SOLUTION MANUAL

IN

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
(BY K. SUBRAMANYA)

(Chapter 1-5)
Prepared by:

Abrugena, Kuri Leigh D.

Baylon, Jeffrey R.

Frane, Julius Robertson D.

Garcia, Ryan C.

Gupit, A.J. Bernadette B.

La Rosa, John Karl L.

Nate, Kharl Vincent

 PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 1

1.1 Two and half centimeters of rain per day over an area of 200 km2 is equivalent to average rate of
input of how many cubic meters per second of water to that area?

1.2 A catchment area of 140 km2 received 120 cm of rainfall in a year. At the outlet of the catchment the
flow in the stream draining the catchment was found to have an average rate of 2.0 m 3/s for 3
months, 3.0 m3/s for 6 months and 5.0 m3/s for 3 months. (i) What is the run off coefficient of the
catchment? (ii) If the afforestation of the catchment reduced the run off coefficient to 0.50, what is
the increase in the abstraction from precipitation due to infiltration, evaporation and transpiration,
for the same annual rainfall of 120 cm?

1.3 Estimate the constant rate of withdrawal from a 1375 ha reservoir in a month of 30 days during
which the reservoir level dropped by 0.75 m in spite of an average inflow into the reservoir of 0.5
Mm3/day. During the month the average seepage loss from the reservoir was 2.5 cm, total
precipitation on the reservoir was 18.5 am and the total evaporation was 9.5 cm.

1.4 A river reach had a flood wave passing through it. At a given instant the storage of water in the reach
was estimated as 15.5 ha-m. What would be the storage in the reach after an interval of 3 hours if
the average inflow and outflow during the time period are 14.2 m 3/s and 10.6 m3/s respectively?

1.5 A catchment has four sub-areas. The annual precipitation and evaporation from each of the sub-
areas are given below.

Assume that there is no change in the ground water storage on an annual basis and calculate for the
whole catchment the values of annual average (i) precipitation and (ii) evaporation. What are the annual
runoff coefficients for the sub-areas and for the total catchment taken as a whole?

Sub-area Area (Mm2) Annual Precipitation Annual

(mm) Evaporation (mm)
A 10.7 1030 530
B 3.0 830 438
 C 8.2 900 430
D 17.0 1300 600

1.6 Estimate the residence time of:

(a) Global atmospheric moisture.
(b) Global groundwater by assuming that only the fresh groundwater runs off to the oceans.
(c) Ocean water.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 A catchment area has seven rain gauge stations. In a year the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges
are as follows:

Station Rainfall (cm)

P 130.0
Q 142.1
R 118.2
S 108.5
T 165.2
U 102.1
V 146.9
For a 5% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the minimum number of additional
stations required to be established in the catchment

2.2 The normal annual precipitation of five rain gauge stations P, Q, R, S and T are respectively 125, 102,
76, 113 and 137 cm. During a particular storm the precipitation recorded by stations P, Q, R, and S
are 13.2, 9.2, 6.8 and 10.2 cm respectively. The instrument at station T was inoperative during that
storm. Estimate the rainfall at station T during that storm.

2.3 Test the consistency of the 22 years of data of the annual precipitation measured at station A.
Rainfall data for the station A as well as the average annual rainfall measured at a group of eight
neighboring stations located in a meteorologically homogeneous region are given below.

Year Station A 8station Year Station A 8station

 (cm) average (cm) (cm) average (cm)
1946 177 143 1957 158 164
1947 144 132 1958 145 155
1948 178 146 1959 132 143
1949 162 147 1960 95 115
1950 194 161 1961 148 135
1951 168 155 1962 142 163
1952 196 152 1963 140 135
1953 144 117 1964 130 143
1954 160 128 1965 137 130
1955 196 193 1966 130 146
1956 141 156 1967 163 161
(a) In what year is a change in regime indicated?
(b) Adjust the recorded data at station A and determine the mean annual precipitation.

2.4 For a drainage basin of 600 km2, isohyetals drawn for a storm gave the following data:

Isohyetals (interval) Inter-isohyetal area

(cm) (km2)
15-12 92
12-9 128
9-6 120
6-3 175
3-1 85
Estimate the average depth of precipitation over the catchment.

2.5 There are 10 rain gauge stations available to calculate the rainfall characteristics of a catchment
whose shape can be approximately described by straight lines joining the following coordinates
(distances in kilometres):
(30,0), (80,10), (110,30), (140,90), (130,115), (40,110), (15,60). Coordinates of the rain gauge stations
and the annual rainfall recorded in them in the year 1981 are given below.

Station Coordinates Annual Rainfall

(cm)
 1 (0,40) 132
2 (50,0) 136
3 (140,30) 93
4 (140,80) 81
5 (90,140) 85
6 (0,80) 124
7 (40,50) 156
8 (90,30) 128
9 (90,90) 102
10 (40,80) 128
Determine the average annual rainfall over the catchment.

2.6 Figure 2.17 shows a catchment with seven rain gauge stations inside it and three stations outside.
The rainfall recorded by each of these stations are indicated in the figure. Draw the figure to an
enlarged scale and calculate the mean precipitation by (a) Thiessen-mean method, (b) isohyetal
method and by (c) arithmetic-mean method.

2.7 Annual rainfall at a point M is needed. At five points surrounding the point M the values of recorded
rainfall together with the coordinates of these stations with respect to a set of axes at point M are
given below. Estimate the annual rainfall at point M by using the USNWS method.
 Figure 2.17

Day Rainfall P Coordinates of station (in units)

(cm) X Y
A 102 2.0 1.0
B 120 2.0 2.0
C 126 3.0 1.0
D 108 1.5 1.0
E 131 4.5 1.5
[Hint: In the US National Weather Service (USNWS) method the weightage to the stations are
inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the station from the station M. If the co-
ordinate of any station is (x,y) then D2 = x2+y2 and weightage W=1/D2. Then rainfall at M = Pm =

ΣPW
ΣW ]
¿

2.8 Estimate from depth-area curve, the average depth of precipitation that may be expected over an
area of 2400 sq. km., due to the storm of 27 th September 1978 which lasted for 24 hours. Assume
the storm centre to be located at the centre of the area. The isohyetal map for the storm gave the
areas enclosed between different isohytes as follows:

Isohyet Enclosed Area

(mm) (km2)
21 543
20 1345
 19 2030
18 2545
17 2955
16 3280
15 3535
14 3710
13 3880
12 3915
2.9 Following data are from a self-recording rain gauge during a storm:

Time from beginning of storm Accumulated Rainfall

(minutes) (mm)
10 19
20 41
30 48
40 68
50 91
60 124
70 152
80 160
90 166
(a) Plot the hyetograph of the storm.
(b) Obtain the values of maximum intensities of this storm for various durations and plot a curve of
maximum intensity vs duration.

2.10 For the storm given below prepare the maximum depth-duration curve:

Time (minutes) Accumulated rainfall

(mm)
0 0
10 8
20 15
30 25
40 30
50 46
60 55
70 60
80 64
(end of storm) 90 67
2.11 The record of annual rainfall at a place is given for 25 years. Estimate the recurrence interval for
various magnitudes. By suitable extrapolation, determine the magnitude of annual rainfall at the
station corresponding to a recurrence interval of (a) 50 years and (b) 100 years.

Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall

(cm) (cm)
1950 113.0 1963 68.6
1951 94.5 1964 82.5
1952 76.0 1965 90.7
1953 87.5 1966 99.8
1954 92.7 1967 74.4
1955 71.3 1968 66.6
1956 77.3 1969 65.0
1957 85.1 1970 91.0
1958 122.8 1971 106.8
1959 69.4 1972 102.2
1960 81.0 1973 87.0
1961 94.5 1974 84.0
1962 86.3

2.12 The annual rainfall values in cm at a station P for a period of 20 years are given below: 120, 84,
68, 92, 102, 92, 95, 88, 76, 84, 101, 109, 106, 115, 95, 90, 70, 89, 80, 90. Determine the
(a) rainfall with a recurrence interval of 15 years
(b) the probability of occurrence of an annual rainfall of magnitude 100 cms.
[Hint: if an event (rainfall magnitude in the present case) occurs more than once, the rank m =
number of times the event is equaled + number of times it is exceeded.]

2.13 Plot the the three-year moving mean for data of Prob 2.11. Is there any apparent time trend?
(Hint: Average the annual precipitation value of overlapping three-year periods and plot the
average value at the middle year of the period.)

2.14 On the basis of isopluvial maps the 50 year-24 h maximum rainfall at Bangalore is found to be
16.0 cm. Determine the probability of a 24 h rainfall of magnitude equal to or greater than 16.0
cm occuring at Bangalore:

(a) Once in 10 successive years,

(b) two times in 10 successive years, and

(c) at least once in 10 successive years

2.15 A one-day rainfall of 15.0 cm at a place X was found to have a return period of 100 years.
Calculate the probability that a one-day rainfall of this or larger magnitude:
(a) will not occur at X during the next 50 years and
(b) will occur in the next year.

2.16 When long records are not available, records at two or more stations are combined to get one
long record for the purposes of recurrence interval calculation. This method is known as station year
method. The number of times a storm of intensity 4 cm/h was equalled or exceeded in three
different rain gauge stations were 4,2 and 5 for periods of records of 36, 25 and 48 years
respectively. Find the recurrence interval of the 4 cm/h storm in that area by the station-year
method.

2.17 Annual Precipitation values at a place having 70 years of rainfall record can be tabulated as
follows:

Range No. of Years

(cm)
< 60.0 6
60 – 79.9 6
80 – 99.9 22
100 – 119.9 25
120 – 139.9 8
> 140.0 3

Calculate the probability of having:

(a) An annual rainfall equal to or larger than 120 cm,

(b) Two successive years in which the annual rainfall is equal to or larger than 140 cm, and

(c) An annual rainfall less than 60 cm.

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Calculate the evaporation rate from an open water source, if the net radiation is 300 W/m 2 and the
air temperature is 30oC. Assume value of zero for sensible heat, Ground heat flux, heat stored in
water body and advected energy. The density of water at 30 oC = 996 kg/m2.
 [Hint: Calculate latent heat of vaporization L by the formula: L=2501-2.37T (kJ/kg), where T =
temperature in oC.]

3.2 A class A pan was set up adjacent to lake. The depth of water in the pan at the beginning of a certain
week was 195mm. In that week there was a rainfall of 45mm and 15 mm of water was removed
from the pan to keep the water level within the specified depth range. If the depth of the water in
the pan at the end of the week was 190 mm, calculate the pan evaporation. Using a suitable pan
coefficient, estimate the lake evaporation in that week.

3.3 A reservoir has an average area of 50 km 2 over a year. The normal annual rainfall at the place is 120
cm and the class A pan evaporation is 240 cm. assuming the land flooded by the reservoir has a
runoff coefficient of 0.4, estimate the net annual increase or decrease in the stream flow as a result
of the reservoir.

3.4 At a reservoir in the neighborhood of Delhi the Following climatic data were observed. Estimate the
mean monthly and annual evaporation from the reservoir using Meyer’s formula.

Month Temperature Relative Humidity Wind Velocity at 2m

(oC) (%) above GL

(km/h)
January 12.5 85 4.0
February 15.8 82 5.0
March 20.7 71 5.0
April 27.0 48 5.0
May 31.0 41 7.8
June 33.5 52 10.0
July 30.6 78 8.0
August 29.0 86 5.5
September 28.2 82 5.0
October 28.8 75 4.0
November 18.9 77 3.6
December 13.7 73 4.0
3.5 For the lake in Prob. 3.4, estimate the evaporation in the month of June by (a0 Penman formula and
(b) Thornthwaite equation by assuming that the lake evaporation is the same as PET, given latitude
=28oN and elevation = 230m above MSL. Mean observed sunshine = 9h/day.

3.6 A reservoir had an average surface area of 20 km 2 during June 1982. In that month the mean rate of
inflow = 10 m3/s, outflow = 15 m3/s, monthly rainfall = 10 cm and change in storage = 16 million m 3.
Assuming the seepage losses to be 1.8 cm, estimate the evaporation in that month.

3.7 For an area in South India (latitude = 12 oN), the mean monthly temperatures are given

Month Temperature
(oC)
June 31.5
July 31.0
August 30.0
September 29.0
October 28.0

Calculate the seasonal consumptive use of water for the rice crop in the season June 16 to October 15,
by using the Blaney-Criddle formula.

3.8 A catchment area near Mysore is at latitude 12 o 12’ N and at an elevation of 770 m. the mean
monthly temperatures are given below.

Month Temperature
(oC)
January 22.5
February 24.5
March 27.0
April 28.0
May 27.0
June 25.0
July 23.5
August 24.0
September 24.0
October 24.5
November 23.0
December 22.5
Calculate the monthly and annual PET for this catchment using the Thornthwaite formula.
3.9 Results to determine the Horton Infiltration capacity in the exponential form are tabulated below:

Time fct

(hour) (cm/h)
0.25 5.60
0.50 3.20
0.75 2.10
1.0 1.50
1.25 1.20
1.50 1.10
1.75 1.00
2.0 1.00
Determine the infiltration capacity exponential equation.

3.10 The rainfall on five successive days on a catchment were 2, 6, 9, 5 and 3 cm. If the Ф index for
the storm can be assumed as 3 cm/day, find the total surface runoff.

3.11 The mass curve of a rainfall duration 100 min. is given below. If the catchment had an initial loss
of 0.6 cm and a Ф index of 0.6 cm/h, calculate the total surface runoff from the catchment.

Time from the start of rainfall Cumulative rainfall

(min) (cm)
0 0
20 0.5
40 1.2
60 2.6
80 3.3
100 3.5

3.12 An isolated 3-h storm occurred over a basin in the following fashion:

% of catchment Φ Index Rainfall (cm) Rainfall (cm) Rainfall (cm)

(cm/h) 1st hour 2nd hour 3rd hour
area
20 1.00 0.8 2.3 1.5
 30 0.75 0.7 2.1 1.0
50 0.50 1.0 2.5 0.8
Estimate the runoff from the catchment due to this storm.

3.13 An isolated storm in a catchment produced a runoff of 3.5 cm. The mass curve of the average
rainfall depth over the catchment was as below:

Time from the beginning of the storm (h) Accumulated average rainfall (cm)
0 0
1 0.50
2 1.65
3 3.55
4 5.65
5 6.80
6 7.75
Calculate the φ index for the storm.

3.14 The average rainfall over a basin of area of 50 ha during a storm was as follows:

Time (h) Rainfall (mm)

0 0.0
1 6.0
2 11.0
3 34.0
4 28.0
5 12.0
6 6.0
7 0.0
3 3
If the volume of runoff from this storm was measured as 25×10 m , determine the φ index for the
storm.

3.15 In a 140-min storm the following rates of rainfall were observe in successive 20-min intervals: 3.0,
3.0, 9.0, 6.6, 1.2, 1.2 and 6.0 mm/h. Assuming the φ index value as 3.0 mm/h and an initial loss of 0.8
mm, determine the total rainfall, net runoff and W-index for the storm.
CHAPTER 4

4.1 The following data were collected during a stream-gauging operation in a river. Compute the
discharge.

Distance from lef Depth Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s)

water edge (m) (m) at 0.2d at 0.8d
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.5 1.3 0.6 0.4
3.0 2.5 0.9 0.6
4.5 1.7 0.7 0.5
6.0 1.0 0.6 0.4
7.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
9 0.0 0.0 0.0

4.2 The velocity distribution in a stream is usually approximated as v/v a = (y/a)m, where v and va
are velocities at heights y and a above the bed respectively and m is a coefficient with a value
between 1/5 to 1/8. (i) Obtain an expression for v/ v́ , where v́ is the mean velocity in
terms of the depth flow. (ii) If m = 1/6 show that (a) the measured velocity is equal to the mean
velocity if the velocity is measured at 0.6 depth from the water surface and (b) v́ = ½ (v0.2 +
v0.82) where v0.2 and v0.82 are the velocities measured at 0.2 and 0.82 depths below the water
surface respectively.

4.3 The following are the data obtained in a stream-gauging operation. A current meter with a
calibration equation V = (0.32N + 0.032) m/s where N = revolutions per second was used to
measure the velocity at 0.6 depth. Using the mid-section method, calculate the discharge in the
stream.

Distance from right Depth Number of Time (s)

bank (m) (m) revolutions
0 0.0 0 0
2 0.50 80 180
 4 1.10 83 120
6 1.95 131 120
9 2.25 139 120
12 1.85 121 120
15 1.75 114 120
18 1.65 109 120
20 1.50 92 120
22 1.25 85 120
23 0.75 70 150
24 0 0 0

4.4 In the moving-boat method of discharge measurement the magnitude (V R) and direction (θ)
of the velocity of the stream relative to the moving boat are measured. The depth of the stream
is also simultaneously recorded. Estimate the discharge in a river that gave the following
moving-boat data. Assume the mean velocity in a vertical to be 0.95 times the surface velocity

Section VR (m/s) Degrees Depth (m) Remark

0 0 - - Right bank
1 1.75 55 1.8 Θ is the angle
2 1.84 57 2.5
made by VR
3 2.00 60 3.5
with the boat
direction
4 2.28 64 3.8 The various
5 2.30 65 4.0
sections are
6 2.20 63 3.8
7 2.00 60 3.0 spaced at a
8 1.84 57 2.5 constant
9 1.70 54 2.0
distance of
75m apart.
10 - - - Left bank

4.5 The dilution method with the sudden-injection procedure was used to measure the
discharge of a stream. The data of concentration measurements are given below. A fluorescent
dye weighing 300 N used as a tracer was suddenly injected at station A at 07h.

Time (h) Concentration at station B in parts per 109

 by weight
07 0
08 0
09 3.0
10 10.5
11 18.0
12 18.0
13 12.0
14 9.0
15 6.0
16 4.5
17 1.5
18 0
Estimate the stream discharge.

4.6 A 500 g/l solution of sodium dichromate was used as a chemical tracer. It was dosed at a
constant rate of 4 l/s and at a downstream section. The equilibrium concentration was
measured as 4 parts per million (ppm). Estimate the discharge in the stream.

4.7 A 200 g/l solution of common salt was discharged into a stream at a constant rate of 25 l/s.
The background concentration of the salt in the stream water was found to be 10 ppm. At a
downstream section where the solution was believed to have been completely mixed, the salt
concentration was found to reach the equilibrium value of 45 ppm, Estimate the discharge in
the stream.

4.8 It is proposed to adopt the dilution method of a stream gauging for a river whose hydraulic
properties at an average are as follows: Width = 45 m, depth = 2.0 m, discharge = 85 m 3/s,
Chezy coefficient = 20 to 30. Determine the safe mixing length that has to be adopted for this
stream.
4.9 During a high flow water-surface elevations of a small stream were noted at two sections A
and B, 10 km apart. These elevations and other salient hydraulic properties are given below.

Section A B
Water-surface elevation (m) 104.771 104.500
Area of cross-section (m2) 73.293 93.375
Hydraulic radius (m) 2.733 3.089
Remarks A is upstream of B n = 0.020
The eddy loss coefficients of 0.3 for gradual expansion and 0.1 for gradual contraction are
appropriate. Estimate the discharge in the stream.

4.10 A small stream has a trapezoidal cross section with base width of 12 m and side slope 2
horizontal: 1 vertical in a reach of 8 km. During the flood the high water levels record at the
ends of the reach are as below.

Section Upstream Downstream

Elevation of bed (m) 100.20 98.60
Water surface elevation (m2) 102.70 101.30
Remarks Manning’s n = 0.030
Estimate the discharge in the stream.

4.11 The stage-discharge data of a river are given below. Establish the stage-discharge
relationship to predict the discharge for a given stage. Assume the value of stage for zero
discharge as 35.00 m. Estimate the discharge corresponding to stage values of 42.50 m and
48.50 m respectively.

Stage (m) Discharge (m3/s) Stage (m) Discharge (m3/s)

35.91 89 41.00 1208
36.90 230 43.53 28.53
37.92 360 48.02 5900
44.40 3800 49.05 6800
45.40 4560 49.55 6900
46.43 53305 49.68 6950
 39.07 469

4.12 Downstream of a main gauging station, an auxiliary gauge was installed and the following
readings were obtained.

Main gauge Auxiliary gauge Discharge

(m) (m) (m3/s)
121.00 120.50 300
121.00 119.50 580
What discharge is indicated when the main gauge reading is 121.00 m and the auxiliary gauge
reads 120.10 m.

4.13 The following are the coordinates of a smooth curve drawn to best represent the stage-
discharge data of a river.

Stage (m) Discharge (m3/s)

20.80 100
21.42 200
21.95 300
23.37 400
23.00 600
23.52 800
23.00 1000
Determine the stage corresponding to zero discharge.

4.14 The stage discharge data of a river are given below. Establish a stage-discharge relationship
to predict the stage for a known discharge. Assume the stage value for zero discharge as 20.50
m. Determine the stage of the river corresponding to a discharge of 2600 m 3/s.

Stage Discharge Stage Discharge

(m) (m3/s) (m) (m3/s)
21.95 100 24.05 780
22.45 220 24.55 1010
22.80 295 24.85 1220
 23.00 400 25.40 1300
23.40 490 25.15 1420
23.75 500 25.55 1550
23.65 640 25.90 1760

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Long-term observations at a streamflow-measuring station at the outlet of a catchment in a

mountainous area gives a mean annual discharge of 65 m 3/s. An isohyetal map for the annual
rainfall over the catchment gives the following areas closed by isohyets and the divide of the
catchment.

Isohyet Area(km2)
140-135 50
135-130 300
130-125 450
125-120 700
120-115 600
115-110 400
110-105 200
Calculate (a) the mean annual depth of rainfall over the catchment, (b) the mean annual runoff
and (c) the runoff coefficient.

5.2 A small stream with a catchment area of 70 km 2 was gauged at a location some distance
downstream of a reservoir. The data of the mean monthly gauged flow, rainfall and upstream
diversion are given. The regenerated flow reaching the stream upstream of the gauging station
can be assumed to be constant at a value of 0.20 Mm 3/month. Obtain the rainfall runoff relation
for this stream. What virgin flow can be expected for a monthly rainfall value of 15.5 cm?

Month Monthly rainfall Gauged monthly Upstream Utilization

(cm) yield (Mm3) (Mm3)
1 5.2 1.09 0.60
2 8.6 2.27 0.70
3 7.1 1.95 0.70
4 9.2 2.80 0.70
 5 11.0 3.25 0.70
6 1.2 0.28 0.30
7 10.5 2.90 0.70
8 11.5 2.98 0.70
9 14.0 3.80 0.70
10 3.7 0.84 0.30
11 1.6 0.28 0.30
12 3.0 0.40 0.30

5.3 The following table shows the observed annual rainfall and the corresponding annual yield
for a small catchment. Develop the rainfall-runoff correlation equation for this catchment and
find the correlation coefficient. What yield can be expected from this catchment for an annual
rainfall of 100 cm?

Year Annual rainfall (cm) Yield (cm)

1964 90.5 30.1
1965 111.0 50.2
1966 38.7 5.3
1967 129.5 61.5
1968 145.5 74.8
1969 99.8 39.9
1970 147.6 64.7
1971 50.9 6.5
1972 120.2 46.1
1973 90.3 36.2
1974 65.2 24.6
1975 75.9 20.0

5.4 The rainfall-runoff relation for a 650 sq. km drainage basin under dry soil conditions is given
below.

Rainfall (cm) Runof

1.5 0.0
5.0 2.0
7.5 4.0
10.0 6.5
12.5 8.8
A storm of 2h effective duration occurred over this basin at a time when the soil was dry. The
resulting hydrograph was as follows:

Time (h) Flow (m3/s)

0 0.0
3 300
6 500
9 400
12 250
15 75
18 0
Determine the runoff from this basin due to the storm. Assume zero base flow. What was the
average coefficient of runoff during this storm?

5.5 The mean monthly rainfall and temperature of a catchment near Bangalore are given below.
Estimate the annual runoff and the annual runoff coefficient by using Khosla’s runoff formula.

Month Temp (˚C) Rainfall (cm)

Jan 24 0.7
Feb 27 0.9
Mar 32 1.1
Apr 33 4.5
May 31 10.7
June 26 7.1
July 24 11.1
Aug 24 13.7
Sep 23 16.4
Oct 21 15.3
Nov 20 6.1
Dec 21 1.3

5.6 Discharges in a river are considered in 10 class intervals. Three consecutive years of data of
the discharges in the river are given below. Draw the flow-duration curve for the river and
determine the 75% dependable flow.

Discharge range (m3/s) No. of Occurrences

<6 20
 6.0 – 9.9 137
10 – 14.9 183
15 – 24.9 232
25 - 39 169
40 - 99 137
100 - 149 121
150 - 249 60
250 - 349 30
>350 6

5.7 The average monthly inflow into a reservoir in a dry year is given below

Month Mean Monthly Flow (m3/s)

June 20
July 60
August 200
September 300
October 200
November 150
December 100
January 80
February 60
March 40
April 30
May 25
If a uniform discharge at 90 m3/s is desired from this reservoir what minimum storage capacity
is required? (Hints: Assume the next year to have similar flows as the present year.)

5.8 For the data given Prob. 5.7, plot the mass curve and find:

(a) The minimum storage required to sustain a uniform demand of 70 m 3/s;

(b) If the reservoir capacity is 7500 cumec. day, estimate the maximum uniform rate of
withdrawal possible from this reservoir.
5.9 The following table gives the monthly inflow and contemplated demand from a proposed
reservoir. Estimate the minimum storage that is necessary to meet the demand.

Month Monthly Inflow Monthly Demand

(Mm3) (Mm3)
January 50 70
February 40 75
March 30 80
April 25 85
May 20 130
June 30 120
July 200 25
August 225 25
September 150 40
October 90 45
November 70 50
December 60 60

5.10 For the reservoir in Prob. 5.9, the mean monthly evaporation and rainfall are given below.

Month Evaporation Rainfall

(cm) (cm)
January 6 1
February 8 0
March 13 0
April 17 0
May 22 0
June 22 19
July 14 43
August 11 39
September 13 22
October 12 6
November 7 2
December 5 1
If the average reservoir area can be assumed to be 30 km 2, estimate the change in the storage
requirement necessitated by this additional data. Assume the runoff coefficient of the area
flooded by the reservoir as equal to 0.4.

5.11 Following is the stream flow record of a steam and covers a critical 2 year period. What is
the minimum size of the reservoir required on this stream to provide a constant downstream
flow of 0.07 cumecs?

Month Monthly Discharge Month Monthly

1st Year (ha.m) 2nd Year Discharge
(ha.m)
January 57.4 January 10.2
February 65.5 February 30.8
March 28.6 March 43.1
April 32.8 April 53.1
May 36.9 May 38.9
June 24.6 June 28.9
July 10.2 July 16.4
August 2.1 August 12.3
September 2.1 September 12.3
October 2.1 October 4.1
November 4.1 November 8.2
December 8.2 December 2.1

5.12 An unregulated stream provides the following volumes through each successive 4-day
period over a 40-day duration at a possible reservoir site. What would be the reservoir capacity
needed to ensure maintaining the average flow over these 40 days, if the reservoir is full to start
with? What is this average flow? What would be the approximate quantity of water wasted in
spillage in this case?

Day Runof Volume

(Mm3)
0 0
4 9.6
 8 5.4
12 2.3
16 3.5
20 2.3
24 2.2
28 1.4
32 6.4
36 12.4
40 10.9

5.13 A reservoir is located in a region where the normal annual precipitation is 160 cm and the
normal annual US class A pan evaporation is 200 cm. The average area of reservoir water
surface is 75 km2. If under normal conditions 35% of the rainfall on the land occupied by the
reservoir runs off into the stream, estimate the net annual increase or decrease in the stream as
a result of the reservoir. Assume evaporation pan coefficient = 0.7

Chapter 1
Solutions

1.1
Δt = 1day
24 hrs 60 mins 60 sec 1m
Q x 1day x x x = 2.5cm x x 200x106m2
1 day 1 hr 1 min 100 cm
Q = 5000000/86400 = 57.87037037m3/s

1.2
Δt = 1year
 1m
Input volume = (140x106) m2 x 120cm x = 168Mm3
100 cm
Output volume = (2m3/s * 3month) + (3m3/s * 6month) + (5m3/s * 3month) = 39m3/s . month
365 days 24 hrs 60 mins 60 sec
=39m3/s . month x x x x =
12 months 1 day 1 hr 1 min
102.492Mm3
(i) Runoff coefficient = 102.492Mm3/168Mm3 = 0.61
Abstraction = 168Mm3 - 102.492Mm3 = 65.508 Mm3
(ii) Due to afforestation:
Runoff = 0.5 x 168Mm3 = 84Mm3
Abstraction = 168Mm3 - 84Mm3 = 84Mm3
Increase in abstraction = 84Mm3 - 65.508 Mm3 = 18.492Mm3

1.3
A = 1375ha = 1375x104m2
24 hrs 60 mins 60 sec
t = 30days x x x = 2.592x106sec
1 day 1 hr 1 min
Δh = 0.75m
I = 0.5 x 106 m3/day
G = 2.5cm = 0.025m
P = 18.5cm = 0.185m
E = 9.5cm = 0.095m
ΔS = ΔhA = (-0.75m) (1375x104m2) = -10.3125 x106m3

ΔS = Vi – Vo
ΔS = PA +Ī Δt – [ QΔt + (G + E + T) A]
Q Δt = PA +Ī Δt – [ (G + E) A] - ΔS
Q (2.592x106sec) = (0.5 x 106 m3/day x 30days) +(0.185m * 1375x104m2) – [ (0.025 + 0.09)
1375x104m2] – (-10.3125 x106m3)
Q = 10.11m3/s

1.4
Ī Δt - Q Δt = ΔS = S2 – S1
60 mins 60 sec
Ī Δt = 14.2m3/s x 3hrs x x = 153,360m3
1 hr 1 min
60 mins 60 sec
Q Δt = 10.6m3/s x 3hrs x x = 114,480m3
1 hr 1 min
S2 – S1 = 38,880 m3
S1 = 15.5ha.m = 155000 m3
S2 = 155000 m3 + 38,880 m3 = 193,880 m3 = 19.388ha.m

1.5
(i) = ∑AiPi/∑Ai = Annual average precipitation
(10.7∗1030 ) + ( 3∗830 ) + ( 8.2∗900 ) +(17∗1300)
P= = 1105mm
10.7+ 3+8.2+17
(ii) Annual average evaporation E = ∑AiEi/∑Ai
(10.7∗530 ) + ( 3∗438 )+ ( 8.2∗430 ) +(17∗600)
E= = 532.4mm
10.7+3+8.2+17
(iii) Runoff coefficient of sub-areas

Area Runoff coefficient

A ra = (1030-530)/1030 = 0.485
B rb = (830-438)/830 = 0.472
C rc = (900-430)/900 = 0.522
D rd = (1300-600)/1300 = 0.538
For the entire catchment r = (1150 – 532)/ 1105 = 0.518

1.6
From Table 1.1
(i) Atmospheric moisture t = 12900/ (458000 + 119000) = 0.022years = 8.2 days
(ii) Global groundwater t = 10530000/220 = 4787years
(iii) Global ocean water t = 1338000000/47000 = 28468 years
 Chapter 2
Solutions

2.1:

Station P= 130.0 cm Station S= 108.5 cm

Station Q= 142.1 cm Station T= 165.2 cm

Station R= 118.2 cm Station U= 102.1 cm

Station V= 146.9

Cv 2 100×σ m−1
( ) Cv=
N= ε P̄

√
m
∑ ( Pi− P̄ )2
1
σ m −1 =
m−1

130+142 .1+118. 2+108 .5+165. 2+102. 1+146 . 9

P̄=
7 = 130.4285714

P̄ 2
Pi ( Pi− P̄ )
130.0 130.4285714 0.1836734694
142.1 130.4285714 136.2222449
118.2 130.4285714 149.5379592
108.5 130.4285714 480.8622449
165.2 130.4285714 1209.052245
102.1 130.4285714 802.5079592
 146.9 130.4285714 271.3079592
TOTAL: 3049.674286

σ m −1 =
√ 3049. 674286
6 = 22.54504486

100×22 .54504486
Cv=
130. 4285714 = 17.28535751

17 .28535751 2
N=( )
5 .0 = 11.95134337 ≈ 12 Stations

2.2

Station Annual Precipitation

P 125
Q 102
R 76
S 113
T 137

N X P1 P 2 P
P= ( + +. ..+ m )
M N1 N2 Nm
 137 13. 2 9 . 2 6 . 8 10 . 2
P= ( + + + )
4 125 102 76 113 = 12.3971811 ≈ 12.3972 cm
2.3

YEAR P AV PA ∑ P AV ∑ PA Adjusted Finalized values

values of P A (@ post
of
PA
1955 regime
1967 161 163 161 163 161
1966 146 130 307 293 146
1965 130 137 437 430 130
1964 143 130 580 560 143
1963 135 140 715 700 135
1962 163 142 878 842 163
1961 135 148 1013 990 135
1960 115 95 1128 1085 115
1959 143 132 1271 1217 143
1958 155 145 1426 1362 155
1957 164 158 1590 1520 164
1956 156 141 1746 1661 156
1955 193 196 1939 1857 193
1954 128 160 2067 2017 129 129
1953 117 144 2184 2161 116 116
1952 152 196 2336 2357 158 158
1951 155 168 2491 2525 135 135
1950 161 194 2652 2719 156 156
1949 147 162 2799 2881 130 130
1948 146 178 2945 3059 143 143
1947 132 144 3077 3203 116 116
1946 143 177 3220 3380 142 142
TOTAL: 3164
(a) The change in regime started in 1955

3164
A=
(b) 22 = 143.8181818 ≈ 143.8182 mm
2.4

Isohyets (cm) 15-12 12-9.0 9.0-6.0 6.0-3.0 3.0-1.0

Inter-isohyetal 92 128 120 175 85
2
area ( km )

1 12+15 12+9 .0 9. 0+6. 0 6 . 0+3 .0 3 . 0+1. 0

P̄= [(92× )+(128× )+(120× )+(175× )+(85× )]
600 2 2 2 2 2

1
P̄= [ 1242+1344+900+787 .5+170 ]
600

P̄=7.405833333 ≈ 7.4058 cm

2.5

The catchment with scale is drawn below.

[ ( 9.5 x 150 ) + ( 36 x 140 )+ ( 25 x 120 ) + ( 21 x 100 ) + ( 9 x 80 ) ]

P=
[9.5+36+ 25+21+9]

P = 135 cm
Catchment Area
2.6

Thiessen Area Pi Pi A i
5 10.8 54
34 9.2 313
16 8.2 131
67 6.3 422
128 10.9 1396
105 10.2 1071
50 13.2 660
48 14.0 672
46 11.7 538
 83 11.2 930
SUM: 582 ∑ =6187

P AV =
∑ Pi Ai 6187
A = 582 = 10.63058419 ≈ 10.6306 cm
2.7

P 2 2 2 1
D =( X +Y ) W=
Station (cm) X Y D2 PW
A 102 2 1 5 0.2 20.4
B 120 2 2 8 0.125 15
C 126 3 1 10 0.1 12.6
D 108 1.5 1 3.25 0.3077 33.2307
E 131 4.5 1.5 22.5 0.04444 5.8222
TOTAL: 0.7771 87.053

PM =
∑ PW 87 . 05299145
∑W = 0. 7771367521 = 112.0175969 ≈ 112.0176 cm

2.8

Isohyetal Area Net Average Total Total Average

enclosed incremental rainfall incremental volume of depth of
(km2) area (mm) volume rain (1000 rainfall
(1000 m3) m3) (mm)
21 543 543 21.5 11674.5 11674.5 21.5
20 1345 802 20.5 16441.0 28115.5 20.9
19 2030 685 19.5 13357.5 41473 20.4
18 2545 515 18.5 9527.5 51000.5 20
17 2955 410 17.5 7175 58175.5 19.7
16 3280 325 16.5 5362.5 63538 19.4
15 3535 255 15.5 3952.5 67490.5 19.1
14 3710 175 14.5 2537.5 70028 18.9
13 3880 170 13.5 2295 72323 18.6
12 3915 35 12.5 437.5 72760.5 18.6
 (i) By interpolation in the table above, the average depth of precipitation for an area of
2400km2 is 20.1mm

Depth - Area Curve

22
Average depth of rainfall (mm)

21.5
21
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Area (km2)

(ii) By assuming the storm center to have an area of 25km2, the depth at the storm
center is 22.0mm.

2.9

Time from the beginning

of storms (mins) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cummulative Rainfall 19 41 48 68 91 124 152 160 166
(mm)
 For the calculation of maximum depth
Time Rainfall Depth (mm) for various durations
(mins.) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
10 19
20 22 41
30 7 29 48
40 20 27 49 68
50 23 43 50 72 91
60 33 56 76 83 105 124
70 28 61 84 104 111 133 152
80 8 36 69 92 112 119 141 160
90 6 14 42 75 98 118 125 147 166

Maximum intensity-duration data

Duration (mins.) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Max. Depth (mm) 33 61 84 104 112 133 152 160 166
Max. Intensity 198 183 168 156 134.4 133 130.3 120 110.7
(mm/h)
 2.10

Time from the beginning

of storms (mins) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cummulative Rainfall 8 15 25 30 46 55 60 64 67
(mm)

For the calculation of maximum depth

Time Rainfall Depth (mm) for various durations
(mins.) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
10 8
20 15 23
30 25 40 48
40 30 55 70 78
50 46 76 101 116 124
60 55 101 131 156 171 179
70 60 115 161 191 216 231 239
80 64 124 179 225 255 280 295 303
90 7 71 131 186 232 262 287 302 310
 Maximum intensity-duration data

Duration (mins.) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Max. Depth (mm) 64 124 179 225 255 280 295 303 310
2.11

Arrange the rainfall data in descending order.

m Annual Rainfall m 1
P= T=
N +1 P
By 1 122.8 0.038461538 26 plotting
2 113 0.076923077 13
the Annual
3 106.8 0.115384615 8.666666667
Rainfall 4 102.2 0.153846154 6.5 in the
5 99.8 0.192307692 5.2
6 94.5 0.230769231 4.333333333
7 94.5 0.269230769 3.714285714
8 92.7 0.307692308 3.25
9 91 0.346153846 2.888888889
10 90.7 0.384615385 2.6
11 87.5 0.423076923 2.363636364
12 87 0.461538462 2.166666667
13 86.3 0.5 2
14 85.1 0.538461538 1.857142857
15 84 0.576923077 1.733333333
16 82.5 0.615384615 1.625
17 81 0.653846154 1.529411765
18 77.3 0.692307692 1.444444444
19 76 0.730769231 1.368421053
20 74.4 0.769230769 1.3
21 71.3 0.807692308 1.238095238
22 69.4 0.846153846 1.181818182
23 68.6 0.884615385 1.130434783
24 66.6 0.923076923 1.083333333
25 65 0.961538462 1.04
arithmetic scale and the recurrence interval T in logarithmic scale, we can obtain

T 50 =132.50cm and T 100 =143.0 cm

2.12

m Annual Rainfall m 1
P= T=
N +1 P
1 120 0.047619048 21
2 115 0.095238095 10.5
3 109 0.142857143 7
4 106 0.19047619 5.25
5 102 0.238095238 4.2
6 101 0.285714286 3.5
7 95 0.333333333 3
8 95 0.380952381 2.625
9 92 0.428571429 2.333333333
10 92 0.476190476 2.1
11 90 0.523809524 1.909090909
12 90 0.571428571 1.75
13 89 0.619047619 1.615384615
14 88 0.666666667 1.5
15 84 0.714285714 1.4
16 84 0.761904762 1.3125
17 80 0.80952381 1.235294118
18 76 0.857142857 1.166666667
19 70 0.904761905 1.105263158
20 68 0.952380952 1.05

By plotting the Annual Rainfall in the arithmetic scale and the recurrence interval T in

T 15 =118.0cm and at P=100cm, T=3.5 years

logarithmic scale, we can obtain
2.13

Year Annual 3-year 5-year Year Annual 3-year 5-year

rainfall Moving Movin rainfall Moving Moving
(cm) Mean g (cm) Mean Mean
(cm) Mean (cm) (cm)
(cm)
1950 113 1963 68.6 79.1 84.5
1951 94.3 94.4 1964 82.5 80.6 85.6
1952 76 85.9 92.7 1965 90.7 91 83.2
1953 87.5 85.4 84.4 1966 99.8 88.3 83.2
1954 92.7 83.8 80.96 1967 74.4 80.9 79.7
1955 71.3 80.4 82.9 1968 68.6 69.3 79.8
1956 77.3 77.9 89.8 1969 65 74.9 81.2
1957 85.1 95.1 85.2 1970 91 87.6 86.7
1958 122.8 92.4 87.1 1971 106.8 100 90.4
1959 69.4 91.1 90.6 1972 102.2 98.7 94.2
1960 81 81.6 90.8 1973 87 91.1
1961 94.5 87.3 79.96 1974 84
1962 86.3 60.3 82.6

3year and 5year Moving Means

Object 91
2.14

(a) = 10, r = 1

1
P=
50 = 0.02

10!
P1,10= (0.02)(0.98 )9
(9!)(1!) = 0.1667495524 ≈ 0.1667

(b) n = 10, r = 2

1
P=
50 = 0.02

10!
P1,10= (0.02)(0.98 )8
(8!)(2!) = 0.7656867203 ≈ 0.7657

10
(c) P1=1−(1−0 .02 ) = 0.1829271931 ≈ 0.1829

2.15

1
P=
100 = 0.01

50
(a) P1=1−(1−0 .01) = 0.3949939329 ≈ 0.3950

(b) P=0 . 01

2.16

Number of events = 4 + 2 + 5 = 11
 Years of record = 36 + 25 + 48 = 109

Meaning; The event exceeded 11 times in 109 years

109+1
( )
Therefore T = 11 = 10 years

2.17

(a) X ≥ 120cm

70 years
T = 11 years = 6.363636364 years ≈ 6.3636 years

(b) X ≥ 140cm

3 years
T = 70 years = 0.04285714286 ≈ 0.04286

2!
P= (0.04286 )2 −3
0 !2! = 1. 836734694×10 ≈ 0.001837

(c) X < 60cm

6 years
T = 70 years = 0.08571428571 ≈ 0.08571
 Chapter 3
Solutions

3.1
At 30⁰ the latent heat of vaporization
L= 2501-2.37T = 2501 – 2.37(30) = 2430kJ/kg
ρ = density of water at 30⁰ (from Tables) = 996 kg/m3
EL = evaporation rate = Rn/eL
300
EL = = 1.239526005x10-7m/s
996 x( 2430 x 1000)
EL = (1.239526005x10-7m/s) x 1000 x 8644mm/day = 1.071446279mm/day

3.2
By water balance for the pan
Pan evaporation = 195 + 45 – 15 – 190 = 35mm
Lake evaporation = 0.7 x 35 = 24.5mm

3.3
Area = 50km2 = 50 x 106
Before reservoir: Normal runoff = (120/100) x 0.4 x 50x10 6 = 24Mm3
After reservoir: Input to the reservoir = 1.2 x 50 = 60Mm3
Loss from the reservoir = 0.7 x 2.4 x 50 = 84 Mm3
Net annual supply = -24 Mm3 (decrease)
Net overall change per year = 24- (-24) = 48 Mm3 less water
3.4
u9
Meyer’s formula: EL = Kn (ew-ea) (1 + )
16
Kn = 0.5 ew from the Table 3.3
ea = ewRb where Rb is relative humidity . Also u9 = u2 (9/7)1/7 = 1.2396 u2
u9
EL = 0.5(1- Rb) ew(1 + )
16

Month No. of ew (mm Rn u2(km/h) u9(km/h) EL Monthly

days of Hg) (mm/day) Evaporation
(mm)
Jan 30 10.87 0.85 4 4.96 1.07 32.1
Feb 30 13.43 0.82 5 6.2 1.68 50.4
Mar 30 18.28 0.71 5 6.2 3.68 110.4
Apr 30 26.74 0.48 5 6.2 9.65 289.5
May 30 33.67 0.41 7.8 9.67 15.94 478.2
Jun 30 38.75 0.52 10 12.4 16.51 495.3
Jul 30 32.82 0.78 8 9.92 5.85 175.5
Aug 30 29 0.86 5.5 6.82 2.9 87
Sept 30 28.34 0.82 5 6.2 3.54 106.2
Oct 30 22.11 0.75 4 4.96 3.62 108.6
Nov 30 16.37 0.77 3.6 4.46 2.41 72.3
Dec 30 11.76 0.73 4 4.96 2.08 62.4
Total 2067.9

Mean monthly evaporation = 2067.9/12 = 172.325mm/month

3.5 (b) By Thornthwaite equation

From Table 3.8 La = 1.168 By Data T = 33.5⁰C
Heat Index Heat Index ί Heat Index ί
ί
 ί1= 4.004 ί5= 15.837 ί9= 13.722
ί2 = 5.708 ί6= 17.811 ί10= 10.614
ί3= 8.593 ί7= 15.529 ί11= 7.487
ί4= 12.848 ί8= 14.316 ί12= 4.6
It=∑ ίt = 131.069
a = 1.51986 – 1.3245 + 2.34876 + 0.49239 = 3.036
10 x 33.5 3.036
By Eq. (3.17) ET = 1.6 x 1.168 x ( ) = 32.28cm
131.069

60 sec 60 mins 24 hrs 30 days

3.6 Inflow = 10m3/s x x x x = 25.92Mm3
1 mins 1 hr 1 day 1 month
60 sec 60 mins 24 hrs 30 days
Outflow = 15m3/s x x x x = 38.88Mm3
1 mins 1 hr 1 day 1 month
1m
Rainfall = 10cm x x 20 x 10002 = 2Mm3
100 cm
1m
Seepage = 1.8cm x x 20 x 10002 = 0.36Mm3
100 cm
Change in volume = (25.92 + 2 - 38.88 – 0.36) = -11.32Mm3
Actual change = -16Mm3
4.68
Hence evaporation = 16 – 11.32 = 4.68Mm3 = 6 x 106 x 100 = 23.4cm
20 x 10

3.7
Uni Mont T⁰tF Pn PnTf/100
t h
0.5 Jun 49.5 8.68 2.1483
1 Jul 49.2 8.94 4.3985
1 Aug 48.6 8.76 4.2574
1 Sept 48.1 8.26 3.9731
0.5 oct 47.6 8.31 1.9778
Total 16.7541
K = 1.10 By Blaney – Criddle formula
ET = 2.54 x 1.10 x 16.7541 = 46.81cm
3.8
Mont ί T La ET(cm)
h
Jan 9.75 22.5 0.99 8.02
Feb 11.0 24.5 0.91 9.63
9
Mar 12.8 27 1.03 14.80
5
Apr 13.5 28 1.03 16.88
6 5
May 12.8 27 1.09 15.66
5
Jun 11.4 25 1.07 12.07
4
Jul 10.4 23.5 1.1 10.21
1
Aug 10.7 24 1.07 10.67
5 5
Sept 10.7 24 1.02 10.12
5
Oct 11.0 24.5 1.01 10.75
9 5
Nov 10.0 23 0.96 8.33
8
Dec 9.75 22.5 0.98 7.94
It=∑ ίt = 134.37
a =1.6376 – 1.39206 + 2.4079 + 0.49239 = 3.1458 (This value is used in Eq. 3.17 to calculate E T in
Col.5 of the above Table)
∑ ET = 134.88cm = Annual PET
Mean monthly PET = 134.88/12 = 11.25cm
3.9
By observation of the data fc = 1.0cm/h
Time (h) Infiltration fp *fc Ln(fp *fc)
Capacity fp(cm/h)
0.25 5.6 4.6 1.5261
0.50 3.2 2.2 0.7885
0.75 2.1 1.1 0.0953
1.00 1.5 0.5 -0.6931
1.25 1.2 0.2 -1.6094
1.50 1.1 0.1 -2.3026
1.75 1 0
2.00 1 0

Object 137

Ln(fp *fc) = -3.1t + 2.3467

Kn = 3.1h-1 and Ln(fp *fc) = 2.3467 giving (fp *fc) = 10.4499
Since fc = 1.-cm/h , fp = 11.45cm/h
Hence fp = 1.0 + 10.45e-3.1t
3.10

Object 139

ɸ = 3cm/day
surface runoff = [(6-3) + (9-3) + (5-3)]1cm
surface runof = 11cm

3.11
ɸ = 0.6 cm/h = 0.20cm per 20mins time interval
Time from Incremental Cum. Rainfall Incremental Infiltration Runoff (cm)
the start time (Δt) (cm) rainfall (cm) loss = (ɸ*Δt)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (4)-(5)
0 0 0 0
20 20 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3
40 20 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.5
60 20 2.6 1.4 0.2 1.2
80 20 3.3 0.7 0.2 0.5
100 20 3.5 0.2 0.2 0
sum 1 2.5

3.12
% of ɸ- Rainfall Intensity Duration Depth of Runoff Runoff
 catchment index Intensity of (h) rainfall in each depth
(cm/h (cm/h) effective excess sub-area over total
) rainfall (cm) (cm) catchment
(cm/h) (cm)
0.2 1.0 0.8 0 1.0 0
1.0 2.3 1.3 1.0 1.3
1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.8 0.36
0.3 0.8 0.7 0 1.0 0
0.8 2.1 1.4 1.0 1.4
0.8 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.48
0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
0.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 2.0
0.5 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.3 2.8 1.4
Total = 2.24cm

3.13
Pulse no. Cum. Rainfall Incremental Time (h) Intensity (cm/hr)
rainfall
1 0.5 0.25 1 0.25
2 1.65 1.15 2 1.15
3 3.55 1.9 3 1.9
4 5.65 2.1 4 2.1
5 6.80 1.15 5 1.15
6 7.75 0.95 6 0.95
N=6 runoff = 3.5cm
D =6h
Δt = 1h
Assume M = 4
3.5 = [(1.5*1) + 1.9 + 2.1 + 1.15] – 3.5ɸ
ɸ = 1.014cm/h

3.14
P=0.097m T = 6h
A=500000m2
Volume Precipitation = (0.097m)(500000m2)
= 48500m3
Volume Runoff = 25000m3

Total Volume Infiltration = 48500m3 – 25000m3

= 23500m3
23500 3916.6667
ɸ= =
6 500000
ɸ = 7.8333mm/h

3.15
Δt = 20mins
Pulse No. Time from Rainfall Incremental Average loss Runoff (mm)
start of rain intensity rainfall depth = ɸ*Δt in Δt
(h) (mm/h) in the
interval (mm)
1 0.333 6 2 1 1
2 0.667 6 2 1 1
3 1.0 18 6 1 5
4 1.333 13 4.33 1 3.33
5 1.667 2 0.67 1 0
6 2 2 0.67 1 0
7 2.333 12 4 1 3
Total = 13.33mm

Deduct initial loss l = 0.8mm

Pulse No. Time from Incremental Rainfall intensity of pulses for W-index
 start of rain rainfall depth computation (mm/h)
(h) in the
interval (mm)
1 0.333 2 4
2 0.667 2 6
3 1.0 6 18
4 1.333 4.33 13
5 1.667 0.67 2
6 2 0.67 2
7 2.333 4 12
Assume M = 5, Δt = 0.333h and hence l0 =M, Δt = 1.667hr
Runoff R = 13.33mm = ∑( li - ɸ)Δt
13.33 = [(4*0.333)+(6*0.333)+(18*0.333)+(13*0.333)+(12*0.333)] – 1.667ɸ
ɸ = 2.52mm/h

Chapter 4
Solutions

4.1
Distance Average Depth y Velocity at Velocity at Average Segmental
from the width (m) (m) 0.2d 0.8d velocity Vf Discharge
left water (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) ΔQ
edge (m) (m3/s)
0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
1.5 1.6875 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.50 1.0969
3.0 1.5000 2.5 0.9 0.6 0.75 2.8125
4.5 1.5000 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.60 1.5300
6.0 1.5000 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.50 0.7500
7.5 1.6875 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.2363
9.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
SUM 6.4257

For the first and last section:

 1.5
1.5+
2
¿
W= ¿ = 1.6875 m
¿2
¿
¿
For the other sections:
1.5 1.5
W= ( + ) = 1.5000 m
2 2
For segmental discharge use:
ΔQ = W × y × Vf
Total Discharge: 6.4257 m3/s

4.2
1 k n k (d m )
d∫ d∫
v= vdy = ( y ) dy =
m+ 1
v0.6 = velocity at 0.6 depth, that is at y = 0.4d
v k (d m ) 1 1 1
= x m x =
v 0.6
m+ 1 k ( 0.4 ) d (m+1) ( 0.4 )m
v
For m = 1/6 = 0.16667 = 1.001
v 0.6

4.3
Distance Average Depth y Revolution Observatio Average Segmental
from the width (m) (m) s in T min. n time T (s) velocity Vf Discharge
left water (m/s) ΔQ
edge (m) (m3/s)
0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 -
2.0 2.25 0.50 80 180 0.174 0.1958
4.0 2.00 1.10 83 120 0.253 0.5566
6.0 2.50 1.95 131 120 0.381 1.8574
9.0 3.00 2.25 139 120 0.403 2.7203
12.0 3.00 1.85 121 120 0.355 1.9703
15.0 3.00 1.75 114 120 0.336 1.7640
18.0 2.50 1.65 109 120 0.323 1.3324
20.0 2.00 1.50 92 120 0.277 0.8310
22.0 1.50 1.25 85 120 0.259 0.4856
23.0 1.125 0.75 70 150 0.219 0.1848
24.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 -
SUM 11.8982

For the first section:

 2
2+
2
¿
W= ¿ = 2.25 m
¿2
¿
¿
For the last section:
1
1+
2
¿
W= ¿ = 1.125 m
¿2
¿
¿
For the other sections use:
Wleft Wright
W= ( + )
2 2
For segmental discharge use:
ΔQ = W × y × Vf
Total Discharge: 11.8982 m3/s

4.4
Section Average Depth y Vr Degrees Average Segmental
width (m) (m) θ velocity Vf Discharge
(m/s) ΔQ
(m3/s)
0 - 0.0 0.0 - - -
1 84.375 1.8 1.75 55 1.3618 206.8234
2 75 2.5 1.84 57 1.4660 274.8750
3 75 3.5 2.00 60 1.6454 431.9175
4 75 3.8 2.28 64 1.9468 554.8380
5 75 4.0 2.30 65 1.9803 594.0900
6 75 3.8 2.20 63 1.8622 530.7270
7 75 3.0 2.00 60 1.6454 370.2150
8 75 2.5 1.84 57 1.4660 274.8750
9 84.375 2.0 1.70 54 1.3066 220.4888
10 - - - - - -
SUM 3458.8497

For the first and last section:

 75
75+
2
¿
W= ¿ = 84.375 m
¿2
¿
¿
For the other sections use:
Wleft Wright
W= ( + )
2 2
For average velocity:
Vf = 0.95×Vrsin θ
For segmental discharge use:
ΔQ = W × y × Vf
Total Discharge: 3458.8497m3/s

4.5 Area of Time–Concentration Curve = (0+3.0+10.5+18+18+12+9+6+4.5+1.5+0)(60)(60)(10 9)

= 287000 × 109 units
287000 × 109 (9.81 × 1000) × Q = 300
Q = 103 m3/s

4.6
Q 1(C 1−C 2)
Q=
C 2−C 0
Q1 = 4 x 10-3m3/s; C1 = 0.5; C2 = 4 x 10-6 and assume C0 = 0
4 x 10−3 m3 /s (0.5−4 x 10−6)
Q= = 500m3/s
4 x 10−6

4.7
Q 1(C 1−C 2)
Q=
C 2−C 0
Q1 = 25 x 10-3m3/s; C1 = 0.2; C2 = 45 x 10-6 ; C0 = 10 x 10-6
25 x 10−3 m3 /s (0.2−45 x 10−6)
Q= = m3/s
(45 x 10−6)−(10 x 10−6)
4.8
0.13(B 2)C( 0.7 C+C √ g)
Eq. (4.15) for mixing length is L =
gd
B = 45m C = 20 to 30 d = 2m
2
0.13(45 ) 30(0.7∗30+30 √ 9.81)
L= = 10975 = 11km
9.81∗2
4.9
Property Section A Section B
2
A 73.293m 93.375m2
P 26.818 m 30.228m
R 2.733 m 3.089m
K 1 1
(73.293)(2.733)2/3 = (93.375)( 3.089)2/3 =
0.02 0.02
7163.5 9902.5
Average K = √ KaKb = 8422.4
Fall F = 104.771-104.5 = 0.271m L = 10000m
Sf = (F/L) = 0.271/10000 =0.005206
Q = K √ Sf = 43.85m3/s
(v 12) ( v 22)
he = 0.3l − l
2g 2g
(v 12) ( v 22)
hf = (h1 – h2) + ( − ) - he
2g 2g
Trial Hf (Trial) Sf Q (m/s) (v 12) (v 22 ) hf
2g 2g
1 0.271 0.271x10-4 43.85 0.01825 0.01124 0.2754
2 0.2754 0.2754x10-4 44.20 0.01854 0.01142 0.276
-4
3 0.2760 0.276x10 44.25 0.01860 0.01144 0.276
3
Q = 44.25m /s

4.10
Property Section 1 Section 2
d 102.7 – 100.2 =2.5m 101.3 – 98.6 = 2.7m
A (12 + 2 x 2.5)x 2.5 = 42.5m2 (12 + 2 x 2.7)x 2.7 = 46.98m2
P (12 +2 √ 5 x 2.5 = 23.18m (12 +2 √ 5 x 2.7 = 24.074m
R 1.8335m 1.9514m
K 1 1
(42.5)( 1.8335)2/3 = 2122.2 (46.98)( 1.9514)2/3 = 2445.4
0.03 0.03
Average K = √ KaKb = 2278
Q =K
√ hf
L
=¿ K √ Sf

(v 12) ( v 22)
hf = (h1 – h2) + ( − )
2g 2g
Fall F = 102.7 – 101.3 = 1.4m
Sf = (F/L) = 1.4/8000 =1.75x104
Q = K √ Sf = 2278 √ Sf
 Trial Hf (Trial) Sf Q (m/s) (v 12) (v 22 ) hf
2g 2g
1 1.4 1.75x10-4 30.14 0.0256 0.0210 1.4056
2 1.4056 1.757x10-4 30.21 0.0257 0.0211 1.4046
3 1.4046 1.756x10-4 30.18 0.0257 0.0210 1.4046
3
Q = 30.18m /s
Stage
(G ) G-a Discharge Y2
(m) (m) (Q) (m3/s) Log(G-a) = X Log Q = Y XY X2
3.80012139800705
35.91 0.91 89 -0.040958607678908 1.94939000664491 -0.07984430049535 0.001677607542995
5.57775837142034
36.9 1.9 230 0.278753600952829 2.36172783601759 0.65834013876044 0.077703570044169
6.53468247542909
37.92 2.92 360 0.465382851448419 2.55630250076729 1.18965934697180 0.216581198422261
12.81485059860680
44.4 9.4 3800 0.973127853599699 3.57978359661681 3.48358712772713 0.946977819451556
13.38802371985440
45.4 10.4 4560 1.017033339298780 3.65896484266443 3.72128923231185 1.034356813245230
13.87328124134890
46.43 11.43 5305 1.058046230395280 3.72468538823736 3.94088933443292 1.119461825653670
7.13516435565858
39.07 4.07 469 0.609594409225220 2.67117284271508 1.62833203099335 0.371605343758645
8.42162078140800
41 6 798 0.778151250383644 2.90200289135073 2.25819717852152 0.605519368473628
11.88289849304720
43.53 8.53 2800 0.930949031167523 3.44715803134222 3.20912842955939 0.866666098631750
14.21932489370560
48.02 13.02 5900 1.114610984232170 3.77085201164214 4.20303307209032 1.242357646171010
14.68812456597270
49.05 14.05 6800 1.147676324241100 3.83250891270624 4.39847974155594 1.317160945223560
14.73676234145430
49.55 14.55 6900 1.162862993321930 3.83884909073726 4.46405554456588 1.352250341237630
14.76084723870130
49.68 14.68 6950 1.166726055580050 3.84198480459011 4.48254377665792 1.361249688769390
141.83346047461400
SUM 10.661956316167700 42.13538275603220 37.55769065365310 10.513568266625500

4.11

From the above table

∑X = 10.661956316167700 ∑Y = 42.13538275603220 ∑XY = 37.55769065365310
∑X2 = 10.513568266625500 ∑Y2 = 141.83346047461400 N = 13
(∑X)2 = 113.6773125 (∑Y)2 =1775.39048

N ( ∑ XY ) −(∑ X)(∑ Y )
β = =
N ( ∑ X 2 )−(∑ X )2
13 ( 37.55769065365310 )−(10.661956316167700)( 42.13538275603220)
13 (10.513568266625500 ) −113.6773125
β =1.695910302
 ∑ Y −β (∑ X ) 42.13538275603220−1.695910302(10.661956316167700)
b= =
N 13
b = 1.850281631
Cr = 70.84050214
G = 70.84050214(G-a)1.695910302

N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X )(∑Y )
r=
√[ N ( ∑ X 2 )−( ∑ X ) 2 ] [N ( ∑ Y 2 )−( ∑Y ) 2]
13 (37.5576 )−( 10.6619)(42.1353)
r=
√[ N ( 10.5135 )−( 10.6619 ) 2 ] [ N (141.8334 )−( 42.1353 ) 2]
r = 0.9830 = 98.30 VERY HIGH POSITIVE

When G = 42.5 a = 35
G = 70.84050214(G-a)1.695910302
G = 2159.270454m3/s

When G = 48.5 a = 35
G = 70.84050214(G-a)1.695910302
G = 5850.949011 m3/s

4.12
Q F m
=( )
Q0 F0
300 0.5 0.6
=( )
580 1.5
When the auxiliary gauge reads 120.1m Fall = 0.9m
0.9 0.6
Q = 580 x ( ) = 426.9 m3/s
1.5

4.13
 4.14
Stage Discharge
(G ) G-a (Q) Y2
(m) (m) (m3/s) Log(G-a) = X Log Q = Y XY X2
21.95 1.45 100 0.161368002234975 2.00000000000000 0.32273600446995 0.026039632145307 4.00000000000000
22.45 1.95 220 0.290034611362518 2.34242268082221 0.67938365187902 0.084120075788207 5.48694401563029
22.8 2.3 295 0.361727836017593 2.46982201597816 0.89340337318839 0.130847027349971 6.10002079061044
23 2.5 400 0.397940008672038 2.60205999132796 1.03546377551421 0.158356250501901 6.77071619846968
23.4 2.9 490 0.462397997898956 2.69019608002851 1.24394128136080 0.213811908460963 7.23715494900078
23.75 3.25 500 0.511883360978874 2.69897000433602 1.38155783700069 0.262024575247029 7.28443908430557
23.65 3.15 640 0.498310553789600 2.80617997398389 1.39834909686920 0.248313408018098 7.87464604638821
24.05 3.55 780 0.550228353055094 2.89209460269048 1.59131245011791 0.302751240505721 8.36421119091141
24.55 4.05 1010 0.607455023214669 3.00432137378264 1.82499010985546 0.369001605228734 9.02594691696723
24.85 4.35 1220 0.638489256954637 3.08635983067475 1.97060759498216 0.407668531246485 9.52561700440266
25.4 4.9 1300 0.690196080028514 3.11394335230684 2.14923149519303 0.476370628886726 9.69664320137594
25.15 4.65 1420 0.667452952889954 3.15228834438306 2.10400416381905 0.445493444321519 9.93692180613327
25.55 5.05 1550 0.703291378118661 3.19033169817029 2.24373277666183 0.494618762536046 10.17821634435010
25.9 5.4 1760 0.732393759822968 3.24551266781415 2.37699322533348 0.536400619427624 10.53335247694210
SUM 7.273169175039050 39.29450261629900 21.21570683624520 4.155817709664330 112.01483002548800

From the above table

∑X = 7.273169175039050 ∑Y = 39.29450261629900 ∑XY = 21.21570683624520
∑X2 = 4.155817709664330 ∑Y2 = 112.01483002548800 N = 14

N ( ∑ XY ) −(∑ Y )(∑ X )
β = =
N ( ∑Y 2 )−(∑ Y )2
14 ( 21.21570683624520 )−(39.29450261629900)(7.273169175039050 )
2
14 ( 112.01483002548800 )−( 39.29450261629900 )
β =0.4647816634

∑ X−β (∑Y ) 7.273169175039050−0.4647816634(39.29450261629900)

b= =
N 14
b = -0.7850139367 = logCr
Cr = 0.1640537127

G = 0.1640537127 (G-a) 0.4647816634

When Q = 2600 a = 20.5

Q = 0.1640537127 (G-a) 0.4647816634
G = 26.842m

Chapter 5
Solutions

5.1
1 2 3
Area(km2) Mean isohyet value (cm) Product (1)*(2)
50 137.5 6875
300 132.5 39750
450 127.5 57375
700 122.5 85750
600 117.5 70500
400 112.5 45000
200 107.5 21500
Total= 2700 Total= 326750

326750
(a) Mean annual Rainfall = =¿ 121.0185185cm
2700
 m3 60 sec 60 mins 24 hrs 365 days
(b) Annual runoff in cm = [65 x x x x ]/
s 1 min 1 hr 1 day 1 yr
10000 m2
[2700 km2 x ] = 75.92cm
1 k m2
75.92 cm
Runoff coefficient = x 100% = 62.73420047%
121.0185185 cm

5.2
Gauged
Monthly U/s Regenerated Virgin R P
Month Virgin flow Monthly
Flow Utilization Flow Flow
(1) R=(5)/Area Rainfall RP P2
(Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (cm) (cm) (cm2) (cm2)
1 1.09 0.6 0.2 1.49 2.128571429 5.2 11.06857143 27.04
2 2.27 0.7 0.2 2.77 3.957142857 8.6 34.03142857 73.96
3 1.95 0.7 0.2 2.45 3.5 7.1 24.85 50.41
4 2.8 0.7 0.2 3.3 4.714285714 9.2 43.37142857 84.64
5 3.25 0.7 0.2 3.75 5.357142857 11 58.92857143 121
6 0.28 0.3 0.2 0.38 0.542857143 1.2 0.651428571 1.44
110.2
7 2.9 0.7 0.2 3.4 4.857142857 10.5 51 5
132.2
8 2.98 0.7 0.2 3.48 4.971428571 11.5 57.17142857 5
9 3.8 0.7 0.2 4.3 6.142857143 14 86 196
10 0.84 0.3 0.2 0.94 1.342857143 3.7 4.968571429 13.69
11 0.28 0.3 0.2 0.38 0.542857143 1.6 0.868571429 2.56
12 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.714285714 3 2.142857143 9
822.2
SUM 22.84 6.7 2.4 27.14 38.7714285714286 86.6 375.052857142857 4

From the table above Table

∑P = 86.6 ∑R = 38.7714285714286 ∑PR = 375.052857142857
2
∑P = 822.24 N = 12

N ( ∑ PR )−(∑ P)(∑ R)
ɑ=
N ( ∑ P 2 )−( ∑P)2
12 ( 375.052857142857 )−(86.6)(38.7714285714286)
ɑ=
12 ( 822.24 )−(86.6)2
ɑ = 0.4828365288
 ∑ R−ɑ (∑ P)
b=
N
38.7714285714286−0.4828365288(86.6)
b=
12
b = -0.2535179021

R = 0.4828365288P - 0.2535179021 ;P = 15.5cm

R = 0.4828365288(15.5) - 0.2535179021
R = 7.230448295cm

5.3
P R
Rainfall Runoff P2 R2
Year (cm) (cm) (cm2) (cm2) PR
1964 90.5 30.1 8190.25 906.01 2724.05
1965 111 50.2 12321 2520.04 5572.2
1966 38.7 5.3 1497.69 28.09 205.11
1967 129.5 61.5 16770.25 3782.25 7964.25
1968 145.5 74.8 21170.25 5595.04 10883.4
1969 99.8 39.9 9960.04 1592.01 3982.02
1970 147.6 64.7 21785.76 4186.09 9549.72
1971 50.9 6.5 2590.81 42.25 330.85
1972 120.2 46.1 14448.04 2125.21 5541.22
1973 90.3 36.2 8154.09 1310.44 3268.86
1974 65.2 24.6 4251.04 605.16 1603.92
1975 75.9 20 5760.81 400 1518
126900.0 23092.5
SUM 1165.1 459.9 3 9 53143.6

From the table above

∑P = 1165.1 ∑R =459.9 ∑PR = 53143.6
2
∑P = 126900.03 ∑R2 = 23092.59 N = 12
N ( ∑ PR )−(∑ P)(∑ R)
ɑ=
N ( ∑ P 2 )−( ∑ P)2
 12 ( 53143.6 )−(1165.1)(459.9)
ɑ=
12 ( 126900.03 )−(1165.1)2
ɑ = 0.6162589923

∑ R−ɑ (∑ P)
b=
N
459.9−0.6162589923(1165.1)
b=
12
b = -21.50861266

R = 0.6162589923P - 21.50861266
N ( ∑ PR )−(∑ P)(∑ R)
r=
√[ N ( ∑ P 2 )−( ∑ P ) 2 ] [N ( ∑ R 2 )−( ∑ R ) 2]
12 (53143.6 )−(1165.1)(459.9)
r=
√[ 12 ( 126900.03 )−(1165.1)2 ] [12 ( 23092.59 )−( 459.9 ) 2]
r = 0.9783381424 very high positive

R = 0.6162589923P - 21.50861266 ;P = 100cm

R = 0.6162589923(100) - 21.50861266
R = 40.11728657cm

5.4
Rainfall Runoff Rainfall- Time (h) Flow Discharge =
(cm) (cm) runoff m3/s (Time*Flow)/Area
(cm) (cm)
1.5 0 1.5 3 300 0.4984

5 2 3 6 500 0.8307

7.5 4 3.5 9 400 0.6646

10 6.5 3.5 12 250 0.4153

12.5 8.8 3.7 15 75 0.1246

Mean rainfall-runoff = (1.5+3+3.5+3.5+3.7)/5 = 3.04cm

Total discharge = 2.533cm
Runoff coefficient = 2.533cm/3.04cm = 0.8332 = 83.32%

5.5
By Khosla’s formula Rm = Pm – 0.48Tm
Month Pm Tm Rm
Jan 0.7 24 0
Feb 0.9 27 0
Mar 1.1 32 0
Apr 4.5 33 0
May 10.7 31 0
Jun 7.1 26 0
Jul 11.1 24 0
Aug 13.7 24 2.18
Sep 16.4 23 5.36
Oct 15.3 21 5.22
Nov 6.1 20 0
Dec 1.3 21 0
Total 88.9 12.76

∑Pm = 88.9cm ∑Rm = 12.76cm

12.76
Runoff coefficient = = 0.1435320585
88.9

5.6
N = 1095
1 2 3 4 5
≥350 6 6 0.5 350
250-
349 30 36 3.3 250
150-
249 60 96 8.8 150
100-
149 121 217 19.8 100
40-99 137 354 32.3 40
20-39 169 523 47.7 20
15-24.9 232 755 68.9 15
10-14.9 183 938 85.6 10
6-9.9 137 1075 98.1 6
<6 20 1095 99.9
Q75 = 14m3/s

5.7
Mean Cum. Excess
Inflow Inflow Demand Demand Departure demand
Rate Volume Rate Volume (inflow- volume
3 3
Month (m /s) (cumec.day) (m /s) (cumec.day) demand) (cumec.day)
Jun 20 600 90 2700 -2100 -2100
Jul 60 1800 90 2700 -900 -3000
Aug 200 6000 90 2700 3300
Sep 300 9000 90 2700 6300
Oct 200 6000 90 2700 3300
Nov 150 4500 90 2700 1800
Dec 100 3000 90 2700 300
Jan 80 2400 90 2700 -300 -300
Feb 60 1800 90 2700 -900 -1200
Mar 40 1200 90 2700 -1500 -2700
Apr 30 900 90 2700 -1800 -4500
May 25 750 90 2700 -1950 -6450
Jun 20 600 90 2700 -2100 -8550
Jul 60 1800 90 2700 -900 -9450
Aug 200 6000 90 2700 3300
Sep 300 9000 90 2700 6300
Oct 200 6000 90 2700 3300
Nov 150 4500 90 2700 1800
Dec 100 3000 90 2700 300
Jan 80 2400 90 2700 -300 -300
Feb 60 1800 90 2700 -900 -1200
Mar 40 1200 90 2700 -1500 -2700
Apr 30 900 90 2700 -1800 -4500
May 25 750 90 2700 -1950 -6450
Minimum storage capacity required = 9545 cumec.day

5.8
Mean Cum. Monthly
Inflow Inflow inflow volume
Rate Volume (cumec.day)
3
SI No. Month (m /s) (cumec.day)
1 Jun 20 600 600
2 Jul 60 1800 2400
3 Aug 200 6000 8400
4 Sep 300 9000 17400
5 Oct 200 6000 23400
6 Nov 150 4500 27900
7 Dec 100 3000 30900
8 Jan 80 2400 33300
9 Feb 60 1800 35100
10 Mar 40 1200 36300
11 Apr 30 900 37200
12 May 25 750 37950
13 Jun 20 600 38550
14 Jul 60 1800 40350
15 Aug 200 6000 46350
16 Sep 300 9000 55350
17 Oct 200 6000 61350
18 Nov 150 4500 65850
19 Dec 100 3000 68850
20 Jan 80 2400 71250
21 Feb 60 1800 73050
 22 Mar 40 1200 74250
23 Apr 30 900 75150
24 May 25 750 75900
80000
Cum. Monthl y i nflow vol ume (cumec.day)

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Ti me (month)

From the table above

(a) Minimum storage required for uniform demand of 70m3/s is 5700 cumec.day
(b) Minimum uniform rate of withdrawable from a storage of 7500cumec.day is 82m3/s
 5.9
Cum.
Deman Monthl
Inflow d Inflow- y inflow
Volume Volume Deman volume
Month (Mm3) (Mm3) d (Mm3)
Jan 50 70 -20 -20
Feb 40 75 -35 -55
Mar 30 80 -50 -105
Apr 25 85 -60 -165
May 20 130 -110 -275
Jun 30 120 -90 -365
Jul 200 25 175
Aug 225 25 200
Sep 150 40 110
Oct 90 45 45
Nov 70 50 20
Dec 60 60 0

Minimum storage capacity required = 365Mm3

5.10
 Net
Inflow inflow Deman Net Cum.
volum Evaporatio Rainfal volum d Inflow Excess
e n l e volume Demand Deman
Month Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 d Mm3
Jan 50 1.8 0.18 48.38 70 -21.62 -21.62
Feb 40 2.4 0 37.6 75 -37.4 -59.02
Mar 30 3.9 0 26.1 80 -53.9 -112.92
Apr 25 5.1 0 19.9 85 -65.1 -178.02
May 20 6.6 0 13.4 130 -116.6 -294.62
Jun 30 6.6 3.42 26.82 120 -93.18 -387.8
Jul 200 4.2 7.74 203.54 25 178.54
Aug 225 3.3 7.02 228.72 25 203.72
Sep 150 3.9 3.96 150.06 40 110.06
Oct 90 3.6 1.08 87.48 45 42.48 `
Nov 70 2.1 0.36 68.26 50 18.26
Dec 60 1.5 0.18 58.68 60 -1.32 -1.32
Jan 50 1.8 0.18 48.38 70 -21.62 -22.94
Feb 40 2.4 0 37.6 75 -37.4 -60.34
Mar 30 3.9 0 26.1 80 -53.9 114.24
Apr 25 5.1 0 19.9 85 -65.1 179.34
May 20 6.6 0 13.4 130 -116.6 -295.94
Jun 30 6.6 3.42 26.82 120 -93.18 -389.12
Jul 200 4.2 7.74 203.54 25 178.54
Aug 225 3.3 7.02 228.72 25 203.72
Sep 150 3.9 3.96 150.06 40 110.06
Oct 90 3.6 1.08 87.48 45 42.48
Nov 70 2.1 0.36 68.26 50 18.26
Dec 60 1.5 0.18 58.68 60 -1.32
6 3
Evaporation volume = (E/100) x (30x10 ) = 0.3E Mm
Rainfall contribution = (P/100) x (1-0.4) x (30x106) = 0.18P Mm3
Net inflow volume = Virgin flow-Evaporation+Precipitation

New minimum storage requirement = 389.12 Mm3

5.11
Demand = 0.07m3/s x 60sec x 60mins x 24hrs x 30days = 181440m 3 = 18.144ha.m
Cum. Net
Inflow Deman Inflow
volum d Net inflow volume
e volume volume (cumec.da Remark
Month (ha.m) (ha.m) (xi-Di) (ha.m) y) s
Jan 57.4 18.144 39.256 1177.68 1177.68
Feb 65.5 18.144 47.356 1420.68 2598.46
Mar 28.6 18.144 10.456 313.68 2912.04
Apr 32.8 18.144 14.656 439.68 3351.72
May 36.9 18.144 18.756 562.68 3914.4
Jun 24.6 18.144 6.456 193.68 4108.08 P1
Jul 10.2 18.144 -7.944 -238.32 3869.76
Aug 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 3388.44
Sep 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 2907.12
Oct 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 2425.8
Nov 4.1 18.144 -14.044 -421.32 2004.48
Dec 8.2 18.144 -9.944 -298.32 1706.16
Jan 10.2 18.144 -7.944 -238.32 1467.84 T1
Feb 30.8 18.144 12.656 379.68 1847.52
Mar 43.1 18.144 24.956 748.68 2596.2
Apr 53.1 18.144 34.956 1048.68 3644.88
May 38.9 18.144 20.756 622.68 4267.56
Jun 28.9 18.144 10.756 322.68 4590.24 P2
Jul 16.4 18.144 -1.744 -52.32 4537.92
Aug 12.3 18.144 -5.844 -175.32 4362.6
Sep 12.3 18.144 -5.844 -175.32 4187.28
Oct 4.1 18.144 -14.044 -421.32 3765.96
Nov 8.2 18.144 -9.944 -298.32 3467.64
Dec 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 2986.32 T2
Jan 57.4 18.144 39.256 1177.68 4164
Feb 65.5 18.144 47.356 1420.68 5584.68
Mar 28.6 18.144 10.456 313.68 5898.36
Apr 32.8 18.144 14.656 439.68 6338.04
May 36.9 18.144 18.756 562.68 6900.72
Jun 24.6 18.144 6.456 193.68 7094.4 P3
Jul 10.2 18.144 -7.944 -238.32 6856.08
Aug 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 6374.76
Sep 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 5893.44
 Oct 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 5412.12
Nov 4.1 18.144 -14.044 -421.32 4990.8
Dec 8.2 18.144 -9.944 -298.32 4692.48
Jan 10.2 18.144 -7.944 -238.32 4454.16 T3
Feb 30.8 18.144 12.656 379.68 4833.84
Mar 43.1 18.144 24.956 748.68 5582.52
Apr 53.1 18.144 34.956 1048.68 6631.2
May 38.9 18.144 20.756 622.68 7253.88
Jun 28.9 18.144 10.756 322.68 7576.56 P4
Jul 16.4 18.144 -1.744 -52.32 7524.24
Aug 12.3 18.144 -5.844 -175.32 7348.92
Sep 12.3 18.144 -5.844 -175.32 7173.6
Oct 4.1 18.144 -14.044 -421.32 6752.28
Nov 8.2 18.144 -9.944 -298.32 6453.96
Dec 2.1 18.144 -16.044 -481.32 5972.64

Values of Peaks and Trough

No Peak Trough Peak-Trough
1 4108.08 1467.84 2640.24
2 4590.24 2986.32 1603.92
3 7094.4 4454.16 2640.24
4 7576.56
Required Minimum storage = Max of (Peak-Trough) values
Required Minimum storage =2640.24 cumec.day

5.12
Average flow = 56.4/40 = Mm3/day
Average flow in 40 days = 5.64Mm3
Inflow- Cum.
Inflow volume Outflow Outflow (inflow- Remark
3 3 3
Days (Mm ) volume(Mm ) (Mm ) outflow) s
4 9.6 5.64 3.96 3.96 P1
8 5.4 5.64 -0.24 3.72
12 2.3 5.64 -3.34 0.38
16 3.5 5.64 -2.14 -1.76
20 2.3 5.64 -3.34 -5.1
24 2.2 5.64 -3.44 -8.54
28 1.4 5.64 -4.24 -12.78 T1
32 6.4 5.64 0.76 -12.02
 36 12.4 5.64 6.76 -5.26
40 10.9 5.64 5.26 0
44 9.6 5.64 3.96 3.96 P2
48 5.4 5.64 -0.24 3.72
52 2.3 5.64 -3.34 0.38
56 3.5 5.64 -2.14 -1.76
60 2.3 5.64 -3.34 -5.1
64 2.2 5.64 -3.44 -8.54
68 1.4 5.64 -4.24 -12.78 T2
72 6.4 5.64 0.76 -12.02
76 12.4 5.64 6.76 -5.26
80 10.9 5.64 5.26 0

Minimum storage required = 3.96-(-12.78) = 16.74Mm 3

Spillage = 0

5.13
1m
P = 160cm x x (1-0.35) x 75km2 = 78Mm2
100 cm
1m
E = 200cm x x 0.7 x 75km2 = 105Mm2
100 cm
Excess flows = P-E
Excess flows = 78-105
Excess flows = -27Mm3
Min. storage capacity = 27Mm3