LESSON EXEMPLAR

Topic/Title Tests of Hypothesis

Grade Level Grade 11
Time Allotment 90 minutes
Learning Competencies/Objectives:

The learner illustrates: (a) null hypothesis (b) alternative hypothesis (c) level of significance
(d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.

Activity Materials
The class is divided in groups with at most 7 members with a leader, an
assistant leader, a secretary and a material manager. Each group shall bring
manila paper and marker.
Do Activity 1: Choose me! Powerpoint Presentation
 Show pictures like a house, a car, a bunch of money and a love-team. Cut-outs/
Pictures

 Ask: If you were given the chance to choose among these gifts, which are
you going to choose and why? Call on a member to explain his/her
choice.
 Grant their wishes by giving them a tangible representation of the chosen
item with a “surprise” written at the back of such.
 Instruct them to reveal the surprise and give them 5 minutes to enjoy the
pleasure of their gifts. (Note: The teacher should bear in mind that the
“surprise” should focus on decision-making.)
If you are deeply in-love with a person who is in-love with
someone else, are you going to fight for your love or set that
person free?
If you are President Duterte, would you still choose to
expend 55million pesos for the cauldron used in SEA games?
 Answers will be posted on the wall near each group, will be processed
and will be appreciated.

NOTE: Activity may be an introduction to the new lesson or a recall or

an activity that touches real life scenarios or any activity that is directly
related to the lesson.

Analysis
 Ask:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What were your thoughts while doing the activity?
3. What factors do you consider in making your decisions?
Emphasize that decisions could be right or wrong. Likewise other quotes
may be presented to intensify decision making.

4. When do you make decisions?

5. How often do you make decisions?
  Connect the activity to the lesson.
(We make decisions every day. In doing so, we weigh things, collect
evidences, then make a decision. Decision which is then interpreted or
followed by an action.)
 Ask: What do you think is our lesson for today?

Abstraction
 The teacher will discuss the lesson. (Note: This part is the lesson proper less -flaglets
teacher’s participation. This is a logical arrangement of pure - power point presentation
abstract/concepts of the lesson. Addition of teaching strategies may also be - cut outs for the normal
included) curve
 Two forms of statistical inference:
1. Estimation
2. Hypothesis testing.
 Hypothesis Testing
 Hypothesis - is an assertion or a conjecture about one or more
populations.
 Hypothesis testing - is a decision making process for evaluating claims
about a population based on the characteristics of a sample purportedly
coming from the population. How do we do this? We get a sample data
from the population, collect data from the sample, and use this sample
data to make decision as to whether the hypothesis is accepted or not.
 Types of Hypothesis

Example: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is 4 hours daily.

Possible answers in writing null and alternative hypotheses.

For the null:
Ho: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is 4 hours daily.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the parameter (myu) and the
average viewing time of all five-year old children which is 4 hours daily.
In symbol,
Ho: µ1 =µ2
For the alternative:
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is not 4 hours daily
Ha: There is a significant difference between the parameter (myu) and the
average viewing time of all five-year old children which is 4 hours daily
In symbol,
Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is more than 4 hours
daily
In symbol,
Ha: µ1 > µ2
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is less than 4 hours
daily
In symbol,
Ha: µ1 < µ2

(At this point, the teacher may use the traffic lights flaglets for easy and fast
assessment - Optional)
Directional and Non-directional Alternative Hypotheses
 One-tailed test - A test of any statistical hypothesis, where the alternative
hypothesis is one-sided. In a one-sided test, it is a directional statement of the
alternative hypothesis wherein only one meaning can be interpreted from it.

 Two-tailed test - A test of any statistical hypothesis, where the alternative is

two- sided. It means that the statement is stated as non-directional. Non-
directional means that there are two ideas that could be interpreted from the
very way how the alternative hypothesis is stated.

Examples: Identify the following Ha as directional or non-directional.

Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is not 4 hours daily
Ha: There is a significant difference between the parameter (myu) and the
average viewing time of all five-year old children which is 4 hours daily
Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2
Answer: Non-directional
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is more than 4 hours
daily.
Ha: µ1 >µ2
Answer: Directional (Right tailed)
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old children is less than 4 hours
daily
Ha: µ1 < µ2
Answer: Directional (Left tailed)
(At this point, the teacher may use the “plus 5’ teaching strategy-Optional)

 Type I and Type II Errors

If the null hypothesis is true and accepted or if it is false and rejected, the
decision is correct, otherwise, wrong.

DECISION ABOUT Ho
Do not Reject
Reject
(Accept)
Ho is true Type I error Correct Decision
Ho is false Correct Decision Type II error

 Type I Error: The first type of error committed is when the null
hypothesis is true and you reject it
 Type II Error: The second type of error committed is when the null
hypothesis is false and you accept it or failed to reject it.
Examples:
An innocent person goes to jail – Type I error
Guilty people are set free - Type II error

 α - Probability of committing type I error. It is called the level of

significance which is usually denoted by .05 or .01.
 β - Probability of committing type II error. (1- β) is called the power
of statistical test. This means that this is the confidence level of
committing the correct decision.

If the level of significance α is .05 or 5%, the researcher is 95% sure that he
commits a correct decision.

 Rejection Region – refers to the region where the value of the test statistic
lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. It is also called critical
region.

So, if your computed statistics is found in the rejection region, then you reject
Ho. If it is found outside the rejection region (acceptance region), you accept Ho.
(This part will be explained further in the next lesson)

Application

To check students’ mastery, let them do the following activities: Metacards

Notebook
A. PLUS 5! Manila paper
Mechanics: Market
1. The teacher will post statements on the board. Masking tape
2. Write the correct null and alternative hypothesis of each statement on
your notebook.
3. Once done, move as fast as you can to put your notebook on the teacher’s
table.
4. The first five students to accomplish this task will be given plus 5 in
his/her written work/performance task.
 Statements
1: The average sleeping time of all grade eleven students is seven hours daily.
2. The owner of a company sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims that the
average capacity of a bottle of their product is 250ml. Is the claim true?
3. Significant difference in the leadership performance of public and private
school student leaders.
4. Significant relationship between the attitude score and academic performance.
5. Researchers claim that the average life span is 67 years
ANSWERS MAY VARY

B. Tell me the Direction

Mechanics:
1. The teacher will call on the material manager for the written activity.
2. Each group shall answer the activity for 2 minutes.
3. Identify the following statements as directional or non-directional.
4. Ask material mangers to post their work near them.
5. Checking of work follows.
Statements.
1. A researcher claims that method of teaching affects learning.
2. A food additive enhances food flavor.
3. A study habit improves memory.
4. Health is related to lifestyle
5. People’s culture affects tourism
ANSWERS:
1. Non-directional
2. Directional (Right-tailed)
3. Directional (Right-tailed)
4. Non-directional
5. Non-directional

C. I’m Sorry My Love!

Mechanics:
1. With your group mates, think of three particular scenarios showing Type
I and Type II error in hypothesis testing.
ANSWER MAY VARY.

REFERENCES
Statistics and Probability by Belecina et.al. pages 215-225
Statistics and Probability by Danilo de Guzman pages 150-152
Statistics and Probability (Phoenix) pg 1-8

Prepared by:

LEAH LAMPA PEREZ

Master Teacher II
Lubao National High School