Data Communication NEtworking - 06 - 2017 2018 1 PDF

SAE6A/SAZ6B
DATA COMMUNICATION
AND
NETWORKING
UNIT : I To V
1
UNIT 1:Syllabus
TM
Introduction to Data Communication

Network
Protocols & standards
standards organizations
Line Configuration
Topology
Transmission mode
Classification of Network
OSI Model
Layers of OSI Model.
2
SAE6A \SAZ6B– Data Communication and Networks
TM
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data
refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties
creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Components of a data communication system
3
SAE6A \SAZ6B – Data Communication and Networks Slide number / Total slides
TM
Data flow (simplex, half-

duplex, and full-duplex)
NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying information.
4
TM
Network topology
mesh topology Star topology
5
SAE6A\ SAZ6B – Data Communication and Networks
TM
Bus topology Ring topology
Hybrid topology
6
SAE6A \SAZ6B – Data Communication and Networks
TM
Categories of Networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs)

– Short distances
– Designed to provide local interconnectivity
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
– Long distances
– Provide connectivity over large areas
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
– Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a
campus
7
SAE6A\ SAZ6B – Data Communication and Networks
TM
LAN WAN
PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of rules that govern
data communications. It determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated. The key elements of a
protocol are syntax, semantics and timing
8
TM
Standards organisation
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
ANSI(American National Standards Institute)
ITU (International Telecommunications Union - formerly CCITT)
ISO (International Organization for Standards)
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a

multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s.
9
TM
The interaction between layers

in the OSI model
10
TM
Physical layer
The physical layer is

responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
Data link layer
The data link layer is

responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
11
SAE6A\ SAZ6B– Data Communication and Networks
TM
Source-to-destination delivery
Transport layer
12
TM
Process -to-process delivery of a

message Session layer
Presentation layer Application layer
13
UNIT 2:Syllabus
TM
Parallel and Serial Transmission

DTE/DCE/
EIA-449
EIA-530
EIA-202
x.21 interface
Interface standards
Modems Guided Media
Unguided Media
Performance
Types of Error
Error Detection
Error Corrections
14
TM
TRANSMISSION MODES
The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished in
either parallel or serial mode. In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent
with each clock tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are three
subclasses of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous, and
isochronous.
Data transmission and modes
15
TM
Parallel transmission Serial transmission
In asynchronous transmission, Asynchronous transmission

we send 1 start bit (0) at the
beginning and 1 or more stop
bits (1s) at the end of each
byte. There may be a gap
between
each byte.
16
TM
Synchronous transmission
In synchronous transmission, we
send bits one after another
without start or stop bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the
receiver to group the bits. The
bits are usually sent as bytes and
many bytes are grouped in a
frame. A frame is identified with a
start and an end byte.
Isochronous
 In isochronous transmission we cannot have uneven gaps
between frames.
 Transmission of bits is fixed with equal gaps.
17
DTE-DCE Interface
TM
DTE(Data Terminal equipment)
DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)
DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) is any device that is a source of

destination for binary digital data
terminal
Personal computer
printer
fax machine and so on
18
DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
TM
DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment) is any device (functional unit)

that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal
through a network
 Modulator/demodulator
19
Standards
TM
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

EIA-232
EIA-442
EIA-449
EIA-232(RS-232)
defining the mechanical, electrical and functional

characteristics(mechanical specification)
defining the interface as a 25-wire cable with a male (plug) and
a female (receptacle) DB-25 pin connector
length may not exceed 15m(50 feet) (electrical specification)
define voltage levels and the type of signal( NRZ-L)
20
Other Interface Standards
TM
• X.21
• is an interface designed by the ITU-T to address many of the
problems existing in the EIA
– eliminating most of the control circuits of the EIA standards
– DB-15 connector
– Byte timing (pins 7 and 14) : byte synchronization

– Control and indication
– Pin 3 : equivalent of request to send (control)
– Pin 5 : equivalent of clear to send (indication)
21
Transmission medium
TM
Classes of transmission media
22
TM
GUIDED MEDIA
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to
another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
UTP and STP cables
Twisted-pair cable
UTP connector
Coaxial cable
23
TM
Optical fiber
Propagation modes
Modes Fiber construction
24
UNGUIDED MEDIA: TM
WIRELESS
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
Electromagnetic spectrum for Propagation methods
wireless communication
Wireless transmission waves
Radio waves are used for

multicast communications, such
as radio and television, and
paging systems.
25
Wireless Channels
TM
• Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.

• Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with
high SNR.
• The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for
transmission due to the broadcast nature of the channel.
• Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.
Error Detection and correction
There are many reasons such as noise, cross-talk etc., which may help data
to get corrupted during transmission.
Types of Errors:
Single bit error
In a frame, there is only one bit, anywhere though, which is corrupt.
Multiple bits error
Frame is received with more than one bits in corrupted state.
Burst error
Frame contains more than1 consecutive bits Corrupted.
26
TM
Error control mechanism

Error detection
Error correction
Error Detection
Errors in the received frames are detected by means of Parity Check
and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
Parity Check
One extra bit is sent along with the original bits to make number of 1s
either even in case of even parity, or odd in case of odd parity.
27
Cyclic Redundancy Check
TM
CRC is a different approach to detect if the received frame contains valid data.
This technique involves binary division of the data bits being sent.
The divisor is generated using polynomials. The sender performs a division
operation on the bits being sent and calculates the remainder.
 Before sending the actual bits, the sender adds the remainder at the end of
the actual bits. Actual data bits plus the remainder is called a codeword.
The sender transmits data bits as codewords.
At the other end, the receiver performs division operation on codewords using
the same CRC divisor.
 If the remainder contains all zeros the data bits are accepted, otherwise it is
considered as there some data corruption occurred in transit.
28
Error Correction
TM
In the digital world, error correction can be done in two ways:
Backward Error Correction

When the receiver detects an error in the data received, it
requests back the sender to retransmit the data unit.
Forward Error Correction

When the receiver detects some error in the data received, it
executes error-correcting code, which helps it to auto-recover and to
correct some kinds of errors.
29
UNIT 3:Syllabus
TM
Multiplexing
Types of Multiplexing
Multiplexing Application
Telephone system
Project 802
Ethernet
Token Bus
Token Ring
FDDI
IEEE 802.6
SMDS
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message switching
Connection Oriented and Connectionless
services.
30
MULTIPLEXING
TM
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater

than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared.
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the (simultaneous)
transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and
telecommunications use increases, so does traffic.
Dividing a link into channels
31
TM
Categories of multiplexing Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
FDM is an analog multiplexing

FDM process technique that combines analog
signals.
32
TM
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
WDM is an analog
multiplexing technique to
combine optical signals.
Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM is a digital multiplexing
technique for combining
several low-rate digital
channels into one high-rate
one.
33
Synchronous time-division multiplexing
TM
In synchronous TDM, the data rate

of the link is n times faster, and the
unit duration is n times shorter.
Interleaving
 The process of taking a group of bits from each input line for
multiplexing is called interleaving.
 We interleave bits (1 - n) from each input onto one output.
34
Digital hierarchy TM
DS and T line rates
T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines E line rates
35
TDM slot comparison
TM
36
TM
IEEE STANDARDS
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a project, called Project
802, to set standards to enable intercommunication among equipment from a
variety of manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the
physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN protocols.
IEEE standard for LANs
37
HDLC frame compared with LLC
TM
and MAC frames
STANDARD ETHERNET
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC). Since then, it has gone through four generations. We briefly
discuss the Standard (or traditional) Ethernet in this section.
38
TM
802.3 MAC frame Unicast and multicast addresses
10Base2 implementation
10Base5 implementation
39
TM
10Base-T implementation
10Base-F implementation
Switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
40
802.5(token ring)
TM
802.4(token bus)
FDDI
DQDB 802.6
SMDS
The SMDS is designed to connect the multiple LANs together. This is the
first high speed broadband service offered to the public.
• The SMDS network is in the telephone company's office. SMDS is
designed to handle bursty service.
• The type of traffic in interconnected LANs is not continuous but bursty
type. i.e. once in a while a packet will be transferred from one LAN td
other but otherwise there is no LAN to LAN traffic.
• So the option of leased lines will be expensive. It will result in high
monthly bills.
• The SMDS is a much cheaper solution· to this problem.
• SMDS are supposed to be fast enough. Standard speed is 45 Mbps.
41
SMDS TM
Switching
Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one port to a port
leading towards the destination.
•Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding tables. No

previous handshaking is required and acknowledgements are optional.
42
TM
Connection Oriented
Before switching data to be forwarded to destination, there is a
need to pre-establish circuit along the path between both
endpoints.
Data is then forwarded on that circuit. After the transfer is
completed, circuits can be kept for future use or can be turned
down immediately.
Circuit Switching
When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated

communication path, it is called circuit switching
•Establish a circuit
•Transfer the data
•Disconnect the circuit
43
Circuit Switching TM
Message Switching
In message switching, the whole message is treated as a data unit and
is switching / transferred in its entirety
A switch working on message switching, first receives the whole
message and buffers it until there are resources available to transfer it to
the next hop.
If the next hop is not having enough resource to accommodate large size
message, the message is stored and switch waits.
44
Message Switching TM
Packet Switching
Shortcomings of message switching gave birth to an idea of packet
switching.
The entire message is broken down into smaller chunks called
packets. The switching information is added in the header of each
packet and transmitted independently.
It is easier for intermediate networking devices to store small size
packets and they do not take much resources either on carrier path or
in the internal memory of switches.
45
UNIT 4:Syllabus
TM
History of Analog and Digital Network

Access to ISDN
ISDN Layers
Broadband ISDN
X.25 Layers
Packet Layer Protocol
ATM
ATM Topology
ATM Protocol.
46
TM
ISDN Services
Voice over Analog Network
47
TM
Voice and Data over Analog Network
Analog and Digital Services
48
TM
Integrated Digital Network
Integrated Services Digital Network
49
TM
Basic Rate Interface
Primary Rate Interface
50
ISDN Layers
TM
ISDN Layers for B and D Channels
51
TM
BRI Interfaces
S Interface
52
BRI Frame
TM
53
TM
PRI Interfaces
PRI Frame
54
TM
LAPD Address Field
x.25 layer
55
TM
ATM
Multiplexing with Different Packet Sizes
Cell Switching
56
TM
Virtual Path Identifier
Switching Using VPI
57
TM
VPI and VCI

Switching Using VPI and VCI
ATM Interfaces
58
Public and Private UNIs TM
ATM Layers
AAL Types
59
AAL1 TM
AAL2
60
UNIT 5:Syllabus
TM
Repeaters
Bridges
Routers
Gateway
Routing algorithms
TCP/IP Network
Transport and Application Layers of TCP/IP
World Wide Web
61
TM
Connecting Devices
Connecting Devices and the OSI Model
62
TM
A Repeater Function of a Repeater
Function of a Bridge
A Bridge
63
TM
Routers in an Internet
A Gateway
Routing Algorithms
The Concept of Distance
Vector Routing
64
TM
Distance Vector Routing Table

Routing Table Distribution
Updating Routing Table for RouterA
Final Routing Tables
65
TM
Concept of Link State Routing Cost in Link State Routing
Flooding of A’s LSP
Link State Packet
66
Link State Database
TM
Costs in the Dijkstra Algorithm
67
TM
Shortest Path Calculation, Part I
Shortest Path Calculation, Part II
Shortest Path Calculation, Part III Shortest Path Calculation, Part IV
68
Shortest Path Calculation, Part XIII
TM
Routing Table for Router A
69
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TM
Most widely used interoperable network protocol architecture Specified

and extensively used before OSIOSI was slow to take place in the
market funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
(DARPA) for its packet switched network (ARPANET)
DoD automatically created an enormous market for TCP/IP
Used by the Internet and WWW
OSI vs. TCP/IP
70
Transport Layer
TM
• End-to-end data transfer

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– connection oriented
– reliable delivery of data
– ordering of delivery
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
– connectionless service
– delivery is not guaranteed
• Can you give example applications that use TCP and UDP?
Application Layer
• Support for user applications
• A separate module for each different application
– e.g. HTTP, SMTP, telnet
71
TM
World Wide Web

 WWW: a portion of the Internet that contains billions of documents
 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): an organization issuing
standards related to all aspects of the Web
 Web Site: a location that is accessible from the Internet and makes
web pages available
 Hyperlink or Link: a word that can be clicked to bring another
document into view
 Distribute Hypermedia System: a network-based content
development system that uses multimedia resources as a mean of
navigation or illustration
 Dead or Broken Link: a link to documents that have disappeared
 Web Browser: a program that displays a Web document
– IE, Netscape Navigator, Mosaic
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): a string of characters that precisely
identifies an Internet resource’s type and location
– Protocol,Server,Path,Resource Name
72
TM
73

Data Communication NEtworking - 06 - 2017 2018 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Communication NEtworking - 06 - 2017 2018 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAE6A/SAZ6B

Introduction to Data Communication

Components of a data communication system

Data flow (simplex, half-

mesh topology Star topology

Bus topology Ring topology

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a

The interaction between layers

The physical layer is

Data link layer

The data link layer is

Process -to-process delivery of a

Presentation layer Application layer

Parallel and Serial Transmission

Parallel transmission Serial transmission

In asynchronous transmission, Asynchronous transmission

DTE(Data Terminal equipment)

DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)

DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) is any device that is a source of

DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment) is any device (functional unit)

EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

defining the mechanical, electrical and functional

– Byte timing (pins 7 and 14) : byte synchronization

Classes of transmission media

Modes Fiber construction

Wireless transmission waves

Radio waves are used for

• Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.

Error control mechanism

In the digital world, error correction can be done in two ways:

Backward Error Correction

Forward Error Correction

Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater

Dividing a link into channels

Categories of multiplexing Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

FDM is an analog multiplexing

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)

Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

In synchronous TDM, the data rate

DS and T line rates

T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines E line rates

and MAC frames

802.3 MAC frame Unicast and multicast addresses

•Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding tables. No

When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated

History of Analog and Digital Network

Voice over Analog Network

Voice and Data over Analog Network

Analog and Digital Services

Integrated Digital Network

Integrated Services Digital Network

Basic Rate Interface

Primary Rate Interface

ISDN Layers for B and D Channels

LAPD Address Field

Virtual Path Identifier

Switching Using VPI

VPI and VCI

Connecting Devices and the OSI Model

A Repeater Function of a Repeater