SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 1

Seismic Design of Buildings

BNBC 2017 Equivalent Static Force Method
Prof. Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat
Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 2

BNBC 2017
Site classification based on soil properties (Table 6.2.13)
Site Description of soil profile up to 30 meters depth Average Soil Properties in top 30
meters
Class Shear wave SPT, 𝑵 Undrained
velocity (blows/ shear
𝑽𝒔 (m/s) 30cm) strength, 𝑺𝒖
(kPa)
Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5 m > 800 -- --
SA of weaker material at the surface.
Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several 360 – 800 > 50 > 250
SB tens of metres in thickness, characterised by a gradual increase of
mechanical properties with depth.
Deep deposits of dense or medium dense sand, gravel or stiff clay 180 – 360 15 - 50 70 - 250
SC with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of metres.
Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without < 180 < 15 < 70
SD some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive
soil.
A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with Vs values of -- -- --
SE type C or D and thickness varying between about 5 m and 20 m,
underlain by stiffer material with Vs > 800 m/s.
Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10 m < 100 10 - 20
S1 thick, of soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > (indicative)
40) and high water content
Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive clays, or any
S2 other soil profile not included in types SA to SE or S1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 3

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Equivalent Static Analysis
Natural Period T  C t hn 
m
(Eqn. 6.2.38)

BNBC 2017, Table 6.2.20, hn in metre hn in feet

Structure type Ct m Ct m
Concrete moment-resisting frames 0.0466 0.9 0.016 0.9
Steel moment-resisting frames 0.0724 0.8 0.028 0.8
Eccentrically braced steel frame 0.0731 0.75 0.03 0.75
All other structural systems 0.0488 0.75 0.02 0.75

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 4

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Equivalent Static Analysis

Site dependent soil factor (S) and other parameters

defining elastic response spectrum (Table 6.2.16)

Soil type S TB TC TD
(s) (s) (s)
SA 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
SB 1.2 0.15 0.50 2.0
SC 1.15 0.20 0.60 2.0
SD 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0
SE 1.4 0.15 0.50 2.0

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 5

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Equivalent Static Analysis
Normalized acceleration Equations 6.2.35
response spectrum, Cs  T 
C s  S  1  2.5  1 for 0  T  TB
 TB 
C s  2.5Sη for TB  T  TC
T 
C s  2.5S  C  for TC  T  TD
T 
T T 
C s  2.5S  C 2D  for TD  T  4 sec
 T 

η  10 /(5   )  0.55 Eqn 6.2.36

Here  is structural damping

expressed as a percentage of
critical damping.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 6

R factors for Selected RC Systems (BNBC 2017, Table 6.2.19):

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 7

R factors for Selected RC Systems (BNBC 2017, Table 6.2.19):

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 8

R factors for Selected RC Systems (BNBC 2017, Table 6.2.19):

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 9

Description of Seismic Zones (Table 6.2.14)

Seismic
Seismic Seismic Zone
Location Coefficient,
Zone Intensity
Z
Southwestern part
including Barisal, Khulna,
1 Jessore, Rajshahi Low 0.12

Lower Central and

Northwestern part
including Noakhali,
Dhaka, Pabna, Dinajpur,
2 as well as Southwestern Moderate 0.20
corner including
Sundarbans

Upper Central and

Northwestern part
3 including Brahmanbaria, Severe 0.28
Sirajganj, Rangpur

Northeastern part
including Sylhet, Very
4 Mymensingh, Kurigram. Severe
0.36

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 10

Occupancy Category of Buildings and Other Structures (Table 6.1.1)

Occupancy
Nature of Occupancy
Category
Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the I
event of failure Importance
All buildings and other structures except those listed II Factors for
in Occupancy Categories I, III, and IV
Buildings and
Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human
life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to: III Structures for
• W here more than 300 people congregate in one area
• Daycare facilities with a capacity greater than 150
Earthquake design
• S chool facilities with a capacity greater than 250 (Table 2.5.5)
• C olleges or adult education facilities having more than 500 students.
• Health care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more resident patients but nor
surgery facility. Occupancy Importance
• Jails and detention facilities Category factor
Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including, but
not limited to: IV
I
• Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency
treatment facilities
• Fire, rescue, ambulance, and police stations and emergency vehicle garages
I or II 1.0
• Designated earthquake, hurricane, or other emergency shelters
• Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation
centers and other facilities required for emergency response
III 1.25
• Power generating stations and other public utility facilities required in an
emergency
• Ancillary structures (including, but not limited to, communication towers,
IV 1.5
fuel storage tanks, cooling towers, electrical substation structures, fire
water storage tanks or other structures housing or supporting water, or
other fire-suppression material or equipment) required for operation of
Occupancy Category IV structures during an emergency

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 11

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Buildings are to be designed in accordance with
Seismic Design Category (SDC).
Seismic Design Category vs RC design requirement.
SDC Severity Design requirement
B Low  Ordinary reinforcement design provisions considering code specified
seismic and other loads.
 Use of reinforcement up to Grade 80 is possible for main reinforcement.
C Medium  Reinforcement design provisions considering code specified seismic and
other loads.
 Use of reinforcement up to Grade 80 is possible for main reinforcement.
 Specific detailing of reinforcement at joints are required (no special
calculation needed).
D High  Special seismic design provisions considering code specified seismic and
other loads for reinforcement design.
 Maximum Grade 60 steel is allowed for main reinforcement. Rebar must
have fu/fy>1.25 as well as meet specified ductility requirement.
 Reinforcement design and detailing at joints are required based on special
design calculations specific for joints. This is essential.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 12

Seismic Design Category of Buildings (Table 6.2.18)

Occupancy Category I, II and III Occupancy Category IV

Site Class Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
SA B C C D C D D D
SB B C D D C D D D
SC B C D D C D D D
SD C D D D D D D D
SE, S1, S2 D D D D D D D D

Seismic design category controls the building height limit and

permissible framing type.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 13

SEISMIC ZONING OF
BANGLADESH

3
SDC - D 4
BNBC 2017 relates 2 SDC - D
Seismic Zoning with SDC
SDC – C, D

SDC controls use of high

1
strength rebar in RC SDC – B, C, D 3
structures
2 SDC - D
SDC – C, D

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 14

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Equivalent Static Analysis
2 ZI
Spectral Acceleration Sa  Cs (Eqn. 6.2.34)
3 R
Base shear V = SaW (Eqn. 6.2.37)
F7
k >1 k=1

Vertical Distribution of base shear F6

k F5
w x hx
Fx  V n (Eqn. 6.2.41) F4

 wi hi
k
F3
i 1 F2
k = 1 for structure period  0.5 F1
= 2 for structure period ≥ 2.5s
= linear interpolation between 1 and 2 for other periods. V

W = weight of the building

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 15

BNBC 2017: Equivalent Static Analysis

Calculation Steps for determining V

a. Select site class (SA or SB etc.) from Table 6.2.13.

b. Determine building height h in meter.
c. Determine Ct and m from Table 6.2.20 based on framing type.
d. Calculate natural period T from eqn. 6.2.38 etc.
e. Determine zone co-efficient Z (Fig. 6.2.24 or Table 6.2.15)
f. Determine Occupancy category (Table 6.1.1),
g. Determine importance factor I (Table 6.2.17),
h. Determine response reduction factor R (Table 6.2.19)
i. Determine Seismic Design Category (Table 6.2.18)

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 16

BNBC 2017: Equivalent Static Analysis

Calculation Steps for determining V
j. Based on site class (SA or SB etc.) determine soil factor (S) and
other parameters (TA, TB etc.) from Table 6.2.16.
k. Select a percent structural damping  (normally  =5) and calculate
 from eqn. 6.2.36.
l. Now calculate Cs using the appropriate one of eqns. 6.2.35 using the
values of  , T, TA etc.
m. Now calculate Sa using eqn. 6.2.34
n. Make sure Sa is not less than 0.67 ZI, where  = 0.11
o. Calculate V = SaW (eqn. 6.2.37).
p. Now use eqn. 6.2.41 to vertically distribute the base shear.
k
w x hx
Fx  V n (Eqn. 6.2.41)
w h
k
i i
i 1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 17

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

E= Total load effects of earthquake that include both horizontal and
vertical, or related internal moments and forces.
Eh = Horizontal seismic load effect when the effect of system
overstrength factor is not included.
Ev = Vertical effect of seismic load.

Earthquake Load Effects and Load Combinations (Sec. 2.5.13)

1. For use in load combination 5 in Section 2.7.3, E shall be determined in

accordance with the following equation,
E = Eh + Ev

2. For use in load combination 7 in Section 2.7.3, E shall be determined in

accordance with following equation,
E = Eh − Ev

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 18

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Horizontal Earthquake Load Effect, Eh
The horizontal seismic load effect, Eh, shall be taken as the horizontal load
effects of seismic base shear V (Sec. 2.5.7 or 2.5.9).
The directions of application of horizontal seismic forces for design shall be
those which will produce the most critical load effects. Earthquake forces act
in both principal directions of the building simultaneously. In order to account
for that,
(a) For structures of Seismic Design Category B, the design horizontal seismic
forces are permitted to be applied independently in each of two
orthogonal directions and orthogonal interaction effects are permitted to
be neglected.
(b) Structures of Seismic Design Category C and D shall, as a minimum,
conform to the requirements of (a) for Seismic Design Category B and in
addition the requirements of this section as follows:

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 19

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Horizontal Earthquake Load Effect, Eh
The structure of Seismic Design Category C with plan irregularity type V
and Seismic Design Category D shall be designed for 100% of the
horizontal seismic forces in one principal direction combined with 30% of
the horizontal seismic forces in the orthogonal direction. Possible
combinations are:
“±100% in x-direction combined with ±30% in y-direction” or
“±30% in x-direction combined with ±100% in y-direction”
The combination which produces most unfavorable effect for the
particular action effect shall be considered. This approach may be applied
to equivalent static analysis, response spectrum analysis and linear time
history analysis procedure.
Note: Most modern buildings have plan irregularity Type-V
(c) Where three-dimensional analysis of a spatial structure model is
performed as in 3D time history analysis, simultaneous application of
accelerations in two directions shall be considered where the ground
motions shall satisfy the conditions stated in Sections 2.5.10.2 or 2.5.11.2.
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET
 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 20

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Vertical Earthquake Loading, Ev (sec. 2.5.13.2 )

The maximum vertical ground acceleration shall be taken as 50 percent of the

expected horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA). The vertical seismic load
effect Ev may be determined as:

𝐸v = 0.5(𝑎ℎ)𝐷 Eqn. (6.2.56)

Where,
𝑎ℎ = expected horizontal peak ground acceleration (in g) for design
= (2/3)𝑍𝑆

𝐷 = effect of dead load, S = site dependent soil factor (see Table 6.2.16).

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 21

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS

Load Effect Combinations for LRFD/USD (Sec. 2.7.3):

1. 1.4(D+F) D= Dead load

2. 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) E= Seismic Load
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W) F= Fluid pr.
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R) H= Soil pr.
5. 1.2D + E + L L= Live load
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H Lr = Roof live load
7. 0.9D + E + 1.6H R= Rain load
T= Thermal load
W= Wind load

Definition of Seismic Load, E

Total load effects of earthquake that include both horizontal and
vertical, or related internal moments and forces.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET

 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 22

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS

D= Dead load
E= Seismic Load
F= Fluid pr. For Typical Building Analysis
H= Soil pr.
L= Live load 1. 1.4D
Lr = Roof live load 2. 1.2D + 1.6L
R= Rain load
T= Thermal load 3. 1.2D + L
W= Wind load
4. 1.2D + 0.8W
1. 1.4D 5. 1.2D + L + 1.6W
2. 1.2D + 1.6L
3. 1.2D + (L or 0.8W) 6. 1.2D + L + E
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L 7. 0.9D + 1.6W
5. 1.2D + E + L
6. 0.9D + 1.6W 8. 0.9D + E
7. 0.9D + E

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 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 23

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS

Expanded Combinations for 3D Analysis of Typical Buildings (SDC B)
𝐸v = 0.5(𝑎ℎ)𝐷 Eqn. (6.2.56),
Let Ev =  D where  = 0.5(𝑎ℎ)
1. 1.4D 12. 1.2D + L + Ex +  D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L 13. 1.2D + L - Ex +  D
6
3. 1.2D + L 14. 1.2D + L + Ey +  D
15. 1.2D + L – Ey +  D
4. 1.2D + 0.8Wx
5. 1.2D - 0.8Wx 16. 0.9D + 1.6Wx
4
6. 1.2D + 0.8Wy 7 17. 0.9D - 1.6Wx
7. 1.2D - 0.8Wy 18. 0.9D + 1.6Wy
19. 0.9D - 1.6Wy
8. 1.2D + L + 1.6Wx
9. 1.2D + L - 1.6Wx 20. 0.9D + Ex -  D
5 21. 0.9D - Ex -  D
10. 1.2D + L + 1.6Wy 8
11. 1.2D + L - 1.6Wy 22. 0.9D + Ey -  D
23. 0.9D - Ey -  D
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 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 24

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS

Expanded Combinations for 3D Analysis of Typical Buildings
(SDC C and D) Vertical seismic effect not yet shown
1. 1.4D 12. 1.2D + L + Ex + 0.3Ey 24. 0.9D + Ex + 0.3Ey
2. 1.2D + 1.6L 13. 1.2D + L + Ex - 0.3Ey 25. 0.9D + Ex - 0.3Ey
3. 1.2D + L 14. 1.2D + L - Ex + 0.3Ey 26. 0.9D - Ex + 0.3Ey
15. 1.2D + L - Ex - 0.3Ey 27. 0.9D - Ex - 0.3Ey
6 8
4. 1.2D + 0.8Wx 16. 1.2D + L + Ey + 0.3Ex 28. 0.9D + Ey + 0.3Ex
5. 1.2D - 0.8Wx 17. 1.2D + L + Ey - 0.3Ex 29. 0.9D + Ey - 0.3Ex
4
6. 1.2D + 0.8Wy 18. 1.2D + L - Ey + 0.3Ex 30. 0.9D - Ey + 0.3Ex
7. 1.2D - 0.8Wy 19. 1.2D + L - Ey - 0.3Ex 31. 0.9D - Ey - 0.3Ex

8. 1.2D + L + 1.6Wx 20. 0.9D + 1.6Wx

9. 1.2D + L - 1.6Wx 21. 0.9D - 1.6Wx
5 7
10. 1.2D + L + 1.6Wy 22. 0.9D + 1.6Wy
11. 1.2D + L - 1.6Wy 23. 0.9D - 1.6Wy

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 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 25

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS

Expanded Combinations for 3D Analysis of Typical Buildings
Vertical seismic effect considered (SDC C and D)
𝐸v = 0.5(𝑎ℎ)𝐷 Eqn. (6.2.56)
Let Ev =  D where  = 0.5(𝑎ℎ)
Combination group 8 and 9 can be re-written...
12. 1.2D + L + Ex + 0.3Ey +  D 24. 0.9D + Ex + 0.3Ey -  D
13. 1.2D + L + Ex - 0.3Ey +  D 25. 0.9D + Ex - 0.3Ey -  D
14. 1.2D + L - Ex + 0.3Ey +  D 26. 0.9D - Ex + 0.3Ey -  D
15. 1.2D + L - Ex - 0.3Ey +  D 27. 0.9D - Ex - 0.3Ey -  D
6 8
16. 1.2D + L + Ey + 0.3Ex +  D 28. 0.9D + Ey + 0.3Ex -  D
17. 1.2D + L + Ey - 0.3Ex +  D 29. 0.9D + Ey - 0.3Ex -  D
18. 1.2D + L - Ey + 0.3Ex +  D 30. 0.9D - Ey + 0.3Ex -  D
19. 1.2D + L - Ey - 0.3Ex +  D 31. 0.9D - Ey - 0.3Ex -  D
Note: Most modern buildings have plan irregularity Type-V.
Therefore, for most of the cases, the above combinations are
applicable in SDC C or D.
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET
 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 26

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Provision for Torsional Irregularity
To be considered for rigid
floor diaphragms, e.g. RC
floors, when the maximum
storey drift (Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥) as shown
in Figure, at one end of the
structure is more than 1.2
times the average (Δ𝑎𝑣𝑔=
[Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥+Δ𝑚𝑖𝑛]/2) of the storey
drifts at the two ends of the
structure. If Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥> 1.4Δ𝑎𝑣𝑔
then the irregularity is
termed as extreme torsional
irregularity.

Apply provisions of Sec. 2.5.7.6 to account for torsional irregularity.

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 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 27

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Drift and Deformation

Drift, Di, is the horizontal

movement of a floor with respect to
the floor immediately below it.

Allowable story drift limits (Table 6.2.21)

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 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 1
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD 28

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

Buildings with soft story (Sec. 2.5.17)
1) Dynamic analysis of such building may be
carried out incorporating the strength and
stiffness of infill walls and inelastic
deformations in the members, particularly
those in the soft storey, and the members
designed accordingly.
2) Alternatively, structural elements (e.g
columns and beams) of the soft storey are to
be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears
and moments calculated under seismic loads
neglecting effect of infill walls. Shear walls
placed symmetrically in both directions of the
building as far away from the centre of the
building as feasible are to be designed
exclusively for 1.5 times the lateral shear
force calculated before.

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