main control room of a fIre fighting system of a large city. The same principles, coupled
with engineering creativity, have then been applied for re-designing the allocation of
functions and interfaces in order to improve efficiency of communication, decision making
and working context. Copyrightf) 2001 IFAC.
429
environments, and evaluation of procedures, danger in general, and this implies working in
questionnaires and interviews. All these methods can emergency conditions and in situations that are not
be categorised under the umbrella of "Ethnographic always foreseeable. In a large city, in particular, the
approaches". operations of fire fighters are very frequent and
require continuous co-ordination. The main objective
Evol of work. contexts of the control room is thus to receive and understand
Study of
(Ethnographic Studies) emergency calls, and to co-ordinate of operations, in
order to make the intervention effective and rapid.
Cognitive Task Ano/ysis
I
Creative thinking
430
Acquisition of information
about type of intervention Open intervention management
Phase 1: required I-.----»~I programme for registration of
o Location data on intervention
Planning
o Flood/fire/social
o Persons Involved
· .....
Selection of type of
intervention required
o Location Update data
Phase 2 :
o Availability of squad ' ---I-------~,
Execution
o Expertise of manpower
available
o Send squad
,
Communication
o Headquarters - 'Squad
Phase 3: o Co-ordination Update data
Communication '* o Location and type
special intervention
of I---+--------'~I
Monitoring
· .....
431
situations that may be encountered. The analysis by In order to qualify a scenario, the model considers 6
functions implies that the control room is designed different characteristics (Fig. 5):
according to roles and tasks that may be assigned to Type of intervention
different actors. Magnitude of intervention
Dimension of intervention
Both approaches require that a set of formal Physical and architectural features of
operating procedures are developed as support to the environment
distribution of roles, tasks and jobs within the Conditions of people or animals to be rescued
management process. Both approaches aim at Possibility of worsening/development of
defming the type of intervention that will be intervention
implemented following a call from the pUblic. In this
paper, we will focus on the analysis by scenarios and
shortly discuss the analysis by functions, while a
complete redesign of the Control Room has been
Worsening
developed on considering of both types of analysis. possibility .
3. J Analysis by scenarios
ftre;
transport incidents;
radioactive and dangerous substances;
person aid;
animal aid;
disruption, collapse and damage due to water;
Macr..type of intelVention A and B:
different interventions; A identifies the category of: people
rescue . an im als rescue , IntelVentionlevelofpriotity:
mobile column. miscellaneous. 1 to 5 for Normal intelVentions
Bincludes: incident to vehicles , 1 to 3 for Exceptional
washdown, crumbling and landSlides, intmentions.
As eight operators are too many, the idea could be to flooding , explosions and fires ,
dangerous materials and
create some macro-category and to specialise radioactives.
operators only on one of these. Only three different
categories are considered: two related with normal
operations and one to exceptional interventions. The
normal operations could be split into: Fig.6. Intervention Coding from Scenario analysis
N.A., that includes person and animal rescue and
different interventions;
N.B., that covers transport incidents, radioactive The ftrst two factors defme the macro-categories,
and dangerous substances, ftre and explosion, represented by either "N" for normal or "E" for
landslide and crumbling, and flooding. exceptional, and "A" or "B" for distinguishing
The exceptional category (E) includes, instead, between sub-types. The third one defmes the level of
the mobile column and major damage. priority or seriousness. This is further structured in
level 1-5 for "N" type categories and 1-3 for "E" type
Moreover, each macro-category is further split in categories. Therefore, in the case of Figure 6 the
category and the classiftcation form follows this intervention, coded as NB3, would represent a
general sequence and structure: macro-typology, Normal Intervention, with implication of vehicles, or
typology, sub-typology, and type. ftres etc., of average level of priority.
432
For example, El could be considered an intervention training to operators, so as to improve
that could be managed by the provincial communication skill. The communication could also
headquarters, E2 at regional level and E3 a situation be improved through a good support tool and an
that could be considered a national emergency. These effIcient human computer interface that ensures that
interventions sub-divisions from level I to 3 could be each operator knows the intervention in a real time.
managed by the operators, for level 4 and 5 and in As an example, a maxi display screen visible to all
exceptional situations by a group of people. The operator could be useful to share information about:
management structure of fIre fIghting system will The geographic location of the different squads
foresee two new operators and a new ability level for with the related abbreviation and code of
the control room responsible. According to this intervention;
analysis the Control Room has been totally The list of the squads with not on duty.
redesigned by changing the number of operators and
revising roles and activities (fIgure 7). Operators task flow chart
Fire fighting
director
NO
433
with specific equipment for this kind of intervention. design systems (prospective analysis). This
The different tasks between the operators in this case methodology has been applied to the evaluation of a
are shown in figure 9. Control Room of a fire fighting system of a large city
and the fmdings of the retrospective study have been
applied for the redesign of the management structure,
1 the logic of intervention and the interfaces.
Specialised ~ Specialised
operator-B- operator-~
'rlI The new design will be utilised for the development
Coordinator ;L----1I of the new Control Room, even if a number of tests
~ and evaluations will be performed during the
r-- implantation process. These tests will be very useful
Operator
in evaluating practical applicability the methodology
~ !r to real working conditions and in further refming its
Control room
~
steps and procedural logic.
re$ponsib~
rr--v Specialised
operator-A-
~ Specialised
operator-A-
trY REFERENCES
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