Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) PDF

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata)
Syllabus
Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to
classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
Contents Index
 Habitat Phylum : Protozoa

 Habits Phylum : Porifera
 Metazoa Phylum : Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
 Level of Organisation Phylum : Ctenophora
 Blood Vascular System (Open & Phylum : Platyhelminthes
Closed) Phylum : Aschelminthes
 Symmetry Phylum : Annelida
 Germ Layers Phylum : Arthropoda
 Body Plan Phylum : Mollusca
 Body Cavity or Coelom Phylum : Echinodermata
 Segmentation Phylum : Hemichordata
 Notochord  Summary
 Classification of Animals
 Animal Kingdom covers about 35 phyla, of which 11 are considered to be major phyla. In
major phyla, 10 are from Non-chordates and 1 from the chordates.
HABITAT
 The place on the earth, where an animal finds optimum conditions for food and shelter is called
its habitat. Habitat can be defined as the physical and geometrical space where an organism
lives.
 The habitat may be water, soil or earth’s surface. On the basis of their habitat, animals can be
of following types :
1. Terrestrial habitat :
 Animals which live on land or dry earth’s surface, are said to have terrestrial habitats.
 Terrestrial animals are adapted for following types of habitat modes :
a. Aerial or flying : These animals possess wings and therefore can fly. e.g., Birds, bats.
b. Arboreal : These animals mainly live on trees. e.g., Bat, Monkey.
c. Fussorial : These animals live in burrows or underground. e.g., Rabbits, rat, earthworm etc.
d. Scansorial : These animals can climb on walls, rocks etc. e.g., Wall lizard, flying squirrel.
e. Cursorial : These animals are adapted to run very fast. e.g., Tiger, horse, dog etc.
Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 1

2. Aquatic animals :
 These animals live in water. They may be fresh water or marine water.
 The aquatic animals may further be of following types :
a. Zooplanktons : The animals which flow passively, with water current, on the surface of water,
are called zooplanktons. e.g., many aquatic protozoans, larvae, crustaceans etc.
b. Nektons : These animals can float actively in water body even against water current. e.g.,
many fishes such as sharks, many skates and rays.
c. Benthos : These animals live at the bottom of the water body. e.g., Deep sea fishes, many
echinodermates, sponges and corals.
d. Pelagic : These animals usually live at the surface or water body. These include both
zooplanktons and Nektons.
3. Amphibian
 These animals living on land as well as in water.
HABITS
 Nature of living is called habit. Animals lead various types of life and on this basis, they are of
following types:
a. Solitary animals : Animals which have singly (not in groups). e.g., Taenia, Earthworm etc.
b. Colonial animals : Animals which live in groups and form colony. e.g., Volvox, honeybee,
termites, wasp etc.
c. Gregarious animals : Animals which live in groups, but do not interact with each other. e.g.,
locust.
d. Free living animals : Animals, which do not depends on other organisms for food and shelter
and live independently. e.g., cat, dog etc.
e. Parasitic animals : Animals which depends on other living organisms for food are called
parasitic organisms. e.g., Entamoeba, Taenia, Fasciola, Ascaris, Louse etc.
f. Saprophagous animals : Animals which obtain their food from dead and decaying organisms
and organic matter are called saprophagous animals. e.g., house fly etc.
g. Sanguivorous animals : Animals which feed on the blood of other organisms. e.g.,
Mosquitoes, Leech etc.
h. Sessile (sedentary) animals : Animals which do not move here and there are remain immotile,
are called sessile organisms. e.g., Herdmania.
i. Motile animals : Animals, which have locomotory organs and can move here and there, are
called motile organisms. e.g., man horse etc.
j. Diurnal animals : Animals, which are active during day time for obtaining their food, are
called diurnal organisms. e.g., man, horse, dog etc.
k. Nocturnal animals : Animals, which are active at night for obtaining food are called
nocturnal animals. e.g., Cockroach etc.
l. Crepuscular animals : Animals which are active at dusk (evening) for obtaining their food are
called crepuscular animals. e.g., rabbit.
m. Vasperal animals : Animals which are active early morning. e.g., Birds.
n. Caprophagous animals : Animals which can eat their own faecal matter to re-digest it. e.g.,
Rabbit.
Table - Main Phyla of Animal Kingdom

Phylum Protozoa (Single-celled) Euglena, Entamoeba, Amoeba, Paramecium,
Trypanosomes, Plasmodium (malarial parasite).
Phylum Porifera (porous) Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge) and
Euspongia (Bath sponge)
Phylum Coelenterata (sac-like, two Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea
layers of cells separated by non- anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan)
cellular mesogloea; stinging and Meandrina (Brain coral), Hydra, Aurelia or Jelly
cells (nematoblasts) fish, Obelia
Phylum Ctenophora (sea walnuts or Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana
comb jellies)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworm) Planaria, Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke)
Phylum Aschelminthes (round Ascaris (Round Worm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm),
worms) Nematoda Ancylostoma (Hookworm)
Phylum Annelida (Ringed worms, Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria
segmented) (Blood sucking leech)
Phylum Arthropoda (jointed limbs, Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac
hard exoskeleton) insect), Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes
(Mosquitoes), Gregarious pest – Locusta (Locust),
Living fossil – Limulus (King crab)
Phylum Mollusca (soft-bodied typically Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia
with shell) (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish),
Aplysia (Seahare), Dentalium (Tusk shell) and
Chaetopleura (Chiton)
Phylum Echinodermata Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea
(Spiny-skinned, pentaradiate) lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) and Ophiura (Brittle
star)
Phylum Hemichordata Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata) Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum
Subphylum Cephalochordata Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Devision Agnatha (lacks jaw)
Class Cyclostomata Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish)

Devision Gnathostomata (bears jaw)
Super Class Pisces (bear fins)
Class Chondrichthyes Torpedo, Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish),
Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray)
Class Osteichthyes Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea
horse); Freshwater – Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla),
Clarias (Magur); Aquarium – Betta (Fighting fish),
Pterophyllum (Angel fish)
Super Class Tetrapoda (bear limbs)
Class Amphibia Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog),Salamandra
(Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
Class Reptilia Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree
lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile),
Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard),
Poisonous snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait),
Vipera (Viper)
Class Aves Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot),
Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes
(Penguin), Neophron (Vulture)
Class Mammalia Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous -
Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus
(Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog),
Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant),Equus (Horse),
Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue
whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion)
METAZOA
 Animal groups are characterised by mobility and the presence of a sensory or a nervous
system. These systems receive stimuli from the environment and animals respond by
exhibiting some behaviour.
 The only exception is of poriferans (pore-bearers) or the sponges. They have no cell that can be
termed as nerve cell.
 Like plant life, early animal life also arose in sea. The animals which live on the sea floor are
called Benthonic (e.g., echinoderms, corals and deep sea fishes), whereas those which swim
about actively in sea are called Nektons.
 The multicellular eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of nutrition are called metazoans.
Based on complexity of organisation, metazoans are further sub-divided into two sub-
kingdoms, Parazoa and Eumetazoa.
(a) Parazoa: Parazoa include the sponges in which the cells are loosely aggregated and do not

form tissues or organs.
(b) Eumetazoa: Eumetazoa includes the rest of animals in which the cells are organised into
structural and functional units called tissues, organs and organ systems.
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
1. Cellular Level :
 Though all members of Animalia are multicellular, all of them do not exhibit the same pattern
of organisation of cells.
 For example, in sponges, the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates, i.e., they exhibit
cellular level of organisation.
 Some division of labour (activities) occurs among the cells.
2. Tissue Level :
 In coelenterates and ctenophores, the arrangement of cells is more complex.
 Here the cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues, hence it is called tissue
level of organisation.
3. Organ Level :
 A still higher level of organisation, i.e., organ level is exhibited by members of
Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla where tissues are grouped together to form organs,
each specialised for a particular function.
 In animals like Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates, organs have
associated to form functional systems, each system concerned with a specific physiological
function.
 This pattern is called organ system level of organisation. Organ systems in different groups
of animals exhibit various patterns of complexities.
 For example, the digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single opening to the outside
of the body that serves as both mouth and anus, and is hence called incomplete.
 A complete digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus.
 Similarly, the circulatory system may be of two types:
(i) Open type
(ii) Closed type
(i) Open type:
 In this, the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it.
The blood is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels that open into blood spaces (sinuses).
 There is no capillary system (e.g., in most arthropods, non-cephalopod molluscs and tunicates).
These sinuses are actually the body cavities and are called the haemocoel.
 The pressure of the blood is low; it moves slowly between the tissues, and finally, returns to
the heart via the open-ended blood vessel.
(ii) Closed type :
 Many invertebrates and all the vertebrates, including humans, have a closed circulatory system.
In closed type, the blood flows inside the body through a series of blood vessels of varying

diameter (arteries, veins and capillaries).
 In this system, the same blood regularly circulates in the body under high pressure and returns
back to the heart without leaving the system of tubes.
SYMMETRY
The animals can be categorised on the basis of their body symmetry:
(i) Radial symmetry: When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the
organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. The animals with radial
symmetry are put in the group Radiata. For example, cnidarians (hydra and jelly fish). Biradial
symmetry is present in sea anemone, ctenophores.
(ii) Bilateral symmetry: The animals with bilateral symmetry are put in group Bilateria. The
body can be divided into identical right and left halves in only one plane. For example,
platyhelminthes, annelids, arthropods etc. (platyhelminthes to chordates).
(iii) Asymmetry: Asymmetric organisms cannot be divided along any plane to produce two
equivalent halves. Sponges are mostly asymmetrical.
GERM LAYERS
 Germ layers give rise to all the tissues/organs
of the fully formed individuals. On the basis
of number of germ layers animals can be
(i) Diploblastic: In diploblastic animals, the
body cells are arranged in two layers-an outer
ectoderm and an inner endoderm with an
intervening undifferentiated mesoglea. e.g.
Coelenterates.
(ii) Triploblastic: If the body wall in animals is
made of three germ layers i.e. ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm, they are called triploblastic animals. e.g., Platyhelminthes to
chordates.
BODY PLAN
Though diverse in shape and size, animals have body that fits in one of the three basic plans:
(i) Cell aggregate : Cell aggregate type of body plan is present in sponges. They are clusters of
cells with a rudimentary division of labour among them. There are no tissues, or organs.
(ii) Blind sac : Blind sac type of body plan is present in platyhelminthes and coelenterates where

the alimentary canal has only one opening.
(iii) Tube within tube : Tube-within tube type of body plan is present in Nemathelminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata. The digestive system is a
continuous tube with an opening at both end.
BODY CAVITY OR COELOM
Presence or absence of cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important for
classification.
(i) Acoelomate : The animals in which the coelom is absent are called acoelomates, for example
poriferans, coelenterates, ctenophores, flatworms. In flatworms, the spaces between various
organs are filled with special tissue called parenchyma.
(ii) Pseudocoelomate : The body cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm. Instead, the
mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body
cavity is called pseudocoelom e.g. in roundworm.
(iii) Eucoelomate : The true coelom is a body cavity which arises as a cavity in embryonic
mesoderm. In this case, the mesoderm of the embryo provides a cellular lining, called
coelomic epithelium or peritoneum, to the cavity. The coelom is filled with coelomic fluid
secreted by the peritoneum. True coelom is found in annelids, echinoderms and chordates.
True coelom is of two types:
(a) Schizocoelom : It develops by the splitting up of mesoderm. It is found in annelids, arthropods
and molluscs. Body cavity of arthropods and non-cephalopod molluscs is called haemocoel.
(b) Enterocoelom : The mesoderm arises from the wall of the embryonic gut or enteron as hollow
outgrowths or enterocoelomic pouches. It occurs in echinoderms and chordates.
Diagrammatic sectional view of : (a) Coelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c) Acoelomate

Segmentation
 In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial
repetition of at least some organs.
 For example, in earthworm, the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and
the phenomenon is known as metamerism.
 Metameric segmentation is present in annelids only.
Notochord
 Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during
embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and
those animals which do not have this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., porifera to

echinoderms.
TABLE : Salient Features of Different Phyla in the Animal Kingdom
Phylum Level of Symme- Coelom Segmen- Digestive Circu- Respi- Distinctive Features
organi- try tation System latory ratoery
sation System System
Porifera Cellular Many Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Body with pores and
canals in walls.
Coelent- Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Cnidoblasts present.
erata
(Cnidaria)
Cteno- Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Comb plates for
phora locomotion.
Platyhel-Organ & Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Flat body, suckers.
minthes Organ
system
Aschel- Organ Bilateral Pseudocoel Absent Complete Absent Absent Often worm shaped
minthes system omate elongated.
Annelida Organ Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Body segmentation
system like rings.
Arthro- Organ Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Exoskeleton of cuticle,
poda system jointed appendages.
Mollusca Organ Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present External skeleton shell
system usually present.
Echino- Organ Radial Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Water vascular
dermata system system, radial
symmetry.
Hemi- Organ Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Worm-like with
chordata system proboscis, collar and
trunk.
Chordata Organ Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Notochord, dorsal
system hollow nerve cord, gill
slits with limbs or fins
Self Assessment
Q.1 The animals in which the cells are organised into structural and functional units called as
tissues, organs and organ systems are grouped under which sub-kingdom?
(1) Parazoa (2) Eumetazoa (3) Metazoa (4) Bilateria
Q.2 When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two
identical halves it is radial symmetry. Which of the following set of animals have radial
symmetry?
(1) Housefly, fish, human beings
(2) Sponges, hydra, crabs
(3) Coelenterates, ctenophores, echinoderms
(4) Annelids, arthropods, housefly
Q.3 Closed circulatory system is found in
(1) Earthworm (2) Arthropoda (3) Unio (4) Leech
Q.4 Sponges are most primitive multicellular organisms with which of the following levels of
organisation?
(1) Acellular (2) Cellular (3) Tissue (4) Organ system
Q.5 Incomplete alimentary canal with blind sac type of body plan is present in
(1) Annelids (2) Arthropods (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Sponges
Q.6 Select incorrect matching of animals, their body symmetry and coelom.
S.No. Animals Symmetry Coelom
(1) Ctenophores Radial Acoelomate
(2) Platyhelminthes Bilateral Acoelomate
(3) Aschelminthes Bilateral Pseudocoelomate
(4) Annelids Radial Coelomate
Q.7 Acoelomate diploblastic animal phylum is

(1) Platihelminthes (2) Cnidaria (3) Aschelminthes (4) Hemichordata
Q.8 Which of the following animal(s) has tube within tube type of body plan evolved along
deuterostomic evolutionary line?
(1) Annelids (2) Arthropods (3) Echinoderms (4) Molluscs
Q.9 In the course of evolution true coelom appeared for the first time in
(1) Annelida (2) Chordata (3) Aschelminthes (4) Echinodermata
Q.10 Which of the following is incorrect matching of the phylum, their alimentary canal and
metameric segmentation?
S.No. Phylum Alimentary Canal Metameric Segmentation
(1) Annelida Complete Present
(2) Arthropoda Complete Present
(3) Mollusca Complete Absent
(4) Platyhelminthes Incomplete Present
Ans. Q.1 (2), Q.2 (3), Q.3 (1), Q.4 (2), Q.5 (3), Q.6 (4), Q.7 (2), Q.8 (3), Q.9 (1), Q.10 (4)
*Note : Whittekar removed protozoa from animal kingdom & kept in kingdom protista. It is
progenator of all metazoans.
1. PHYLUM: PROTOZOA (Unicellular Protists)

 There are about 15,000 species of protozoans known to exist in the world.
 They are microscopic heterotrophic organisms in which a single cell performs all the vital
activities. For this reason, protozoans are also referred to as acellular organisms.
 They are aquatic (fresh water and marine) and cosmopolitan in distribution. Some forms are
predators and some parasitic.
 The protozoan cell body is either naked, for example, Amoeba, or surrounded by a non-rigid
pellicle. Cellulose is absent in pellicle.
 Some protozoans secrete shells of various inorganic compounds as external covers
(foraminiferans).

 Different types of locomotory structures are found in protozoans. They may bear flagella
(flagellates), cilia (ciliates) or pseudopodia (sarcodines).
 Locomotory structures are absent in the parasitic forms (Sporozoa).
 In them, neurofibrils and contractile myofibrils are present underneath the cell surface. Most
protozoans are free-living and aquatic.
 They are holozoic and feed largely on bacteria, microscopic algae and minute animals such as
rotifers or on other protozoans including members of their own species.
 Some protozoans are holophytic; they contain chlorophyll and prepare their own food by
photosynthesis (e.g., Euglena). The parasitic protozoans feed on materials obtained from the
hosts (e.g., Monocystis).
 Contractile vacuole is found in almost all fresh-water protozoans for maintenance of
osmotic concentration of cell body. This phenomenon is known as osmoregulation.
 Contractile vacuole also helps in excretion. Many sporozoan parasites are relatively harmless,
but some are harmful also.
 For instance, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cause malaria in humans.
Protozoans are generally uninucleate, but all ciliates and many amoeboid types are
multinucleate.
 The pattern of reproduction is also very specialised in different protozoans. Most
sarcodines, flagellates and ciliates show asexual reproduction by binary fission, multiple
fission or even budding.
 Some ciliates, for example, Paramecium reproduces by sexual means in which two individuals
come close to each other and interchange genetic information by a process known as
conjugation.
 There is no gamete formation in such a process. In sporozoa, some stages of life cycle show
formation of gametes, which are morphologically distinct.
Examples: Free living - Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Elphidium etc.
Parasitic - Monocystis, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Giardia etc.
CLASSIFICATION
Phylum protozoa is divided into 4 groups.
Comparative study of characters of three classes of protozoa
Sub-phylum-Sarcomastigophora Sub-phylum-Ciliophora
S. Sub-phylum
Character a. b. c.
No. Sporozoa a. Ciliata b. Suctoria
Mastigophora Rhizopoda Oplinata
Locomotary
1 Flagella Pseudopodia Flagella Absent Cilia Sucking-tentacles
organs
2 Pellicle Present Absent Present Present Present
Present or Absent
Two dimorphic
One or Many, Many, One or Many, Two or Many,
3 Nucleus One Macronucleus-
monomorphic monomorphic monomorphic dimorphic
branched

Asexual
Reproduction
4 Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Absent Transverse Simple by budding
(Binary
fission)
Sexual
5 Absent Absent Present Present Present Present
Reproduction
Contractile Present or
6 Present Absent Absent Present Present
vacuole Absent
Mixotrophic Holozoic
Holozoic or
7 Nutrition or or Parasitic Parasitic Holozoic
saprozoic
Parasitic Saprozoic
8 Trichocysts Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Absent
Cytopyge
9 & Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Absent
Cytostome
Self Assessment
Q.11 If Amoeba is kept in distilled water, its contractile vacuole

(1) Works slowly (2) Works faster
(3) Remains unaffected (4) Disappears
Q.12 Paramecium feeds through
(1) Undulating membrane (2) General body surface
(3) Oral groove (4) Cytopyge
Q.13 Total parasites belong to protozoan group
(1) Sporozoa (2) Ciliata (3) Sarcodina (4) Zooflagellata
Q.14 Which is the locomotory organ of class Sporozoa-
(1) Pseudopodia (2) Flagellum (3) Cilia (4) None of the above
Q.15 Organellae of defence in Paramecium are-
(1) Nematocyst (2) Oocyst (3) Sporocyst (4) Trichocyst
Q.16 Why Amoeba has been kept in protozoa-
(1) Due to contractile vacuole (2) Because of nutrition being insectivorous
(3) Cell wall (4) Acellular body
Q.17 Protozoan considered link between plants and animals-
(1) Paramecium (2) Amoeba (3) Euglena (4) Plasmodium
Q.18 Which group of protozoans have pseudopodia-
(1) Ciliate (2) Sporozoa (3) Mastigophora (4) Sarcodina
Q.19 Contractile vacuole is absent in-
(1) Entamoeba (2) Amoeba (3) Euglena (4) Paramecium
Q.20 Which of the following is not a parasite-
(1) Monocystis (2) Giardia (3) Nosema (4) None
Ans. Q.11 (2), Q.12 (3), Q.13 (1), Q.14 (4), Q.15 (4), Q.16 (4), Q.17 (3), Q.18 (4), Q.19 (1),
Q.20 (4)

2. PHYLUM: PORIFERA (Sponges)
 These are primitive, multicellular, asymmetrical (except Leucosolenia, Scypha) organisms
having cellular level of organisation.
 Most of them are marine and remain attached to rocks (sessile). A few live in fresh water e.g.,
Spongilla. This is the only phylum in animal kingdom without any nerve cells.
Important characters of phylum porifera :

1. Body wall: The body wall of a common sponge consists of following layers:
(a) Pinacoderm (dermal layer) :
 It is outer cellular layer which consists of (i) flattened pinacocytes and (ii) oval porocytes.
(b) Choanoderm (gastral layer) :
 It is inner cellular layer which consists of highly specialized flagellated cells called
choanocytes (collar cells).
 They are the characteristic cells of this phylum responsible for ingestion of food, secretion of
mesohyal and differentiation of sex cells.
(c) Mesohyl layer (mesenchyme) :
 Basically, it is a noncellular layer found between pinacoderm and choanoderm. It has fine
dispersed spongin fibres and numerous spicules.
 It also contains amoebocytes (amoeba-like cells) of both pinacoderm and choanoderm.
 Amoebocytes are modified into the following types :
(i) Archaeocytes. They may be converted into other types of cells and are also called
undifferentiated "totipotent" cells.
(ii) Trophocytes. They provide food to developing cells and are called nurse cells.
(iii) Thesocytes. They store food granules.
(iv) Gland cells. They secrete a slimy substance.
(v) Spongioblasts. They secrete spongin fibres of the mesohyllayer.
(vi) Scleroblasts. They secrete spicules. In calcareous sponges, they are called calcoblasts and in
silicious sponges, they are called silicoblasts.
(vii) Collencytes. They secrete collagen fibers and form connective tissue.
(viii) Myocytes. They form a circular ring around the osculum and help in closing and opening of
the osculum.

(ix) Germ cells (Sex cells). They form sperms and ova and develop during breeding season.
(x) Chromocytes. They contain pigment granules and excretory substances.
(xi) Phagocytes. They collect food from choanocytes through their pseudopodia and also engulf
excreta and damaged tissues.
2. The central body cavity of a sponge is called spongocoel or paragastric cavity.
3. The continuous water current flowing through the canal system is very important for the life of
a sponge. It brings in food and oxygen and carries away carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes
and reproductive bodies. Thus the canal system helps the sponge in nutrition, respiration,
excretion and reproduction.
4. Skeleton: Almost all sponges possess an internal skeleton. It may consist of calcareous or
siliceous spicules or of fine spongin fibres or both, located in the mesohyl layer.
5. Digestion: It is intracellular and takes place inside food vacuoles as in protozoans.
6. Circulation: Distribution of food from the ingesting cells to others is brought about by
wandering amoebocytes of mesohyl layer.
7. In case of Sycon, pinacoderm is divided into exopinacoderm and endopinacoderm.
Exopinacoderm lines the incurrent canal and the spongocoel. Radial canals are lined by
flagellated choanocytes.
Concept Builder
What is luffa sponge?
A luffa sponge isn't a sponge at all but a gourd. When dried, the fibrous material found in
gourd forms a "skeleton" similar to that of some sponges. It can be used for the same purposes
e.g., scrubbing.
8. Canal System: The body of a sponge is organized in such a manner as to form a complex
system of pores and canals. This system is called canal system. It is meant for food gathering,
respiration and removal of waste.
 Three types of canal systems are found in sponges:
(i) Ascon type : It is the simplest type of canal system which is found in Leucosolenia and few
other sponges.
Ingressing water ⎯⎯
→ Canal ⎯⎯
→ Spongocoel ⎯⎯
→ Osculum
(ii) Sycon type : It is more complex than the ascon type. It is found in Sycon and some other
sponges.
Ingressing water ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → incurrent canals ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → radial canals
dermal ostia prosopyles
apopyles
to outside ⎯⎯⎯
osculum
⎯ spongocoel
(iii) Leucon type : It is most complex canal system which is found in Spongilla and some other
sponges.

Ingressing water ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
dermal ostia
→ incurrent canals ⎯⎯⎯⎯
prosopyles
→ flagellated chambers
apopyles
to outside ⎯⎯⎯
osculum
⎯ excurrent canals
In Demospongiae, the leuconoid condition is derived from a larval stage, called the rhagon. It
is a conical organism with a flattened base. The canal system of rhagon larva does not occur in
any adult sponge. Because of its derivation from rhagon stage in Demospongiae, the leucon
type of canal system is also called the rhagon type.
9. Respiration: Exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the plasma membranes of the
cells as in protozoans.
10. Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes also occurs by diffusion through the plasma
membranes of the cells as in protozoans. Ammonia is chief excretory waste.
11. Reproduction: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in sponges. Asexual reproduction
occurs by fragmentation, budding and gemmules. They are hermaphrodite and show internal
fertilization.
12. Development: Zygote undergoes holoblastic cleavage (complete division). The development
is indirect and includes a free swimming larva, the amphiblastula (in Sycon) or
parenchymula (in Leucosolenia and other Porifers) for dispersal of the species.
CLASSIFICATION
Based on the type of skeleton, phylum Porifera is divided into three classes.
Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongia
Skeleton - Calcareous spicules 6 rayed siliceous spicular 1 or 4 rayed silicious
(Glass sponge) spicules or sponging fibre or
Choanocytes - Relatively large. Collar cells small both
Inhabit - Exclusively marine in Exchesively marine and Small collar cells
shallow water inhabit in deepwater Marine or fresh water in deep
Canal - Ascon or sycon type Leucon type or shallow water.
system C.S. Euplectella - (Venus Leucon/Rhagon
e.g. Leucosolenia flower basket, Bridal gift Spongia (Euspongia) -
(smallest) in Japan) (Bath sponge)
Scypha (Sycon -Urn Spongilla - (Fresh water
sponge sponge)
Concept Builder
Cultural Awarness
1. Using sponges: For centuries, people around the world have used natural sponges with spongin
skeletons for cleaning, bathing by taking advantage of these sponges' soft flexible and highly
porous bodies.
e.g., Euspongia. The ancient Greeks also used sponges as padding inside helmets.

2. Spongin fibres are elongated protein fibres which form a fibrous network.
3. Digestion in sponges is intracellular.
4. Regeneration in sponges was demonstrated by H.V.Wilson (1907). It is brought about by
archaeocyte cells.
5. Sponge cells, seperated by straining pieces of sponge through a fine net, can reaggregate and
grow into a sponge. So, a sponge is a republic of cells which identify one another, aggregate
and grow together.
6. Sponge reproduces asexually by fragmentation. During sexual reproduction, some cells
become egg or sperm cells. After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a flagellated larva
which swims, settles in a new place and grows into a sponge.
7. Proterospongia is a connecting link between protozoa and porifera.
8. In Hyalonema, root tuft consists of bundle of long anchoring spicules. These may pass through
the columella (body axis) as gastral cone. It is commonly known as glass rope sponge.
9. Euspongia is commonly found is Mediterranean sea. It is commonly known as Bath sponge.
10. Amphiblastula is the hollow larva of Sycon etc. whereas parenchymula is the solid larva of
most of sponges, e.g., Leucosolenia.
Self Assessment
Q.21 Sycon belongs to a group of animals which are best described as

(1) Unicellular or acellular
(2) Multicellular with cellular level of organisation, without any tissue organisation
(3) Multicellular with a gastrovascular cavity
(4) Multicellular having tissue level of organisation
Q.22 Canal system of porifera is not connected with
(1) Food gathering (2) Respiratory gas exchange
(3) Removal of waste (4) Locomotion
Q.23 Digestion of food in sponges is
(1) Intracellular in choanocytes
(2) Intracellular in choanocytes and extracellular in paragastric cavity
(3) Extracellular occurs in spongocoel
(4) Intercellular
Q.24 The characteristic cells of sponges are
(1) Nerve cells (2) Choanocytes/Collar cells
(3) Amoebocytes (4) Chromocytes
Q.25 Which of the following is not a character of phylum porifera?
(1) Sexes are not separate
(2) Fertilization is internal
(3) Development is indirect
(4) They are exclusively present in marine water and are mostly asymmetrical

Q.26 Which of the following is incorrect matching?
(1) Sycon = Scypha (2) Spongilla = Freshwater sponge
(3) Euspongia = Bath sponge (4) Chalina = Boring sponge
Q.27 Parenchymula is the larva of
(1) Hydra (2) Leucosolenia (3) Most sponges (4) Both (2) & (3)
Q.28 The simplest type of canal system in phylum porifea is
(1) Ascon type (2) Leucon type (3) Rhagon type (4) Sycon type
Q.29 Sponges have evolved from
(1) Ciliates (2) Flagellates (3) Protozoans (4) Choanoflagellates
Q.30 Carmine particle put above osculum of a sponge would be
(1) Left there (2) Ingested and digested
(3) Thrown away (4) Ingested and thrown away by ostia
Ans. Q.21 (2), Q.22 (4), Q.23 (1), Q.24 (2), Q.25 (4), Q.26 (4), Q.27 (4), Q.28 (1), Q.29 (4),
Q.30 (3)
3. PHYLUM: CNIDARIA (Coelenterata)

 The phylum Cnidaria (the old name is Coelenterata) includes about 9,000 species, mainly
marine. They are sessile, free swimming, radially symmetrical invertebrates and more complex
than sponges.
 General characters of this phylum are as follows:

1. Cnidarians exhibit a blind sac body plan and are radially symmetric. They are more advanced
than sponges in having true tissues. They are, however, acoelomate.
2. Body wall consists of only two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm, separated by a
jelly-like mesoglea. These animals are therefore diploblastic, that is, arising from two
embryonic cell layers.
Concept Builder
Body wall in coelenterates (with reference to Hydra).
They are diploblastic animals i.e., they are derived from two layers-ectoderm and endoderm.
These germ layers form the epidermis and gastrodermis.

Hydra. A portion of body wall in longitudinal section (magnified).
(1) Epidermis: The various epidermal cells are:

(a) Epithelio-muscular cells: Each cell has two functional parts, the outer epithelial part,
extending to the body surface and the basal muscular part drawn out into two muscle processes
along the longitudinal axis of the body. The muscle processes contain a contractile fibril
myoneme.
(b) Glandulo-muscular cells : The epithelio-muscle cells, chiefly in the region of the pedal disc,
are especially modified to secrete sticky material for attachment of animal to substratum.
(c) Interstitial cells: They are totipotent cells which give rise to all the different cells of the body.
(d) Sensory cells: They are scattered throughout the epidermis. They are most numerous on the
tentacles, hypostome and basal disc. They receive and transmit impulses.
(e) Nerve cells: They occur for the first time in coelentrates. They are present at the base of
epithelio-muscle cells. They conduct impulses in all the directions.
(f) Germ cells : They remain in restricted regions. They proliferate to form gonads. They are
ectodermal in hydrozoa and endodermal in Scyphozoa and Anthozoa.
(g) Cnidoblasts : Many of the interstitial cells of the epidermis become specialized to form the
stinging cells, called the cnidoblasts. They migrate to the tentacles through the mesoglea by
means of amoeboid movements. Projecting cnidoblasts act as organs for offence and defence.
Structure:
 The cytoplasm of a cnidoblast contains a conspicuous nucleus lying to
one side, and a peculiar oval or pyriform sac filled with a poisonous
fluid, hypnotoxin. The sac is a part of stinging apparatus, known as the
nematocyst (stinging structure).
Occurence of nematocysts :
 The nematocysts occur scattered mostly singly, throughout the epidermis
of the body but remain absent on the basal disc.
 They are abundant in the epidermis of the oral region and the tentacles
where they cluster as wart-like "nematocyst batteries".
Difference between four nematocyst
S.No. Cause of Difference Stenoteles Desmonemes Streptoline Stereoline
1 Size of filament Pointed, Long Round, Long Round, Long Round, Small
2 Bult With spines Absent Absent Absent
3 Terminal end of fibre Open Closed Open Open
4 Spines Present Present Present Present
5 Material in capsule Hypnotoxin – × Mucous Mucus
Poisonous substance and substance
Hypnotoxin
6 Function Help in offence Round up aound Help in defence Help in
and defence prey and offence Locomotion
(2) Gastrodermis: It is the inner layer of the body. The cells are of following types :
(a) Endothelio-muscle or nutritive muscle cells : They help in contraction of the body and
nutrition.
(b) Endothelio-gland cells : They secrete digestive enzymes in coelenteron. In the region of
hypostome and mouth are found mucous gland cells. Gland cells are absent in the tentacles and
basal disc.
(c) It also contains interstitial cells, sensory cells and nerve cells but no cnidoblasts.
(3) They enclose gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron), having single opening hypostome. Their
digestion is intra and extracellular.
Concept Builder
1. The green colour of Chlorohydra viridissima comes from alga Chlorella vulgaris
(Zoochlorella), that lives inside the gastrodermal cells of Hydra in symbiotic relationship.
2. Corallium rubrum (red coral) has been used widely in jewellery and known as red moonga.
HYDRA
(a) Chlorohydra viridissima (old name H. viridis) green Hydra
(b) Pelmatohydra oligactis (old name H. fusca) brownHydra
(c) Hydra gangetica white/pinkish Hydra
(d) Hydra vulgaris colourless Hydra
 Some important characters of Hydra are :
(i) Hydra flourishes well in cool, clean and stagnant water.
(ii) Number of tentacles surrounding mouth in Hydra is 6-10. Tentacles of Hydra are hollow while
that of obelia are solid.
(iii) Food of Hydra is water fleas (Daphnia and Cyclops). Thus, it is carnivorous. It cannot digest
starch.
(iv) No free larval stage in development of Hydra. Hence, development is direct.
(v) Most species of Hydra are dioecious/unisexual.
(vi) Male Hydra bears 1-8 conical testes towards distal end whereas female Hydra bears 1-2
rounded ovaries towards proximal end of the body.
(viii) Locomotion in Hydra occurs by looping, somersaulting, gliding, walking and floating etc.
METAGENESIS AND POLYMORPHISM

 Colenentrata members shows polymorphism most common is polyp & medusa forms.
Polyp Medusa
- Cylindrical in shape - Umbrella like
- Mostly sessile, but some are motile - Free swimming
- May be solitary or Colonial - Always solitary
- Types of structures : - Types of structures :
Gastrozooids (Hydranth) - For Phyllozooids - For Protection
Nutrition Nectophore - For swimming
Dactylozooids - For Protection Gonophore - For Reproduction
Gonozooids - For Reproduction Pneumatophores - For Swimming
 In the life-cycle there is an alternation of the asexual polyp phase and the sexual medusa phase
and it is termed as Metagenesis.
 During sexual reproduction, medusae liberate gametes into water. Following fertilization, the
zygote forms a ciliated larva called Planula, which swims, settles and grows into a sessile
polyp. (Some cnidarians, like Hydra, do not have a medusa stage. Hydra has no larval form, no
metagenesis).
 Polyps reproduce asexually by budding where as, medusa liberates gametes into water during
'Sexual reproduction. Both asexual and sexual forms are free living.
CLASSIFICATION
Chiefly on the basis of the dominance of medusoid or polypoid phase in the life cycle, the
phylum Cnidaria is divided into three classes
Coelenterata is classified into three classes

Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa (Actinozoa)
– Fresh water as well as marine – Exclusively marine – Exclusively marine
– Polyp & medusa often show – Medusa form is more – Only polyp form
polymorphism & common
metagenesis.
– Mesoglea is Acellular – Mesogloea is thick, – Mesogloea contains cells &
gelatinous and contains cells. fibres
– Gastrovascular cavity – Gastrovascular cavity – Gastrovascular cavity have
undivided. undivided. compartment i.e. mesenteries
– Gonads are Ectodermal and – Gonads are Endodermal and – Gonads -Endoermal and shed

shed gametes directly in to shed the gametes into the gametes into the digestive tract
the surrounding water. digestive tract when escape escape via mouth
through the mouth.
– Cnidoblast is present only in – Cnidoblast is present in – Cnidoblast is present in
epidermis epidermis & Gastrodermis epidermis & Gastrodermis
e.g. Hydra - Fresh water polyp e.g. Aurelia - the Jelly fish, e.g. This class has two types of
Physalia - the Portuguese Moon jally, animal
man-of-war. (Neurotoxic, gas Larva - Ephyra (1) Anemones - Skeleton absent
gland present) Adamsia - sea anemone
(2) Coral - CaCO3 Skeleton
Pennatual - the sea pen
Gorgonia - the sea fan
Concept Builder
Coral Reefs :
 A coral reef is a ridge or mound in a shallow, tropical sea, has its upper surface near the
surface of water, supports a variety of animals and plants. It is formed of calcium carbonate
produced by some of its inhabitant, chiefly medreporarian corals. Coral reefs form stable
marine ecosystems. The coral reefs are of three kinds :
(i) Fringing Reefs : The coral reefs lying close to the shores of some volcanic island or part of
some continent are called the fringing reefs. Hawaiian is lands are an ideal example of
permanent fringing reefs.
(ii) Barrier Reefs : They are like the fringing reefs but are located some distance from the shore.
The stretch of water of lagoon separates the barrier reefs from land. Australia's Great Barrier
Reef is an example of such a reef which is about 900 nautical miles long and 90 miles from sea
shore.
(iii) Atoll reefs : An atoll reef is also called coral island or lagoon island which is a circular or
horse shoe shaped reef that encircles a lagoon but not an island. It may be complete or broken
by a number of channels of which only a few are navigable. The Lakshadweep and Maldive
islands in the Indian Ocean are composed of Atoll reef.
Conceptual Questions
Q.1 Sponges are sessile filter feeders and cnidarians can be free floating or sessile.
"Why are there no sessile animals on land"?
Q.2 Explain, why coral reefs are limited to warm and shallow waters?
Ans. Q.1 Sessile animals must obtain their nourishment from the food that passes by them. Food
that swims or is suspended in water is more plentiful than food that flies or is light enough to
be suspended in air.
Q.2 Corals depend on algae that live inside them. Beyond a certain depth there is not enough
sunlight to support the algae.
4. PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA / SEA WALNUT / COMB JELLIES

Ctenophores are exclusively marine, solitary, free
swimming or pelagic, very active animals with
transparent and flat or oval body shape and have
following important characters :
1. Body soft, delicate, transparent and gelatinous without
segmentation.
2. Polyp phase is absent in their life cycle, shape is typically
spherical, pear shaped or cylindrical, flat in some.
3. They are radially symmetrical, diploblastic, tissue level of
organisation and devoid of cnidoblast cells.
4. Tentacles may be present or absent. When present, the
number of tentacles is 2. They are solid and possess
adhesive cells called colloblasts (lasso cells). Digestion is
both extracellular and intracellular. Bioluminescence (the
property of a living organism to emit light) is well-
marked in ctenophores.
5. The animals move by cilia, which join together to form comb plates. There are eight median
combplates forming locomotor organs, hence organisms are called comb-jellies or sea-
walnuts.
6. Gastrovascular cavity is branched and opens to the exterior by stomodaeum.
7. They are diploblastic animals but the mesoglea is different from that of cnidaria; it contains
amoebocytes and smooth muscle cells and is comparable to a loose layer of cells. From this
viewpoint, ctenophores may be considered as triploblastic.
8. Skeletal, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems are absent. Nervous system is diffuse
type.
9. The presence of a special sense organ 'Statocyst' at the opposite end of the mouth (aboral end)
is the characteristic of the members of this phylum.
10. All are hermaphrodite. Testes and ovary formed side by side from endoderm of digestive
canals.
11. Asexual reproduction doesn't occur. They reproduce only by sexual means. Fertilization is

external. Development is indirect and an immature ciliated stage called 'cydippid larva' is
found in some forms.
Examples: Hormiphora (The sea walnut), Pleurobrachia (The sea gooseberry), Ctenoplana,
Cestum (The venus girdle)
Concept Builder
Word roots and Origins :
(a) Colloblasts from the Greek kolla meaning "glue" and blastos meaning "bud".
(b) Ctenophore from the Greek ktene meaning "comb" and phors meaning "bearing".
Self Assessment
Q.31 Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cnidarians?
(1) They are aquatic, marine, diploblastic animals
(2) They exhibit tissue level organisation
(3) They have central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening.
(4) Digestion is only extracellular
Q.32 Which is the most appropriate term used for the life cycle of Obelia?
(1) Alternation of generation
(2) Metagenesis
(3) Alternation of generation and alternation of host (Digenetic)
(4) Monogenetic
Q.33 The free swimming larva of coelenterates is
(1) Planula (2) Cydippid (3) Parenchymula (4) Amphiblastula
Q.34 The characteristic cells of coelenaterates are
(1) Colloblasts present in epidermis only
(2) Cnidoblasts present in epidermis only
(3) Cnidoblasts present in both epidermis and gastrodermis
(4) Flame cells
Q.35 Which of the following is incorrect match?
(1) Physalia -Portuguese man of war (2) Meandrina -Staghorn coral
(3) Gorgonia -Sea fan (4) Pennatula -Sea pen
Q.36 Sea walnuts or comb jellies belong to phylum
(1) Cnidaria (2) Mollusca (3) Ctenophora (4) Porifera
Q.37 Which of the following is not character of phylum ctenophora?
(1) Exclusively marine and radially symmetrical
(2) Diploblastic with tissue level organisation
(3) Monoecious and exhibit bioluminescence
(4) Reproduction is internal with indirect development
Q.38 Tentacles of ctenophores contain
(1) Cnidoblasts (2) Colloblasts (3) Comb plates (4) Statocysts
Q.39 Which of the following is incorrect match regarding the phylum and its two examples?

(1) Ctenophora -Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana
(2) Cnidaria -Adamsia, Obelia
(3) Porifera -Euspongia, Hormiphora
(4) Platyhelminthes -Taenia, Fasciola
Q.40 Hydra is
(1) Fresh water form, radially symmetrical and diploblastic
(2) Marine, radially symmetrical and diploblastic
(3) Fresh water form, bilaterally symmetrical and diploblastic
(4) Marine, radially symmetrical and triploblastic
Ans. Q.31 (3), Q.32 (2), Q.33 (1), Q.34 (2), Q.35 (2), Q.36 (3), Q.37 (4), Q.38 (2), Q.39 (3),
Q.40 (1)
5. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworms)

 Phylum Platyhelminthes contains about 13,000 species, mostly parasites that live in other
animals including man.
 The important characters of this phylum are:
1. The flat worms are mostly parasites but some are free living e.g., Planaria.
2. They are acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and dorsoventrally flattened
animals.
3. They have organ system level of organisation.
4. Body is not segmented except in class Cestoda (false segmentation).
5. Body is covered with a cellular, syncytial, one layered, partly ciliated epidermis; while in
parasitic trematodes and cestodes, epidermis is lacking and the body is covered with cuticle.
6. Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton are completely absent. However hooks, spines, suckers (in
parasitic form), teeth or thorns may be present which act as adhesive organs.
7. The space between the body wall, alimentary canal and other organs is filled with a peculiar
connective tissue called the parenchyma. It helps in transportation of food materials.
8. Digestive system is totally absent in tapeworms, so they absorb food directly through body
surface. In Trematoda and Turbellaria, it consists of mouth, pharynx and blind intestine (anus
absent).
9. Respiratory and circulatory systems are absent.
10. Excretory system consists of single or paired protonephridium with flame cells.
11. Nervous system is primitive. The main nervous system consists of a pair of cerebral ganglia
or brain and one to three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords connected to each other by
transverse commissures. This type of nervous system is called ladder like nervous system e.g.,
Planaria (Ougesia).

12. Sense organs are of common
occurrence in Turbellaria but these
are greatly reduced in parasitic
forms.
13. Sexes are united, i.e., hermaphrodite
with very few exceptions like
Schistosoma (Blood fluke).
14. Asexual reproduction by fission
occurs in many fresh water forms
like Turbellarians.
15. In majority of forms, eggs are
devoid of yolk but provided with
special yolk cells and are covered by egg shell.
16. Cross fertilization in trematodes and turbelleria and self-fertilization in cestodes is very
common. Fertilization is internal. Development indirect with many larval stages.
17. Life cycle complicated, involves one or more hosts.
18. Regeneration. It is well marked in some flat worms like Planaria.
CLASSIFICATION
 Phylum platyhelminthes is divided into three classes.
Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda
– Free living fresh water or – Endo-Parasite, known as flukes, – Endo-Parasite Intestinal parasite,
marine known as Planarians or or flat worms. known as tape worms.
Eddy worm.
– Body is unsegmented and leaf – Body-Unsegmented and leaf – Body-Ribbon like, covered by
like covered by delicate ciliated like, covered by tegument, tegument. No epidermis in
epidermis Rod shaped Rhabdites (Fine spines) No epidermis in adult.
in epidermis. adult.

– Mouth is often ventral and anus – Mouth - anterior & anus is – Mouth and Anus absent (food
absent. Alimentary canal is absent. Alimentary canal- from body surface). Alimentary
present. (Branched) branched. canal absent.
– Reproduction - asexual sexual – Life history - includes larval –Life history - includes larval
and shows good power of stage & involve, more than stage & involve, more than one
regeneration, no larva. one host. host. Each proglottids has one
– Suckers - absent – Suckers - for attachment in the or two sets of male & female
e.g. host reproductive organ.
Dugesia - (Planaria) e.g. – Scolex has suckers & hooks
Fasciola (Sheep liver flukes) for attachment
Cause liver rot disease – Body divided into scolex, neck
Prim. Host - Sheep & Goat and strobilla of few to
Sec. host – Snail (Planorbis ; numerous proglottids. No true
Limnea ; Bulinus) segments
Show polyembryony , Life- Taenia solium - Pork tapeworm
cycle involves, Miracidium, Prim. Host = Man (cysticercus
Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria and in the infective stage)
Metacercaria larval form Sec. Host = Pig (Concosphere
Miracidium (free-swimming is the infective stage)
larva). Shows multiplication in larva
stage namely – Oncosphere,
Hexacanth, Bladderworm and
Cysticercus.
Causes disease Taemiasis or
Cysticercosis.
Self Assessment
Q.41 In Taenia (tape worm) alimentary canal is absent because

(1) It is endoparasite
(2) It does not require food
(3) They absorb the nutrients from the host directly through the body surface
(4) It does not require solid food
Q.42 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of the phylum-platyhelminthes?
(1) Bilaterally symmetrical (2) Triploblastic
(3) Acoelomate (4) Tissue level organisation
Q.43 Specialised cells called as flame cells which help in osmoregulation and excretion are
characteristic feature of
(1) Ctenoplana (2) Tubipora (3) Fasciola (4) Spongilla

Q.44 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of Fasciola hepatica?
(1) Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite)
(2) Fertilization is internal and is cross fertilization
(3) Development is indirect through many larval stages
(4) Lives in intestine of sheep
Q.45 In the life, history of liver fluke are present, A-Cercaria, B-Metacercaria, C-Sporocyst, D-
Redia, E-Miracidium. What is their proper sequence?
(1) B, E, C, D, A (2) B, C, E, D, A (3) E, C, D, A, B (4) A, B, C, D, E
Q.46 Taenia solium is attached to the intestinal mucosa by
(1) Rostellum (2) Scolex (3) Proglottids (4) Acetabulum
Q.47 Transfer of Taenia to secondary host occurs through
(1) Oncosphere (2) Cysticercus (3) Egg (4) Miracidium
Q.48 Blood fluke is
(1) Hymenolepis nana (2) Paragonimus
(3) Schistosoma haematobium (4) Echinococcus granulosus
Q.49 Cysticercus larva of Taenia develops in
(1) Man (2) Goat (3) Sheep (4) Pig
Q.50 Free swimming ciliated larva of liver fluke is
(1) Redia (2) Miracidium (3) Metacercaria (4) Cercaria
Ans. Q.41 (3), Q.42 (4), Q.43 (3), Q.44 (4), Q.45 (3), Q.46 (2), Q.47 (1), Q.48 (3), Q.49 (4),
Q.50 (2)
6. PHYLUM: NEMATHELMINTHES OR ASCHELMINTHES

 The phylum includes bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
pseudocoelomate animals with organ system grade of
organisation. They are circular in cross-section.
 They are free living, aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic (on
plants or animals).
 Excretory system involves an excretory cell (a large giant H-
shaped cell) called Renette cell (multinucleated).
 They have tube-within tube type of body plan evolved along
Protostomic evolutionary line.
 Sexes separate, show sexual dimorphism, fertilisation internal,
development direct or indirect.
CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of caudal receptor or phasmids, Aschelminthes can be divided into 2 classes-
Aschelminthes
Class
Aphasmidia Phasmidia

Class–Aphasmidia Class–Phasmidia
(i) Members of this class lack phasmid. (i) Phasmid is present.
(ii) Many types of amphids are found. (ii) Caudal adhesive glands are not
(iii) One pairs of excretory canal are present. found.
(iv) Caudal adhesive glands are found. Ex. : Ascaris, Entrobious, Wuchereria
 Important classes of this phylum are:

Class : Nematoda.
Examples: Ascaris, Wuchereria, Enterobius, Trichuris. Rhabditis is a free living
roundworm.
Class : Rotifera.
Examples: Wheel worms
7. PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
 The phylum includes over 9,000 species of metamerically segmented animals with a true
coelom called the Schizocoelom.
General characters of Phylum Annelida
1. The organisms are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical,
coelomates with organ system level of body organization
and are metamerically segmented.
2. Body wall has an epidermis of columnar epithelium
coated externally by moist albuminous cuticle and with
circular and longitudinal muscle fibres.
3. Chitinous setae, aiding in locomotion, mayor may not be
present on fleshy parapodia; absent in leech.
4. Annelids are the first animals to have a true schizocoelic
coelom. Coelom is divided by septa into compartments.
5. The coelomic fluid act as a hydrostatic skeleton.
6. Digestive system is complete and digestion is
extracellular.
7. Respiration by moist skin (cutaneous respiration) or
through gills (Branchial respiration).
8. Blood vascular system is usually closed. Respiratory
pigments, either haemoglobin or erythrocruorin, are
dissolved in blood plasma. Free amoeboid blood
corpuscles are present, butthere are no RBCs. ln leech,
there is no true blood vascular system.
9. Nephridia are the excretory organs. Ammonia is chief excretory waste.
10. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring and asolid, double, mid-ventral nerve cord with
ganglia and lateral nerves in each segment.
11. Sensory organs include tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts, photoreceptor cells and eyes with
lenses.

12. The sexes may be separate (e.g., Nereis) or united (e.g., earthworm, leech).
13. Development is mostly direct (e.g., Earthworm). There is indirect development in Nereis.
Larva, when present is trochophore.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA
Based on presence or absence/of Parapodia, Setae and Sense organs
Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea Archiannelida Echiuridia
1. Almost all are 1. Most of the members 1. Aquatic, terrestrial, 1. All Marine 1. Without external
marine are terrestrial, but ectoparasite and and internal
some are aquatic. sanguivorous. segmentation.
2. Cephalisation is 2. Cephalisation absent. 2. Cephalisation 2. Cephalistion 2. Seate are rare and
more distinct. absent. absent. usually have long
3. Setae numerous 3. Number of seatae is 3. Parapodia and 3. Parapodia and prostomium or
limited seatae are absent. seatae are absent. proboscis.
4. Clitellum absent 4. Clitellum is present 4. Clitellum develop 4. Clitellum absent. e.g., Bonelia,
e.g. e.g. only in breeding e.g .
Nereis – Sand worm/ Pheretima season. Polygordius –
clamworm e.g. Connecting-link
Hirudinaria – between Annelida
Fresh water leech & Mollusca (living
fossil) Larva known
as Loven's Larva
NEREIS
Inhabits in sea - shore between tide mark, burrower, nocturnal,
carnivorous, gregarious, fertilization - in sea.
Parapodia in each segment except first & last. During breeding body
divides in two parts. Anterior asexual part - Atoke and posterior sexual
portion Epitoke. This change is known as epitoky.
Self Assessment
Q.51 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of phylum aschelminthes?

(1) Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals
(2) Pseudocoelomate animals and unsegmented animals
(3) Incomplete alimentary canal
(4) They are dioecious
Q.52 Syncytial epidermis occurs in
(1) Ascaris (2) Hydra (3) Taenia (4) Pheretima
Q.53 An intermediate host is present in
(1) Ascaris (2) Wuchereria (3) Ancyclostoma (4) Enterobius
Q.54 Female Ascaris can be differentiated from male by
(1) Presence of cloaca (2) Presence of penial setae
(3) Shorter size (4) Longer than male and straight posterior end

Q.55 The disease filariasis transmitted through the secondary host of Wuchereria, it is
(1) Anopheles (2) Sand fly (3) Tse tse fly (4) Culex
Q.56 Which of the following enters the body through the skin of feet in man if, he walks bare footed
in contaminated soil?
(1) Ancylostoma (2) Ascaris (3) Schistosoma (4) Enterobius
Q.57 Which of the following statement is incorrect about Annelida?
(1) They are triploblastic, metamerically segmented coelomate animals
(2) They possess both longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion
(3) A closed circulatory system is present
(4) All are monoecious and reproduction is sexual
Q.58 Which of the following is dioecious?
(1) Pheretima (2) Hirudinaria (3) Nereis (4) Lumbricus
Q.59 Nereis possesses lateral appendages called as parapodia which help in
(1) Locomotion (2) Swimming (3) Respiration (4) All of these
Q.60 Which of the following is incorrect?
(1) Oligochaeta -Pheretima (2) Hirudinea -Hirudo
(3) Polychaeta -Lumbricus (4) Nematoda -Ascaris
Ans. Q.51 (3), Q.52 (1), Q.53 (2), Q.54 (4), Q.55 (4), Q.56 (1), Q.57 (4), Q.58 (3), Q.59 (4),
Q.60 (3)
8. PHYLUM . ARTHROPODA
 It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, including 900,000 species. The largest class is
insecta with 750,000 species.
 General chacters are :
1. They are triploblastic, coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical animals. The body cavity is full
of haemolymph (blood) and it's known as haemocoel. The true coelom is restricted to gonads.
2. The body is covered by chitinous cuticle, which forms the exoskeleton which is shed at
intervals i.e., undergo moulting/ecdysis.
3. They have a segmented body, each segment bearing a pair of jointed appendages covered by a
jointed exoskeleton. Chitinous exoskeleton is secreted by the underlying epidermis.
4. The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. In some cases, the head and thorax is
fused to form cephalothorax. In insects, the thoracic segments have legs and wings, the
abdomen has no legs in insects.
5. Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system.
6. Excretion takes place through green glands or malpighian tubules since nephridia are absent.
7. Sensory structures in arthropods are antennae for perceiving odour, eyes, statocysts or balance
organs and sound receptors (in chirping crickets and cicadas). Eyes are simple or compound. In
honey bees, butterflies, moths and some other insects, the gustatory receptors are present on
their feet.
8. The heart is dorsal and circulatory system is open.

9. The central nervous system consists of paired pre-oral ganglia connected by commissures to a
solid double ventral nerve cord.
10. In land arthropods, the fertilization is always internal.
11. Arthropods are mostly dioecious, oviparous. In some like the scorpion, the eggs hatch within
the female body. They bring forth the young ones alive. They are viviparous. Development is
direct or indirect.
Advancement Over Annelida
1. Distinct-head in all species.
2. Jointed appendages serving a variety of functions.
3. Jointed exoskeleton for protection and muscle attachment.
4. Striped muscles arranged in bundles for moving particular body parts.
5. Special respiratory organs such as gills, trachea, book lungs in majority of cases.
6. Well developed sense organs such as compound eyes, statocysts, auditory organs, taste
receptors etc.
7. Endocrine glands and pheromone secretion for communication.
CLASSIFICATION
 The phylum arthropoda is divided into five classes.
Class 1. Crustacea
(i) The body is divisible into cephalothorax (head + thorax) and abdomen.
(ii) Dorsally, the cephalothorax is covered by a thick exoskeletal carapace.
(iii) There are present two pairs ofantennae and a pair ofstalked compound eyes and biramous
appendages.
(iv) Respiration is carried out either by body surface or by giliis.
(v) Excretion takes place usually by antennary glands (green glands).
(vi) Sexes are usually separate. Sexual dimorphism is also seen.
(vii) Development is usually indirect.
Examples: Palaemon (Prawn), Macrobrachium (Prawn), Astacus (Crayfish), Palinurus
(Lobster), Cancer(Crab), Lucifer(Shrimp), Eupagurus (Hermit Crab), Oniscus (Wood louse,
terrestrial), Oaphnia (Water-flea), Cyclops, Balanus (barnacle). Tiny crustaceans such as
Oaphnia and Cyclops act as zooplanktons which form important link in the food chain in
water.
Class 2. Chilopoda
(i) Body is long, segmented and divisible into head and trunk.
(ii) Each trunk segment bears a pair of legs. The first pair of legs are modified into poison claws.
(iii) There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.
(iv) Many legs are present.
(v) Respiration occurs by tracheae.
(vi) Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules.
(vii) Development is direct
Examples: Scolopendra (Centipede).
Class 3. Diplopoda
(i) Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
(ii) There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.
(iii) Except first thoracic segment, (if does not have legs) each thoracic segment bears a pair of
legs, however each abdominal segment has two pairs of legs.
(iv) Respiration occurs by tracheae.
(v) Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules.
(vi) Development is generally direct e.g., Julus (Millipede).
Class 4. Insecta (Hexapoda) [Largest number of species]

(i) Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
(ii) There is a pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes.
(iii) The thorax consists of three segments with three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings.
For example, mesothoracic wings which are thick and leathery are called tegmina and
metathoracic wings are membranous (in cockroach). Wings may be absent in same insects.
(iv) The abdomen may consists of ten segments.
(v) Respiration usually takes place by tracheae. (No respiratory pigments).
(vi) Heart is tubular and divided into chambers.
(vii) Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs. Uric acid is chief excretory waste.
(viii) Sexes are separate.
(ix) Development may be direct or indirect e.g., silver fish, cockroach, bedbug, locust, termites,
butter flies, rat flea, beetle, wasp, aphid, glow worm etc. Maggot is the larva of Housefly.
 Insects communicate with each other by ectohormones called Pheromones. Pheromones are
chemicals secreted outside the body and perceived (as smell by other individuals of same
species). They help in communication amongst the organisms of the same species.
[Examples of Arthropoda: (a) Locust; (b) Butterfly; (c) Scorpion; (d) Prawn]

Class 5. Arachnida
(i) The body is usually divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen.
(ii) The cephalothorax bears simple eyes and six pairs of appendages (one pair of chelicerae, one
pair of pedipalpi and four pairs of legs).
(iii) Antennae are absent.
(iv) Respiratory organs are book lungs or tracheae or both.
(v) Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules or coxal glands or both.
(vi) Development is generally direct.
Examples: Tick, Mite, Aranaeus (garden spider), Palamneus (Scorpion), Buthus (Scorpion).
(vii) Spiders spin the web by means of proteinaceous secretions of abdominal glands known as
"spinnerets".
 There are two more classes in the phylum Arthropoda. These classes are Onychophora and
Merostomata. Peripatus is an important example of the class onychophora which has
characters of phylum Annelida and Arthropoda.
 Hence it is called "connecting link". Umulus, (the king crab or Horseshoe crab) is an
example of class Merostomata which respires with book gills.
 The king crab is called "living fossil". A living fossil is a living animal of ancient origin with
many primitive characters.
Concept Builder
1. Peripatus is considered as connecting link between annelida and arthropoda as it has unjointed
legs and breathes by trachea.
2. Larvae of different Arthropods
(a) Bombyx(Silkworm) Caterpillar/Silkworm.
(b) Beetles, honey bee Grub
(c) Musca (Housefly) Maggot
(d) Culex, Anopheles Wriggler
(e) Pennaeus(marine prawn) Mysis, nauplius, protozoea
(f) Cancer(Crab) Megalopa, metanauplius, zoea
3. Terga are dorsal plates whereas sterna are ventral plates of exoskeleton.
4. Arthrodial membranes join the different sclerites.
5. Halters are drumstick shaped, second pair of reduced wings of housefly and mosquito
which helps in balancing.
6. Eggs of Culex are cigar shaped; they are laid vertically on the surface of water in clusters;
airfloats are absent; whereas in Anopheles eggs are boat shaped, laid singly and horizontally;
they have airfloat.
7. Larva of Culex is bottom feeder whereas larva of Anopheles is surface feeder.
8. Adult of Culex lies parallel to the surface and both ends of body deflexed whereas in
Anopheles, the body is inclined at an angle of 45° to the surface. So, they can be distinguished
with the help of sitting posture.

9. In Spider, Spinnerets are present anterior to the terminal anus. They produce silken thread.
10. Von Frisch described the process of communication of food source in honey bees.
11. Insecticides sprayed over the mosquitoes desensitize their nervous system as well as
chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors ofthe antennae.
12. Johnston's organs are present on antennae of mosquitoes.
13. The life cycle is generally accompanied with metamorphosis. Larvae and adults may show
different feeding habits and occupy different habitats.
14. Insects like bees, wasps, beetles, moths and butterflies are good pollinators for important crops.
15. Ants, termites and locusts are eaten by Chinese and Indians; Eggs of aquatic bugs are used as
food by Mexicans; Ox-warbles are eaten by Red Indians.
16. Dragon flies feed on the larvae of mosquitoes
17. Glow worm (Firefly) shows bioluminescence.
18. Adult Culex and Anopheles can be distinguished with the help of Sitting posture.
19. The insects may be divided into five groups on the basis of their mode of development.
1. Ametabola insects – metamorphosis absent. The young ones resemble adult.
Eggs ⎯
⎯→ Young ⎯
⎯→ Adult ex. Lepisma (Silver fish)
2. Paurometabola insects – gradual metamorphosis
Eggs ⎯
⎯→ Nymph ⎯
⎯→ Adult ex. Cockroach, Grasshopper, Locusts etc.
3. Hemimetabola insects – incomplete metamorphosis. Habitat of young ones is different from
adults.
Eggs ⎯
⎯→ Naiads ⎯
⎯→ Adult ex. Dragon flies (Naiads aquatic but adults aerial)
4. Holometabola insects – complete metamorphosis
Eggs ⎯
⎯→ Larva ⎯
⎯→ Pupa ⎯
⎯→ Adult ex. House flies, Butterflies, Mosquitoes etc.
5. Hypermetabola insects – various forms of larvae
Eggs ⎯
⎯→ Larva(1) ⎯
⎯→ Larva(2) ⎯
⎯→ — ⎯
⎯→ Pupa ⎯
⎯→ Adult
ex. Blister beetle.
Self Assessment
Q.61 Which of the following is the largest phylum of kingdom Animalia?

(1) Mollusca (2) Annelida (3) Arthropoda (4) Echinodermata
Q.62 Which of the following is not an exclusive trait of arthropoda?
(1) Presence of wings (2) Jointed appendages
(3) Haemocoel (4) Chitinous exoskeleton
Q.63 Arthropoda is characterised by
(1) Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry and abdominal appendages
(2) Bilateral symmetry and pair of wings
(3) Acoelomate and radial symmetry
(4) Exoskeleton, metameric segmentation and jointed appendages
Q.64 Choose the incorrect match
(1) Gregarious pest –Locusta (2) Living fossil -Limulus
(3) Vector -Lucifer (4) Economically important insect -Apis
Q.65 Body of insect is divisible into
(1) Head, thorax and abdomen (2) Head, trunk and abdomen
(3) Cephalothorax, head and abdomen (4) Trunk, thorax and abdomen
Q.66 In insects, repiratory gas exchange occurs through
(1) Gills (2) Tracheae (3) Skin (4) Lungs
Q.67 What is common between earthworm and cockroach?
(1) Nephridia (2) Solid ventral nerve cord
(3) Cuticle (4) Malpighian tubule
Q.68 Open blood circulation is found in
(1) Earthworm (2) Human (3) Cockroach (4) Reptiles
Q.69 Blood colour of arthropods is
(1) Colourless (2) Red (3) Blue (4) Yellow
Q.70 Excretory organs of arthropods are
(1) Green glands (2) Green gland and malpighian tubules
(3) Nephridia (4) Malpighian tubules
Ans. Q.61 (3), Q.62 (1), Q.63 (4), Q.64 (3), Q.65 (1), Q.66 (2), Q.67 (2), Q.68 (3), Q.69 (1),
Q.70 (2)
9. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Phylum mollusca is the second largest phylum in animal kingdom which includes over
60,000 species. General characters are :
 Molluscs are terrestrial, aquatic (fresh water or marine) triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical,
schizocoelic and unsegmented animals.
 Most molluscs secrete a shell of calcium carbonate that protects and supports their soft tissues.
 The body is organised into three general regions: head, foot and visceral hump.
 The visceral hump contains the digestive tract and other visceral organs.
 The body is covered by a soft and spongy skin fold called mantle which secretes the shell.
 The space between the hump and the mantle is called mantle cavity in which feather like gills
are present.
 Molluscs typically employ a feeding organ called radula which is armed with rows of
chitinous teeth. The radula is protruded from the mouth and worked back and forth to rasp
the food into fine particles.
 Circulatory system is mainly of open type but some reduced sinuses are present. Respiratory
pigment is haemocyanin.
 Respiration occurs by feather like gills, pulmonary sac or both, or through general body
surface.
 Excretion occurs by paired Organ of Bojanus. Another excretory organ called Keber's organ
(Pericardial gland) is also present in Unioalongwith paired organ of Bojanus. It pours the waste
into pericardium from where the waste is carried to the organ of Bojanus that opens out
through mantle cavity.
 Sense organs include eyes, statocysts and osphradia (chemoreceptor to test chemical nature
of water).
 Reproduction sexual, adults can be dioecious (unisexual) or monoecious (bisexual or
hermaphrodite) Fertilization is generally external, development is direct or through free
larval forms like trochophore, veliger (in Pila), glochidium (in Unio) -an ectoparasite on
fishes.
Pila produces 2 types of sperms :

(i) Eupyrene -Motile and functional sperms, 25 µm long, thread like with a single cilium.
(ii) Oligopyrene -Non-motile and non-functional sperms, 32.5 µm long, spindle shaped with
4-5 cilia.
Q.1 Suggest why an open circulatory system is sufficient to meet the needs of a gastropod?
Q.2 What is torsion?
Q.3 What advantage is it to an oyster to make pearls?
Ans. Q.1 Gastropods and bivalves have open cirrulatory system with hemolymph and a hemocoel.
Gastropods move slowly and therefore need small amounts of energy and oxygen. Thus, their
needs can be met byan open circulatory system.
Q.2 In gastropods, twisting of the visceral mass 1800 in relation to head.
Q.3 Oysters make pearl by covering sharp edged particles of sand or rock with smooth coating.
By doing so, the oyster makes these particles less irritating.
CLASSIFICATION
Molluscs' classification is mainly on the basis of shell and foot.

Polyplacophora/ Pelecypoda Bivalvia or
Monoplacophora Aplacophora Scaphopoda Gastropoda Cephalopoda
Amphineura Lamellibranchiata
- Marine, common - Marine, Worm like - Marine - Marine - Marine/fresh water - Marine/fresh water - Marine
character of Annelida Body-Small covered by Body - Bilateral Body - Bilateral /moist soil. largest class. Body-Bilateral and flat Body - Bilateral head &
and Arthropoda. thick mantle Head - reduced without Head - absent. Body-Symmetrical embryo Head-Absent foot combined cephalopoda
Body - Bilaterally Head-Small without eyes eyes and tentacles. Shell-Tubular, open at both grows into an asymmetrical Shell-Consist of two valves Shell-Internal and reduced it
symmetrical and & tentacles Shell - Present or absent. 8 end. adult due to twisting/torsion Movably hinged dorsally. may be external (Nautilus)
segmented. Shell - Absent. dorsal plates present. Redula-Present of visceral mass during Redula-Absent or absent (Octopus)
Head - Indistinct Redula - Present (Multivalved) Foot - Conical and use development. mouth & anus Foot-Plough or Wedge Redula - Present
Shell - Dome-shaped with Foot-Reduce/absent. Radula – Present for digging lie on same side. shaped for burrowing Foot - Modified into a funnel
mantle. Larva-Trochophore Foot - Reduced/absent. Larva - Trochophore Head-With eyes & tentacles. Redula-absent and partly into 8 or 10 sucker
Radula - Present e.g. Neomenia Larva-Trochophore e.g. Shell - Spirally coiled Larva-Glochidium, bearing arms that surround
Foot - Flat muscular e.g. Dentalium-Tusk-shell. Radula – Present Trochophore the mouth
Larva - Trochophore Chiton-The coat of mail shell (Respire by mantle) Foot - Large & flat e.g. Locomotion is by expelling
e.g. (Sea-mica) Larva - Trochophore Unio-Mussel (fresh water) water in jet through siphon
- Neopilina Chaetopleura- or Veliger. Pinctada-Pearl oysters. (Jet propulsion).
Living fossils e.g. Pila-Apple-snail Ink glands in some squids
Connecting link of (Shell used in but-tons) for offense and defense.
Annelida and When the squid is attacked, it
Mollusca and only emits a cloud of inky fluid
segmented molluscs through its siphon. This
with nephridia. 'smoke screen' interferes with
the vision and
chemoreceptors
of the predator and thereby
helps the squid to escape.
- Closed blood
circulation.
- Hectocotyle for
sperm transfer
- Larva absent

e.g. Sepia-Cuttle fish
10 arms having
Chromatophores.
Loligo - Squid
(Radula absent)
Octopus - Devil
fish 8 arms
Concept Builder
(i) Architeuthis (Giant AtJantic squid) is the largest and heaviest among invertebrates, 55 feet
length.
(ii) Nautilus is the only cephalopod with external shell, so ink glands are absent.
(iii) The colour change in cephalopods occurs due to chromatophores.
Self Assessment
Q.71 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of phylum Mollusca?
(1) They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals
(2) Unsegmented animals
(3) They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development
(4) Respiratory organs are feather like gills which are present in the visceral hump, help in
respiration and excretion
Q.72 File-like rasping organ for feeding called as radula is present in all molluscs, except
(1) Pila (Apple snail) (2) Sepia (Cuttle fish)
(3) Aplysia (Sea hare) (4) Pinctada (Pearl oyster)
Q.73 Mollusca is differentiated from other by
(1) Bilateral symmetry and external skeleton (2) Mantle and gills
(3) Shell and unsegmented body (4) Mantle and unsegmented body
Q.74 Osphradium of Pila is meant for
(1) Excretion (2) Nutrition
(3) Grinding of food (4) Selection and rejection of food
Q.75 In which of the following class of phylum Mollusca, torsion occurs?
(1) Gastropoda (2) Pelecypoda (3) Cephalopoda (4) Monoplacophora
Q.76 Ink glands for protection and locomotion by jet propulsion mechanism is a characteristic
feature of
(1) Pila (Apple snail) (2) Loligo (Squid)
(3) Dentalium (Tusk shell) (4) Chaetopleura (Chiton)
Q.77 Trochophore larva occurs in
(1) Annelida and Porifera (2) Coelenterata and Annelida
(3) Mollusca and Echinodermata (4) Annelida and Mollusca
Q.78 Pearls are obtained from
(1) Sepia (2) Pinctada (3) Dentalium (4) Octopus
Q.79 Which of the following statement is incorrect about circulatory system of molluscs?
(1) Blood contains a respiratory pigment haemocyanin
(2) Non-cephalopod molluscs have open circulatory system
(3) Cephalopod molluscs have closed circulatory system
(4) Respiratory pigment is haemoglobin dissolved in plasma
Q.80 Eye of which molluscan group resembles vertebrate eye?
(1) Bivalvia (2) Gastropoda (3) Pelecypoda (4) Cephalopoda
Ans. Q.71 (4), Q.72 (4), Q.73 (4), Q.74 (4), Q.75 (1), Q.76 (2), Q.77 (4), Q.78 (2), Q.79 (4),
Q.80 (4)

10. PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
 They are exclusively present in marine water and there
are no parasitic forms. Similarities with chordates :
(i) They have tube within tube type of body plan which has
evolved along deuterostomic evolutionary line.
(ii) They possess a true coelom called enterocoelom.
(iii) They have mesodermal skeleton made of calcareous plates
or ossicles.
 All these characters make the echinoderms closer to
chordates. The other characters are :
1. The symmetry is bilateral in larvae but pentamerous radial in
adults.
2. Many echinoderms bear a number of calcareous spines on
their body surfaces called tubercles. Between the spines,
there are pincer like structures called pedicellariae to keep
the surface clean. Pedicellariae are made of three
calcareous plates. Two calcareous valve like structures in
the form of jaws resting upon a basal calcareous plate.
3. Between the spines, there are finger like processes called dermal branchiae which help in
respiration.
4. Mouth is on ventral/oral side and aniss is on dorsal or aboral side.
5. There is no distinct anterior and posterior end i.e., no cephalisation.
6. Haemal and Perihaemal Systems: Instead of blood vascular system, there are present haemal
and perihaemal systems which are of coelomic origin. Thus the so called circulatory system is
open type. The so called blood is often without a respiratory pigment. There is no heart.
7. Respiratory Organs : Gaseous exchange occurs by dermal branchiae or papulae in star
fishes, peristominal gills in sea urchins, genital bursae in brittle stars and cloacal respiratory
trees in holothurians. Exchange of gases also takes place through tube feet.
8. Excretory organs : Specialized excretory organs are absent. Nitrogenous wastes are
diffused out via gills or dermal branchiae. Ammonia is chief excretory matter.
9. Sexes are separate. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually external. Development is
indirect with free-swimming larva.
Q.1 Sea stars release millions of eggs during reproduction. How is this method of reproduction
adaptive?
Q.2 What is a distinguishing characteristic of class-Echinoidea?
Ans. Q.1 Sea starsare slow moving animals with external fertilization, they release millions of eggs
which is a reproductive adaptation as it helps to ensure at least some eggs are fertilized.
Q.2 Aristotle's lantern

Divided into Five classes
Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea


Body - Flat & star like. Body form - Flat & star Body form - Globular/disc Body form-Long & Body form - Plant like fixed with
like like. cylindrical cirri.
Arms - Five or multiple of Arms - Five or multiple of Arms - Absent Arms - Absent Arms - Highly branched
Concept Builder
five not sharply marked with five. Sharply marked with
the central disc (Show the central disc
CLASSIFICATION
Autotomy).
Spines - Present. Spines - Present Spines - Present Spines Absent Spines - Absent
Pedicellariae - Present. Pedicellariae - Absent Pedicellariae - Present Padicellariae - Absent Pedicellariae - Absent
Ambulacral groove - Situated Ambulacral groove - Not Ambulacral groove – Ambulacral groove – Ambulacral groove - Oral and
at oral surface. visible Absent Absent ciliated
Madreporite - at Aboral Madreporite - Oral Madreporite - Aboral Madreporite - Internal Madreporite - Absent
surface
Anus - At aboral end. Anus - Absent Anus – Aboral Anus – Aboral Anus – Oral
Viscera - Extend upto arms Viscera - No Viscera into Viscera - No Viscera into Viscera - No Viscera into Viscera - Extend upto arms
arms. arms. arms.
Respiration - Dermal Respiration - Genital Respiration - Peristomium Respiration-Cloacal tree Respiration - Tube feet
branchiae or papulae bursae gills
Suckers - Present Suckers – Absent Suckers – Present Suckers – Present Suckers – Absent
Phylum echinodermata is divided into five classes.
Larva - Bipinnaria – Larva - Ophiopluteus Larva - Pluteus Larva - Auricularia Larva - Doliolaria
Brachiolaria- Dipleura Ophiura (Brittle star) Mouth - with biting & Cucumaria - Sea Antedon - Sea lilly
Asterias - starfish chewing tooth apparatus Cucumber (most primitive)
Aristotle's lantern
(Masticating apparatus with

5 teeth)
Echinus-sea urchin
1. The starfish uses the suction cup-like ends of the tube feet of one arm to hold on to rocks, as it
moves the other arms. It can open bivalves (molluscs) by attaching two arms to either sides of
a bivalve and pulling them apart. The bivalve opens out, the stomach of starfish is then everted
through its mouth and introduced into the open mollusc which is partly digested before being
ingested. Echinoderms predate on coral polyps also.
2. Word roots and origin : ampulla from Latin meaning ''flask''.
Self Assessment
Q.81 In which of the following phylum larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and adult are radially
symmetrical?
(1) Mollusca (2) Echinodermata (3) Annelida (4) Arthropoda
Q.82 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of phylum Echinodermata?
(1) Excretory system is absent
(2) Presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion
(3) Sexes are separate
(4) Fertilization is internal development is indirect with free swimming larva
Q.83 Aristotle's lantern which helps in mastication is a characteristic feature of
(1) Asterias (Star fish) (2) Echinus (Sea urchin)
(3) Antedon (Sea lily) (4) Ophiura (Brittle star)
Q.84 Ambulacral grooves are absent in
(1) Asteroidea (2) Crinoidea (3) Ophiuroidea (4) Star fish
Q.85 In which of the following phylum all the animals are exclusively marine with organ system
level of organisation?
(1) Coelenterata (2) Porifera (3) Echinodermata (4) Mollusca
Q.86 Bipinnaria is the larval stage of
(1) Asterias (2) Echinus (3) Antedon (4) Cucumaria
Q.87 Which one of the following occurs in Molluscs but not in Echinoderms?
(1) Aristotle's lantern (2) Kidneys
(3) Organ system level of organisation (4) Dioecious condition
Q.88 In Echinodermata the members of which class have mouth and anus on the same surface of
body?
(1) Holothuroidea (2) Crinoidea (3) Ophiuroidea (4) Echinoidea
Q.89 The structures which help in respiration as well as excretion are
(1) Dermal branchiae (2) Pedicellariae (3) Calcareous spines (4) Tubercles
Q.90 Which of the following is mismatched?
(1) Clypeaster Cake urchin (2) Pentaceros Star fish
(3) Ophiocoma Sand dollar (4) Echinocordium Heart urchin
Ans. Q.81 (2), Q.82 (4), Q.83 (2), Q.84 (3), Q.85 (3), Q.86 (1), Q.87 (2), Q.88 (2), Q.89 (1),
Q.90 (3)
10. PHYLUM: HEMICHORDATA / STOMOCHORDATA

 Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum
under chordata. But now it is placed as a separate
phylum under non-chordata.
 The phylum consists of a small group of worms like
marine animals with organ system level of
organisation.
 Its characteristics are :
(i) In hemichordata or stomochordata, true notochord is
absent. gill slits are present but they are dorso lateral in
position. They are worm like. bilaterally symmetrical.
triploblastic and entero-coelomate animals.
(ii) Stomochord is a hollow outgrowth arising from the
roof of the buccal cavity, also called 'buccal
diverticulum'. It is present in the proboscis.
(iii) Dorsal heart, ventral hollow nerve cord, no respiratory
pigments. Circulatory system is open. Respiration by
gills.
(iv) Development is mostly indirect through a free swimming tornaria larva. e.g. Balanoglossus
(acorn, tongue worm), Glossobalanus. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external.
(v) Believed to be connecting link between non-chordates and chordates.
(vi) Due to the absence of true notochord in hemichordata, many taxonomists do not consider these
animals as chordates.
(vii) Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
(viii) The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.
Examples : Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus
Self Assessment
Q.91 Excretory organ in hemichordates is

(1) Neural gland (2) Solenocyte (3) Coxal gland (4) Proboscis gland
Q.92 Stomochord is present in
(1) Amphioxus (2) Herdmania (3) 8alanoglossus (4) Myxine
Q.93 Which is correct about Acorn worm?
(1) Sexes are united and fertilisation is internal
(2) Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal
(3) Sexes are separate but fertilisation is external
(4) Sexes are united but fertilisation is external
Q.94 Find the correct match W.r.t. hemichordata phylum.
(1) Circulatory system Open (2) Body cavity Schizocoelom
(3) Respiratory pigment Haemocyanin (4) Gill slits Absent
Q.95 The anteriormost part of the body of Balanoglossus is

(1) Collar (2) Proboscis (3) Head (4) Branchial region
Q.96 Which is not true?
(1) Acorn worm is worm like but not parasitic in nature
(2) Tongue worm is also known as acorn worm
(3) Stomochord, also known as 'buccal diverticulum' is present in the collar
(4) Tornaria is the larva of Balanoglossus
Q.97 Which feature of hemichordata shows its affinity with chordata?
(1) Presence of dorsal heart (2) Presence of pharyngeal gill slits
(3) Presence of marine habitat (4) Absence of respiratory pigment
Q.98 Which of the following statement is incorrect about the phylum hemichordata?
(1) They are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic and coelomate animals
(2) Circulatory system is closed
(3) Excretory organ is proboscis gland
(4) Fertilisation is external and development is indirect
Q.99 Which of the following set of animals belong to phylum hemichordata?
(1) Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus (2) Salpa, Doliolum
(3) Petromyzon, Myxine (4) Dentalium, Chaetopleura
Q.100 Acorn worms are included in which of the following phylum?
(1) Echinodermata (2) Hemichordata (3) Mollusca (4) Annelida
Ans. Q.91 (4), Q.92 (3), Q.93 (3), Q.94 (1), Q.95 (2), Q.96 (3), Q.97 (2), Q.98 (2), Q.99 (1),
Q.100 (2)

SUMMARY
1. The basic fundamental features such as level of organisation, symmetry, cell organisation,
coelom, segmentation, notochord, etc., have enabled us to broadly classify the animal
kingdom. Besides the fundamental features, there are many other distinctive characters which
are specific for each phyla or class.
2. Porifera includes multicellular animals which exhibit cellular level of organisation and have
characteristic flagellated choanocytes. Ostia present all over the body, with a Single opening
osculum on top. Sponges have a characteristic canal system. They are hermaphrodite. Skeleton
made up of calcareous or siliceous spicules or spongin fibres.
3. Coelenterates have tentacles and bear Cnidoblasts. They are mostly aquatic, sessile or free-
floating. They show radial symmetry, are acoelomate, diploblastic with gastrovascular cavity.
Some cnidarians show metagenesis.
4. Ctenophores are exclusively marine, diploblastic acoelomate with radial symmetry. They lack
cnidoblasts have colloblasts. Locomotion by comb plates.
5. Platyhelminthes are first triploblastic animals. They are acoelomate, with bitateral symmetry
and blind sac body plan. They are generally hermaphrodite. They are mostly parasites and
show distinct suckers and hooks for attachment.
6. Aschelminthes are triploblastic, unsegmented and show bilateral symmetry. They are
pseudocoelomate with complete alimentary canal. They are generally dioecious.
7. Annelids they are first to acquire metameric segmentation and true coelom. Body bears
appendages for locomotion in the form of chitinous setae or parapodia.
8. Arthropods are the most abundant group of animals characterised by the presence of jointed
appandages. They are triploblastic, coelomates with metamerically segmented body and open
circulatory system. Exoskeleton is Chitinous.
9. Molluscs, they have soft unsegmented body _covered by a hard calcareous shell secreted by a
fold of skin mantle covering the visceral mass.
10. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and possess spiny skin. Their most distinctive feature is
the presence of water vascular system. Larva has bilateral symmetry but the adult has radial
symmetry.
11. The Hemichordates are small group of worm like marine animals. They have a cylindn'cal
body with proboscis, collar and trunk.

EXERCISE – 1
Section – A
Q.1 Sponges in which the calls are loosely aggregated and do not form tissues or organs are
grouped under which sub-kingdom?
(1) Metazoa (2) Eumetazoa (3) Parazoa (4) Bilateria
Q.2 Level of organization in coelentrates is
(1) Acellular (2) Cellular (3) Tissue (4) Organ system
Q.3 Blind sac body plan is found in
(1) Sponges (2) Annelids (3) Coelentrates (4) Round wonns
Q.4 Annelids possess
(1) Cell aggregate plan (2) Blind sac plan
(3) Tube within a tube plan (4) Hollow sac plan
Q.5 'Tube within a tube' plan is not exhibited by one of the following phyla
(1) Coelenterata (3) Annelida (2) Aschelminthes (4) Arthropoda
Q.6 An animal having triploblastic acoelomic condition is
(1) Ascaris (2) Periplaneta (3) Planaria (4) Sycon
Q.7 Animals which are triploblastic with tube within tube type of body plan and embryonic
blastopore forms anus (deuterostomia) are
(1) Annelids (2) Molluscs (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Echinoderms
Q.8 Echinoderms and chordates have
(1) Pseudocoel (2) Shizocoelom (3) Enterocoelom (4) Haemocoel
Q.9 Body cavity of arthropods is called
(1) Coelom (2) Haemocoel (3) Pseudocoel (4) Gastrovascular cavity
Q.10 A deuterostomic animal is
(1) Star fish (2) Sea Anemone (3) Pearl oyster (4) Octopus
Q.11 True segmentation (metameric) occurred for the first time in
(1) Platyhelminthes (2) Aschelminthes (3) Annelids (4) Arthropods
Q.12 Animals possessing pseudocoelom are
(1) Flatworms (2) Round worms (3) Annelids (4) Molluscs
Q.13 True coelom appeared fjrst in the course of evolution in
(1) Echinodermata (2) Annelida (3) Chordata (4) Aschelminthes
Q.14 Biradial symmetry is found in
(1) Obelia (2) Sea Anemone (3) Hydra (4) Aurelia
Q.15 Which is the only phylum in the animal kingdom without any nerve cell?
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Annelida (4) Eumelazoa
Q.16 The basis of classification of protozoa is
(1) Mode of nutrition (2) Mode of reproduction
(3) Mode of locomotion (4) Mode of respiration

Q.17 Dum-dum fever is caused by
(1) Leishmania donovan (2) Glossina palpalis
(3) Giardia intestinalis (4) Trypanosoma gambiens
Q.18 The relationship between Lophomonas and wood cockroach is of
(1) Parasitism (2) Commensalism (3) Symbiosis (4) Ammensalism
Q.19 Oriental sore disease in man is caused by which one of the following?
(1) Leishmania tropica (2) L. donovani
(3) L. brasiliensis (4) Phlebotomus intermedius
Q.20 Trypanosoma gambiense causes
(1) Sleeping sickness (2) Yellow fever (3) Kala-azar (4) Oriental sore
Q.21 The vector of Trypanosoma gambiense is
(1) Sand fly (2) Fruit fly (3) Tse-Tse fly (4) House fly
Q.22 A sarcodine causing dysentry is
(1) Giardia (2) Entamoeba (3) Amoeba (4) Tryponosoma
Q.23 Silica shells mayor may not occur in one of the following
(1) Amoeboids (2) Heliozoans (3) Radiolarians (4) Foraminiferans
Q.24 Time period from the initial infection to first appearence of symptoms is known as
(1) Pre-patent period (2) Incubation period
(3) Pre-erythrocytic period (4) Exo-erythrocytic period
Q.25 Tetranucleated cyst stage Is found in
(1) Entamoeba coli (2) Entamoeba histolytica
(3) Leishmania (4) Trypanosoma
Q.26 Which of the following organisms is known to form abscesses in human liver, lungs, brain
etc.?
(1) Entamoeba histolytica (2) Monocystis
(3) Plasmodium (4) Fasciola hepatica
Q.27 Which one of the following constitutes the reserve food material in the cyst of Entamoeba
histolytica?
(1) Volutin granules (2) Starch granules
(3) Glycogen granules (4) Fat droplets
Q.28 Slipper animalcule is the name of
(1) Pelomyxa (2) Actinophrys (3) Euglena (4) Paramecium
Q.29 Organelle concerned with offence and defence in Paramecium is
(1) Tnchocyst (2) Radial canals (3) Kappa particles (4) Peristome
Q.30 Conjugation in Paramecium is by
(1) Exchange of micronucleus (2) Exchange of macronucleus
(3) Exchange of + and – nuclei (4) Exchange of nuclei
Q.31 The function of cytopyge in Paramecium is to
(1) Fitter food particles
(2) Form the bolus of the food malerial
(3) Segregate debris from useful food material
(4) Egest the indigestible waste
Q.32 Contractile vacuoles of Paramecium are analogous to
(1) Sweat glands of mammals (2) Uriniferous tubules
(3) Gastrovascular cavity of Hydra (4) Typhlosole of Earthworm
Q.33 Removal of micronucleus in Paramecium witt impair the function of
(1) Reproduction (2) Excretion (3) Osmoregulation (4) Locomotion
Q.34 Locomotion in sporozoans occur by
(1) Flagella (2) Cilia (3) Pseudopodia (4) Wriggling movement
Q.35 The most important characteristic of phylum porifera is
(1) They are acellular
(2) They possess blind sac type of body plan
(3) They possess canal system and choanocytes
(4) They possess water vascular system
Q.36 Most of the sponges are marine and remain attached to rocks (sessile). The fresh water sponge
is
(1) Sycon (2) Spongilla (3) Cliona (4) Euplectella
Q.37 Path of water in a sponge is
(1) Dermal ostia → gastral ostia → osculum
(2) Dermal ostia → gastral ostia → spongocoel → osculum
(3) Osculum → spongocoel → choanocytes → ostia
(4) Pinacocytes → choanocytes → enteron → osculum
Q.38 The movement of water in syconoid type of canal system is
(1) Dermal ostia → canal → spongocoel → osculum
(2) Dermal ostia → incurrent canal ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Prosopyle
→ radial canal ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Apopyle
→ spongocoel →
osculum
(3) Dermal ostia → incurrent canal ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Prosopyle
→ flagellated chamber ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Apopyle
→ excurrent
canal → spongocoel → osculum
(4) Pinacocytes → choanocytes → enteron → osculum
Q.39 Which one of the following cells are totipotent and are responsible for regenerative capacity in
sponges?
(1) Pinacocytes (2) Thesocytes (3) Archaeocytes (4) Scleroblast
Q.40 The skeleton of bath sponge, Euspongia, is made of
(1) Spongin fibres (2) Siliceous spicules
(3) Calcareous spicules (4) Spongin fibres and siliceous spicules
Q.41 A sponge harmful to oyster industry is
(1) Spongilla (2) Euspongia (3) Hyalonema (4) Cliona
Q.42 Which of the following lives in commensal relationship with Shrimps and is called as 'Venus
Flower Basket'?
(1) Leucosolenia (2) Euplectella (3) Euspongia (4) Sycon
Q.43 Larva of Leucosolenia is
(1) Parenchymula (2) Amphiblastula (3) Planula (4) Trochophore
Q.44 Mode of digestion in sponges is
(1) Intracellular (2) Intercellular
(3) Intracellular and Intercellular (4) None of these
Q.45 The spongocoel of sponges is homologous to the
(1) True coelom of earthworm (2) Haemocoel of cockroach
(3) Pseudocoelom of Ascaris (4) None of these
Q.46 In the absence of a closed vascular system, how do sponges manage to distribute the nutritive
substances from choanocytes to rest of the cells?
(1) Through cell to cell diffussion
(2) Through mesoglea which acts as the food reservoir and distribution system
(3) Through the wandering cells, amoebocytes
(4) Through cell to cell diffusion and amoebocytes
Q.47 Hydra and Obelia are
(1) Diploblastic, blind sac body plan, radial symmetry, acoelomate
(2) Diploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and acoelomate
(3) Triploblastic , radially symmetrical and coelomate
(4) Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate
Q.48 The most important characteristic of phylum Cnidaria is
(1) Cnidoblasts (2) Choanocytes (3) Thesocytes (4) Archaeocytes
Q.49 Digestion in Hydra is
(1) Extracellular (2) Intracellular
(3) Extracellular and intracellular (4) Holozoic
Q.50 Metagenesis is found in
(1) Physalia (Portuguese man of war) (2) Hydra
(3) Obelia (4) Both (1) & (3)
Q.51 Which of the following statement is incorrect about metagenesis?
(1) Alternation of asexual and sexual phases in the life cycle of Obelia is called metagenesis
(2) Metagenesis is similar to alternation of generations as found in plants
(3) Both the medusa and polyp are diploid
(4) Medusa is the sexual phase and polyp is the asexual phase
Q.52 Jelly fish belongs to class
(1) Hydrozoa (2) Scyphozoa (3) Anthozoa (4) None of these
Q.53 Sea anemone belongs to
(1) Anthozoa (2) Hydraozoa (3) Scyphozoa (4) Coelenterata
Q.54 Which one of the following is coelenterate?
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea horse (3) Sea urchin (4) Sea cucumber
Q.55 Tick mark the incorrect match
(1) Obelia Planula larva (2) Aurelia Ephyra larva
(3) Nereis Trochophore (4) Hydra Hydrula larva
Q.56 The hypnotoxin is produced by
(1) Penetrant (2) Volvent (3) Large glutinant (4) Small glutinant
Q.57 During discharge of nematocyst the function of lasso is to
(1) Press and squeeze out the thread tube
(2) Trigger the stimulus
(3) Prevent the detachment of nematocyst from nematoblast
(4) None of these
Q.58 A piece of Hydra will regenerate into a full Hydra if it contains a part of
(1) Epidermis
(2) Epidermis, gastrodermis and interstitial cells
(3) Basal disc
(4) Epidermis, gastrodermis and tentacles
Q.59 Which one of the following (cell types) contains the symbiotic Zoochlorellae in Hydra?
(1) Epithelio muscular cells of epidermis
(2) Endothelio muscular cells of gastrodermis
(3) Interstitial cells
(4) Algae embedded in the mesoglea
Q.60 If the body stalk of Hydra is cut transversely into several segments, then in these fragments,
tentacles would regenerate
(1) At the end that was close to the hypostome
(2) At the end that was cl'ose to the basal disc
(3) Randomly at either ends of the cut segments
(4) In none of the segments
Q.61 Main function of interstitial cells is
(1) Replacement of lost cells (2) Excretion
(3) Digestion (4) Defence
Q.62 Organ pipe coral is
(1) Tubipora (2) Gorgonia (3) Pennatula (4) Meandrina
Q.63 Which animal has been placed in wrong habitat?
(1) Hydra vulgaris -sea water (2) Hydra gangetica -fresh water
(3) Obelia -sea water (4) Physalia -sea water
Q.64 Which of the following belong to phylum ctenophora?
(1) Hormiphora (2) Cestum (3) Beroe (4) All of these
Q.65 Which of the following are triploblastic, acoelomate with blind sac type of body plan and
parenchyma cells originating from mesoderm fill up the cavities of the body?
(1) Cnidarians (2) Platyhelminthes (3) Annelids (4) Arthropoda
Q.66 In platyhelminthes, the excretory organs are
(1) Nephridia (2) Nephrons (3) Flame cells (4) Archeocytes

Q.67 Tapeworm is placed in a class
(1) Cestoda (2) Trematoda (3) Sporozoa (4) Turbellaria
Q.68 Which one of the following stages in the life history of liver fluke infects the sheep?
(1) Miracidium (2) Redia (3) Cercaria (4) Metacercaria
Q.69 The correct sequence of various larvae in liver fluke is
(1) Miracidium, sporocyst, cercaria, redia, metacercaria
(2) Miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria
(3) Sporocyst, redia, miracidium, cercaria, metacercaria
(4) Cercaria, sporocyst, redia, miracidium, metacercaria
Q.70 Branched uterus containing fertilized capsules can be seen in tapeworm in
(1) Immature proglottid (2) Mature proglottid
(3) Gravid proglottid (4) Immediately below neck
Q.71 The mature proglottids having fertilized eggs in uterus of tapeworm are regularly detached.
This process is known as
(1) Apolysis (2) Proliferation (3) Strobilation (4) Topolysis
Q.72 Taenia saginata differs from Taenia solium in
(1) Absence of scolex hooks
(2) Scolex devoid of hooks and difference in secondary host
(3) Absence of scolex hooks and presence of both male and female reproductive organs
(4) Presence of scolex hooks
Q.73 Fluke occuring in human beings is
(1) Fasciolopsis (2) Fasciola (3) Dugesis (4) Male Ascaris
Q.74 Schistosoma is known as
(1) Blood fluke (2) Chinese liver fluke
(3) Dog tapeworm (4) Lung fluke
Q.75 Ladder like nervous system, with ventral nerve chord is present in
(1) Cnidaria (2) Platyhelminthes (3) Annelida (4) Arthropoda
Q.76 The larva of Taenia solium is
(1) Cysticercus (2) Megascolex (3) Planula (4) Ephyra
Q.77 Alimentary canal is absent in
(1) Planaria (2) Tapeworm (3) Blood fluke (4) Liver fluke
Q.78 Male Ascaris differs from female in having
(1) Lips (2) Amphids (3) Pineal spicules (4) Tail
Q.79 The epidermis of Ascaris is
(1) Multicellular (2) Syncytial (3) Columnar (4) Cuboidal
Q.80 A free living roundworm is
(1) Enterobius (2) Rhabditis (3) Dracunculus (4) Trichinella
Q.81 The commonest worm in children is
(1) Ascaris lumbricoides (2) Enterobius vermicularis

(3) Ancylostoma duodenals (4) Trichinella sprialis
Q.82 Which is the infective stage of Ascaris for man?
(1) First larval stage
(2) Second larval stage (Rhaditiform larva)
(3) Encysted egg
(4) Adult
Q.83 What name is given to the condition of testis in Ascaris?
(1) Monodelphic (2) Didelphic (3) Monarchic (4) Alarchic
Q.84 Filariasis is caused by
(1) Wuchereria (2) Ancylostoma (3) Trichinella (4) Enterobius
Section – B
Q.1 Anal itching is caused by

(1) Female Ancylostoma (2) Male Ancylostoma
(3) Female Enterobius (4) Male Enterobius
Q.2 The altemaleflntermediate host of Guinea worm is
(1) Fish (2) Dog (3) Cyclop (4) Domesticated animals
Q.3 Blisters are produced on the body due to infection of worm called
(1) Trichinella (2) Dracunculus (3) Wuchereria (4) Echinococcus
Q.4 Leech belongs to the class
(1) Polychaeta (2) Oligochaeta (3) Hirudinea (4) Archiannelida
Q.5 Aphrodite (sea mouse) belongs to class
(1) Hirudinea (2) Oligocllaeta (3) Archiannelida (4) Polychaeta
Q.6 Parapodia for locomotion are found in one of the following
(1) Earthworm (2) Hirudinaria (3) Nerais (4) Polygordius
Q.7 In earthworm, the function of chloragogen cells is
(1) Excretion (2) Reproduction (3) Digestion (4) Regeneration
Q.8 A temporary clitelium occurs during the breeding season in
(1) Pheretima (2) Heteronereis (3) Hirodinaria (4) Aphrodite
Q.9 The septal and pharyngeal nephridia open into alimentary canal and are of enteronephric type.
It is an adaptation for
(1) Conservation of water (osmoregulation)
(2) Conservation of heat
(3) Regulation of temperature
(4) Regulation of amino acids
Q.10 Blood of Pheretima is
(1) Blue with haemocyanin in corpuscles (2) Blue with haemocyanin in plasma
(3) Red with haemocyanin in corpuscles (4) Red with haemoglobin in plasma
Q.11 Hirudinaria shows locomotion by
(1) Looping (2) Swimming (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Creepng
Q.12 In earthworm, fertilization occurs in
(1) Oviduct (2) Spermathecae (3) Clitellum (4) Coooon
Q.13 One of the following is considered as a connecting link between annelida and arthropoda
(1) Peripatus (2) Limulus (3) Balanoglossus (4) Sphenodon
Q.14 Peripatus breathes by
(1) Skin (2) Gills (3) Trachea (4) Book lung
Q.15 Respiration in mollusca takes place by
(1) Body surface (2) Gills or ctenidia (3) Pulmonary sac (4) All of these
Q.16 A fold of dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass in molluscs, is called as
(1) Operculum (2) Mantle (3) Shell (4) None of these
Q.17 The only segmented mollusca is
(1) Neopilina (2) Teredo (3) Nautilus (4) CMon
Q.18 Which of the following is terrestrial gastropod?
(1) Urnax (2) Unio (3) Sepia (4) Octopus
Q.19 Pearls are produced by
(1) Mytilus (2) Doris (3) Pecten (4) Oslnea
Q.20 The larva which is characteristic of gastropoda is
(1) Glochidium (2) Auricularia
(3) Trochophore and veliger (4) None ofthese
Q.21 Octopus is commonly called
(1) Cuttle fish (2) Devil fish (3) Hag fish (4) Silver fish
Q.22 Buccal cavity of gastropods contains a special rasping organ called
(1) Dental plate (2) Tongue (3) Radula (4) Osphradium
Q.23 When chased by an enemy, a cloud of black ink is emitted by
(1) Nautilus (2) Pil. (3) Loligo (4) Palella
Q.24 The colour change in cephalopods occurs due to
(1) Internal secretions (2) Chromatophores
(3) Ink sac (4) Mantie
Q.25 Sepia and octopus are marine animals and their swift locomotion in water is effected by
(1) Adhering with the help of suckers to another moving animal
(2) Characteristic undulation of their lateral fins
(3) Lashing movement of their cephalic arms
(4) Expelling water in a jet through siphon
Q.26 Haemocyanin is a respiratory pigment found in
(1) Echinodenm (2) Annelida (3) Insects (4) Architeuthis
Q.27 The pearls are formed of
(1) Calcium phosphate (2) Calcium carbonate
(3) Magnesium trisilicate (4) Calcium sulphate
Q.28 A slightly curved tubular shell open at both the ends is found in
(1) Nautifus (2) Teredo (3) Dentalium (4) Cypraea
Q.29 Respiratory organs of arthropods are
(1) Gills (2) Book gills
(3) Book lungs, tracheal system (4) All of these
Q.30 Respiratory pigment in insects is
(1) Haemocyanin (2) Haemoglobin (3) Haemoerythrin (4) None of these
Q.31 Character common in spider, cockroach and centipede
(1) Compound eyes (2) Book lungs (3) Green glands (4) Jointed legs
Q.32 Which of the following is represented by the largest number of species?
(1) Insecta (2) Protozoa (3) Mammalia (4) Aves
Q.33 The respiratory organs are book lungs in
(1) Arachnida (2) Dipklpoda (3) Chilopoda (4) Insecta
Q.34 Glow worm is a
(1) Annelid (2) Helminth (3) Insect (4) Mollusc
Q.35 Which one is not an insect?
(1) locust (2) Tick (3) Ant (4) Beetle
Q.36 Head and thorax are fused to form cephalothorax in the members of dass
(1) Arachnida (2) Dipklpoda (3) Chiklpoda (4) Insecta
Q.37 A spider spins the web by means of a secretion of
(1) Abdominal glands (2) Salivary glands
(3) Thoracic glands (4) Mouth
Q.38 Class Arachnida is characterised by
(1) A pair each of pedipalpi and chelicerae (2) Four pairs of legs
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Three pairs of legs
Q.39 Diplopocls (eg. miltipede) differ from Chilopods (eg. centipede) in
(1) Occurrence of two pairs of legs on each abdominal segment
(2) Presence of pedipalpi
(3) Presence of chelicerae
(4) Tracheal system of respiration
Q.40 Mouth parts of cockroach are of
(1) Cutting type (2) Biting and chewing type
(3) Siphoning type (4) Lapping type
Q.41 An insect without mandibles is
(1) Musca (2) Apis (3) Anopheles (4) Blatta
Q.42 Which of the following is Hofometabolous?
(1) Silver Fish (2) Gypsy moth (3) Bed Bug (4) Grasshopper
Q.43 Tick mark the wrong match
(1) Housefly – Grub (2) Mosquito - Wriggler
(3) Beetle – Grub (4) Butterfly - Caterpillar
Q.44 Maggot is
(1) Larva of Anopheles/Culex (2) Pupa of Housefly

(3) Larva of Housefly (4) Larva of Dragonfly
Q.45 Pasteurella pestis (causal agent of Bubonic Plague) is transmitted by
(1) Bed bug (2) Rat flea (3) Louse (4) Mosquito
Q.46 Which of the following is ametabolous?
(1) Sitver Fish (2) Gypsy motll (3) Bed Bug (4) Grasshopper
Q.47 Life history of cockroach belongs to
(1) Ametabola (2) Hemimetabola (3) Paurometabola (4) Hoklmetabola
Q.48 An insect without pupa stage is
(1) Mosquito (2) Silk moth (3) Bed bug (4) Butterfly
Q.49 Silk thread is obtained from silk moth during
(1) Cocoon stage (2) Larval state (3) Nymph state (4) Adult state
Q.50 In housefly, the mouth parts are specialised for
(1) Sponging liquid food (2) Blood sucking
(3) Chewing (4) Sucking flower juice
Q.51 Housefly feeds on sugar by
(1) Crushing its crystals and then sucking the powder
(2) Crushing and eating
(3) Sucking
(4) Dissolving in saliva and sucking
Q.52 Metamorphosis of insects is regulated through
(1) Haemolymph (2) Thyroxine (3) Ecdysone (4) All of these
Q.53 Kala-azar and Oriental sore are spread by
(1) Housefly (2) Bed bug (3) Sand fly (4) Fruit fly
Q.54 Yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever is transmitted by
(1) Culex (2) Aedes (3) Anopheles (4) Bed bug
Q.55 Adult Culex and Anopheles can be distinguished with the help of
(1) Mouth parts/colour (2) Sitting posture
(3) Antennae/wings (4) Feeding habits
Q.56 In which of the following group of animals larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and the adult are
radially symmetrical?
(1) Molluscs (2) Cnidarians (3) Echinoderms (4) Platyhelminthes
Q.57 Which of the following statement is incorrect for echinoderms?
(1) The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system,
which is a part of the coelom
(2) The main function of water vascular system is locomotion and the capture of food
(3) Echinoderms have no proper excretory system
(4) They have well developed circulatory system
Q.58 Echinoderms are closely related to chordates due to following characters
(1) Tube within tube type of body plan, developed along deuterostomic evolutionary line

(2) They have enterocoelom
(3) They have mesodermal endoskeleton
(4) All of these
Q.59 Tick mark the wrong match
(1) Sea lily – Crinoidea (2) Brittle star – Ophiuroidea
(3) Sea urchin – Echinoidea (4) Sea cucumber – Asteroidea
Q.60 Which of the following is incorrect match?
(1) Asterias – Bipinnaria larva (2) HoIofhuria – Auricularia larva
(3) Antedon – Doliolaria (4) Echinoidea – Trochophore
Q.61 Which of the following is the common ancestral larva of echinoderms, hemichordates and
chordates?
(1) Trochophore (2) Dipleura (3) Pluteus (4) Nauplius
Q.62 Aristotle's lantern (masticatory apparatus) is found in
(1) Sea urchin (2) Asterias (3) Ophiothrix (4) Sea anemone
Q.63 Which phylum includes exclusively marine no parasitic forms of animals?
(1) Porifera (2) Cnidaria (3) Molluscs (4) Echinoderms
Q.64 Feather star is the common name of
(1) Pentaceros (2) Echinus (3) Ophiothrix (4) Antedon
Q.65 Respiration in Asterias is brought about by
(1) Ctenidia (2) Lungs
(3) Respiratory siphons (4) Dermal branchiae and tube feet
Q.66 Sea cucumber belongs to the class
(1) Ophiuroidea (2) Echinoidea (3) Crinoidea (4) Holothuroidea
Q.67 Which of the following is not an echinoderm?
(1) Sea cucumber (2) Sea lemon (3) Sea lily (4) Sea cake
Q.68 The ability of star fish to break off a part of its body is called
(1) Autogamy (2) Autophagy (3) Autotomy (4) Autolysis
Q.69 One of the following is believed to be connecting link between non-chordates and chordates
(1) Urochordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Hemichordata (4) None of these
Q.70 Tornaria is the larva of
(1) Balanoglossus (2) Salpa (3) Doliolum (4) Herdmania
Answers Key
Section–A
Q.1 3 Q.2 3 Q.3 3 Q.4 3 Q.5 1 Q.6 3 Q.7 4
Q.8 3 Q.9 2 Q.10 1 Q.11 3 Q.12 2 Q.13 2 Q.14 2
Q.15 1 Q.16 3 Q.17 1 Q.18 3 Q.19 1 Q.20 1 Q.21 3
Q.22 2 Q.23 2 Q.24 2 Q.25 2 Q.26 1 Q.27 3 Q.28 4
Q.29 1 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 2 Q.33 1 Q.34 4 Q.35 3
Q.36 2 Q.37 2 Q.38 2 Q.39 3 Q.40 1 Q.41 4 Q.42 2
Q.43 1 Q.44 1 Q.45 4 Q.46 4 Q.47 1 Q.48 1 Q.49 3
Q.50 4 Q.51 2 Q.52 2 Q.53 1 Q.54 1 Q.55 4 Q.56 1
Q.57 3 Q.58 2 Q.59 2 Q.60 1 Q.61 1 Q.62 1 Q.63 1
Q.64 4 Q.65 2 Q.66 3 Q.67 1 Q.68 4 Q.69 2 Q.70 3
Q.71 1 Q.72 2 Q.73 1 Q.74 1 Q.75 2 Q.76 1 Q.77 2
Q.78 3 Q.79 2 Q.80 2 Q.81 2 Q.82 2 Q.83 3 Q.84 1
Section–B
Q.1 3 Q.2 3 Q.3 2 Q.4 3 Q.5 4 Q.6 3 Q.7 1
Q.8 3 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 3 Q.12 4 Q.13 1 Q.14 3
Q.15 4 Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 1 Q.19 4 Q.20 3 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 3 Q.24 2 Q.25 4 Q.26 4 Q.27 2 Q.28 3
Q.29 4 Q.30 4 Q.31 4 Q.32 1 Q.33 1 Q.34 3 Q.35 2
Q.36 1 Q.37 1 Q.38 3 Q.39 1 Q.40 2 Q.41 1 Q.42 2
Q.43 1 Q.44 3 Q.45 2 Q.46 1 Q.47 3 Q.48 3 Q.49 1
Q.50 1 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 3 Q.54 2 Q.55 2 Q.56 3
Q.57 4 Q.58 4 Q.59 4 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 1 Q.63 4
Q.64 4 Q.65 4 Q.66 4 Q.67 2 Q.68 3 Q.69 3 Q.70 1

Exercise – 2 Previous Years Questions
Q.1 Correct order of excretory organs in cockroach, Earthworm and Rabbit respectively :
[RPMT 2001]
(1) Skin, malpighi tubules, kidney (2) Malpighi tubules, nephridia, kidney
(3) Nephridia, malpighi tubules, kidney (4) Nephridia, kidney, green gland
Q.2 In which of the following water vascular system is present [RPMT 2001]
(1) Porifera only (2) Echinodermata only
(3) Both Porifera and Echinodermata (4) None of them
Q.3 Which of the following group is Duterostome [RPMT 2001]
(1) Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca (2) Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
(3) Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata (4) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata
Q.4 In which phylum nerve cells are found but nerves are absent [RPMT 2001]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Nematohelminthes
Q.5 Classification of sponges is primarily based on the [RPMT 2002]
(1) Body organisation (2) Body plan
(3) Skeleton (4) Canal system
Q.6 In crustaceans, respiration takes place by [RPMT 2002]
(1) Gills (2) Book lungs (3) Ctenidia (4) Trachea
Q.7 Ctenophora shows affinities with [RPMT 2002]
(1) Cnidaria (2) Aschehelmenth (3) Cephalopoda (4) Turbelaria
Q.8 Which of the following molluscs is formed by a larva which have torsion [RPMT 2002]
(1) Lamelledens (2) Pila (3) Sepia (4) Octopus
Q.9 Solenocytes and Nephridia are respectively found in [RPMT 2002]
(1) Platyhelmenth and Annelids (2) Annelids and Nematoda
(3) Cenidaria and Mollusca (4) Mollusca and Echinodermata
Q.10 Arthropoda characterised by [RPMT 2003]
(1) Chitinous exoskeletan, segmentation and jointed appendages
(2) Hairs, exoskelaton and three pairs of legs
(3) Exocutaneous scales, metamerism, one pair antennae
(4) One pair chelicerae, one pair pedipalp and one pair antennae
Q.11 Chitin exoskeleton is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Cockroach (2) Ascaris (3) Nematoda (4) None
Q.12 Haemocoel is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Hydra (2) Ascaris (3) Earthworm (4) Cockroach
Q.13 Metamerism is characteristic of [RPMT 2004]
(1) Ascaris (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Hydra
Q.14 Radial symmetry is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Planaria (2) Taenia (3) Fasciola (4) Sea anemone
Q.15 Which of the following is pseudoc-eolomate [RPMT 2004]
(1) Hydra (2) Periplaneta (3) Ascaris (4) Pheretima
Q.16 Botryoidal tissue is found in [RPMT 2004]
(1) Porifera (2) Acanthocephala (3) annelida (4) Echinodermata
Q.17 Which cell absent in sponge [RPMT 2005]
(1) Nerve cell (2) Sensory cell (3) Gland cell (4) All of these
Q.18 In which of the following animal of echinodermata, arms, spines and pedicillariae are absent
[RPMT 2005]
(1) Sea cucumber (2) Sea lily (3) Sea star (4) Sea urchin
Q.19 Which is the visual unit of compound eye of insects [RPMT 2005]
(1) Ommatidia (2) Rod (3) Rhabdom (4) None
Q.20 Cryfish belongs to which of the following group [RPMT 2005]
(1) Pisces (2) Mollusca (3) Arthropoda (4) Echinodermata
Q.21 Canal system is the speciality of which phylum [RPMT 2006]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Echinodermata (4) None
Q.22 Enzyme Hirudin is present in the saliva of [RPMT 2006]
(1) Leech (2) Earthworm (3) Scorpion (4) Cobra
Q.23 Solenocytes occur in [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Platyhelminthes (2) Arthropoda (3) Annelida (4) Aschelminthes
Q.24 Which characteristic is true for Obelia [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Metagenesis (2) Morphogenesis (3) Apolysis (4) Pedogeny
Q.25 Practical purpose of taxonomy or classification [AIPMT 1999]
(1) Facilitate the identification of unknown species.
(2) Explain the origin of organisms.
(3) To know the evolutionary history
(4) Identification of medicinal plants
Q.26 Which arrangement is in correct ascending order [AIPMT 1999]
(1) Species < genus < order < family (2) Genus < species < family< order
(3) Order < family < Genus < species (4) species < genus < family < order
Q.27 Similarity in Ascaris lumbricoides and Anopheles stephensi [AIPMT 2000]
(1) Sexual dimorphism (2) Metamerism
(3) Anaerobic respiration (4) Endoparasitism
Q.28 Which of the following animals have scattered cells with cell - tissue grade orgnisation
[AIPMT 2000]
(1) Sponge (2) Hydra (3) Liver fluke (4) Ascaris
Q.29 In Hydra, waste material of food digestion and nitrogenous waste material removed from
[AIPMT 2001]
(1) Mouth and mouth (2) Body wall and body wall
(3) Mouth and bodywall (4) Mouth and tentacles
Q.30 In Protozoa like Amoeba and Paramecium, a organ is found for osmoregulation which is
[AIPMT 2002]
(1) Contractile vacuole (2) Mitochondria
(3) Nucleus (4) Food vacuole
Q.31 In which of the animal dimorphic nucleus is found [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Amoeba proteus (2) Trypanosoma gambiens
(3) Plasmodium vivax (4) Paramoecius caudatum
Q.32 Given below are four matchings of an animal and its kind of respiratory organ
[AIPMT 2003]
A. Silver fish - trachea B. Scorpion - book lung
C. Sea squirt - pharyngeal gills D. Dolphin - skin
The correct matchings are :-
(1) A and D (2) A, B and C (3) B and D (4) C and D
Q.33 Which one of the following is a matching pair of an animal and a certain phenomenon it
exhibits [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Pheretima - Sexual dimorphism (2) Musca - complete metamorphosis
(3) Chameleon - Mimicry (4) Taenia - Polymorphism
Q.34 During its life-cycle, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) infects its intermediate host and primary
host at the following larval stages respectively [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Redia and miracidium (2) Cercaria and redia
(3) Metacercaria and cercaria (4) Miracidium and metacercaria
Q.35 Sycon belongs to a group of animals, which are best described as [AIPMT 2003]
(1) Unicellular or acellular
(2) Multicellular without any tissue organization
(3) Multicellular with a gastrovascular system
(4) Multicellular having tissue organization, but no body cavity
Q.36 The animals with bilateral symmetry in young stage and radial pentamerous symmetry in the
adult stage, belong to the phylum [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Mollusca (2) Cnidaria (3) Echinodermata (4) Annelida
Q.37 In Arthropoda, head and thorax are often fused to form cephalothorax, but in which one of the
following classes, is the body divided into head, thorax and abdomen [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Myriapoda (2) Crustacea
(3) Arachnida and Crustacea (4) Insecta
Q.38 Which one of the following is not correctly matched [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Culex pipiens - Filariasis (2) Aedes aegypti - Yellow fever
(3) Anopheles culifacies - Leishmaniasis (4) Glossina palpalis - Sleeping sickness
Q.39 In contrast to Annelids the Platyhelminths show [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Absence of body cavity (2) Presence of pseudocoel
(3) Radial symmetry (4) Bilaterla symmetry
Q.40 Which of the following unicellular organism has a macronucleus for trophic function and one

or more micronuclei for reproduction [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Trypanosoma (2) Paramecium (3) Euglena (4) Amoeba
Q.41 Evolutionary history of an organism is known as [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Ontogeny (2) Phylogeny (3) Ancestry (4) Paleontology
Q.42 What is common about Trypanosoma, Noctiluca, Monocystis and Giardia [AIPMT 2006]
(1) These are all prasites (2) These are all unicellular protists
(3) They have flagella (4) They produce spores
Q.43 Which one of the following is a matching set of a phylum and its three examples
[AIPMT 2006]
(1) Porifera : Spongilla, Euplectella, Pennatula
(2) Cnidaria : Bonellia, Physalia, Aurelia
(3) Platyhelminthes : Planaria, Enterobius Schistosoma
(4) Mollusca : Loligo, Teredo, Octopus
Q.44 Metameric segmentation is the characteristic of- [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Mollusca and Chordata (2) Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda
(3) Echinodermata and Annelida (4) Annelida and Arthropoda
Q.45 Two common characters found in Centipede, Cockroach and Carb are - [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Book lungs and antennae
(2) Compound eyes and anal cerci
(3) Jointed legs and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Green gland and tracheae
Q.46 Biradial symmetry and lack of cnidoblasts are the characteristic of : [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Hydra and Starfish (2) Starfish and Sea Anemone
(3) Ctenophora and Beroe (4) Aurelia and Paramoecium
Q.47 Which one of the following has an open circulatory system [AIPMT 2006]
(1) Octopus (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Hirudinaria
Q.48 Biological organization starts with - [AIPMT 2007]
(1) Atomic level (2) Submicroscopic molecular level
(3) Cellular level (4) Organismic level
Q.49 Which one of the following is a matching pair of a body feature and the animal possessing it
[AIPMT 2007]
(1) Ventral heart - Scorpion
(2) Post-anal tail - Octopus
(3) Ventral central nervous system –Leech
(4) Pharyngeal gill slits absent in embryo-Chamaeleon
Q.50 What is true about Nereis, Scoprion, cockroach and Silver fish [AIPMT 2007]
(1) They all belong to the same phylum (2) They all have jointed paired appendages
(3) They all possess dorsal heart (4) None of them is aquatic
Q.51 Which one of the following pairs is mismatched [AIPMT 2007]

(1) Bombyx mori - Silk (2) Pila globosa - Pearl
(3) Apis indica - Honey (4) Kenia lacca - Lac
Q.52 Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of phylum annelida [AIPMT 2008]
(1) Closed circulatory system (2) Segmentation
(3) Pseudocoelom (4) Ventral nerve cord
Q.53 Which one of the following phyla is correctly matched with its two general characteristics
[AIPMT 2008]
(1) Arthropoda : Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen and respiration by tracheae
(2) Chordata : Notochord at some stage and separate anal and urinary openings to the outside
(3) Echinodermata : Pentamerous radial symmetry and mostly internal fertilization
(4) Mollusca : Normally oviparous and development through a trochophore or veliger larva
Q.54 Ascaris is characterized by [AIPMT 2008]
(1) absence of true coelom but presence of metamerism
(2) presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
(3) presence of true coelom but absence of metamerism
(4) presence of true coelom and metamerism
Q.55 Which one of the following group of the three animals each is correctly matched with their one
characteristic morphological feature [AIPMT 2008]
Animals Morphological feature
(1) Liver fluke, Sea anemone, - Bilateral symmetry
Sea cucumber
(2) Centipede, Prawn, Sea urchin - Joined appendages
(3) Scorpion, Spider, Cockroach - Ventral solid central nervous system
(4) Cockroach, Locust, Taenia - Metameric segmentation
Q.56 The middle layer in body wall of Porifera is [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Mesoderm (2) Mesenchyme (3) Mesoglea (4) Mesentery
Q.57 Medusa of Obelia is [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Carnivorous (2) Hrbivorous (3) Detritous feeder (4) Omnivorous
Q.58 Sense organ of Aurelia are [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Tenlitta (2) Tentaculocyst
(3) Nematocyst (4) Otolith
Q.59 Characteristic of class crustacea is [AIIMS 2001]
(1) Cephalothorax, biramous appendages and gills
(2) Head & Thorax, book lung and chitinous exoskeleton
(3) Cephalothorax, book lungs and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Head & thorax, biramous appendages & book lungs
Q.60 After drying, a bath sponge contains [AIIMS 2002]

(1) hold fast (2) Tentacles (3) spicules (4) spongin fibre
Q.61 Which organism resides in Lymph nodes [AIIMS 2000]
(1) Taenia (2) Wuchereria (3) Plamodium (4) Diplococcus
Q.62 Adult Wuchereria bancrofti attacks [AIIMS 2002]
(1) Nervous system (2) Lymph vessels (3) Muscular system (4) Blood vessels
Q.63 Just as Xenopsylla is for Yersenia pestis, so is [AIIMS 2003]
(1) Glossina palpalis to Wuchereria bancrofti
(2) Culex to Plasmodium falciparum
(3) Homo sapiens to Taenia solium
(4) Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani
Q.64 Which one of the following features is common in silverfish, scorpion, dragonfly and prawn
[AIIMS 2005]
(1) Three pairs of legs and segmented body
(2) Chitinous cuticle and two pairs of antennae
(3) Jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Cephalothorax involves
Q.65 Anus is absent in [BHU 1994]
(1) Fasciola (2) Pheretima (3) Periplaneta (4) Unio
Q.66 Pick up the correctly matched pair [BHU 1994]
(1) Water vascular system - Sponge (2) Blubber - Kangaroo
(3) Marsupium - Platypus (4) Flame cell - Flatworm
Q.67 Trochophore larva occurs in [BHU 1995]
(1) Annelida and Porifera (2) Coelenterata and Annelida
(3) Mollusca and Coelenterata (4) Annelida and Mollusca
Q.68 Green glands found in some Arthropods take part in [BHU 1998]
(1) Excretion (2) Respiration (3) Digestion (4) Both 1 and 2
Q.69 In sponges there is [AFMC 1985]
(1) The symmetry is radial (2) Present a true coelom
(3) A single exit and a number of mouths (4) A single mouth and a number of exist
Q.70 Cephalization is absent in [AFMC 1989]
(1) Molluscs (2) Arthopods (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Echinoderms
Q.71 A radially symmetrical diploblastic animal is [AFMC 1993]
(1) Roundworm (2) Earthworm (3) Hydra (4) Liver fluke
Q.72 Antedon is a member of class [AFMC 1993]
(1) Echinoidea (2) Asteroidea (3) Crinoidea (4) Ophiuroidea
Q.73 A sponge harmful to oyster industry is [AFMC 1997]
(1) Spongilla (2) Euspongia (3) Hyalonema (4) Cliona
Q.74 What is the name of the book written by Aristotle [MP PMT 1999]

(1) Historia Animalium (2) Histoire Naturelle
(3) Systema Naturae (4) Philosophie Zoologique
Q.75 Who is the ‘‘Father of Zoology’’ [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Aristotle (2) Theophrastus
(3) Lazzaro Spallanzani (4) Carolus Linnaeus
Q.76 In which phylum is Water Vascular System found [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Protozoa (2) Arthropoda (3) Porifera (4) Echinodermata
Q.77 In poriferans the skeleton forming cells are [MP PMT 2000]
(1) Amoebocytes (2) Thesocytes (3) Archiocytes (4) Sclerocytes
Q.78 Which of the following does not belongs to phylum coelenterate [MP PMT 2002]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea feather (3) Sea cucumber (4) Sea fan
Q.79 Commercial bath sponge is called [MP PMT 2002]
(1) Euspongia (2) Spongilla (3) Euplectella (4) Cliona
Q.80 Prokaryotes are included in the kingdom : [JKCMEE 2009]
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Protozoa (4) Basidiomycetes
Q.81 Single-celled eukaryotes are included in : [CBSE 2010]
(1) Protista (2) Fungi (3) Archaea (4) Monera
Q.82 “Taxa” differs from “taxon” due to this being : [DUMET 2010]
(1) A higher taxonomic category than taxon
(2) A lower taxonomic category than taxon
(3) The singular of taxon
(4) The plural of taxon
Q.83 Which one of the following group of animal is bilaterally? [CBSE 2009]
(1) Sponges (2) Ctenophores
(3) Coelenterates (Cnidarians) (4) Aschelminthes (Roundworms)
Q.84 Deuterostome condition and indeterminate radial cleavage are characteristics of :
[AMU 2009]
(1) Chordates and arthropods (2) Chordates and echinoderms
(3) Arthropods and echinoderms (4) Chordates, arthropods and annelids
Q.85 Which one of the following statements about all the four of Spongilla, Leech, Dolphin and
Penguin is correct? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Spongilla has special collared cells called choanocytes, not found in the remaining three
(2) Penguin is homoeothermic while the remaining three are poikilothermic
(3) Leech is a freshwater form white all others are marine
(4) All are bilaterally symmetrical
Q.86 Which of the following statements are correct witgh regard to Deuterostomes?
[EAMCET 2010]
A. The blastopore develops into anus in adult.
B. The balstopore develops into mouth in adult.
C. Cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
D. Cleavage is spiral and determinate.
(1) 1 and 3 (2) 1 and 2 (3) 2 and 4 (4) 2 and 3
Q.87 Choose the animal which exhibits the following characteristics : [EAMCET 2010]
A. Marine habitat. B. Bilateral symmetry and cephalization.
C. Haemocoel as principal body cavity. D. Eyes similar to that of vertebrates.
(1) Silverfish (2) Dogfish (3) Jellyfish (4) Cuttle fish
Q.88 The plane that divides the body into right and left haves : [EAMCET 2010]
(1) Transverse (2) Frontal (3) Sagittal (4) Radial
Q.89 The mian basis of classification of Protozoa is : [MPPMT 2010]
(1) Size (2) Shape (3) locomotory device (4) Number of nuclei
Q.90 Which class of Protozoa includes all parasitic forms? [CPMT 2009]
(1) Mastigophora (2) Ciliata (3) Sporozoa (4) Sarcodina
Q.91 Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica : [BHU 2007; CPMT 2009]
(1) Trophozoite (2) Precystic form (3) Metacystic form (4) Quadrinucleate cyst
Q.92 When a freshwater protozoan is placed in marine water, … : [Karnataka CET 2010]
(1) The contractile vacuoles becomes bigger in size
(2) The number of contractile vacuoles increase
(3) The contractile vacuoles disapper
(4) The contractile vacuoles remain unchanged
Q.93 Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan? [Kerala PMT 2010]
(1) Amoeba (2) Entamoeba (3) Palsmodium (4) Trypanosoma
Q.94 The type of nutrition present in Entamoeba is : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Saprozoic (2) Parasitic (3) Autotrophic (4) None of these
Q.95 Sponges possess : [CPMT 2009]
(1) No tissues (2) Epithelial tissues only
(3) Epithelial and connective tissues only (4) All four types of tissues
Q.96 Which one of these is referred to as “Venus Flower basket”? [Kerala PMT 2009]
(1) Euplectella (2) Sycon (3) Cliona (4) Spongilla
(5) Proterion
Q.97 Which is not correct for spongers? [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Internal fertilization (2) External fertilization
(3) Gemmule formation (4) Gametes are formed from epidermal cells
Q.98 One of the following is not a characteristic feature of sponges : [Kerala PMT 2010]
(1) Presence of ostia (2) Indirect development
(3) Intracellular digestion (4) Body supported by chitin
(5) Cellular level of organization
Q.99 Digestion in Hydra takes place within : [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Pelvic cavity (2) Abdominal
(3) Gastrovascular cavity (4) Pericardial cavity
Q.100 Budding as normal mode of asexual reproduction occurs in : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Hydra and starfishes (2) Hydra and Sponges
(3) Hydra and tapeworms (4) Sponges and starfishes
Q.101 All flatworm differ from all roundworms in having : [CBSE 2010]
(1) Solid mesoderm (2) Triploblastic body
(3) Bilateral symmetry (4) Metamorphosis in the life history
Q.102 Which one of the following kinds of anilmals are triploblastic? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Corals (2) Sponges (3) Flatworms (4) Ctenophores
Q.103 Which of the following is found in the lymph nodes? [CPMT 2007, 2009]
(1) Taenia (2) Plasmodium (3) Wuchereria (4) Diplococcus
Q.104 Which one of the following statements about certain given animals is correct? [CBSE 2010]
(1) Molluscs are acoelomates
(2) Insect are pseudocoelemates
(3) Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
(4) Roundworm (Aschelminthes) are pseudocoelomates
Q.105 Which of the following has closed circulatory system? [AFMC 2009]
(1) Molluscs (2) Arthropods (3) Annelids (4) Platyhelminthes
Q.106 The gas exchange surface in an earthworm is : [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Skin (2) Gills (3) Ctenidia (4) Tracheae
Q.107 Number of chambers in the heart of cockroach is : [CPMT 2001, 2009]
(1) 23 (2) 13 (3) 4 (4) 3
Q.108 Oxygen carrying respiratory pigment of cockroach and other insects are : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Haemoglobin (2) Haemocyanin (3) Haemoerythrin (4) None of these
Q.109 Main excretory product in cockroach and other insects is : [CPMT 2009]
(1) Ammonia (2) Urea (3) Uric acid (4) Amino acid
Q.110 Malpighian tubules are analogous to : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Trachea of cockroach (2) Gills
(3) Flame cells (4) None of these
Q.111 Which one of the following diseases is spread by housefly? [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Filariasis (2) Typhoid (3) Encephalities (4) Dengue fever
Q.112 Similarity between Anopheles and Culex is : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Eggs have lateral air floats (2) Eggs are laid in floating raft
(3) Respiratory siphon is present (4) Males of both suck juices of flowers and fruits
Q.113 The most commonly maintained species of bee by bee keepers is : [AMU 2010]
(1) Apis mellifera (2) Apis dorsata (3) Apis indica (4) Apis florae
Q.114 Radula is presentin : [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Loligo (2) Mytilus (3) Unio (4) Pila
Q.115 Neopilina is a connecting link between : [AFMC 2010]
(1) Arthropoda and Mollusca (2) Annelida and Mollusca
(3) Mollusca and Echinodermata (4) Mollusca and Helminthes
Q.116 Which one of the following molluscs was formerly used as currency (money)?
[MPPMT Pharmacy 2010]
(1) Dentalium (2) Chiton (3) Oyster (4) Loligo
Q.117 The second largest phylum in the animal kingdom is : [JKMCEE 2009]
(1) Annelida (2) Arthropoda (3) Cephalopoda (4) Amphineura
Q.118 Phylum Mollusca can be distinguished from other invertebrates by the presence of :
[DUMET 2010]
(1) Bilateral symmetry and exoskeleton (2) A mantle and gills
(3) Shell and non-segmented body (4) A mantle and non-segmented body
Q.119 Which of the following traits is not characteristic of echinoderms? [Orissa JEE 2009]
(1) Water vascular system (2) Trochophore larva
(3) Tube feet (4) Enterocoel
Q.120 Organs of locomotion in Echiniodermata are : [Orissa JEE 2010]
(1) Pseudopodia (2) Parapodia (3) Foot (4) Tube feet
Q.121 The presence of tube feet is a characteristic feature of the phylum : [Kerala PMT 2009]
(1) Annelida (2) Mollusca (3) Arthropoda (4) Echinodermata
(5) Nemathelminthes
Q.122 Tube feet are characteristic structures of : [CPMT 2009]
(1) Starfish (2) Cuttlefish (3) Crayfish (4) Jellyfish
Q.123 Which of the following is properly matched? [Karnatake CET 2009]
(1) Arthropoda – Insecta – Spider (2) Mollusca – Cephalopoda – Unio
(3) Echinodermata – Asteroidea – Starfish (4) platyhelminthes – Trematoda – Planaria
Q.124 Which of the following is an exclusively echinoderm character? [AMU 2010]
(1) Tube feet (2) Coelom divided
(3) Rasial sysmmetry (4) Mesodermal endoskeleton
Q.125 Water vascular system is found in : [WB. JEE 2010]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea horse (3) Sea anemone (4) Sea cucumber
Q.126 What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Female Ascaris-sharply curved posterior end
(2) Male frog – a copulatory pad on the first digit of the hind limb
(3) Female cockroach – anal cerci
(4) Male shark – claspers borne on pelvic fins.
Q.127 One very special feature in the earthworm Pheretima is that [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Fertilization of eggs occurs inside the body
(2) The typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption area of the digested food in the
intestine
(3) The S-shaped setae embedded in the integument are the defensive weapons used against
the enemies
(4) It has a long dorsal tubular heart.
Q.128 Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its characteristic
feature without any exception? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Reptilia : Possess 3-chambered heart with an incompletely divided ventricle.
(2) Chordata : Possess a mouth with an upper and a lower jaw
(3) Chondrichthyes : posses cartilaginous endoskeleton.
(4) Mammalia : Given birth to young ones.
Q.129 Which of the following happens in the common cockroach? [CBSE PMT 2011]
(1) Malpighian tubules are excretory organs projecting out from the colon
(2) Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin in blood
(3) Nitrogenous excretory product is urea
(4) The food is grind by mandibles and gizzard.
Q.130 In which one of the following, the genus name, its two characters and its phylum are not
correctly matched, whereas the remaining three are correct ? [AIPMT Pre 2012]
Genus Name Two characters Phytum
(1) Asterias (a) Spiny skinned Echinodermata
(b) Water vascular system
(2) Sycon (a) Pore bearing Porifera
(b) Canal system
(3) Periplanein (a) Jointed appendages Arthropoda
(b) Chitinous exoskeleton
(4) Pila (a) Body segmented Mollusca
(b) Mouth with Radula
Q.131 Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single
exception in it ? [AIPMT Mains 2012]
(1) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded

(poikilothermal).
(2) All bony fishes have four pairs of gells and an operculum oneach side.
(3) All sponges are marrize and have collared cells.
(4) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing
Q.132 The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar
function. This is an example of : [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(2) Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
(3) Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(4) Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
Q.133 Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by : [AIPMT 2013]

(1) eating imperfectly cooked pork
(2) Tse-tse fly
(3) mosquito bite
(4) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris
Q.134 Which group of animals belong to the same phylum? [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Earthworm, Pinworm, Tapeworm (2) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta
(3) Sponge, Sea anemone, Starfish (4) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, Mosquito
Q.135 Planaria possess high capacity of : [AIPMT 2014]
(1) alternation of generation (2) bioluminescence
(3) metamorphosis (4) regeneration
Q.136 Which one of the following living organisms completely lacks a cell wall? [AIPMT 2014]
(1) Saccharomyces (2) Blue - green algae
(3) Cyanobacteria (4) Sea - fan (Gorgonia)
Q.137 Which of fhe following endoparasites of humans does show viviparity? [AIPMT 2015]
(1) Enterobius vermicularis (2) Trichinella spiralis
(3) Ascaris lumbricoides (4) Ancylostoma duodenale
Q.138 Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible for diversification of insects
onland? [AIPMT 2015]
(1) Bilateral symmetry (2) Exoskeleton
(3) Eyes (4) Segmentation
Answer Key
Q.1 2 Q.2 2 Q.3 2 Q.4 2 Q.5 3 Q.6 1 Q.7 1
Q.8 2 Q.9 1 Q.10 1 Q.11 1 Q.12 4 Q.13 2 Q.14 4
Q.15 3 Q.16 3 Q.17 4 Q.18 1 Q.19 1 Q.20 3 Q.21 1
Q.22 1 Q.23 1 Q.24 1 Q.25 1 Q.26 4 Q.27 1 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 2 Q.33 2 Q.34 4 Q.35 2
Q.36 3 Q.37 4 Q.38 3 Q.39 1 Q.40 2 Q.41 2 Q.42 2
Q.43 4 Q.44 4 Q.45 3 Q.46 3 Q.47 3 Q.48 2 Q.49 3
Q.50 3 Q.51 2 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 2 Q.55 3 Q.56 2
Q.57 1 Q.58 2 Q.59 1 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 2 Q.63 4
Q.64 3 Q.65 1 Q.66 4 Q.67 4 Q.68 1 Q.69 3 Q.70 4
Q.71 3 Q.72 3 Q.73 4 Q.74 1 Q.75 1 Q.76 4 Q.77 4
Q.78 3 Q.79 1 Q.80 1 Q.81 1 Q.82 4 Q.83 4 Q.84 2
Q.85 1 Q.86 1 Q.87 4 Q.88 3 Q.89 3 Q.90 3 Q.91 4
Q.92 3 Q.93 4 Q.94 2 Q.95 1 Q.96 1 Q.97 2 Q.98 4
Q.99 3 Q.100 2 Q.101 1 Q.102 3 Q.103 3 Q.104 4 Q.105 3
Q.106 1 Q.107 2 Q.108 4 Q.109 3 Q.110 3 Q.111 2 Q.112 4
Q.113 1 Q.114 4 Q.115 2 Q.116 2 Q.117 3 Q.118 4 Q.119 2
Q.120 4 Q.121 4 Q.122 1 Q.123 3 Q.124 1 Q.125 4 Q.126 4
Q.127 2 Q.128 3 Q.129 4 Q.130 4 Q.131 3 Q.132 2 Q.133 4
Q.134 2 Q.135 4 Q.136 4 Q.137 2 Q.138 2

Exercise – 3 AIIMS Special Questions
Assertion & Reason type questions :

(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion,
then mark (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4).
Q.1 A : Cysticercosis is a monogenetic disease.
R: Taenia solium is monogenetic parasite.
Q.2 A: Mantle of pearl oyster is three layered.
R: Nacre secreting cells are present just below the nacreous layer.
Q.3 A: Annelids, arthropods and molluscs are protostomial coelomates.
R: All the three phyla include members with bilateral symmetry and true coelom.
Q.4 A : The honey bee queen copulates only once in her life time.
R: The honey bee queen can lay fertilized as well as unfertilized eggs.
Q.5 A : Spongocoel of the sponges is also called paragastric cavity.
R : Trophocytes are present in the spongocoel & release digestive enzyme outside causing the
digestion of food in spongocoel.
Q.6 A : Blood in the insects is colourless i.e., without any respiratory pigment.
R : Tracheal network is present all over the body, supplies oxygen directly to the different
body parts.
Q.7 A : Type of metamorphosis in Periplaneta is of paurometabolus type.
R : The development of Periplaneta involves.
Egg naiad imago
Q.8 A : In earthworm, lymph glands are white, fluffy bodies which are arranged on either side of
dorsal blood vessel from 26th segment.
R : These lymph glands produce the phagocytes of coelomic fluid.
Q.9 A : Bidder’s canal are present in the kidney of frog for passage of sperms.
R : Vasa efferentia from the testes open into the anterior part of Bidder’s canal.
Q.10 A : Collaterial glands play important role in the reproductive system of Male cockroach.
R : Collaterial glands take part in the secretion of layer around spermatozoa to form
spermatophore.

Q.11 A : The pearl may be considered an ‘inside out’ shell.
R : The normal outer material of the shell is secreted first and forms the nucleus of pearl.
Around this core layers of iridescent pearly layers are then secreted.
Q.12 A : Giardia is called as grand old man of intestine.
R : It is a protozoan transmitted by mosquito.
Q.13 A : Ancylostoma duodenale is odd world hook worm.
R : Human are infected when filariform larvae in the moist soil penetrate the skin, usually of
feet or legs.
Q.14 A : Taenia solium is a cestode acquired by eating undercooked pork.
R : Adult Taenia causes cysticercosis in humans.
Answer Key
Q.1 3 Q.2 2 Q.3 2 Q.4 2 Q.5 3 Q.6 1 Q.7 3
Q.8 2 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 1 Q.12 3 Q.13 2 Q.14 3
Bansal Quick Review Table
Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the
manner so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
Exercise No. Column A Column B

Question I am unable to solve in
Good/Important questions
first attempt
Exercise – 1(a)
Exercise – 1(b)
Exercise – 2
Exercise – 3
Other Exercise
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is
very difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.

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Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata)

 Habitat Phylum : Protozoa

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 1

Table - Main Phyla of Animal Kingdom

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 3

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 4

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 5

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 6

Diagrammatic sectional view of : (a) Coelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c) Acoelomate

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 7

Q.7 Acoelomate diploblastic animal phylum is

1. PHYLUM: PROTOZOA (Unicellular Protists)

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 9

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 10

Q.11 If Amoeba is kept in distilled water, its contractile vacuole

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 11

Important characters of phylum porifera :

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 12

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 13

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 14

Q.21 Sycon belongs to a group of animals which are best described as

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 15

3. PHYLUM: CNIDARIA (Coelenterata)

 General characters of this phylum are as follows:

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 16

(1) Epidermis: The various epidermal cells are:

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 18

Coelenterata is classified into three classes

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 19

4. PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA / SEA WALNUT / COMB JELLIES

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 21

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 22

5. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworms)

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 23

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 24

Q.41 In Taenia (tape worm) alimentary canal is absent because

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 25

6. PHYLUM: NEMATHELMINTHES OR ASCHELMINTHES

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 26

 Important classes of this phylum are:

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 27

Q.51 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of phylum aschelminthes?

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 28

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 29

Class 4. Insecta (Hexapoda) [Largest number of species]

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 31

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 32

Q.61 Which of the following is the largest phylum of kingdom Animalia?

Pila produces 2 types of sperms :

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 35

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 36

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 37

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 38

Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 39

Animal Kingdom (Non-Chordata) || 40

Q.91 Excretory organ in hemichordates is