The Spiritual Self:

Focuses on the beliefs and functions of rituals and ceremonies.

Main objective is to appreciate the role of religion to individuals and societies.

It will help students gain a better understanding of the allure of magic and witchcraft and how
they are portrayed in the Filipino setting.

Gives an overview of the soul and how it may impact beliefs about the afterlife.

It discusses a deeper look into this aspect of the self transcends in everyday experiences that
influence how people give meaning to their lives

ThePractice of Religion

Belief in Super Natural Being and Power

It is one of the basic characteristics of religion.

It is a being that is better and more powerful than any creature in the natural world.

Includes all that cannot be explained by the laws of nature, including things characteristics of or
relating to ghosts, Gods, or other types of spirits and other non-material beings, or to things
beyond nature.

For adolescents, religious issues are important but according to the study conducted in America
there was a downturn in religious interest among college students in 21st century.

Religiousness was measured by:

 Frequency of prayer
 Frequency of discussing religious teachings
 Frequency of deciding moral actions for religious reasons and the overall importance of
religion in everyday life.

In United States, the decline of religiousness was observed in adolescents aged 14 to 20 years
old.

From the study of Stoppa and Lefkowitz (2010) accross the first three semesters of college,
students were less likely to attend religious services or engaged in religious activities.
In other study conducted, it was revealed that adolescent girls are more religious than the
adolescent boys (Santrock, 2014).

Various aspects of religion were found to have positive effects among adolescents and
emerging adults. Church goers are more motivated to behave in a socially acceptable manner
such as doing well in school, caring for people and being respectful. Such actions are being
encouraged by the church in addition to deepening of their faith.

The Concept of
"Dungan"
( Spirit or Soul)

Animism is one of the oldest beliefs that comes from the Latin word anima meaning breath or
soul.

It is believed that everything in nature - living things like trees, plants and even non-living rocks
or streams- have their own spirit or divinity.

Animistic belief are still present, accepted and never entirely disappeared.

The 'soul' or spirit in the different regions of the Philippines:

1. Kaluluwa by the Tagalogs

2. Gimokud by the Bagobos

3. Makatu by the Bukidnons

4. Dungan by the Ilonggos when the person is alive; "kalag" or "detached," "free," when he is
dead.

5. Ikaruruwa by the Ibanags

6. Kadkadduwa by the Ilokanos when the soul is in the physical and it is seen as a constant
companion;karuruwa when it departs.

Kaluluwa, Ikaruruwa or Kararuwa

- it is a soul according from the Indigenous Filipino.

- comes from the root word duwa means two.

The soul has two parts:

1. Physical part- it is connected to the body and life.

2. Spiritual part- it is exists on its own.

Ibanags

Soul- is the principle of life in man.

Body (matter) ; Soul (form)

A man is alive if body and soul are in one unit.

Death- is the separation of the soul from the body.

The body cannot stay alive without the soul, but the soul can live without the body.

Body can experience thirst and hunger, cold and heat which is opposite to the soul.

Ilonggos

Dungan- means soul which cannot be seen by the human eye.

But sometimes dungan may show iitself as: moth and lizard.

The dunganmay leave the body voluntarily while the person is asleep.

The soul is normally weak at birth, that is why babies are said to be susceptible to "usug"

( Magos 1986).

Soul-nature ( the folks believe) - means the performance of age-old spirit rituals many of which
are still followed in the local provinces today.

Examples: Birth rituals, Illness rituals, and Death rituals.

An adult person with a healthy dungan properly lodged in his physical body will have bodily
health and well-being, intelligence and good sense.

Willpower- secondary meaning for dungan.

Strong dungan- intellectual and psychological capacity to dominate or persuade others to one's
way of thinking.

Constant Companionship of two people may lead to a spiritual competition that cause illness
for the weaker dungan that is defeated (Magos 1986).
At death, the dungan leaves the body through the nose, eyes, ears and other body orifices
and eventually goes with the air or the wind towards the upper regions. There it waits until it
can find another body to enter.

Rituals and Ceremonies

Rituals- is a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according

to a prescribed order.

Rites- 'spoken word' used in a rituals to convey meaning and value, to evoke an image through
the use of metaphor, or elicit commitment or loyalty to a cause, set of beliefs, person or
community.

Rituals have long been a cornerstone of anthropological thought and a universal featureof
human social existence. They are both sacred and secular and have existed from the primitive
to the contemporary society. Rituals are inevitable components of culture for they reflect the
full diversity of the human experience.

Functions of Rituals:

1. a symbolic expression of actual social relations, status, or roles of individuals in a society

2. a transcendent, numinous (spiritual) reality that shows the ultimate values of a community

3. a set of behaviors and beliefs that are symbolic of social, psychological, or numinous realities
(non-rational function)

According to Van Gennep (1929)

The function of rituals may involve activities that can be both secular and spiritual as well as
healing and destructive.

Ceremony- refers to movements or gestures expressing feelings or beliefs beyond the

limitations of speech

It can be elaborate or simple, formal or intimate.

It is also a set of formal actions performed as prescribed by a ritual or a custom such as in a

wedding ceremony.

A conventional social gesture or act of courtesy.

Also refers to the strict observance of formalities or ettiquette.

Religion, Spirituality and Identity

Religion- is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals and symbols that increases an
individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (Santrock 2014).

- belief in a God or in a group of Gods. Also referred as an organized system of beliefs,

ceremonies, and rules used to worship a God.

- an interest, a belief or an activity deemed to be of utmost importance to a person or group.

William James (1902- 1958)

Define religion as the "feelings, acts and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far
as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider divine."

Top 10 Religions in the World by Population

1. Christianity- 2.1 billion followers

2. Islam- 1.5 billion followers

3. Hinduism- 900 million followers

4. Buddhism- 376 million followers

5. Sikhism- 23 million followers

6. Judaism- 14 million followers

7. Bahaism- 7 million followers

8. Confucianism- 6.3 million followers

9. Jainism- 4.2 million followers

10. Shintoism- 4 million followers

Religiousness- degree by which one is affiliated with an organized religion in terms of the
person's participation in the rituals and practices, connection with its believes and
involvement with its community of believers (Santrock 2014).
Spirituality- involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and
living in a way that benefits others and society.

Spiritual Identity- is the persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about the
nature, purpose and meaning of life.

"A high level of spirituality leads to a higher level of self-efficacy" from the study, 'A
Structural Equation Modelling on the Factors Affecting Intolerance of Uncertainly and worry
Among a select of group of Filipino elderly" (de Guzman and Larracas, 2014).

Magic and Witchcraft

Magic- is the power of apparently influencing the course of events by using mysterious or
supernatural forces.

Magician- is the one who performs the magic like casting spells and summoning spirits.

magiciien (Old French)

- magician or sorcerer

magikos or magos (Greek word) – magical

Sorcerer- carries idea about medicine, magic potions, drugs and poison.

Comes from the Greek word pharmakos

Wizard- the one who is thought to be acquainted with the secrets or nonmaterial or unseen
world.

Necromancer- the one who is 'seeking unto the dead.'

Barang- a Filipino term for a sorcerer.

- it is used to describe malignant sorcery or familiar spirits in the Philippines.

Mambabarang- is a person who practices this specific type of sorcery or witchcraft.

Binarang- is the target of the sorcery or witchcraft.

Kulam- a Tagalog word for 'voodoo' or 'witchcraft.'

- one of the most well-known aspects of Philippine folklore.

Mangkukulam- a person who uses black magic or spells on a victim.

Albularyo/ mananambal- Filipino practitioner of traditional medicine; medicine man that is
capable of performing sorcery.

Albularyo- Filipino Witchdoctor means folk healer or medicine man.

Folklores begin when a person is said to have experienced an encounter with any creatures and
relate it to his family, relatives and other people in the community.

Finding and Creating Meaning in Life

Dr. Viktor E. Frankl (1905-1997)

 Psychiatrist and Neurologist

 University of Vienna (1930)
 Born on March 26, 1905
 Father of Logotheraphy
 Existensial philosopher

Book of Dr. Frankl

"The Doctor and the soul. An Introduction to Logotheraphy"

"Man's Search for Meaning"

Logotheraphy

Logos (Greek word)- stands for meaning.

Theraphy – means treatment

- aims to help the person search for the meaning of existence.

- task is to assist and guide the client in finding meaning to his life.

Three Basic Principles on Discovering Meaning in Life

1. Meaning in Life- meaning is contained the concrete experiences of life.

2. Will to Meaning- finding meaning is the primary motivation for living.

3. Freedom to Will- the concept that human being have the capacity of free choice.
Understanding the Self
"The Spiritual Self"

Ma'am Wynchell Ordinario

Intructor

Prepared by:
RosauroTubo
Kael Busara
Rhea Castañeda
Mary Christine Jardin
Baby Jean Agga