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C o n c e p t s an d Ap p l i c a t i o n s
Second Edition
Solutions Manual
P a u l A. F o e r s t e r
Project Editor: Josephine Noah
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 12 11 10 09 08
ISBN: 978-1-55953-657-8
Contents
iii
Overview
This Solutions Manual contains the answers to all problems in Calculus: Concepts and
Applications. Solutions or key steps in the solutions are presented for all but the simplest
problems.
In most cases the solutions are presented in the form your students would be expected to
use. For instance, decimal approximations are displayed as exact answers using ellipsis
format for a mathematical-world answer, then rounded to an appropriate number of
decimal places with units of measurement applied for the corresponding real-world
answer. An answer such as f(3) = 13.7569... ≈ 13.8 cm indicates that the precise answer,
13.7569... , has been retained in memory in the student’s calculator without round-off for
possible use in subsequent computations. The ellipses indicate that the student chooses not
to write all the digits on his or her paper.
Because the problems applying to the real world may be somewhat unfamiliar to both you
and your students, fairly complete solutions are presented for these. Often commentary is
included over and above what the student would be expected to write to further guide your
evaluation of students’ solutions, and in some cases reference is provided to later sections
in which more sophisticated solutions appear. Later in the text, the details of computing
definite integrals by the fundamental theorem are omitted because students are usually
expected to do these numerically. However, exact answers such as V = 8π/3 are presented
where possible in case you choose to have your students do the algebraic integration.
Solutions are not presented for journal entries because these are highly individual for each
student. The “prompts” in most problems calling for journal entries should be sufficient to
guide students in making their own responses.
Where programs are called for, you may use as a model the programs in the Instructor’s
Resource Book. Check the publisher’s Web page (see the address on the copyright page of
this manual) for further information on programs for specific models of the graphing
calculator.
If you or your students find any mistakes, please report them to Key Curriculum Press by
sending in the Correction/Comment Form in the back of this book.
Paul A. Foerster
v
Chapter 1—Limits, Derivatives, Integrals, and Integrals
50
Q6. h (5) = 25 Q7. y = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0
40
Q8. y=x Q9. y = |x| 30
Q10. Derivative 20
10
1. a. Increasing slowly b. Increasing fast x (s)
2. a. Increasing fast b. Decreasing slowly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.02 106.3703…
48π
x
1.03 105.5200…
6
r(6) is undefined.
t
5 8.7 10 Q5. 100 Q6. sin (π/2) = 1
Q7. 366 days Q8. Derivative
The range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 32.5660… .
Q9. Definite integral Q10. f (x) = 0 at x = 4
b. Using the solver, x = 8.6967… ≈ 8.7 s.
1. a.
c. By counting squares, distance ≈ 150 ft. v (t )
The concept used is the definite integral.
v(5.01) − v( 4.99) 20,000
d. Rate ≈ = 3.1107K
5.01 − 4.99
About 3.1 (ft/s)/s t
The concept is the derivative. 30
The rate of change of velocity is called
acceleration. b. Integral ≈ 5(0.5v(0) + v(5) + v(10) + v(15) +
v(20) + v(25) + 0.5v(30)) = 5(56269.45…) =
10. a.
281347.26… ≈ 281,000 ft
v (t)
10 The sum overestimates the integral because
the trapezoids are circumscribed about the
region and thus include more area.
c. The units are (ft/s)(s), which equals feet, so
5
the integral represents the distance the
spaceship has traveled.
d. Yes, it will be going fast enough, because
t
1 2 3 4 5
v(30) = 27,919.04… , which is greater than
27,000.
2. a. v(t) = 4 + sin 1.4t
b. v(4) = 9.3203… ≈ 9.3 ft/s
v (t )
Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 5
1 x
Concave down Concave up
1 3 Inscribed trapezoids Circumscribed trapezoids
Underestimates integral Overestimates integral
Review Problems 5
d. t = 2: 3.25 m/s
The line is tangent to the graph. Zooming in by
t = 18: 8.75 m/s
a factor of 10 on the point (3, 2) shows that the
t = 24: 11.5 m/s
graph becomes straighter and looks almost like
Her velocity stays constant, 7 m/s, from 6 s
the tangent line. (Soon students will learn that
to 16 s. At t = 24, Mary is in her final sprint
this property is called local linearity.)
toward the finish line.
5
b. Time (s)
f (x ) (ft) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6
5.8
5
4.2
T 7 = 5(2.5 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 25 + 20 + 5) =
4 462.5
Trapezoidal rule probably underestimates the
3 integral, but some trapezoids are inscribed and
some circumscribed.
2
1
T7. Concept: derivative
2.8 3.2 x (s)
Speed (ft/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 25
5.8 = 12 + 4δ − 7 4.2 = 12 − 4δ − 7 15
d. 4(3 + δ ) − 7 = 5 + ε
Time (s)
12 + 4δ − 7 = 5 + ε
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4δ = ε
δ = 14 ε Slope ≈ −1.8 (ft/s)/s
There is a positive value of δ, namely 14 ε , for (Exact answer is −1.8137… .)
each positive value of ε, no matter how small Name: acceleration
ε is. T8. The roller coaster is at the bottom of the hill at
e. L = 5, c = 3. “. . . but not equal to 3” is 25 s because that’s where it is going the fastest.
needed so that you can cancel the (x − 3) The graph is horizontal between 0 and 10 seconds
factors without dividing by zero. because the velocity stays constant, 5 ft/s, as the
roller coaster climbs the ramp.
Chapter Test
T9. Distance = (rate)(time) = 5(10) = 50 ft
T1. Limit, derivative, definite integral, indefinite
integral T10. T5 = 412.5; T50 = 416.3118… ;
T100 = 416.340219…
T2. See the text for the definition of limit.
T3. Physical meaning: instantaneous rate T11. The differences between the trapezoidal sum and
the exact sum are:
T4.
y For T5: difference = 3.8496…
6 For T50: difference = 0.03779…
For T100: difference = 0.009447…
3 The differences are getting smaller, so Tn is
getting closer to 416.349667… .
x
2 5
8 − 10 + 2 0
1. a. f (2) = = 2
2−2 0
No value for f (2) because of division by zero.
x
b. 2.7 3
x f (x)
There appears to be no limit, because the graph
1.997 2.994
cycles infinitely as it approaches x = 3.
1.998 2.996
1.999 2.998
2 undefined Problem Set 2-2
2.001 3.002 Q1. Q2.
y y
2.002 3.004 8
2.003 3.006 x
π
Yes, f (x) stays close to 3 when x is kept
close to 2, but not equal to 2. x –1
3
c. To keep f (x) within 0.0001 unit of 3, keep
x within 0.00005 unit of 2. To keep f (x)
Q3. Q4.
within 0.00001 unit of 3, keep x within y y
0.000005 unit of 2. To keep f (x) arbitrarily x
close to 3, keep x within 12 that distance 4 –2 2
of 2.
d. The discontinuity can be “removed” by
x
defining f (2) to equal 3. 6
–4
2.
g (x ) Q5. Q6. Trapezoidal rule
3 y
2 4
x
3 x
1
g (x )
Q7. Counting squares
2 Q8. Slope of the tangent line
Q9. Instantaneous rate of change
x Q10. B
3
1. See the text for the definition of limit.
2. f (x) might be undefined at x = c, or might have a
The limit seems to be 2. value at x = c that is different from the limit.
3.
3. Has a limit, 3 4. Has a limit, 2
h (x )
5. Has a limit, 3 6. Has a limit, 5
2 7. Has no limit 8. Has no limit
9. Has a limit, 7 10. Has a limit, 20
x 11. Has no limit 12. Has no limit
3 13. lim f ( x ) = 5. For ε = 0.5, δ ≈ 0.2 or 0.3.
x →3
x 3
c=2
x x
26. a. 2 –4
y
Q4. Q5.
8 y y
1
x
x 1
x
2
δ1 = 2.00025 − 2 = 0.00025 h
δ2 = 2 − 1.99975 = 0.00025
g
x
Largest number is 0.00025. 2
e. L = 9, c = 2, ε = 0.001, δ = 0.00025
lim f ( x ) = 10, lim g( x ) = 4, and lim h( x ) = 6
d (t ) − d ( 4) 3t 2 – 48 x →2 x →2 x →2
27. a. m(t ) = = ∴ lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) + lim h( x ), Q .E.D .
t−4 t−4 x →2 x →2 x →2
b. Removable discontinuity at x = 4.
m (t )
x f (x)
30
1.96 9.9640…
1.97 9.9722…
1.98 9.9810…
t
4
1.99 9.9902…
2.00 10
c. Limit = 24 ft/s
3(t − 4)(t + 4) 2.01 10.0102…
d. m(t ) = = 3t + 12, if t ≠ 4
t–4 2.02 10.0209…
3t + 12 = 24.12 ⇒ t = 4.04 2.03 10.0322…
3t + 12 = 23.88 ⇒ t = 3.96 2.04 10.0439…
Keep t within 0.04 s of 4 s.
All these f (x) values are close to 10.
5. 8. lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 + 3 x − 6
x →−1 x →−1
y
5 = lim x 2 + lim 3 x − lim 6
y1 x →−1 x →−1 x →−1
Limit of a sum
y1 y2
y2 = lim x ⋅ lim x + 3 lim x − 6
x →−1 x →−1 x →−1
x Limit of a product,
1
limit of a constant
lim y1 = 2, lim y2 = 1.5, and lim y1 ⋅ y2 = 3 = (−1)(−1) + 3(−1) − 6 Limit of x
x →1 x →1 x →1
2(1.5) = 3, ∴ lim y1 ⋅ lim y2 = lim y1 ⋅ y2 = 1 − 3 − 6 = −8
x →1 x →1 x →1
10
x x
5 –1
53 − 3(52 ) − 4(5) − 30
f ( −5) =
5−5
125 − 75 − 20 − 30 0 ( −1)3 − 4( −1) 2 − 2( −1) + 3
= = f ( −1) =
0 0 ( −1) + 1
( x 2 + 2 x + 6)( x – 5)
f ( x) = = x 2 + 2 x + 6, x ≠ 5 −1 − 4 + 2 + 3 0
x–5 = =
0 0
lim f ( x ) = 52 + 2(5) + 6 = 41
x →5
( x – 9 x + 3 x + 5)( x – 2)
3 2 9
f ( x) =
x–2
x
= x − 9 x + 3 x + 5, x ≠ 2
3 2
–1
lim f ( x ) = 2 3 − 9(2 2 ) + 3(2) + 5 = −17
x →2
f (x )
Q7. (x + 6)(x − 1) Q8. 53
Q9. 120 Q10. 103
12
1. a. Has left and right limits
8
1 b. Has no limit
x c. Discontinuous. Has no limit
2
c. Discontinuous. No f (3)
3. a. Has left and right limits
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous x
x
6
4. a. Has left and right limits 2
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous 17. Answers may vary. 18. Answers may vary.
f(x)
5. a. Has no left or right limit f (x )
b. Has no limit 10
c. Discontinuous. No limit or f (2) 5 x
6. a. Has left and right limits
–2
b. Has a limit x
c. Continuous (Note that the x-value 5 is not at –2
the discontinuity.)
7. a. Has left and right limits 19. Answers may vary. 20. Answers may vary.
b. Has a limit f (x ) f(x)
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. No limit x x
1
9. a. Has left and right limits 3
b. Has a limit
c. Discontinuous. No f (c) 21. Discontinuous at x = −3
10. a. Has left and right limits 22. Discontinuous at x = 11
b. Has no limit 23. Discontinuous at x = π/2 + π n, where n is an
integer
c. Discontinuous. No limit, no f (c)
24. Nowhere discontinuous
11. Answers may vary. 12. Answers may vary.
25.
f (x ) f (x )
f (x )
3
2
1
x
x x 2
3 4
Discontinuous because lim f ( x ) = 2 and f (2) = 3
x →2
2
1
x
f (–2)
2
x
x
–2
5 Discontinuous because g(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2
3
x
2
x
2
Discontinuous because s(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2 from the left (no real function b. lim− d ( x ) = 3, lim+ d ( x ) = 3. Limit = 3.
values to the left of x = 2) x →2 x →2
28. Continuous.
p (x ) 34. a.
h ( x)
3
1 2
x x
2 1
40
39. (32)k = 3k − 3 θ
∴ k = −1/2. 90
u (x )
44. a. f (x )
1 x
3
4
40. −k + 5 = (−1) k 2 1
∴ k = 5/2
b. f (x) seems to approach 4 as x approaches 1.
v (x )
c. f (1.0000001) = 1.0000001 + 3 + 10− 13 ≈
5 4.0000001, which is close to 4.
d. There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0. You
x
–1
must get x much closer to 1 than x =
1.0000001 for the discontinuity to show up.
45. For any value of c, P(c) is determined by addition
41. a. b − 1 = a(1 − 2)2 ⇒ b − 1 = a and multiplication. Because the set of real
b. a = −1 ⇒ b = 0. Continuous at x = 1. numbers is closed under multiplication and
addition, P(c) will be a unique, real number for
f (x )
any real value x = c. P(c) is the limit of P(x) as
x approaches c by the properties of the limit of a
1 1 x product of functions (for powers of x), the limit
of a constant times a function (for multiplication
a = –1, b = 0 by the coefficients), and the limit of a sum (for
the individual terms). Therefore, P is continuous
c. For example, a = 1 ⇒ b = 2. Continuous for all values of x.
at x = 1. 46. a. lim |sgn x| = 1 but f (0) = 0
x→0
f (x ) lim f ( x ) ≠ f (0), so discontinuous
x→0
b.
1 x g(x )
1
3
e.g., a = 1, b = 2
x
2
• lim g( x ) = −2 x f (x)
x →∞
3. Answers may vary. 4. Answers may vary. 1004 2.00099…
f (x ) f (x ) 1005 2.00099…
1006 2.00099…
x All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 unit
2 of 2. lim f ( x ) = 2 means that you can keep
x →∞
x
2
f (x) arbitrarily close to 2 by making the value
of x arbitrarily large. y = 2 is a horizontal
5. Answers may vary. 6. Answers may vary. asymptote.
f (x ) f (x ) 8. a.
7
g (x )
x x 1
x
–5 π/2
7. a. f (x )
b. lim g( x ) = ∞, lim + g( x ) = −∞
2 x →π / 2 − x →π / 2
x The limit is infinite because |g(x)| can be kept
3
arbitrarily far from zero. You can’t say
lim g( x ) = ∞ because the left and right
x →π / 2
x g(x) 2
1.5717 –1106.5… 1
x
1.5716 –1244.2…
10
1.5715 –1421.1…
All of these f (x) values are less than −1000. b. There is a compromise number (bigger than
lim + g( x ) = −∞ means that arbitrarily far 1, but finite) that wins. (The exact limit is e.)
x →π / 2
g(x) can be kept arbitrarily far from zero in the 11. The limit is infinite. y is unbounded as x
negative direction by keeping x close enough approaches infinity. If there were a number E
to π2 on the positive side. such that log x < E for all x > 0, then you could
The line x = π2 is a vertical asymptote. let x = 102E so that log x = log 102E = 2E, which
9. a. is greater than E, which was assumed to be an
r (x ) upper bound.
3
12. “Wanda, here’s what happens to a fraction when
2 the denominator gets close to zero: 01.1 = 10,
0.0001 = 10, 000, 0.00001 = 100, 000. The answers
1 1
f (1)
14. a. Work = force × distance. Because a definite
integral measures the y-variable times the
8
x-variable, it represents work in this case.
f (4) x
b. By the trapezoidal rule, T10 = 24.147775… 1 c 4
and T100 = 24.004889… . The units are
foot-pounds. 2. IVT applies on [0, 6] because f is a polynomial
function, and polynomial functions are
c. The integer is 24. continuous for all x.
d. By experimentation, T289 = 24.001003… and f (0) = −8, f (6) = −0.224
T290 = 24.000998… . ∴ There is a value x = c in (0, 6) for which
∴ D = 290 f (c) = −1.
15. Length = 100 sec x = 100/cos x Using the intersect or solver feature,
Length > 1000 ⇒ 100/cos x > 1000 c = 5.8751… , which is between 0 and 6.
cos x < 0.1 (because cos x is positive) f (x )
x > cos–1 0.1 (because cos is decreasing) 0 c6 x
–0.224
x > 1.4706289…
π/2 − 1.4706289… = 0.100167…
x must be within 0.100167… radian of π/2.
The limit is (positive) infinity. –8
b. •
g (x ) 15
20 f
10
r
x
3 5
g
x
–19
3
4 3 3 3 3 continuous • lim f ( x ) = 1
x →−2
5 1 1 1 1 continuous • lim− f ( x ) = ∞
x →2
c. i. ii. • lim+ f ( x ) = −∞
y y
x →2
• lim f ( x ) = 2
x →∞
c. f (x) = 6 − 2− x
lim f ( x ) = 6
x →∞
x x
1 2
f (x) = 5.999 = 6 − 2− x
2− x = 0.001
iii. iv. log 0.001
y y x=−
log 2
x = 9.965...
x f (x)
x x
3 4 10 5.999023…
20 5.999999046…
v. vi.
y y
30 5.99999999907…
f (6) All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 of 6.
L d. g(x) = x− 2
lim g( x ) = ∞
x→0
x x
5 6 g(x) = 106 = x− 2
x2 = 10− 6
vii. x = 10− 3
y
5 x g(x)
x 0.0009 1.2345… ⋅ 106
1
–2 0.0005 4,000,000
0.0001 1 ⋅ 108
b. Limit: none
c. Discontinuous T12. lim− f ( x ) = k ⋅ 2 2
x →2
T8. lim f ( x ) = 2 + k
x →2 +
y
∴ 4k = 2 + k
4
k = 2/3
T13. See graph in T11.
x
4 T14. a. lim T ( x ) = 20
x →∞
From the graph, it appears that if x > 63 ft,
then T(x) is within 1° of the limit.
T9. a. b. The graph of T has a horizontal asymptote at
f (x ) g(x ) T = 20.
b. T = 20 + 8(0.97x) cos 0.5x. The amplitude of
1 the cosine factor is 8(0.97 x ). Make this
x amplitude < 0.1.
x 8(0.97c) = 0.1
0.97c = 0.0125
log 0.0125
c=
c. d. log 0.97
h(x) s (x )
c = 143.8654…
1 ∴ T is within 0.1 unit of 20 whenever
1
x x x > 143.8654… .
–1
1 c. The time of day would be mid-afternoon,
when the temperature of the surface is
highest.
T15. a. Use either TRACE or TABLE to show:
(0 2 − 5 ⋅ 0 + 8)(0 − 3) 0
T10. a. f (3) = = , d(0) = 0, d(10) = 6, d(20) = 14, d(30) = 24,
0−3 0 d(40) = 36, and d(50) = 50.
an indeterminate form d (20.1) − d (20)
b. Average rate = =
b. lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 − 5 x + 8), x ≠ 3 20.1 − 20
x →3 x →3
14.0901 – 14
Definition of limit = 0.901 cm/day
“x ≠ c” 20.1 – 20
x
2
5 x
x
3 5
3 x
3
–2.4
(1, f (1)) using f ′ ( 1) as the slope. The line is
y = 2x − 1.
b. Near the point (1, 1), the tangent line and the
c., d. Tangent line: y = −2.4x + 7.2 curve appear nearly the same.
c. The curve appears to get closer and closer to
f (x)
x the line.
6 d. Near point (1, 1) the curve looks linear.
–7.2
e. If a graph has local linearity, the graph near
that point looks like the tangent line.
Therefore, the derivative at that point could be
said to equal the slope of the graph at that
point.
x 2 + 5x + 1 + 5 16. a. f ( x) = x 2 + 0.1 (x − 1)2/3
5. f ′(–2) = lim
x →−2 x+2 f ( 1) = 12 + 0.1(1 − 1)2/3 = 1 + 0 = 1, Q .E .D .
( x + 2)( x + 3) The graph appears to be locally linear at
= lim =1
x →−2 x+2 (1, 1), because it looks smooth there.
x 2 + 6 x – 2 + 10 b. Zoom in by a factor of 10,000.
6. f ′(– 4) = lim
x →−4 x+4
( x + 4)( x + 2)
= lim = –2
x →−4 x+4 1
x3 – 4x2 + x + 8 – 6
7. f ′(1) = lim
x →1 x –1
1
( x – 1)( x 2 – 3 x – 2)
= lim = –4
x →1 x –1
c. The graph has a cusp at x = 1. It changes
x3 – x2 – 4x + 6 – 8 direction abruptly, not smoothly.
8. f ′(–1) = lim
x →−1 x +1 d. If you draw a secant line through (1, 1) from a
( x + 1)( x 2 – 2 x – 2) point just to the left of x = 1, it has a large
= lim =1 negative slope. If you draw one from a point
x →−1 x +1
just to the right, it has a large positive slope.
–0.7 x + 2 + 0.1
9. f ′(3) = lim In both cases, the secant line becomes vertical
x →3 x–3 as x approaches 1 and a vertical line has
–0.7( x – 3) infinite slope. So there is no real number
= lim = −0.7
x →3 x–3 equal to the derivative.
1.3 x – 3 – 2.2 17. a.
10. f ′( 4) = lim
x→4 x–4 f (x )
7
1.3( x – 4)
= lim = 1.3 5
x→4 x–4
5–5
11. f ′(–1) = lim =0
x →−1 x + 1 x
–2 + 2 3
12. f ′(3) = lim =0
x →3 x – 3
13. The derivative of a linear function equals the b. First simplify the equation.
slope. The tangent line coincides with the graph x + 2, if x ≠ 3
f ( x) =
of a linear function. 7, if x = 3
c.
x f (x) 2
2.997 667.66…
x
2.998 1001 3
2.999 2001
3.000 undefined As the x-distance between the point and 3
decreases, the secant lines (solid) approach the
3.001 −1999
tangent line (dashed).
3.002 −999
c. The same thing happens with secant lines
3.003 −665.66… from the left of x = 3. See the graph in part b.
The difference quotients are all large positive d.
numbers on the left side of 3. On the right g ( x)
side, they are large negative numbers. For a 4
derivative to exist, the difference quotient Draw secant lines
from here.
must approach the same number as x gets
closer to 3.
18. a.
s (x )
x
3
2
x
1
1
–6 cos x
6
x f. m( x ) = . By table,
x–3
1
x m(x)
2.9 3.1401…
c. As x approaches 1 from the left, m(x) 2.99 3.1415…
approaches −1. As x approaches 1 from the 3 undefined
right, m(x) approaches 1. Because the left and 3.01 −3.1415…
right limits are unequal, there is no derivative
at x = 1. 3.1 −3.1401…
0.25 x 2 – 2.5 x + 7.25 – 2 Conjecture: The numbers are π and −π.
19. a. f ′( x ) = lim
x →3 x–3 20. From Problem 19, parts b and c, the tangent line
0.25( x – 3)( x – 7) is the limit of the secant lines as x approaches c.
= lim Because the slope of the secant line is the average
x →3 x–3
x y
5
f´ and g´
f and f'
The graphs of f and g are the same shape,
spaced 1 unit apart vertically. The graphs of 1 x
f ′ and g′ are identical! This is to be expected 1
because the shapes of the f and g graphs are
the same. 12. Answer will vary depending on calculator.
6.
13. a. Maximum area = (12.01)2 = 144.2401 in.2
y Minimum area = (11.99)2 = 143.7601 in.2
4
f
Range is 143.7601 ≤ area ≤ 144.2401.
Area is within 0.2401 in.2 of the ideal.
f´
x b. Let x be the number of inches.
5 Area = x2.
The right side of 12 is more restrictive, so set
x2 = 144.02.
The function available on the grapher is y = cos x. ∴ x = 144.021/2 = 12.000833…
The amplitude is 1, the period is 2π, and the Keep the tile dimensions within 0.0008 in. of
shape is sinusoidal. cos 0 = 1, and the graph is at 12 in.
a high point, y = 1, when x = 0.
c. The 0.02 in part b corresponds to ε, and the
7. 8.
y y
0.0008 corresponds to δ.
f 14. The average of the forward and backwards
3 3
f' difference quotients equals
x x
4 4
1 f ( x + h) – f ( x ) f ( x ) – f ( x – h)
+
f´ f 2 h h
1 f ( x + h) – f ( x – h)
=
9. 10. 2 h
y y f ( x + h) – f ( x – h)
5
f f = , Q .E .D .
3 2h
f'
15. a. f ( x) = x 3 − x + 1 ⇒ f ( 1) = 1
f´ x x
1 2
( x 3 – x + 1) – 1
f ′(1) = lim
x →1 x –1
x3 – x x ( x + 1)( x – 1)
11. The derivative for f ( x) = 2x is consistently below = lim = lim
x →1 x – 1 x →1 x –1
that of the function itself. This fact implies that
= lim x ( x + 1) = 2
f ( x) does not increase rapidly enough to make the x →1
y1 y3
26.
y 1
3 1 x
g
x 29. f ( x ) = x 1/ 2 + 2 x – 13
6 f ′( x ) = 12 x –1/ 2 + 2, f ′( 4) = 94
g'
Increasing by 9/4 y-units per x-unit at x = 4
30. f (x) = x− 2 − 3x + 11
f ′(x) = −2x− 3 − 3, f ′(1) = −5
Decreasing by 5 y-units per x-unit at x = 1
27. a.
y
31. f (x) = x1.5 − 6x + 30
10 f´ f ′(x) = 1.5x0.5 − 6, f ′(9) = −1.5
Decreasing by 1.5 y-units per x-unit at x = 9
1 x
f 32. f ( x ) = –3 x + x + 1
f ′( x ) = – 23 x –1/ 2 + 1, f ′(2) = –0.0606K
Decreasing by approximately 0.0607 y-unit per
b. The graph of f ′ is shown dashed in part a. x-unit at x = 2
c. There appear to be only two graphs because x3
the exact and the numerical derivative graphs 33. f ( x ) = – x 2 – 3 x + 5, f ′( x ) = x 2 – 2 x – 3
3
almost coincide.
10 t
y
Turns at t ≈ 4.8, x ≈ 9.4
1 2 3 4 5
Turns at t ≈ 2.4, x ≈ 34.8 v
Starts at t ≈ 0, x ≈ 50
x e. a = 0 when t = 1.6413… or 3.8586… .
10
When a = 0, v is at a maximum or minimum
a = v' t 2
v
30
t
b. Trace the v′ graph to find a(0) ≈ 32 . The 5
a
acceleration decreases because the velocity is
approaching a constant. In the real world, this
occurs because the wind resistance increases as
the velocity increases. 12. v(t) = 15t0.6 . Because v(t ) = x ′(t ) , x(t) must
c. The limit is 251 ft/s as t approaches infinity. have had t 1.6 in it. The derivative of t1.6 can be
The term 0.88t approaches zero as t gets very assumed to be 1.6t0.6 . So the coefficient of t 1.6
large, leaving only 1 inside the parentheses. must be 15/1.6 , or 9.375. But x(0) was 50.
d. 90% of terminal velocity is 0.9(251) = Thus, x(t) = 9.375t1.6 + 50. The derivative x′(t)
225.9 ft/s. really does equal v(t). Using this equation,
Algebraic solution: x(10) = 9.375(101.6 ) + 50 = 423.225K .
251(1 – 0.88t ) = 225.9 ⇒ –0.88t = –0.1 So the distance traveled is 423.225… − 50 =
373.225… , or about 373 ft.
log 0.1
t= = 18.012394... ≈ 18.0 s 13. The average rate is defined to be the change in
log 0.88
the dependent variable divided by the change in
Numerical solution gives the same answer.
the independent variable (such as total distance
Graphical solution: Trace to v(t) = 225.9.
divided by total time). Thus, the difference
T is between 18 and 18.5.
quotient is an average rate. The instantaneous
e. Find the numerical derivative. rate is the limit of this average rate as the change
v′(18.0123…) ≈ 3.2086… , which is in the independent variable approaches zero.
approximately 10% of the initial acceleration.
dy d2y f' f x
16. y = 7x 4 ⇒ = 28 x 3 ⇒ 2 = 84 x 2
dx dx 5
dy
17. y = 9x + x ⇒
2 5
= 18 x + 5 x 4 ⇒
dx
d2y
= 18 + 20 x 3 The graph of the derivative looks like the graph
dx 2 of y = −sin (x).
18. y = 10 x 2 − 15 x + 42 ⇒
dy d2y Problem Set 3-6
= 20 x − 15 ⇒ 2 = 20
dx dx 1.
19. m′(5) = 153.4979K y
3
m′(10) = 247.2100K
These numbers represent the instantaneous rate of
change of the amount of money in the account. x
The second quantity is larger because the money 10
4. h( x ) = sin x 2
Conjecture: h′( x ) = 2 x cos x 2 Q9.
y = cos x
The graph confirms the conjecture. x
y
h'
1 h
Q10. C
x
5 1. a. Let y = f (u), u = g(x).
dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
b. y′ = f ′[ g( x )] ⋅ g′( x )
5. t ( x ) = sin x 0.7 c. To differentiate a composite function,
Conjecture: t ′( x ) = 0.7 x –0.3 cos x 0.7 differentiate the outside function with respect to
The graph confirms the conjecture. the inside function, then multiply by the deriva-
y tive of the inside function with respect to x.
2. f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 1)3
1 t
x a. f ′(x) = 3(x2 − 1)2(2x) = 6x(x2 − 1)2
10
t´ b. (x 2 − 1)3 = x 6 − 3x 4 + 3x 2 − 1,
so f ′(x) = 6x 5 − 12x 3 + 6x.
c. From part a, f ′(x) = 6x(x2 − 1)2 =
6. f (x) = sin [g(x)] 6x(x 4 − 2x 2 + 1) = 6x 5 − 12x 3 + 6x, so the
f is a composite function. two answers are equivalent.
g is the inside function. 3. f ( x ) = cos 3 x ⇒ f ′( x ) = − sin 3 x ⋅ 3 = −3 sin 3 x
sine is the outside function. 4. f ( x ) = sin 5 x ⇒ f ′( x ) = 5 cos 5 x
Differentiate the outside function with respect to
5. g( x ) = cos ( x 3 ) ⇒ g′( x ) = −3 x 2 sin ( x 3 )
the inside function. Then multiply the answer by
the derivative of the inside function with respect 6. h( x ) = sin ( x 5 ) ⇒ h′( x ) = 5 x 4 cos ( x 5 )
to x. 7. y = (cos x)3 ⇒
7. a. f (x) = sin 3x. Inside: 3x. Outside: sine. y′ = 3(cos x)2 ⋅ (−sin x) = −3 cos2 x sin x
b. h(x) = sin3 x. Inside: sine. Outside: cube. 8. f ( x ) = (sin x )5 ⇒
c. g(x) = sin x3. Inside: cube. Outside: sine. f ′( x ) = 5(sin x ) 4 ⋅ cos x = 5 sin 4 x cos x
d. r(x) = 2cos x. Inside: cosine. Outside: 9. y = sin 6 x ⇒ y′ = 6 sin 5 x cos x
exponential. 10. f ( x ) = cos 7 x ⇒
f ′( x ) = 7 cos 6 x ⋅ ( − sin x ) = –7 cos 6 x sin x
d
13. (cos 4 7 x ) = 4 cos3 7 x ⋅ ( − sin 7 x ) ⋅ 7
dx x
= −28 cos3 7x sin 7x 3
d
14. (sin 9 13 x ) = 9 sin 8 13 x cos 13 x ⋅ 13
dx
= 117 sin8 13x cos 13x
15. f (x) = 24 sin5/3 4x ⇒ 28. y = 7 sin π t + 12t1.2
dy
f′ (x) = 40 sin2/3 4x ⋅ cos 4x ⋅ 4 velocity = = 7π cos π t + 14.4t0.2
dt
= 160 sin2/3 4x cos 4x Yes, there are times when the beanstalk is
16. f (x) = −100 sin6/5 (−9x) ⇒ shrinking. The velocity graph is negative for
brief intervals, and the y-graph is decreasing in
f′ (x) = −120 sin1/5 (−9x) ⋅ cos (−9x) ⋅ (−9)
these intervals.
= 1080 sin1/5 (−9x) cos (−9x)
17. f (x) = (5x + 3)7 ⇒ y and v
f′ (x) = 7(5x + 3)6 ⋅ 5 = 35(5x + 3)6 y
18. f (x) = (x + 8) ⇒
2 9
20. y = (x 2 + 3x − 7)− 5 ⇒
y′ = −5(x 2 + 3x − 7)− 6 ⋅ (2x + 3) 4π 3 dV
29. a. V = r ⇒ = 4πr 2
= −5(2x + 3)(x2 + 3x − 7)− 6 3 dr
dV/dr is in (cm3/cm), or cm2.
21. y = [cos (x2 + 3)]100 ⇒
y′ = 100 [cos (x2 + 3)]99 ⋅ [−sin (x2 + 3)] ⋅ 2x b. r = 6t + 10
= −200x cos99(x2 + 3) sin (x2 + 3) dr
22. y = [cos (5x + 3)4]5 ⇒ y′ = 5[cos (5x + 3)4]4 ⋅ c. = 6 (not surprising!). Units: cm/min
dt
[−sin (5x + 3)4] ⋅ 4(5x + 3)3 ⋅ 5 = dV dV dr
−100(5x + 3)3 cos4 (5x + 3)4 sin (5x + 3)4 d. = ⋅
dt dr dt
dy
23. y = 4 cos 5x ⇒ = 4(−sin 5x)5 = −20 sin 5x ⇒ When t = 5, r = 40. So
dx
d2y dV
= −20(cos 5x)5 = −100 cos 5x = 4π ( 40 2 ) = 6400π .
dx 2 dr
dV
24. y = 7 sin (2x + 5) ⇒ ∴ = 6400π ⋅ 6 = 38,400π cm 3 /min.
dy dt
= 7 cos (2x + 5)(2) = 14 cos (2x + 5) ⇒ dV/dr has units cm 2, and dr/dt has units
dx
2 cm
d y cm/min, so dV/dt has units cm 2 ⋅ ,
= 14[−sin (2x + 5)](2) = min
dx 2
−28 sin (2x + 5) which becomes cm3/min, Q.E.D. This
matches the commonsense answer that rate of
1
25. f′ (x) = cos 5x ⇒ f (x) = sin 5x + C volume cm 3
5 change of volume is = .
time min
26. f′ (x) = 10 sin 2x ⇒ f (x) = −5 cos 2x + C
4π
27. f (x) = 5 cos 0.2x e. V = (6t + 10)3
f′ (x) = −5 sin 0.2x ⋅ 0.2 = −sin 0.2x 3
f′ (3) = −sin 0.6 = −0.5646… and ∴
dV
= 4π (6t + 10)2 (6) = 24π (6t + 10)2
f (3) = 4.1266… dt
dV
The line has the equation When t = 5, = 24π [6(5) + 10]2 = 38,400π .
y = −0.5646…x + 5.8205… . dt
a weight suspended by a string of negligible The graph shows a good fit to the data. But there
mass is 2π L/g , where L is the length from the is a noticeable deviation in the fall and winter,
pivot point to the center of mass (actually, the here the day is slightly longer than predicted.
center of percussion) of the weight, and g is the The main reason for the discrepancy, apparently,
0.05 0.99958338541… g h
1
0.04 0.99973335466…
0.03 0.99985000674…
c. See the graph in part b. The lines have
0.02 0.99993333466…
equations g(x) = x + 1 and h(x) = 3 − x.
0.01 0.99998333341…
d. Prove that lim y = 2.
x →1
Values are getting closer to 1.
x2 2
1.97 = 11.82 3
0.03
f (2) − f (1.98) e. The line is tangent to the graph.
1.98 = 11.88 f. Yes, f does have local linearity at x = 3.
0.02
Zooming in on the point (3, 5.6) shows that
f (2) − f (1.99)
1.99 = 11.94 the graph looks more and more like the line.
0.01 R3. a.
f (2.01) − f (2) y
2.01 = 12.06 y2
0.01 50
y1
f (2.02) − f (2)
2.02 = 12.12 1 x
0.02
f (2.03) − f (2)
2.03 = 12.18
0.03
b. See the graph in part a.
The derivative of f at x = 2 is approximately 12. c. The y1 graph has a high point or a low point
f ( x ) − f (2) at each x-value where the y2 graph is zero.
b. r ( x ) =
x−2 d.
r(2) is of the form 00 . y
lim r ( x ) appears to be 12.
x →2 p
x 3 − 8 ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
20
c. r ( x ) = =
x−2 ( x − 2) 1 t
= x 2 + 2 x + 4, x ≠ 2 p´
lim r ( x ) = lim x 2 + 2 x + 4 because x ≠ 2.
x →2 x →2
Take the numerical derivative at t = 3, 6,
∴ lim r ( x ) = 12 and 0.
x →2
p′(3) ≈ −2.688… . Decreasing at about
d. The answers in parts a, b, and c are the same.
2.69 psi/h when t = 3.
f ( x ) − f (c ) p′(6) ≈ −1.959… . Decreasing at about
R2. a. f ′(c) = lim
x →c x–c 1.96 psi/h when t = 6.
b. f (x) = 0.4x − x + 5
2 p′(0) ≈ −3.687… . Decreasing at about
3.69 psi/h when t = 0.
0.4 x 2 − x + 5 − 5.6
f ′(3) = lim The units are psi/h. The sign of the pressure
x →3 x–3 change is negative because the pressure is
( x – 3)(0.4 x + 0.2)
= lim decreasing. Yes, the rate of pressure change is
x →3 x–3 getting closer to zero.
= lim (0.4 x + 0.2) = 1.4 R4. a. See the text for the definition of derivative.
x →3
b. Differentiate
1 derivative cosine
x
1
dx
R5. a. v = or x ′(t ).
dt
dv d2x b. The graph of the derivative is the same as the
a= or v ′(t ), a = 2 or x ′′(t )
dt dt sine graph but inverted in the y-direction.
d2y Thus, (cos x )′ = − sin x is confirmed.
b. means the second derivative of y with c. −sin 1 = −0.841470984…
dx 2
respect to x. Numerical derivative ≈ −0.841470984…
The two are very close!
y = 10x 4 ⇒ y′ = 40x 3 ⇒ y″ = 120x 2
d. Composite function
c. f ′( x ) = 12 x 3 ⇒ f ( x ) = 3 x 4 + C. f (x) is
the antiderivative, or the indefinite integral, f′(x) = −2x sin (x2)
of f (x). dy dy du
R7. a. i. = ⋅
d. The slope of y = f ( x ) is determined by the dx du dx
value of f ′( x ). So the slope of y = f ( x ) at ii. f (x) = g(h(x)) ⇒ f ′(x) = g ′(h(x)) ⋅ h ′(x)
x = 1 is f ′(1) = −1, at x = 5 is f ′(5) = 3, and iii. The derivative of a composite function is
at x = −1 is f ′( −1) = 0. the derivative of the outside function with
y f f´
respect to the inside function times the
5
derivative of the inside function with
respect to x.
b. See the derivation in the text. This derivation
x constitutes a proof. ∆u must be nonzero
5
throughout the interval.
Proof:
f ( x + h) – f ( x ) 3( x + h) 4 − 3 x 4
y1 = ex is the inverse of y2 = ln x, so y1 is a f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
reflection of y2 across the line y = x.
3 x + 12 x h + 18 x h + 12 xh 3 + 3h 4 − 3 x 4
4 3 2 2
to be −1. 5
f (x )
5 T4. Amos substituted before differentiating instead
of after. Correct solution is f (x) = 7x ⇒
f ′ (x) = 7 ⇒ f ′ (5) = 7.
x
π
T5. f (x) = (7x + 3)15 ⇒ f ′ (x) = 105(7x + 3)14
T6. g(x) = cos (x5) ⇒ g ′ (x) = −5x 4 sin x 5
d 1
c. Conjecture: The function is differentiable at T7. [ln (sin x )] = ⋅ cos x = cot x
dx sin x
x = 0. The derivative should equal zero
because the graph is horizontal at x = 0. T8. y = 36x ⇒ y′ = (ln 3)36x(6) = 6(ln 3)36x
f ( x ) – f (0) T9. f (x) = cos (sin5 7x) ⇒
d. f ′(0) = lim
h→0 x–0 f ′(x) = −sin (sin5 7x) ⋅ 5 sin4 7x ⋅ cos 7x ⋅ 7
x – sin 2 x = −35 sin (sin5 7x) sin4 7x cos 7x
– (–1)
= lim sin x T10. y = 60x 2/3 − x + 25 ⇒ y′ = 40x− 1/3 − 1
x→0 x
x – sin 2 x + sin x d2y
= lim T11. y = e 9x ⇒
dy
= 9e 9x ⇒ 2 = 81e 9x
x→0 x sin x dx dx
Using TABLE for numerator, denominator, and
T12. y′ ≈ 0.6 (Function is y = −3 + 1.5x, for which
quotient shows that the numerator goes to
the numerical derivative is 0.6081… .)
zero faster than the denominator. For instance,
if x = 0.001, T13. y = 3 + 5x − 1.6
1.1666 K × 10 –9 v(x) = 5(−1.6)x− 2.6 = −8x − 2.6
quotient = = 0.00116 K
9.999K × 10 –7 a(x) = −8(−2.6)x− 3.6 = 20.8x− 3.6
Thus, the limit appears to be zero. (The limit
Acceleration is the second derivative of the
can be found algebraically to equal zero by
displacement function.
l’Hospital’s rule after students have studied
Section 6-5.) T14. f ′ (x) = 72x 5/4 ⇒ f (x) = 32x 9/4
f ′ ( x ) g( x ) – f ( x ) g ′ ( x )
q ′( x ) =
x [ g( x )]2
10
(–3 sin 2)(2 sin 2) – (3 cos 2)(2 cos 2)
∴ q ′( 2 ) = =
(2 sin 2)2
−1.8141… , which agrees with Problem 3.
p′(2) ≈ −3.9218… Problem Set 4-2
p(x) is decreasing at x = 2 because p ′(2) < 0.
This fact corresponds with the graph, which 3 –1/ 4
Q1. y ′ = x Q2. y′ = 1/x
slopes steeply in the negative direction at x = 2. 4
f ′ (2) ⋅ g′(2) = (−3 sin 2)(2 cos 2) = 2.2704… dy d
So p′ (2) ≠ f ′ (2) ⋅ g′ (2). Q3. = −30(5 x − 7) –7 Q4. (sin 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x
dx dx
3.
q (x )
Q5. v′ = −3 cos2 t sin t Q6. L′ = 2m + 5
6
Q7. y = sin x + C 3
Q8. y ′ ≈ −3
x Q9. 4 ft/s Q10. B
10
1. f ( x) = x cos x ⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x 2 cos x – x 3 sin x
3
t = 2 here
2
dy/dx = 8x7(3x + 7)9 + x8(9)(3x + 7)8(3)
x
= x7(3x + 7)8 (51x + 56)
3
7. z = ln x sin 3x ⇒
z′ = (1/x) sin 3x + 3 ln x cos 3x
8. v = e5x cos 2x ⇒ v′ = 5e5x cos 2x − 2e5x sin 2x
The geometric figure seems to be an ellipse. 9. y = (6x + 11)4(5x − 9)7 ⇒
5. See graph in Problem 4. y ′ = 4(6x + 11)3(6)(5x − 9)7
∆x = 3 cos 2.1 − 3 cos 1.9 = −0.54466… + (6x + 11)4(7)(5x − 9)6(5)
∆y = 2 sin 2.1 − 2 sin 1.9 = −0.16618… = (6x + 11)3(5x − 9)6(330x + 169)
dy ∆y –0.16618K
≈ = = 0.3051K
dx ∆x –0.54466 K 10. y = (7x – 3)9(6x − 1)5 ⇒
dy/dt 2 cos 2 y′ = 9(7x – 3)8(7)(6x − 1)5
At t = 2, = = 0.3051 K ,
dx/dt –3 sin 2 + (7x − 3)9(5)(6x − 1)4(6)
which agrees with the difference quotient. = (7x − 3)8(6x − 1)4(588x − 153)
5
For any function, the chain rule gives f
d x
f ( − x ) = f ′( − x ) ⋅ ( −1) = − f ′( − x ). 1
dx
f´
For an odd function,
d d
f ( − x ) = [– f ( x )] = − f ′( x ).
dx dx b. f ′ (x) = 3x 2 sin x + x 3 cos x
∴ −f ′ (−x) = −f ′ (x) or f ′ (−x) = f ′ (x), The graph in part a is correct.
and the derivative is an even function. c. The numerical derivative graph duplicates the
For an even function, algebraic derivative graph, as in part a, thus
d d
f (− x ) = f ( x ) = f ′( x ). showing that the algebraic derivative is right.
dx dx
34. a.
∴ −f ′ (−x) = f ′ (x) or f ′ (−x) = −f ′ (x),
f (x )
and the derivative is an odd function, Q.E.D.
599,128
30. f (x) = 2 sin x cos x ⇒ 500,000
decreasing. 10 x + 9
8. y = ⇒
Problem Set 4-3 5x − 3
10 ⋅ (5 x − 3) − (10 x + 9) ⋅ 5 –75
Q1. 1066x1065 y′ = =
(5 x − 3) 2 (5 x – 3)2
Q2. f (x) = 12x5 + C
(8 x + 1)6 dz
Q3. y′ = 3x2 sin x + x3 cos x 9. z = ⇒
(5 x – 2 ) 9 dx
Q4. dy/dx = −sin (x7) ⋅ 7x6 = −7x6 sin (x7) 6(8 x + 1)5 (8) ⋅ (5 x − 2) 9 − (8 x + 1)6 ⋅ (9)(5 x − 2)8 (5)
Q5. f ′ (x) = 0 (derivative of a constant) =
(5 x − 2)18
Q6. 54e9t (8 x + 1) 5 (120 x + 141)
Q7. See the text for the definition of derivative. =−
(5 x – 2)10
Q8. Instantaneous rate of change at a given x
( 4 x – 1) 7 dA
Q9. (x − 3)4(x − 3 + 2x) = 3(x − 3)4(x − 1) 10. A = 4 ⇒
(7 x + 2) dx
Q10.
7( 4 x − 1)6 ( 4) ⋅ (7 x + 2) 4 − ( 4 x − 1) 7 ⋅ 4( 7 x + 2)3 ( 7)
4 y
=
( 7 x + 2 )8
28( 4 x – 1) ( 7 x + 2)3 [(7 x + 2) − ( 4 x − 1)]
6
=
x ( 7 x + 2 )8
4
28( 4 x – 1)6 ( 7 x + 2)3 (3 x + 3)
=
( 7 x + 2 )8
84( 4 x – 1)6 ( x + 1)
=
x3 3 x 2 sin x – x 3 cos x ( 7 x + 2)5
1. f ( x ) = ⇒ f ′( x ) =
sin 2 x
3 3 3
sin x ex 3 x 2 e x sin x − e x cos x
11. Q = ⇒ Q′ =
x4 4 x 3 cos x + x 4 sin x sin x sin 2 x
2. f ( x ) = ⇒ f ′( x ) =
cos x cos 2 x ln x 4
12. r = ⇒
cos3 x cos x
3. g( x ) = ⇒
ln x 4 x 3 (1/ x 4 )cos x − (ln x 4 )( − sin x )
r′ =
3 cos 2 x ( − sin x ) ⋅ ln x − cos3 x ⋅ (1/ x ) cos 2 x
g ′( x ) =
(ln x )2 ( 4 cos x )/ x + (ln x 4 ) sin x 4 cos x + x ln x 4 sin x
= =
−3 ln x sin x cos 2 x − (cos3 x )/ x cos 2 x x cos 2 x
=
(ln x )2 d
13. (60 x –4 / 3 ) = −80 x −7/3
sin 5 x dx
4. h( x ) = ⇒
e3 x d
14. (24 x –7/ 3 ) = −56 x −10/3
5 sin 4 x cos x e 3 x − sin 5 x ⋅ 3e 3 x dx
h ′( x ) =
(e 3 x ) 2 Problems 15–22 and 25–26 can be done using either
5 sin x cos x − 3 sin 5 x
4
the power rule or the quotient rule.
=
e3 x 12 –36
sin 10 x 15. r ( x ) = = 12 x −3 ⇒ r ′( x ) = −36 x −4 = 4
5. y = ⇒ x3 x
cos 20 x
51 –867
10 cos 10 x cos 20 x + 20 sin 10 x sin 20 x 16. t ( x ) = 17 = 51x −17 ⇒ t ′( x ) = −867 x −18 = 18
y′ = 2
x x
cos 20 x
1 y' 1 y
f (x )
x x
f 1 1
5 y
f'
3 x
33. Answers will vary.
1 x
f ( x) changes faster and faster as x approaches
π
3, shooting off to negative infinity as x
approaches 3 from the negative side and to
positive infinity as x approaches 3 from the
positive side. Note that the rates are
symmetrical about x = 3. Q10. C
d. There is a relative minimum at x = 4 and a 1. f (x) = tan 5x ⇒ f ′(x) = 5 sec2 5x
relative maximum at x = 2. 2. f (x) = sec 3x ⇒ f ′(x) = 3 sec x tan x
2 2 − 6(2) + 8 y = sec x7 ⇒ y′ = 7x6 sec x7 tan x7
f ′( 2 ) = =0 3.
(2 − 3)2
4. z = tan x9 ⇒ z′ = 9x8 sec2 (x9)
4 2 − 6( 4) + 8
f ′( 4 ) = =0
( 4 − 3)2
34.3 ft/radian. √1 – x 2
π
(34.2551K) = 0.5978… ft/degree
180 [Because sin y = (opposite leg)/(hypotenuse), put
c. y = 535 ⇒ x = tan− 1 53.5 = 1.55210… x on the opposite leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
∴ y′ = 10 sec2 1.55210… = 28632.5… Adjacent leg = 1 – x 2 , and cos y =
y is increasing at about 28,632.5 ft/radian. (adjacent)/(hypotenuse).]
opposite side y
34. a. tan x = = 10. y = cos− 1 x ⇒ cos y = x ⇒ −sin y · y′ = 1 ⇒
adjacent side 500 1 1
∴ y = 500 tan x, Q.E.D. y′ = − =− , Q .E .D .
sin y 1 – x2
b. dy/dt = 500 sec2 x · dx/dt
c. dx/dt = 0.3 rad/s
At y = 300, x = tan− 1 (300/500) = 0.5404… 1
√1 – x 2
∴ dy/dt = 500 (sec2 0.5404…)(0.3) y
= 500(1.36)(0.3) = 204 ft/s x
35. a. y = sin x + C
b. y = − 12 cos 2 x + C [Because cos y = (adjacent leg)/(hypotenuse), put
c. y = 13 tan 3 x + C x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
d. y = − 14 cot 4 x + C Opposite leg = 1 – x 2 , and sin y =
e. y = 5 sec x + C (opposite)/(hypotenuse).]
36. Answers will vary. 11. y = csc− 1 x ⇒ csc y = x ⇒ −csc y cot y · y′ ⇒
1 1
y′ = − =− if x > 0
csc y cot y x x2 – 1
Problem Set 4-5
If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV (see Fig-
Q1. sin′ x = cos x Q2. cos′ x = −sin x ure 4-5d). So both csc y and cot y are negative,
Q3. tan′ x = sec x 2
Q4. cot′ x = −csc2 x and thus their product must be positive.
Q5. sec′ x = sec x tan x Q6. csc′ x = −csc x cot x ∴ y′ = −
1
, Q .E .D .
Q7. f ′ (1) is infinite. Q8. f ′ (3) is undefined. | x | x2 – 1
Q9. f ′ (4) = −1 Q10. f ′ (6) = 0
1. See Figure 4-5d. 2. See Figure 4-5d. x
1
3. See Figure 4-5d. 4. See Figure 4-5d. y
5. The principal branch of the inverse cotangent √x 2 – 1
function goes from zero to π so that the function
will be continuous. [Because csc y = (hypotenuse)/(opposite leg), put
6. There are no values of the inverse secant for x x on the hypotenuse and 1 on the opposite leg.
between −1 and 1, so the inverse secant function
y′ = −
1
=−
1
2 =−
1
, Q .E .D .
x sec 2 y
x 1 + ln 2 x (
x (1 + ln 2 x )
)
csc 2 y
1+ x 2
(1+ x2
)
√ 1 + ln2x
ln x
√1 + x 2 y
1 1
y
x
x x 1
17. y = sec −1 ⇒ sec y = ⇒ sec y tan y ⋅ y′ = ⇒
[Because cot y = (adjacent leg)/(opposite leg), 3 3 3
put x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the opposite 1 1
y′ = = , if x > 0
leg. Hypotenuse = 1 + x 2 , and csc y = 3 sec y tan y 2
3⋅ (
x
3 x – 9) / 3
(hypotenuse)/(opposite).]
Problems 13−18 are shown done “from scratch,” as If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant II, where both
in Example 1. If students practice doing them this sec y and tan y are negative. So their product is
way, they will not be dependent on memorized positive.
formulas. Problem 13 shows how an alternate 3
∴ y′ =
solution could be found using the formulas and the 2
chain rule. |x| x –9
13. y = sin− 1 4x ⇒ sin y = 4x ⇒ cos y · y′ = 4 ⇒
4 4
y′ = =
x
√x 2 – 9
cos y 1 – 16 x 2 y
3
1
4x
x x
y 18. y = csc −1 ⇒ csc y = ⇒
10 10
√1 – 16x 2
1
− csc y cot y ⋅ y ′ = ⇒
Alternate solution by application of the formula: 10
1 4 1 1
y = sin −1 4 x ⇒ y ′ = ⋅4= y′ = − =−
2
1 – (4 x ) 1 – 16 x 2 10 csc y cot y x x 2 – 100
10 ⋅
14. y = cos− 1 10x ⇒ cos y = 10x ⇒ 10 100
10 10 If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV, where both
−sin y · y′ = 10 ⇒ y′ = − =− csc y and cot y are negative. So their product is
sin y 1 – 100 x 2 positive.
10
1
∴ y′ = −
√1 – 100x 2 | x | x 2 – 100
y
10x
x
10
15. y = cot −1 e 0.5x ⇒ cot y = e 0.5x ⇒ y
− csc 2 y ⋅ y ′ = 0.5e 0.5x ⇒ √x 2 – 100
0.5e 0.5x 0.5e 0.5x 0.5e 0.5x
y′ = − =− 2 =−
( )
1+ ex
2 For Problems 19−24, a solution is shown using the
csc y
1+ ex
appropriate formula.
19. y = cos− 1 5x2
√ 1 + ex 1 10 x
y′ = − ⋅ 10 x = −
2 2
y
1
1 – (5 x ) 1 – 25 x 4
e 0.5x 20. f (x) = tan− 1 x3
1 3x 2
f ′( x ) = ⋅ 3 x 2
=
1 + ( x 3 )2 1+ x6
Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 4-5 59
© 2005 Key Curriculum Press
21. g(x) = (sin− 1 x)2 d. Maximum is between x = 38 and 39.
−1 1
g ′( x ) = 2 sin x ⋅ θ
1 – x2 0.5
1 1 1
y′ = = = = 1.25, Q .E.D . 4
1– x 2
1 – 0.6 2 0.8
d
c. y = f −1 ( x ) ⇒ f ( y) = x ⇒ f ′( y) ⋅ ( y) = 1 ⇒ x
dx
–2
d 1 d 1
( y) = ⇒ [ f –1 ( x )] = ,
dx f ′( y ) dx f ′[ f −1 ( x )]
Q .E .D . b. f ( x) = x 2
d. f ( x) = x3 + x = 10 ⇒ (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 5) = 0 15. a.
⇒ x = 2 (only)
f (x )
∴ h(10) = 2
Because h(x) = f −1(x) and f ′(x) = 3x 2 + 1,
1 1 1
h ′(10) = = = = 113/ .
f ′[h(10)] f ′(2) 3 ⋅ 2 2 + 1 x
6
30. The inverse trig cofunctions, cos− 1, cot− 1, and
csc− 1, are the ones whose derivatives are preceded
by a minus sign. ( x − 6)( x + 1)
b. f ( x ) =
x−6
Problem Set 4-6 16. a.
f (x )
Q1. See the text for the definition of continuity.
Q2. See the text for the definition of derivative.
2
Q3. y′ = −6x − 2 + C Q4. cos′ x = −sin x
Q5. dy/dx = sec2 x (
Q6. 1 | x | x 2 − 1 ) x
1
Q7. f ′ (x) = 4x 3; f ″ (x) = 12x2; f ″ (2) = 48
Q8. dy/dx = 15x2(x3 + 1)4
x 2 ( x − 1) , if x ≠ 1
Integral ≈ 5.4 (Function is y = 2− x.)
Q9. b. f ( x ) = x − 1
Q10. E 5, if x = 1
1. Continuous 2. Neither 17. a.
3. Neither 4. Both f (x )
5. Neither 6. Neither
7. Both 8. Neither x
9. Neither 10. Neither —5
3
x
3
b. f ( x) = x + 2 –1
f (x )
7 1
x
1
x
4
f is differentiable at x = 1.
–( x – 3)2 + 7, if x ≥ 2
26. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 − 9, if x < 4 ax + b, if x < 2
b. f ( x ) =
11 − x, if x ≥ 4 For f to be continuous at x = 2,
20. a. No such function lim− ( ax 3 + b) = lim+ [ −( x – 3) 2 + 7] ⇒
x →2 x →2
f(x )
a ⋅ 23 + b = 6 ⇒ 8a + b = 6 ⇒ b = 6 − 8a
Not possible. For f to be differentiable at x = 2,
Differentiability
implies lim− 3ax 2 = lim+ [ −2( x – 3)] ⇒ 3a ⋅ 2 2 = 2 ⇒
continuity. x →2 x →2
a = 1/6
x b = 6 − 8(1/6) ⇒ b = 14/3
f (x )
6
b. No such function
21. Continuous 22. Both
x
f (x ) f (x )
2
4
f is differentiable at x = 2.
ax 2 + 10,
x
if x < 2
3 27. f ( x ) = 2
x x − 6 x + b, if x ≥ 2
2
For f to be continuous at x = 2,
lim− ( ax 2 + 10) = lim+ ( x 2 − 6 x + 6) ⇒ 4 a + 10 =
23. Both 24. Neither x →2 x →2
f (x )
4 – 12 + b ⇒ b = 4a + 18
y
For f to be differentiable at x = 2,
lim− 2 ax = lim+ (2 x – 6) ⇒ 2 a ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 – 6 ⇒
x →2 x →2
x x a = −0.5
1 π/2 b = 4(–0.5) + 18 ⇒ b = 16
f (x )
10
x ,3
if x < 1
25. f ( x ) =
a( x – 2) + b, if x ≥ 1
2
x
For f to be continuous at x = 1, 2
lim− x 3 = lim[ +
a( x − 2 ) 2 + b ] ⇒ f is differentiable at x = 2.
x →1 x →1
1 = a(1 − 2) + b ⇒ a + b = 1 ⇒ b = 1 − a
2
a/ x, if x ≤ 1
28. f ( x ) =
For f to be differentiable at x = 1, 12 − bx , if x > 1
2
a = −1.5
∴ 2b + b = 12 ⇒ b = 4
a=2·4⇒a=8 f is differentiable at x = 2π/3.
f (x )
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5
31. a. y =
10 x + k, if x > 0.5
For y to contain the origin,
x a ⋅ 03 + b ⋅ 02 + c ⋅ 0 + d = 0 ⇒ d = 0
1
For y′ = 0 at x = 0, y′ = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c ⇒
0 = 3a ⋅ 02 + 2b ⋅ 0 + c ⇒ c = 0
f is differentiable at x = 1. For y′ = 1 at x = 0.5, y′ = 3ax2 + 2bx + c ⇒
1 = 3a(0.5)2 + 2b(0.5) + c ⇒ 1 = 0.75a + b ⇒
e ax , if x ≤ 1 b = 1 – 0.75a
29. f ( x ) =
b + ln x, if x > 1 For y ′′ = 0 at x = 0.5, y ′′ = 6 ax + 2 b ⇒
For f to be continuous at x = 1, 0 = 3a + 2b
lim− e ax = lim+ (b + ln x ) ⇒ e a = b Solve for a and b:
x →1 x →1
3a + 2(1 – 0.75a) = 0 ⇒ 1.5a = –2 ⇒
For f to be differentiable at x = 1,
a = – 4/3 b = 2
lim− ae ax = lim+ (1/ x ) ⇒ ae a = 1
x →1 x →1 b. For the function to be continuous,
Solve by grapher: a = 0.5671… and
b = 1.7632… lim ( − 43 x 3 + 2 x 2 ) = lim + ( x + k ) ⇒
x →0.5− x →0.5
6/t
3. a. x = 2 + t, y = 3 – t 2
t x y
–3 –1 –6
dy dy/dt 3t 2
–2 0 –1 c. = = = 1.5t
dx dx/dt 2t
–1 1 2 If t = 1, dy/dx = 1.5 and (x, y) = (1, 1).
0 2 3 Line through (1, 1) with slope 1.5 is tangent
1 3 2 to the graph. See graph in part b.
2 4 –1 d. x = t 2 ⇒ t = x 1/ 2 ⇒ y = ( x 1/ 2 )3 ⇒ y = x 1.5
The name semicubical is picked because 1.5
3 5 –6
is half of 3, the exponent for a cubic function.
b. The name parabola is used because the equation
y looks similar to y = x2 for a parabola.
e. By direct differentiation, dy/dx = 1.5x0.5 .
2
x
At (x, y) = (1, 1), dy/dx = 1.5 ⋅ 10.5 = 1.5,
3 which agrees with part c.
dy/dx = 1.5x0.5 = 1.5(t2)0.5 = 1.5t, which
agrees with part c.
5. a. The graph confirms the figure in the text.
dy 5 cos t −5
b. = = cot t
dx −3 sin t 3
dy dy/dt −2t If t = π /4, x = 3 2 /2 and y = 5 2 /2.
c. = = = −2t c.
dx dx/dt 1 (x, y) = (2.121… , 3.535…)
If t = 1, dy/dx = –2 and (x, y) = (3, 2). dy −5 π
Line through (3, 2) with slope –2 is tangent = cot = −5/3
dx 3 4
to the graph. See part b. y
d. x = 2 + t ⇒ t = x – 2 ⇒ y = 3 – (x – 2)2 5
4 a 2 [1 – y/(2 a)] 4 a 2 (2 a − y)
∴ x2 = =
dy /dt
y/(2 a) y
x2y = 8a3 – 4a2y ⇒ (x2 + 4a2)y = 8a3 ⇒
At t = 0, 2π, … , the tangent appears to
8a 3
be horizontal. At t = 2π /3, 4π /3, 8π /3, y= 2
10π /3, … , there appears to be a tangent x + 4a 2
216
line but not a horizontal one. a = 3⇒ y = 2
A numerical solution shows the following x + 36
values as t approaches 2π/3: d. y = 8a 3 ( x 2 + 4 a 2 ) −1 ⇒
dy –16 a 3 x
= −8a 3 ( x 2 + 4 a 2 ) −2 ⋅ 2 x = 2
t dy/dx dx ( x + 4a 2 )2
e. At t = π/4, x = 2a tan (π/4) = 2a.
2π /3 – 0.1 –1.547849…
From part d,
2π/3 – 0.01 –1.712222…
dy –16 a 3 (2 a) –32 a 4
2π/3 – 0.001 –1.730052… = 2 2 = = –1/2
dx [(2 a) + 4 a ]
2
64 a 4
2π/3 indeterminate
From part b,
2π/3 + 0.001 –1.734052… dy
= –2 cos3 (π /4) sin (π /4)
2π /3 + 0.01 –1.752225… dx
2 π /3 + 0.1 –1.951213… = –2( 2 /2)3 ( 2 /2) = –1/2, which agrees.
At t = π/4, x = 2a tan (π/4) = 2a = 6 and
dy/dx seems to be approaching about –1.732 y = 2a cos2 (π/4) = 2a(1/2) = a = 3.
as t approaches 2π/3. A line through (6, 3) with slope –1/2 is
tangent to the graph at that point.
[The exact answer is − 3, which students
will be able to prove easily with l’Hospital’s y
10
rule after they have studied Section 6-5. Joan
Gell and Cavan Fang have shown clever
5 t = π/4
trigonometric transformations that “remove”
the removable discontinuity and lead to the x
same answer. These are –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15
dy/dx:
dy 2 sin 1.5t sin 0.5t 11. a. x = cos t + t sin t
= y = sin t – t cos t
dx −2 sin 1.5t cos 0.5t
The grapher confirms the figure in the text.
= − tan 0.5t if dx/dt ≠ 0 [Note: In the derivation of these equations
As t → 2π /3, dy/dx → – tan(π /3) = – 3 . from the geometric definition of involute,
π π 10
b. dx/dt = cos t
2 30
π π The graph seems to move over 1 unit to the right
dy/dt = – sin t each cycle. Thus, if t increases by 2π, x increases
2 30
by 1. The equations are thus
At t = 5,
x = t/(2π ) + 0.5 sin t, y = 3 + 2 cos t
π π
dx/dt = cos = π 3 /4 = 1.3603K The graph here duplicates the one in the text.
2 6
π π y
dy/dt = – sin = –π /4 = –0.7853K 5
2 6
c. The slope of the circular path is dy/dx.
At t = 5,
x
dy – π /4
= = –1 / 3 = –0.5773K 10
dx π 3 /4
x
1
1. x 3 + 7y 4 = 13 ⇒ 3x 2 + 28y 3y′ = 0 ⇒
3x 2
y′ = –
28 y 3
ii. (x = cos 6t, y = sin t) 15 x 4
2. 3x 5 − y 4 = 22 ⇒ 15x 4 − 4y 3y′ = 0 ⇒ y′ =
4 y3
1 y
1
3. x ln y = 104 ⇒ 1 · ln y + x ⋅ ⋅ y′ = 0 ⇒
y
x
− y ln y
1 y′ =
x
4. y = 213 ⇒ p xy′ + yex = 0 ⇒ y′ = –y
ex
16. cos xy = xy ⇒
(–sin xy) · (y + xy′) = y + xy′ ⇒
+ 144x − 4xy 2
dy – x 3 + 36 x – xy 2
c. x = 6 sec t y = 6 tan t = 2
dx x y + 36 y + y 3
dy 6 sec t tan t tan t
= = At x = 8: (4 + y2)(196 + y2) = 1200
dx 6 sec 2 t sec t 784 + 200y2 + y4 = 1200
At x = 10, t = ±sec (10/6).
–1
y 4 + 200y 2 − 416 = 0
tan [±sec–1 (10/6)] = ±8/6. –200 ± 41664
Choose the negative value because y < 0. y2 = = 2.058806 K or
dy –10/6 2
∴ = = –1.25, −202.0…
dx 8/6 y = ±1.4348542… (No other real solutions)
which agrees with part b, Q.E.D. At (8, 1.434…), dy/dx = −1.64211… .
27. a. x 3 + y 3 = 64 ⇒ 3x 2 + 3y 2 · dy/dx = 0 ⇒ At (8, –1.434…), dy/dx = 1.64211… .
dy/dx = –x2/y2 Both answers agree with the moderately steep
x = 0: y 3 = 64 ⇒ y = 4 negative and positive slopes, respectively.
∴ dy/dx = –0/16 = 0
y
The tangent is horizontal (see the next graph). 5
x = 2: 8 + y 3 = 64 ⇒ y 3 = 56 ⇒
y = 3.8258… x
10
W
D
1200 in.2
L
y
120 200
dL dW
Know: . Want: .
dt dt
7. a. Let L = length. Let W = width. Let H = depth dL dW
(meters). LW = 1200 ⇒ ⋅W + L⋅ =0
dt dt
dW dL −W
Know: = 0.1 m/s; = −0.3 m/s. ⇒
dW
= ⋅
dL
=−
1
W2 ⋅
dL
dt dt dt 1200/W dt 1200 dt
dH
Want: . 1
dt b. −2 = − W 2 (6) ⇒ W = 20 in. ⇒
LWH = 20 ⇒ 1200
dL dW dH L = 60 in.
⋅ WH + L ⋅ ⋅ H + LW ⋅ =0
dt dt dt
dt 2
L + W2 dt dt dt 3 3
−16π ft3/min = −50.2654…
At L = 60 and W = 20, Volume is decreasing at about 50.3 ft3/min.
dD 1
= [60(6) + 20( −2)] 13. a. Let ω = angular velocity in radians per day.
dt 20 + 60 2
2
2π 2π
320 ωE = , ωM =
= = 1.6 10 = 5.0596 K 365 687
4000 dθ
= ω E − ω M = 2π
1 1
Diagonal is increasing at about 5.06 in./min. − =
dt 365 687
11. a. Let h = depth of water. Let r = radius of water 644π
at surface. Let V = volume of water. = 0.008068K ≈ 0.00807 rad/day
dh dV 250755
Know: = 5 m/h. Want: . −1
b. T =
dt dt 1 1
− = 778.7422 K ≈
1
V = πr 2 h 365 687
3 778.7 days
r 3 3
By similar triangles, = ⇒r= h The next time after 27 Aug. 2003 when the
h 5 5 two planets will be closest is 779 days later,
2
1 3 3 3
∴ V = π h h = πh on 14 Oct. 2005 (or 15 Oct., if the planets
3 5 25 were aligned later than about 6:11 a.m. back
dV 9 2 dh on 27 Aug. 2003). Because the actual orbits
= πh
dt 25 dt of Earth and Mars are not as simple as
dV 81 previously assumed, the actual closest
At h = 3, = π = 16.2 π = 50.8938K ≈
dt 5 distances are not always the same. In fact, the
3
50.9 m /h. approach on 27 Aug. 2003 was the closest
dV dh one in nearly 60,000 years! Nor is the period
b. i. Know: = −2 m3/h. Want: .
dt dt between close approaches quite so simple.
dV 9 dh dh 25 dV The next close approach will actually be on
= πh 2 ⇒ =
dt 25 dt dt 9πh 2 dt 30 Oct. 2005, not 15 Oct.
dh –50 c. By the law of cosines,
= = −0.1105K ≈
dt 144π D 2 = 932 + 1412 − 2 · 93 · 141 cos θ
−0.11 m/h at h = 4 m
D = 28530 – 26226 cos θ million mi
dh
ii. → −∞ as h → 0 m dD 26226 sin θ dθ
dt d. =
dV dt 2 28530 – 26226 cos θ dt
c. i. Know: = k h.
26226 ⋅
dt 1 1
dV – ⋅ 2π sin θ
= −0.5 at h = 4 ⇒ k = −0.25 365 687
dt = million mi/day
2 28530 – 26226 cos θ
dV
= −0.25 h
1, 000, 000 ⋅ 26226 ⋅
dt 1 1
– ⋅ 2π sin θ
dV 365 687
ii. = −0.25 0.64 = −0.2 m 3 /h =
dt 24 ⋅ 2 28530 – 26226 cos θ
at h = 0.64 m
1, 092, 750, 000 ⋅
1 1
− π ⋅ sin θ
dV
= −0.2 at h = 0.64 m ⇒ 365 687
iii.
dt = mi/h
28530 − 26226 cos θ
dh 25
= (–0.2) = −0.4317K ≈ To find out how fast D is changing today,
dt 9π (0.64)2
first determine how many days after 27 Aug.
−0.43 m/h
2003 it is today, then multiply that number
12. Let h = altitude. Let r = radius. Let V = volume dθ 1 1
by = − 2π to find θ, then
of cone. dt 365 687
dh dr dV
Know: = −6 ft/min; = 7 ft/min. Want: . substitute θ into the previous expressions.
dt dt dt
3
The graph is not a sinusoid. The high and low f ′(x) = 7x6 ln 3x + x 7 ⋅ = 7x6 ln 3x + x6
3x
points are not symmetric.
ii. g(x) = sin x cos 2x ⇒
14. As B moves from negative values of x to positive g′(x) = cos x cos 2x − 2 sin x sin 2x
values of x, the length of AB decreases to about
iii. h(x) = (3x − 7)5(5x + 2)3
0.56 unit, then begins to increase when the x-
h′(x) = 5(3x − 7)4(3) · (5x + 2)3
value of point B passes about −0.3.
+ (3x − 7)5(3)(5x + 2)2(5)
Let l = length of AB.
dx dl = 15(3x − 7)4(5x + 2)2(5x + 2
Know: = 2 units/s. Want: . + 3x − 7)
dt dt
dl = 15(3x − 7)4(5x + 2)2(8x − 5)
l = e 0.8 x + x 2 ⇒ iv. s(x) = x8e− x ⇒ s′(x) = −x8e− x + 8x7e− x
dt
d. f (x) = (3x + 8)(4x + 7)
= (e 0.8 x + x 2 ) −1/ 2 ⋅ 2 x + 0.8e 0.8 x
1 dx dx
2 dt dt i. f ′(x) = 3(4x + 7) + (3x + 8)(4) = 24x + 53
ii. f (x) = 12x2 + 53x + 56
0.8e 0.8 x + 2 x
= f ′(x) = 24x + 53, which checks.
e 0.8 x + x 2
x
1
1
x
1
x m(x) 1
y′(0) = = 1 , which agrees with the
0.997 3.40959… 1 – 02
0.998 3.41488… graph.
1 1
0.999 3.42019… y′(1) = = , which is infinite.
1 undefined 1–1 2 0
1.001 3.43086… The graph becomes vertical as x approaches 1
1.002 3.43622… from the negative side. y′(2) is undefined
because y(2) is not a real number.
1.003 3.44160…
R6. a. Differentiability implies continuity.
R9.
20
x
z 1
70
x
–2 1 2
–2 x
T9. f (x) = mx + b 5
25
x
2 30
x
T24. Answers will vary.
1
T18. y = x 7/3 ⇔ y 3 = x 7
3y 2y′ = 7x 6
7x 6 7 x 6 7 7
y′ = 2 = = x 6−14 / 3 = x 4 / 3
3y 3 ( x 7/ 3 ) 2 3 3
This answer agrees with y′ = nxn− 1. 4/3 is
7/3 − 1.
∫
dy = (0.5x − 1)6 dx ⇒ y = (2/7)(0.5x − 1)7 + C −7 3 −6
31. 4. 9 x dx = − x + C
32. dy = (4x + 3)− 6 dx ⇒ y = (− 1/20)(4x + 3)− 5 + C 2
33. dy = sec2 x dx ⇒ y = tan x + C 5. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
dy = csc x cot x dx ⇒ y = − csc x + C
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
34. 6.
35. dy = 5 dx ⇒ y = 5x + C
∫ 4 cos 7x dx = 7 sin 7x + C
4
36. dy = − 7 dx ⇒ y = − 7x + C 7.
37. dy = (6x2 + 10x − 4) dx ⇒ y = 2x3 + 5x 2 − 4x + C
∫ 20 sin 9 x dx = − 9 cos 9 x + C
20
38. dy = (10x2 − 3x + 7) dx ⇒ 8.
y = (10/3)x3 − (3/2)x 2 + 7x + C
∫ 5e dx = 0.3 e + C
0.3 x 5 0.3 x
9.
39. dy = sin5 x cos x dx ⇒ y = (1/6) sin6 x + C
dy = sec7 x tan x dx = sec6 x(sec x tan x dx) ⇒
∫ 2e dx = −200e + C
40. −0.01 x −0.01 x
10.
y = (1/7) sec7 x + C
4m
41. a. y = (3x + 4)2(2x − 5)3 ⇒
y′ = 2(3x + 4)(3)(2x − 5)3
11. ∫ 4 m dm =
ln 4
+C
8.4 r
+ (3x + 4)2 ⋅ 3(2x − 5)2 ⋅ 2
= 6(3x + 4)(2x − 5)2[2x − 5 + 3x + 4]
12. ∫ 8.4 r dr =
ln 8.4
+C
∫ ∫
1
∴ dy = 6(3x + 4)(2x − 5)2(5x − 1) dx 13. ( 4v + 9)2 dv = ( 4v + 9)2 ( 4 dv)
4
b. dy = 6(7)(− 3)2(4)(− 0.04) = − 60.48 1
= ( 4 v + 9) 3 + C
c. x = 1 ⇒ y = (7)2(− 3)3 = − 1323 12
x = 0.96 ⇒ y = − 1383.0218…
∫ ∫
1
14. (3 p + 17)5 dp = (3 p + 17)5 (3 dp)
∴ ∆y = − 1383.0218… − (− 1323) 3
1
= − 60.0218… = (3 p + 17) 6 + C
18
d. − 60.48 is close to − 60.0218… .
∫ ∫
1
42. a. y = sin 5x ⇒ dy = 5 cos 5x dx 15. (8 − 5 x )3 dx = − (8 − 5 x )3 ( −5 dx )
5
b. dy = 5 cos (5π /3) ⋅ 0.06 = 0.15 1
= − (8 – 5 x ) 4 + C
c. x = π /3 ⇒ y = sin (5π /3) = − 3 /2 20
= − 0.86602… ∫ (20 − x ) dx = (−1)∫ (20 − x ) (−dx )
4 4
16.
x = π /3 + 0.06 ⇒ y = − 0.679585565… 1
= − (20 – x ) 5 + C
5
∫ ∫
d d
h ′( x ) = f ( x ) dx + g( x ) dx.
∫ ( x + 5) dx = ∫ ( x + 15x + 75x + 125) dx
2 3 6 4 2
23. dx dx
1 7 By the definition of indefinite integral applied
= x + 3x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C twice to the right side of the equation,
7
h ′ (x) = f (x) + g (x).
∫ (x ∫
− 6)2 dx = ( x 6 − 12 x 3 + 36) dx
3
24. By the definition of indefinite integral applied in
1 the other direction,
= x 7 − 3x 4 + 36x + C
7
∫
h( x ) = [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx
∫ sec x tan x dx = e +C
sec x sec x
25. e By the transitive property, then,
26. ∫e
tan x
sec 2 x dx = e tan x + C ∫ [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g( x ) dx,
Q .E .D .
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2
27.
36. Calvin says ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.
∫ csc x dx = − cot x + C
2
28. Phoebe checked this by differentiating:
d
∫ tan
1 8 ( x sin x + cos x + C )
29. 7
x sec 2 x dx = tan x + C
8 dx
= 1 ⋅ sin x + x ⋅ (cos x) − sin x + 0 = x cos x
∫ cot
1
30. 8
x csc 2 x dx = − cot 9 x + C
9 By the definition of indefinite integral, she knew
∫ csc ∫
that Calvin was right.
31. 9
x cot x dx = csc8 x (csc x cot x dx )
37. a.
1
= − csc9 x + C C v (t)
9
∫ sec ∫
1.5 12.25
32. 7
x tan x dx = sec 6 x (sec x tan x dx )
2.5 16.25
1
=sec7 x + C 3.5 22.25
7
Sum: 50.75
33. v (t) = 40 + 5 t = 40 + 5t1/ 2
Integral ≈ 50.75
∫
10 3/ 2
D(t ) = ( 40 + 5t 1/ 2 ) dt = 40t + t +C b.
3
c v (t)
10 3/ 2
D (0) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 40 ⋅ 0 + 0 +C⇒C=0
3 1.25 11.5625
10 3/ 2 1.75 13.0625
∴ D (t) = 40t + t
3 2.25 15.0625
D (10) = 505.4092... ≈ 505 ft 2.75 17.5625
34. a. f (x) = 0.3x 2 + 1 3.25 20.5625
T100 = 9.300135
3.75 24.0625
∫
b. g( x ) = (0.3 x 2 + 1) dx = 0.1x 3 + x + C Sum: 101.8750
Integral ≈ (101.8750)(0.5) = 50.9375
∫ ∫
c. As shown in Figures 5-3c and 5-3d, the 3. 3 x dx 4. 2 x dx
Riemann sum with six increments has −1 −1
smaller regions included above the graph and
smaller regions excluded below the graph, so c f (c) c f (c)
the Riemann sum should be closer to the − 0.75 0.43869… − 0.75 0.59460…
integral.
− 0.25 0.75983… −0.25 0.84089…
d. Conjecture: Exact value is 51. 0.25 1.31607… 0.25 1.18920…
By the trapezoidal rule with n = 100,
0.75 2.27950… 0.75 1.68179…
integral ≈ 51.00045, which agrees with the
conjecture. 1.25 3.94822… 1.25 2.37841…
e. The integral is the product of v (t) and t, and 1.75 6.83852… 1.75 3.36358…
thus has the units (ft/min)(min), or ft. So the 2.25 11.84466… Sum = 10.04849…
object went 51 ft. Average velocity = 51/3 = 2.75 20.51556… R6 = (0.5)(10.04…)
17 ft/min. Sum = 47.94108… = 5.024249…
38. Answers will vary. R8 = (0.5)(47.94…)
= 23.97054…
Problem Set 5-4 2 1
∫
x
4
7. tan x dx
0.4
L4 = 0.73879… , U 4 = 1.16866…
Q9. If a + b = 5, then a = 2 and b = 3.
M 4 = 0.92270… , T4 = 0.95373…
Q10. No ∴ M4 and T4 are between L4 and U4, Q.E.D.
3
∫ 10/x dx:
4 6
1. ∫1
x 2 dx 2. ∫
2
x 3 dx 8.
1
L4 = 9.5, U 4 = 12.8333…
c f (c) c f (c)
M 4 = 10.89754… , T4 = 11.1666…
1.25 1.5625 2.25 11.390625 ∴ M4 and T4 are between L4 and U4, Q.E.D.
1.75 3.0625 2.75 20.796875 5
= (4.5/n2)(n + 1)(2n + 1)
4 4
U100 = (4.5/1002)(101)(201) = 9.13545, which
x x
is correct.
1 1 e. Using the formula, U1000 = 9.013504… ,
which does seem to be approaching 9
11. a. h (x) = 3 + 2 sin x
n + 1 2n + 1
For an upper sum, take sample points at x f. Un = 4.5 ⋅ ⋅
equals 1, π/2, 2, 3, 4, and 6. n n
= 4.5(1 + 1/n)(2 + 1/n)
b. For a lower sum, take sample points at x
As n approaches infinity, 1/n approaches zero.
equals 0, 1, 3, 4, 3π/2, and 5.
∴ Un approaches 4.5(1 + 0)(2 + 0),
c. U6 = 1[h (1) + h (π/2) + h (2) + h (3) + h (4) which equals 9, exactly!
+ h (6)] = 21.71134… 2
L 6 = 1[h (0) + h (1) + h (3) + h (4) + h (3π/2)
+ h (5)] = 14.53372…
15. ∫0
x 3 dx
Find an upper sum using the sample points
12. Programs will vary depending on the type of
1 ⋅ 2/n, 2 ⋅ 2/n, 3 ⋅ 2/n, . . . , n ⋅ 2/n.
grapher used. See the program in the Programs
Un = (2/n)(1 ⋅ 2/n)3 + (2/n)(2 ⋅ 2/n)3
for Graphing Calculators section of the
Instructor’s Resource Book. + (2/n)(3 ⋅ 2/n)3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (2/n)(n ⋅ 2/n)3
4 = (2/n)4(13 + 23 + 33 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + n 3)
13. a. For ∫ 1
x 2 dx, the program should give the
= (2/n)4[(n/2)(n + 1)]2
values listed in the text. = 4/n2 ⋅ (n + 1)2 = 4(1 + 1/n)2
b. L100 = 20.77545, L500 = 20.955018. lim Un = 4(1 + 0)2 = 4
n→∞
Ln seems to be approaching 21.
c. U100 = 21.22545, U500 = 21.045018. Problem Set 5-5
Un also seems to be approaching 21.
10 t
f is integrable on [1, 4] if Ln and Un have the Q1. x 2/2 + 2x + C Q2. +C
same limit as n approaches infinity. ln 10
d. The trapezoids are circumscribed around the Q3. − cot x + C Q4. − csc x cot x
region under the graph and thus contain more 5(ln x ) 4
Q5. +C Q6.
area (see left diagram). For rectangles, the x
“triangular” part of the region that is left out y
has more area than the “triangular” part that is
added, because the “triangles” have equal bases
but unequal altitudes (see right diagram). x
1 2
y y
Trapezoid Rectangle
includes leaves out
more area. more area. Q7. Answers may vary. Q8. Answers may vary.
y y
5
x x
1 x
x
3 3 2
∫x
2
14. a. dx
0
Q9. No limit (infinite) Q10. D
U 100 = 9.13545, L100 = 8.86545
1. See the text for the statement of the mean value
Conjecture: Integral equals 9 exactly.
theorem.
b. The sample points will be at the right of each
2. See the text for the statement of Rolle’s
interval, 1 ⋅ 3/n, 2 ⋅ 3/n, 3 ⋅ 3/n, . . . ,
theorem.
n ⋅ 3/n.
16 – 1 f (x )
m= =5
2 – (–1)
1
g ′ (x) = 4x3 x
0 c π
∴ 4c = 5 ⇒ c = 3 5 / 4 = 1.077K
3
74357.5K – 1000
b. Average rate is = 200 200
50 c is outside
(0, 2).
c is in
(0.5, 2).
1467.150… ≈ $1,467.15 per year.
100 100
c. d′ (t) = ln (1.09)1000(1.09)t
d′ (0) ≈ $86.18 per year t t
d′ (50) ≈ $6,407.96 per year 0.5 1 2 c? 0.5 1 c? 2
1
x
1 2
x
x
5
a c b
18. Michel Rolle (1652− 1719) lived in France. 27. f (x) = 1 − (x − 3)2/3 28. f ( x ) =
Sources will vary. x 3 – 6 x 2 + 11x – 6
19. f (x) = x 2 − 4x 20. f (x) = x 2 − 6x + 5 x–2
f (1) = − 3 ≠ 0 f (2) = − 3 ≠ 0 f is not differentiable f is not continuous or
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is not true. at x = 3. differentiable at 2.
f ′ (2) = 0, but 2 is not f ′ (3) = 0, but 3 is not Conclusion is Conclusion is
in the interval (0, 1). in the interval (1, 2). not true. not true.
f (x ) f (x ) f ′ (x) never equals 0. There is no point at x = 2
x to draw the tangent line.
x
0 1 f (x )
1 2 f (x )
1 1
–3
x
–3
1 3
x
No point of
21. f (x) = x − 4x f (x) = x − 6x + 5
2 2 2 4 tangency
22.
f (2) = − 4 ≠ 0 f (4) = − 3 ≠ 0
x 3 – 7 x 2 + 13 x – 6
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is true. 29. g( x ) =
f ′ (2) = 0, but 2 is not in f ′ (3) = 0, and 3 is in x–2
the open interval (0, 2). the interval (1, 4). ( x – 2)( x 2 – 5 x + 3)
= = x 2 − 5 x + 3, x ≠ 2
f (x ) f (x ) x–2
1 1
x c x Thus, g is discontinuous at x = 2, and the
0 2 1 4
hypotheses of the mean value theorem are not
met. The conclusion is not true for [1, 3],
because the tangent line would have to contain
(2, g (2)), as shown in the left graph. The
conclusion is true for (1, 5), because the slope of
23. f (x) = x 2 − 4x 24. f (x) = |x − 2| − 1 the secant line is 1, and g ′ (x) = 1 at x = 3, which
f (3) = − 3 ≠ 0 f is not differentiable is in the interval (1, 5). See the right graph.
at x = 2. g (x ) g (x )
Conclusion is true. Conclusion is not
3 3
true.
f ′ (2) = 0, and 2 is in f ′ (x) never equals 0. 1 2 3 x 1 2 x
3 5
the interval (0, 3).
f (x ) f (x )
c x
0 3 1
x 30. h (x) = x 2/3 ⇒ h ′ (x) = (2/3)x− 1 / 3
1 3 ∴ h is differentiable for all x ≠ 0.
–3 h ′ (0) would be 0− 1/3 = 1/(01/3) = 1/0, which is
infinite. The hypotheses of the mean value
theorem are met on the interval [0, 8], because
25. f (x) = 1/x 26. f (x) = x − [x] the function need not be differentiable at an
f (0) does not exist. f is discontinuous at endpoint. The hypotheses are not met on [− 1, 8],
1 and 2. because the point x = 0 where h is not
Conclusion is Conclusion is differentiable is in the open interval (− 1, 8). To
not true. not true. see if the conclusion of the mean value theorem
3 x – 3, if x ≥ 3
31. a. f ( x ) = x m (x) x m (x)
x + 3, if x < 3
f (x ) 3.0 2 5.5 − 16.5
3.5 6.8333… 6.0 −1
6 4.0 1 6.5 − 6.833…
x 4.5 16.5 7.0 −2
3
5.0 no value
b. f is continuous at x = 3 because the right and The difference quotient is positive when x is
left limits both equal 6. f is not differentiable less than 5 and negative when x is greater
at x = 3 because the left limit of f ′ (x) is 1 than 5.
and the right limit is 3. d. In the proof of Rolle’s theorem, the left limit
c. f is not differentiable at x = 3, which is in (1, 6). of the difference quotient was shown to be
The secant line has slope 11/5. The tangent line positive or zero and the right limit was
has slope either 1 or 3, and thus is never 11/5. shown to be negative or zero.
d. f is integrable on [1, 6]. The integral equals The unmentioned hypothesis is
41.5, the sum of the areas of the two trapezoids differentiability on the interval (a, b). The
shown in this diagram. function f is differentiable. Because there is a
f (x ) value of f ′(5), both the left and right limits
15
of the difference quotient must be equal. This
number can only be zero, which establishes
6
the conclusion of the theorem. The
4 conclusion of Rolle’s theorem can be true
x even if the hypotheses aren’t met. For
1 3 6
instance, f (x) = 2 + cos x has zero derivatives
every π units of x, although f (x) is never
32. a. f (t) = number of miles in t hours
equal to zero.
t = number of hours driven
For the mean value theorem to apply on f ( 4.5) – f (2) 5.5 – 4
34. a. m = = = 0.6
[a, b], f must be differentiable on (a, b) and 2.5 2.5
continuous at t = a and t = b. g (x) − 4 = 0.6(x − 2) ⇒
b. The 60 mi/h equals the slope of the secant g (x) = 0.6x + 2.8
line. Therefore, there must be a tangent line Your graph should agree with Figure 5-5m.
at some value t = c in (a, b) with slope equal
b. f ′ (x) = 1 − π sin π x
to 60. This tangent line’s slope is the
instantaneous speed at t = c. Therefore, the Using the solver feature, f ′(c) = 0.6 at
speed was exactly 60 at some time between c = 2.0406… , 2.9593… , and 4.0406… ,
t = a and t = b, Q .E.D . all of which are in (2, 4.5).
2.9093… –1.5959… 3.9906… 0.7958… Any other function f for which f ′ (x) = 0 differs
from g (x) by a constant. Thus the antiderivative
2.9593… –1.6081… 4.0406… 0.8081…
of zero is a constant function, Q.E.D.
3.0093… –1.5958… 4.0906… 0.7960…
38. f (x) = (cos x + sin x)2, and g (x) = sin 2x
3.0593… –1.5589… 4.1406… 0.7602…
3.1093… –1.4979… 4.1906… 0.7022… y
k x f ( x)
1 4.25 2.0615528…
2 4.75 2.1794494… x x
3 5.25 2.2912878…
4 5.75 2.3979157… 10. Answers will vary.
5 6.25 2.5
6 6.75 2.5980762… Problem Set 5-7
7 7.25 2.6925824… Q1. 1
6 x6 + C Q2. 18 (3 x + 7) + C
1 6
∫
1 1 1
b. h(u)∆u and h(u + ∆u)∆u are terms in a lower 1. x dx = x 3
2
= (64) − (1) = 21
1 3 1 3 3
sum and an upper sum, respectively, because 5
5
∫
1 4 1 1 609 1
h(x) is increasing. 2. x 3 dx = x = (625) − (16) = = 152
∴ h(u)∆u < A(u + ∆u) – A(u) < h(u + ∆u)∆u 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
∫
3 3
∫
1 (sec x tan x + sin x ) dx = sec x − cos x
3. (1 + 3 x )2 dx =
(1 + 3 x )3 16.
0
−2 9 −2 0
1 1 1
= (1000) − ( −125) = 125 =2− − 1 + 1 = 1.5
9 9 2
ln 4 ln 4
∫
4 1 2x 1 2 ln 4 1 0
e 2 x dx = = − e = 7.5
4
∫
1 17. e e
4. (5 x – 2) dx = (5 x – 2)3
2
0 2 0 2 2
−1 15 −1
ln 3
∫
ln 3
=
1
[5832 – (–343)] =
6175 1235
= = 411
2 18. e − x dx = − e − x = − e − ln 3 + e 0
0 0
15 15 3 3
1 2
8 8 = − +1 =
∫ 60 x dx = 36 x = 36(32 − 1) = 1116
2/3 5/ 3
5. 3 3
1 1 2 1 4 2
4 4
19. ∫ sin 3 x cos x dx =
4
sin x
∫ 24 x
1 1
6. 3/ 2
dx = 9.6 x 5/ 2 = 9.6(32 − 1) = 297.6
1 1
=
(sin 4 2 – sin 4 1) = 0.045566 K
1
8 8 4
7. ∫ 5 dx = 5x = 40 − 10 = 30 3 3
∫
1
2 2 20. (1 + cos x ) 4 sin x dx = − (1 + cos x )5
50
−3 5 −3
50
8. ∫20
dx = x
20
= 50 − 20 = 30 1 1
= − (1 + cos 3)5 + [1 + cos(–3)]5 = 0
5 5
0 0
∫
1 3 3 2
9. ( x 2 + 3 x + 7) dx =
x + x + 7x or: Integral equals zero because an odd function is
−2 3 2 −2 integrated between symmetric limits.
= 0 − − + 6 − 14 =
8 32 2 0.2 0.2
∫
= 10 1
3 3 3 21. cos 3 x dx = sin 3 x
0.1 3 0.1
0 0
∫
1 3 1
10. ( x 2 + 4 x + 10) dx =
x + 2 x 2 + 10 x = (sin 0.6 – sin 0.3) = 0.0897074 K
−3 3 −3 3
0.4
= 0 − (−9 + 18 − 30) = 21 0.4
∫
1
22. sin 2 x dx = − cos 2 x
1 1 1 2
∫ ∫
0 0
11. 4 x + 5 dx = ( 4 x + 5)1/ 2 ( 4 dx )
−1 4 −1 1
= − (cos 0.8 – cos 0) = 0.1516466K
1 2 1
1 13 1 2
= ⋅ ( 4 x + 5)3/ 2 = (27 – 1) = =4 5 5
3
4 3 −1
3
6 3 3 23. ∫−5
( x 7 – 6 x 3 + 4 sin x + 2) dx = 2 ∫ 2 dx
0
∫ ∫
1 5
12. 2 x + 10 dx = (2 x + 10) (2 dx ) 1/ 2
= 2( 2 x ) = 20 − 0 = 20
−3 2 −3 0
1 1
∫ ∫ cos x dx
3
1 2 1
= ⋅ (2 x + 10)3/ 2 = (64 – 8) =
56
= 18
2 24. (cos x + 10 x 3 – tan x ) dx = 2
−1 0
2 3 −3 3 3 3 1
π
= 2 sin x = 2 sin 1 − 2 sin 0 = 1.682941K
π 0
13. ∫ 4 sin x dx = −4 cos x = −4( −1) + 4(1) = 8 1
∫
−2
0 0 25. x dx has no value because y = x− 2 has a
−1
π /2 π /2
14. ∫−π / 2
6 cos x dx = 6 sin x
−π / 2
= 6(1) − 6( −1) = 12 vertical asymptote at x = 0, which is within the
interval.
2
∫
or: Integral of an even function between 26. x dx has no value because the integrand is
symmetric limits. −2
∫ (sec x + cos x ) dx
2 3 6 x 1
15.
π /6
x
π /3
= tan x + sin x = 3 + 3 /2 − 1/ 3 − 1/2 5 7
-5
π /6
∫ ∫ g( x ) dx. ”
1
1
then f ( x ) dx <
a a
7 x
Converse:
0
b b
∫ f ( x ) dx < ∫ g( x ) dx,
8 x
12
“If
a a
= 12 + 13 = 25 y
3
c g
34. ∫a
f ( x ) dx cannot be determined. f
x
c c 2π
∫ ∫ g( x ) dx cannot be determined.
0
35. f ( x ) dx +
a a
b 4
∫
4
∫
1 3
36. [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx = 40. x 2 dx = x +C
a 1 3 1
b b
∫a
f ( x ) dx + ∫ g( x ) dx = 7 + 12 = 19
a
1 1
= ( 4 3 ) + C − (13 ) − C = 21
3 3
37.
The two C’s will always cancel, so it is not
y
necessary to write them.
f (3) = 7
y = f(x )
Problem Set 5-8
Q1. 30x2.4 + C
y = f' (x)
Q2. 30(42.4 − 1) = 805.72…
x
Q3. y′ = −1/ 1 – x 2
5 10
Q4. f ′ (x) = 3x2 sin x + x3 cos x
Q5.
f (x ) and f' (x )
38.
f
y f (1) = 8
1 f' x
8 1
y = f (x )
50 5 dx
dt x
2
t
1 t=a t=b
b. dA = y dx = 10e0. 2x dx
dy = v dt = (55 + 12t0.6 ) dt 2 2
b
c. ∫ 10e 0.2 x dx = 50e 0.2 x = 50e 0.4 − 50
∫ (55 + 12t
0
b. Displacement = 0.6
) dt 0
2
∫ 10e
a
1
d. 0.2 x
dx = 24.59123K
1
∫ (55 + 12t
0
0.6
) dt = 55t + 7.5t 1.6
0 0 The region is approximately a trapezoid with
= 55 + 7.5 − 0 − 0 = 62.5 mi height 2 and bases 10 and y(2). y(2) =
2 2 14.9182… , so the area of the trapezoid is
∫ 1
(55 + 12t 0.6 ) dt = 55t + 7.5t 1.6
1
2/2(10 + 14.9182…) = 24.9182… .
4.
= 110 + 22.735… − 55 − 7.5 ≈ 70.2 mi y ( x, y )
2 2
∫
1 1
55t
b
+ 7.5t 1.6 0 = 300 (6 x − x 2 ) dx = 3 x 2 − x 3 = 3 ⋅ 6 2 − ⋅ 6 3 = 36
0 3 0 3
55b + 7.5b = 300 1.6
The area of the circumscribed rectangle is 6 ⋅ 9 =
b ≈ 4.13372… ≈ 4.134 h 54. The area of the parabolic region is two-thirds
y
this area.
300 5. a. dA = [x + 2 − (x2 − 2x − 2)] dx
The top and bottom of the strip are not
horizontal, so the area of the strip is slightly
x different from dA. As dx approaches zero, the
4.134 differences in height at different values of x in
the strip become smaller, so the difference
between dA and the area of the strip gets
e. v(4.13372…) = 55 + 12(4.13372…)0.6 =
smaller.
83.1181… . At the end of the trip, you were
going about 83 mi/h. b. y1 = y2 ⇒ x + 2 = x 2 − 2x − 2 ⇒
2. 0 = x 2 − 3x − 4 ⇒ 0 = (x − 4)(x + 1) ⇒
v x = 4 or x = −1
4 4
∫
1 3
( − x 2 + 3 x + 4) dx = − x 3 + x 2 + 4 x
10 ( t, v ) −1 3 2 −1
dv
1 3 3 2
= − ⋅4 + ⋅4 + 4⋅4
t 3 2
dx 20 (x, T )
( x, y ) dx
2 x x
π⁄4 0.5 1
1000
8.
F
( x, F ) dT
T
30
10 30
dx
x
5 dH = C dT
= (−0.016T 3 + 0.678T 2 + 7.45T + 796) dT
π
dW = 50 cos 30
∫
x dx
20 H= (–0.016T 3 + 0.678T 2
10
10 π π 10 + 7.45T + 796) dT
∫
1000
50 cos x dx = sin x
0 20 π 20 0 = −0.004T 4 + 0.226T 3 + 3.725T 2
30
1000 π 1000 1000 + 796T 10 = −3240 + 6102 + 3352.5
=
sin − sin 0 =
π 2 π π + 23880 + 40 − 226 − 372.5 − 7960
= 318.3098… = 21,576 Btu
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives b. (2000)(21576) = 43,152,000 Btu
318.313… , which is close to the answer found The property is the integral of a constant
using integration.
∫
5, which confirms the graphical solution.
2000 C dT .
10 dA = (y − 0) dx = (−x2 + 6x − 5) dx
11. a. P 5 5
∫
1
A= (– x 2 + 6 x – 5) dx = − x 3 + 3 x 2 − 5 x
1 3 1
(x , P )
125 1 2
1000 =− + 75 − 25 + − 3 + 5 = 10
dx 3 3 3
x
0 100 200
14. y
(x, 0) x
b. dC = P dx = (100 + 0.06x ) dx 2
–2 3
b b
C= ∫0
(100 + 0.06 x 2 ) dx = 100 x + 0.02 x 3
0
∫
1 1
As a check, A= (– x 2 + x + 6) dx = − x 3 + x 2 + 6 x
−2 3 2 −2
200 200
∫
100
(100 + 0.06 x 2 ) dx = 100 x + 0.02 x 3
100
= −9 +
9
2
8
+ 18 − − 2 + 12 = 20
3
5
6
= 100(200) + 0.02(2003) − 100(100)
− 0.02(1003) = 150000 15. 4
y
∫ ∫ ∫
(x , y ) (0, y )
Thus, P dx = P dx + P dx,
0 0 100
which shows that the sum of integrals with
the same integrand applies. x
12. Using trapezoids, the area is approximately –2
10(0/2 + 38 + 50 + 62 + 60 + 55 + 51 + 30 +
3/2) = 3475 ft2. The fundamental theorem cannot The graph intersects the y-axis at y = 1
be used because the function is specified only by and y = 4.
data, not by an equation whose antiderivative can x = (y − 1) ( y − 4) = 0 ⇒ y = 1, 4, which
be found. confirms the graphical solution.
Plan of attack for area problems: dA = (0 − x) dy = −(y − 1) ( y − 4) =
• Do geometry to get dA in terms of sample (−y2 + 5y − 4) dy
4
point (x, y). 4
∫
1 5
A= (– y 2 + 5 y – 4) dy = − y 3 + y 2 − 4 y
• Do algebra to get dA in terms of one variable. 1 3 2 1
(x, y )
(0, y )
x x
1 (x, 0) 5 5
–1
5 5
A= ∫
−2
(–1.5 x 2 + 6) dx = −0.5 x 3 + 6 x
−2
∫
1
A= (5 + 4 y – y 2 ) dy = 5 y + 2 y 2 − y 3
−1 3 −1 = −4 + 12 − 4 + 12 = 16
125 1 20.
= 25 + 50 − + 5 − 2 − = 36
3 3 y
17.
y 5 (x, y1 )
(x, y2)
x
2
0 5
x (x, y2 )
–1 4
∫
4 3
4 4 A= (–0.8 x 2 + 4 x ) dx = − x + 2x2
∫
1 3 15
A= ( − x 2 + 3 x + 4) dx = − x 3 + x 2 + 4 x 0 0
−1 3 2 −1
500 2
=− + 50 + 0 − 0 = 16
64 1 3 5 15 3
=− + 24 + 16 − − + 4 = 20
3 3 2 6 21.
18. y
y
(x, y1 )
10
2
(x, y1)
4 x x
–2 0 5
(x , y 2 )
(x, y2 )
The graphs intersect at x = 0 and x = 5.
dA = (y1 − y2) dx = (2e0. 2x − cos x) dx
The graphs intersect at x = −2 and x = 4.
5 5
−2x + 7 = x 2 − 4x − 1 ⇔ x 2 − 2x − 8 = 0 ⇔
(x + 2)(x − 4) = 0 ⇔ x = −2, 4, which confirms
A= ∫
0
(2e 0.2 x − cos x ) dx = 10e 0.2 x − sin x
0
∫
1
A= (– x 2 + 2 x + 8) dx = − x 3 + x 2 + 8 x
−2 3 −2
(x, y2 )
64 8
=− + 16 + 32 − − 4 + 16 = 36
3 3 (x, y1 )
x
19. 1
y (x , y 2 )
6
–2 2
x A= ∫ 0
(e 2 x – sec 2 x ) dx = 0.5e 2 x − tan x
0
∫
1 4
A= ( x 3 – 3 x 2 + 4) dx = x − x3 + 4x
y −1 4 −1
4
1 3
(x 1 , y ) = 4−8+8− −1+ 4 = 6
( x 2 , y) 4 4
1 26.
x
–2 2 y
(x, y2 )
The graphs intersect at y = 1 and y = 4. 2
Write y = x + 3 as x = y − 3. (x, y1 )
x
y − 3 = −y 2 + 6y − 7 ⇒ y 2 − 5y + 4 = 0 ⇒ –1 8
(y − 1)(y − 4) = 0 ⇒ y = 1, 4, which confirms
the graphical solution.
dA = (x2 − x1) dy = (−y2 + 5y − 4) dy The graphs intersect at x = −1 and x = 8.
4 4 x 2/3 = (x + 1)1/2 + 1 ⇒ x = −1, 8 numerically,
∫ (– y
1 5
A= 2
+ 5 y – 4) dy = − y 3 + y 2 − 4 y which confirms the graphical solution.
1 3 2 1
Or x2/ 3 − 1 = (x + 1)1/ 2 ⇒ (x2/ 3 − 1)2 = x + 1.
=−
64 1 5
+ 40 − 16 + − + 4 = 4
1 Write t = x1/ 3, so (t2 − 1)2 = t3 + 1 ⇒
3 3 2 2 t4 − t3 − 2t2 = t2(t + 1)(t − 2) = 0 ⇒
24. t = 0, −1, 2 ⇒ x = t3 = 0, −1, 8.
y
But x = 0 is extraneous from the irreversible step
5
of squaring both sides. So x = −1, 8.
(x2 , y) (x1 , y) dA = (y 2 − y 1) dx = [(x + 1)1/2 + 1 − x 2/3] dx
x
8
8
A= ∫−1
[( x + 1)1/ 2 + 1 – x 2 / 3 ] dx
8
–5 2 3
= ( x + 1)3/ 2 + x − x 5/ 3
3 5 −1
The graphs intersect at y = −5 and y = 5.
Write y = −2x 1 + 11 as x 1 = 5.5 − 0.5y. 96 3 1
= 18 + 8 − − 0 +1− = 7
5 5 5
5.5 − 0.5y = 0.25y 2 − 0.5y − 0.75 ⇒
0.25y2 = 6.25 ⇒ y = −5, 5, which confirms the 27. Wanda: You can always tell the right way
graphical solution. because the altitude of the strip should be
dA = (x1 − x2) dy = (−0.25y2 + 6.25) dy positive. This will happen if you take
(larger value) minus (smaller value). In this case,
5 5
∫
1 3 25 if you slice vertically, it’s line minus curve
A= (–0.25 y 2 + 6.25) dy = − y + y
−5 12 4 −5 (see graph).
125 125 125 125 2
=− + − + = 41
y
12 4 12 4 3 line
25.
y curve
(x , y1 ) x
4
x
–1 2
(x , y 2 )
For curve minus line, you’d get the opposite of
the right answer. Note that if you slice
horizontally, it would be curve minus line.
The graphs intersect at x = −1 and x = 2. 28. a. Peter: Horizontal slicing would be awkward
x 3 − 4x = 3x 2 − 4x − 4 ⇒ x 3 − 3x 2 + 4 = because for some values of y the length of the
(x + 1) ( x − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 2, which strip would be given by line minus curve, but
confirms the graphical solution. in others it would be boundary minus curve,
and yet elsewhere it would be curve minus
dA = (y1 − y2) dx = (x3 − 3x2 + 4) dx
curve. If you use vertical slices, the length
(x, y 2)
(x, y1 )
∫
29. 1 1
y A= (– x 2 + x + 6) dx = − x 3 + x 2 + 6 x
(x, ah2)
−2 3 2 −2
9 8 5
= −9 + + 18 − − 2 + 12 = 20 = 20.8333K
2 3 6
x R 10 = 20.9375
–h h
(x , y )
R100 = 20.834375
R1000 = 20.83334375
The graph shows the parabolic region from The Riemann sums seem to be approaching the
x = −h to x = h and a strip from the graph to a exact answer.
horizontal line at y = ah2.
dA = (ah2 − y) dx = (ah2 − ax2) dx 32.
t (x )
h
A = ( ah 2 – ax 2 ) dx = 2 ah 2 x − ax 3
h
∫
1
−h 3 0 10
= 2 a h 3 − h 3 = ah 3
1 4
3 3 x
Area of rectangle = 2h(ah2) = 2ah3 π 2π 3π 4π
area of region ( 4/3)ah 3 2
∴ = = , Q. E . D .
area of rectangle 2 ah 3 3 t′(x) = 1 + cos x
The graph shows y = 67 − 0.6x and the line
2
t′(x) = 0 ⇒ cos x = −1 ⇒
y = 7, with a circumscribed rectangle. x = π + 2π n = … , π , 3π , 5π , …
67
y t′(x) is never negative, so t′(x) does not change
signs. These points are plateau points.
y=7
x
Problem Set 5-9
1 3 1 2 4 7/4
7 = 67 − 0.6x 2 ⇒ 0.6x 2 = 60 ⇒ x = ±10 Q1. x + x + x+C Q2. x +C
3 2 7
Rectangle has width 10 − (−10) = 20 and length
67 − 7 = 60. Area of region = 23 (20)(60) = 800. 2 −1/ 3 1
Q3. y′ = x Q4. − e −3 x + C
30. dA = sin x dx 3 3
π
π Q5. −csc x + C Q6. x− 1
A= ∫
0
sin x dx = − cos x
0
= −( −1) + 1 = 2, which
Q7. See Section 5-4. Q8. mean value
is a rational number. Q9. Q10.
y y y
7 y
y = 7 cos 5x
y = cos x (x, y )
1
x x 1
x
x
π 4 1
–π/10 π/10
∫ ∫ (16 x
Plan of attack for volume problems: V= π ( 4 x − x 2 )2 dx = π 2
– 8 x 3 + x 4 ) dx
• Do geometry to get dV in terms of sample 1 1
4
=π x3 − 2x4 + x5
point (x, y). 16 1
= 30.6π = 96.132 …
• Do algebra to get dV in terms of one variable. 3 5 1
• Do calculus to add up the dV’s and take the limit The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives
(i.e., integrate). 96.1341… , which is close to the answer found
using integration.
1. a. dV = π x 2 dy
y = 9 − x2 ⇒ x2 = 9 − y 5. y = x 1.5 is rotated about the x-axis.
dV = π (9 − y) dy y
27
9 9
b. V = ∫ π (9 − y) dy = π (9 y − 0.5y )
2
0 0
= 127.2345…
x
c. R100 = 127.2345… (Checks.) 9
1
∫ ∫
2 1 4
V= π (5 − 0.5 y)2 dy = − π (5 − 0.5 y)3 V= π x 3 dx = πx = 1640π = 5152.2119…
0 3 0 1 4 1
250π 1
, as found by integrating.
3
3. a. dV = π y 2 dx = π (3e− 0.2 x)2 dx = 9π e− 0.4 x dx dV = π x 2 dy = π e2y dy
5 5
∫ 9πe
−0.4x
dx = −22.5πe −0.4x 1 π 2y 1
π 2
∫
b.
0 0 V= πe 2 y dy = e = (e − 1) = 10.0359K
0 2 0 2
= −22.5π e− 2 + 22.5π e0 = 61.1195…
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives 7. y = x 3/4 ⇒ x = y 4/ 3 is rotated about the y-axis.
61.1185… , which is close to the answer y
found using integration.
c. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so 8
slice vertically if rotating about the x-axis and
(x, y )
horizontally if rotating about the y-axis. 1
x
4. y = 4x − x2 is rotated about the x-axis. 1 16
y
(x, y ) dV = π x 2 dy = π y 8/3 dy
8 8
∫
3 6141
V = πy 8/3 dy = π ⋅ y11/3 = π
x 1 11 1 11
= 1753.8654…
1 4
dy = π y1/2 −
1 2
∴ dV = π ( x12 − x 22 ) y dy
64
3
(x 1 , y )
π y1/2 −
16 1 2
V= ∫0
y dy
64
16
= π y 3/2 −
2 1 3 64
y π = 67.0206 K =
3 192 0 3
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives V ≈ x
1
67.0341… , which is close to the answer found
using integration.
dV = π ( x 22 − x12 ) dy = π [( 4 − y) − ( 4 − y) 2 ] dy
9. y1 = e0.4 x and y2 = x + 1, from x = 0 to x = 3, are
= π (−y2 + 7y − 12) dy
rotated about the x-axis. 4
Area of cross section is πy22 − πy12 . V= ∫ π (− y + 7 y − 12) dy
2
3
dV = π ( y22 − y12 ) dx = π [( x + 1) 2 − e 0.8 x ] dx 4
= π − y 3 + y 2 − 12 y
1 7
3
3
V= ∫ π [( x + 1) − e 0.8 x ] dx 2
2
3
0
= π− + 36
64 63
3 + 56 − 48 + 9 −
= π ( x + 1)3 − 1.25e 0.8 x 3
1 2
3 1
0
= π = 0.523598…
= π − 1.25e 2.4 − + 1.25
64 1 6
3 3 12. y = ax2 ⇒ x = (y/a)1/2, from (0, 0) to (r, h), is
= π (22.25 − 1.25e 2.4 ) = 26.6125… ft 3 rotated about the y-axis.
y
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives h
V = 26.6127… , which is close to the answer
found using integration.
10. y1 = x1/3 and y2 = 10e− 0.1 x are rotated about the (x, y )
x-axis. Only the back half of the solid is shown. x
r
y
dV = π x 2 dy = π (y/a) dy = (π /a)y dy
10 h h
∫
1 1
(x, y2) V = (π /a) y dy = (π /a) ⋅ y 2 = (π /a)(h) 2 − 0
0 2 0 2
(x, y1)
Because y = ax2, h = ar2.
x
1 1
0 8 ∴ V = (π /a)( ar 2 )2 = π ar 4
2 2
Volume of circumscribed cylinder is
V c = π r2h = π r2(ar2) = π ar4.
Thus, the volume of the paraboloid is half the
volume of the circumscribed cylinder, Q.E.D.
dV = π ( y22 − y12 ) dx = π (100e −0.2 x − x 2/3 ) dx 13. a. y = 0.3x1.5 is rotated about the x-axis.
y
8
∫ π (100e
2
−0.2 x
V= − x ) dx
2/3 (x, y )
0 x
−0.2 x 8
= π ( −500e − 0.6 x ) 5/3 4
0
−1.6
= π ( −500e + 480.8) = 1193.3394 …
11. y = 4 − x 1 ⇒ x 1 = 4 − y, and y = 4 − x 22 ⇒ x2 = dV = π y 2 dx = π (0.3x1.5 )2 dx = π (0.09x3) dx
4 4
4 – y , intersecting at x = 0 and x = 1, are
rotated about the y-axis. Only the back half of
V= ∫
0
π (0.09 x 3 ) dx = 0.0225πx 4
0
R100 = 5.75971…π 0
R1000 = 5.7599971…π = ∫ (x
1
2/5
− 2 x 11/ 5 + x 4 ) dx
Values are getting closer to V = 5.76π. 0
1
14. y = 4 − x 2 ⇒ x = (4 − y)1/2 dy = x 7/5 − x 16/5 + x 5
5 5 1 81
= = 0.2892 K
Inner radius is 3 − x; outer radius is 3. 7 8 5 0 280
dV = π[32 − (3 − x)2] dy 17. Cross sections perpendicular to y-axis are squares
= π{9 − [3 − (4 − y)1/2]2} dy of edge 2x, where (x, y) is a sample point on the
= π [6(4 − y)1/2 − 4 + y] dy line in the xy-plane.
4 y
∫ π [6(4 − y)
15
V= 1/2
− 4 + y] dy y = –(15/4)x + 15
0
4
= π [ −4( 4 − y)3/2 − 4 y + 0.5 y 2 ] (x, y)
0
= π (0 − 16 + 8 + 32 + 0 − 0) = 24π
= 75.3982… x
15. y = 4 − x2 is rotated about the line y = −5. Only 4
= 320 cm3
The circumscribed rectangular box has volume
l · w · h = 8 · 8 · 15 = 960 = 3V, so the pyramid
is 1/3 the volume of the circumscribed rectangular
solid, Q.E.D.
dV = π[(y + 5)2 − 52] dx The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume
= π[(9 − x2)2 − 52] dx = π (56 − 18x2 + x4) dx of the circumscribed rectangular box, just as the
2 volume of a cone is one-third the volume of the
V= ∫ π (56 − 18x + x 4 ) dx
2
0 circumscribed cylinder.
= π (56 x − 6 x 3 + 0.2 x 5 )
2
18. Center line: y = 0.2x2
0
Upper bound: y = 0.16x2 + 1
= π (112 − 48 + 6.4 − 0 + 0 − 0) Radius of circular cross section is 1 − 0.04x2.
= 70.4π = 221.168… The tip of the “horn” is where 0.2x2 = 0.16x2 + 1
16. Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are with x ≥ 0, which is at x = 5.
squares with side length (y2 − y1). The curves dV = π (1 − 0.04x2)2 dx
intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). = π (1 − 0.08x2 + 0.0016x4) dx
5
V= ∫ π (1 − 0.08x + 0.0016 x 4 ) dx
2
y
0
5
= π x −
0.08 3 0.0016 5
1 x + x
3 5 0
= π 5 − + 1 − 0 + 0 − 0
1
x 10
3
8
dV = (y2 − y1)2 dx = (x1/5 − x2)2 dx = π = 8.3775… ≈ 8.4 cm 3
3
4 1 2.2 4
∫
1 1.2 1 1 1 3
b. V = x dx = x = ⋅ 4 2.2 − 0 dV = bh dx = ( y2 − y1 ) ( y2 − y1 ) dx
0 2 4.4 0 4. 4 2 2 2
= 4.7982… 3 3
= ( y2 − y1 )2 dx = (2 − x 2 − x 2 )2 dx
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives 4 4
4.7981… , which is close to the answer found 3
using integration. = (2 − 2 x 2 )2 dx
4
c. If the cross sections were squares, they would 1 3
have twice the area of the triangles, so dV
1
V= ∫
0 4
(2 − 2 x 2 )2 dx
would be twice as much and V = ⋅ 4 2.2 = 3 1
9.5964… .
2.2 =
4 0 ∫
( 4 − 8 x 2 + 4 x 4 ) dx
ln 3
= 4 9 x − 6e x + e 2x
1
dV = x ⋅ 12 x dy = 12 x 2 dy
2 0
Solve y = ln x for x, to get x = e y.
= 4 9 ln 3 − 6 ⋅ 3 + ⋅ 9 − 0 + 6 −
1 1
dV = 12 (e y )2 dy = 12 e 2 y dy
2 2
11 1 2y 1 1 2 1
= 7.5500 … V= ∫2
0
e 2 y dy =
4
e = e − = 1.5972 K
4 4
21. y = x2 and y = 2 − x2, intersecting at x = 1. 0
Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are 23. a. Line has equation y = 12 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
equilateral triangles. Each base has length (y2 − y1). b. The log has radius = 6, so the circle is
x2 + z2 = 36, or z = 36 – x 2 = (36 − x 2 )1/2 .
1
y c. dV = y ⋅ 2z ⋅ dx = x · 2(36 − x 2)1/2 ⋅ dx
1 2
= (36 − x2)1/2 (x dx)
6
V= ∫ (36 – x ) ( x dx )
2 1/2
x
1 0
6
= − ∫ (36 – x ) ( −2 x dx )
1 2 1/2
Using properties of special right triangles, you 2 0
can find that an equilateral triangle with 1 2 6
∫
1
r V=
for the bottom surface has radius = r and center −r 3 −r
(0, 0) in xz-coordinates, so the circle is x2 + z2 =
= π r 3 − r 3 − π − r 3 + r 3 = πr 3, Q.E.D.
1 1 4
r2, or z = r 2 – x 2 . The slab at x = x0 is 3 3 3
hx 28. The graph shows slices perpendicular to x-axis
rectangular of height y = 0 , width
r with sample points (x, y) and (x, z).
2 z = 2 r 2 – x 02 , and thickness dx, so y
b (x, y )
2 hx 2
dV = r − x 2 dx, and
r
x
2h r
V=
r 0 ∫
x r 2 − x 2 dx c (x, z )
a
h r 2
=− ∫(r − x 2 )1/ 2 ( −2 x dx ) z
r 0
r
2 h 2 h 2 2 2
= − ⋅ (r 2 − x 2 )3/2 = − ⋅ (0 3/ 2 − r 3 ) Equation of ellipsoid is + + = 1.
x y z
3 r 0 3 r a b c
2 2 For a fixed value of x, the x-term will be
= r h
3 constant. Subtracting this term from both sides
25. A cone of radius r and altitude h can be generated of the equation gives an equation of the form
2 2
by rotating about the x-axis the line y + z = k 2 , where k2 = 1 − (x/a)2.
r
y = x from x = 0 to h. b c
h Dividing both sides by k2 gives
2 2
y y + z = 1. Thus, the y- and z-radii are
(x , y ) kb kc
r
kb and kc, which have the original ratio b/c.
x
h Therefore, each elliptical cross section is similar
to the ellipse at the yz-plane, Q.E.D.
dV = π yz dx
Because z = (c/b)y, dV = π (c/b)y2 dx.
The ellipse in the xy-plane (z = 0) has equation
r2 2 2 2
dV = πy 2 dx = π x dx x + y = 1, from which y2 = (b/a)2(a2 − x2).
h2 a b
h
πr 2 h πr 2 1
∫
1 ∴ dV = π (c/b)(b/a)2(a2 − x2) dx
V= x 2 dx = 2 ⋅ x 3 = πr 2 h, Q .E.D .
h2 0 h 3 0 3 a
10
= π (c/b)(b/a) ⋅ a 3 = πabc
2
= π 100 y − y 3
1
3 3
3 −10
Note that the volume formula for a sphere is a
= π 1000 − (1000) + 1000 − (1000)
1 1 special case of the volume formula for an
3 3 ellipsoid in which a = b = c = r, the radius of the
4 sphere.
= π (1000) cm 3
3 29.
b. Formula: V = 43 πr 3 = 43 π 10 3 = 43 π (1000) cm3, 50 + 2 L
y
27. Sphere can be generated by rotating about the
y-axis the circle x2 + y2 = r2. 50
y 52π
= tan (52°) ⇒ L = y cot (52°) = y cot . 2
L 180
So each slab is dV = 2 (50 + 2 L + 50) y dx;
1
52π x
dV = 50 y + y 2 cot dx, and
180
π
52π
19
V= ∑ 50 y k + yk2 cot
180
⋅ 30 ∫0
π sin 2 x dx = 4.9348K
k =0
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
= 1, 649, 443.6 K ≈ 1, 649, 443 yd 3 . because we do not know an antiderivative for
Cost = 12 ⋅ 1,649,443.6… ≈ $19,793,324 sin 2 x.
8.
y
Problem Set 5-10 2
1 3 x
Q1. x + x+C Q2. 24 5
3
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2
Q3. Q4. 2 sec2 x tan x
5
Q5. Answers may vary. Q6. See graph in Q5.
∫ π (ln x ) dx = 14.6673K
2
2
v
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
(t, v ) because we do not know an antiderivative for
(ln x)2.
dt t
9. a.
Si x
2
Q7. See graph in Q5. Q8. d(disp) = v dt
b
Q9. ∫ v dt
a
Q10. A
–20
x
20
1.4
1. ∫ cos x dx ≈ 0.6899295233K
0.3 –2
∫ ( x – 3x + 5) dx = 13.5
2
2. b. (sin x)/(x) approaches 1 as x approaches zero.
1
3 c. Answers will vary depending on the grapher
∫ 2 dx ≈ 10.0988652K
x
3. used. The TI-83 gives Si 0.6 = 0.58812881
0
1.4 using TRACE or 0.588128809608 using TABLE,
4. ∫ tan x dx ≈ 1.76714178K
0.1
both of which are correct to as many decimal
1.4 1.4 places as the NBS values.
5. ∫0.3
cos x dx = sin x
0.3
= sin 1.4 − sin 0.3 = d. By TABLE, Si x seems to be oscillating between
about 1.53 and 1.61 when x is between 20
0.6899295233… and 30. The limit is somewhere between
For the ten digits of the answer shown by these two numbers, say about 1.57. The
calculator, there is no difference between this actual limit is π /2, which equals 1.570796… .
solution and the solution to Problem 1. e.
4 Si x
2
( x − 3 x + 5) dx = x 3 − x 2 + 5 x
4
∫
2 1 3
6.
1 3 2 1 x
3 2
− (1)3 − (1)2 + 5(1) = 13.5
–2
1 3
3 2 The f graph is positive when x is between −π
There is no difference between this answer and and π (as well as elsewhere), and has its
the solution to Problem 2. greatest values there, which agrees with the
300
x
Distance (in.)
2
0.5
1 0.842700792…
W= ∫ 0
F dx
∫
500
12 H= C dT ≈
[8.44 + (9.24)( 4)
11. a. ∫0
(speed) dt ≈ [(2/60)/3](33 + 4 ⋅ 25 + 2 ⋅ 27 500 3
+ (10.08)(2) + (10.84)(4) + (11.48)(2)
+ 4 ⋅ 13 + 2 ⋅ 21 + 4 ⋅ 5 + 9)
+ (11.98)(4) + (12.36)(2)
= (1/90)(310) = 3.444… ≈ 3.4 nautical miles
+ (12.68)(4) + 12.94]
b. T 6 = (1/30)(33 ⋅ 0.5 + 25 + 27 + 13 + 21 + 5 500
+ 9 ⋅ 0.5) = (268.18) = 44696.6666 K ≈ 44,697 Btu
3
= (1/30)(112) = 3.7333… ≈ 3.7 nautical miles
The answers students get will vary slightly.
∫
Review Problems
sin x dx = − cos x = cos π − cos 0 = 2
0 0
R0. Answers will vary.
Simpson’s rule does give a better R1. a. The width of each region is 4. So
approximation of the integral because S4 is
closer to 2 than is T4. T3 = (4/2)[v(4) + 2v(8) + 2v(12) + v(16)] =
2[22 + 2(26.9705…) + 2(30.7846…) + 34] =
16. Programs will vary depending on the type of 343.0206… . T3 underestimates the integral
grapher used. See the program in the Programs because v(t) is concave down, so trapezoids
for Graphing Calculators section of the are inscribed under the curve.
Instructor’s Resource Book.
b. R3 = 4[v(6) + v(10) + v(14)] = 4(24.6969… +
17. Using a Simpson’s rule program, the mass of the 28.9736… + 32.4499…) = 344.4821…
spleen is 171.6 cm3.
This Riemann sum is close to the trapezoidal-
2 − x2
18. Enter Y1 = e . A Simpson’s rule program rule sum.
π c. T50 = 343.9964… , and T100 = 343.9991…
gives S50 = 0.5204998781… and S100 = Conjecture: The exact value of the integral
0.5204998778… . There is little difference is 344.
between the two estimations, and both are close d. g ( t) = 10t + 4t1.5
to the tabulated value.
g(16) − g(4) = 344
19. a.
y
This is the value the trapezoidal-rule sums are
approaching.
R2. a. The slope of the linear function is the same
2 as the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the
slope is
1 x t f ( x) = sin π x ⇒ f ′(x) = π cos π x ⇒
f ′ ( 1) = π cos π = − π
As x varies, the area beneath the curve y = 1/t At x = 1, y = sin π = 0
from t = 1 to t = x varies also.
y − 0 = − π (x − 1) ⇒ l(x) = − π x + π
t0
b. Using the power formula on t −1 dt gives ∫ 0
.
1
y
l (x)
Division by zero is undefined, so this
approach does not work. f (x)
x
c. Graph Y1 = fnint(x− 1, x, 1, x). (Entries may 1
1
x
5
18
iii. dy = 5 dx ⇒ y = 5x + C f (x)
∫ (x
1 3
iii. 2
− 8 x + 3) dx = x − 4 x 2 + 3x + C g(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 4. Interval is [0, 4].
3
g′(x) = (4/3)x1/3 − (4/3)x− 2/3 = (4/3)x− 2/3(x − 1)
∫ 12e dx = 4e 3x + C g′(c) = 0 ⇒ c = 1
3x
iv.
At x = 0, g′(0) takes the form 1/0, which is
7x
∫ 7 dx = ln 7 + C
x infinite.
v.
Thus, g is not differentiable at x = 0.
R4. a. See the text for the definition of integrability. However, the function need not be
differentiable at the endpoints of the interval,
b. See the text for the definition of definite
just continuous at the endpoints and
integral.
differentiable at interior points.
1.4
c. ∫0.2
sec x dx d. For a function to be continuous on a closed
interval, the limit needs to equal the function
i. U6 = 2.845333… value only as x approaches an endpoint from
ii. L6 = 1.872703… within the interval. This is true for function f
∫ x −2 dx = − x −1 = −5 −1 + 1−1 = 4/5
secant
4 Secant R7. a. i.
1 1
4
∫ (x + 3) 5 ( x dx )
2
ii.
x 3
4
∫ (x
2 7
= (1/2) 2
+ 3)5 (2 x dx )
(Middle branch has the equation y = 1.4 . ( x−2 ) 3
4
Point c = 4.4825… .) = (112
/ )( x 2 + 3)6 3
e. g is the linear function containing the points = (1/12)(19)6 − (1/12)(12)6
(a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)). h is the function h (x) = = 3,671,658.08…
f ( x) − g(x). Thus, h(a) = h ( b) = 0, satisfying π
π
one hypothesis of Rolle’s theorem. The other
two hypotheses are satisfied because f and g
iii. ∫ 0
(sin x – 5) dx = −cos x − 5 x
0
are differentiable and continuous at the = −cos π − 5π + cos 0 + 0 = 2 − 5π
appropriate places, and a difference of ln 5 ln 5
differentiable and continuous functions also
has these properties. The c in (a, b) for which
iv. ∫ 0
4e 2 x dx = 2e 2 x
0
= 2e 2 ln 5 − 2e 0 = 48
x
1 –5
= 8x = 80
Without loss of generality, let C = 0. 0
g(2) – g(1) d. Total area = sum of two areas
g′(c1 ) = = 1.862741K
2 –1 f (x )
∴ c11.5 = 1.862741… ⇒
c1 = (1.862741…)1/1.5 = 1.513915927…
Similarly, c2 = 2.50833898… .
c3 = 3.505954424… x
4 a c b
For ∫ 1
x 1.5 dx,
∫0
e y dy = e y
0
= e ln 4 − e 0 = 4 − 1 = 3
b. dW = v · y · dx = (1000 + 50x)(4 − 0.2x2) dx
R9. a. y = e , from x = 0 to x = 4, is rotated about
3
= 2.5π (e − 1) = 31.0470…
1.6
(x 2 , y )
–5
x
1
b.
y = x10.25 ⇒ x1 = y 4 f (b)
y = x2 ⇒ x2 = y
dV = π ( x 22 − x12 ) dy = π ( y 2 − y 8 ) dy 1
b
1
V = π ( y 2 − y 8 ) dy = π y 3 − y 9
1
∫
1 1 3
0 3 9 0
2
= π = 0.6981K
9
∫ [( x )
n→∞ n→∞
T13. π
a
1
2
− ( x 2 )2 ] dy
provided the two limits are equal. c
T3. Fundamental theorem: T14. The slope of the linear function is the same as
If f is an integrable function, and the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the slope is
found by y = x3 ⇒ y′ = 3x2 ⇒ y′(1) = 3.
g( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx, then At x = 1, y = 1.
b y − 1 = 3(x − 1) ⇒ y = 3x − 2
∫a
f ( x ) dx = g(b) − g( a).
y
f (x )
1.2
1 (1, 1)
x
3 c 8 1 1.2
∫ 0.1 dx = ln 0.1 + C
x 0.1
T9.
x
π
∫ (4 x
1
T10. 3
+ 13)5 ( x 2 dx ) = ( 4 x 3 + 13)6 + C 1 2 1
72 b. dV = y dx ⇒ dV = cos 2 x dx
4
2 2
4 x3 4 3 13 π /2 1
∫ x dx = = − = 21
∫
2
T11. V= cos 2 x dx
1 3 1
3 3 0 2
23. y = x 4 ln 3x ⇒
42. ∫−0.2
(1/ x ) dx = ln | x |
−0.2
= ln | −4 | − ln | −0.2 |
y′ = 4x 3 ln 3x + x 4 · 1/(3x) · 3 = ln 4 − ln 0.2 = ln 20 = 2.995732…
= 4x 3 ln 3x + x 3
x 1/ 2 dx 2 9 1
9
∫ ∫
3 1/ 2
24. y = x 7 ln 5x ⇒ 43. 3/ 2 = 3/ 2 ⋅ x dx
4 1+ x 3 4 1+ x 2
y′ = 7x 6 ln 5x + x 7 · 1/(5x) · 5 2 9
2
= 7x 6 ln 5x + x 6 = ln| 1 + x 3/ 2 | = (ln 28 – ln 9) = 0.756653K
3 4 3
25. y = ln (1/x) ⇒ y′ = 1/(1/x) · (−x −2) = −1/x
x −1/ 3 dx 3 8 1
8
∫ ∫
2
26. y = ln (1/x4) ⇒ y′ = 1/(1/x)4 · (−4x−5) = −4/x 44. 2/3 = ⋅ x −1/ 3 dx
1 2+x 2 1 2 + x 2/3 3
27. ∫ 7/x dx = 7 ln | x | + C 3 8
3
= ln | 2 + x 2 / 3 | = (ln 6 – ln 3) = 1.5 ln 2
2 2
∫ 5/x dx = 5 ln | x | + C
1
28. = 1.039720…
∫
dx 1
∫ 1/(3x ) dx = 3 ln | x | + C
1
29. 45. (ln x )5 = (ln x )6 + C
x 6
∫ ∫
ln x dx 1
∫ 1/(8x ) dx = 8 ln | x | + C
1 46. dx = (ln x )1 = (ln x )2 + C
30.
x x 2
x
31. ∫
x2
x +5
3 dx =
1
∫
1
3 x3 + 5
(3 x 2 dx ) 47. f ( x ) = ∫ cos 3t dt ⇒ f ′( x ) = cos 3x
2
x
1
= ln | x 3 + 5 | + C 48. f ( x ) = ∫ (t + 10t – 17) dt ⇒
2
5
3
x5 f ′( x ) = x 2 + 10 x − 17
∫ ∫
1 1
32. dx = (6 x 5 dx )
6
6 x6 – 4 d x
∫
x –4
49. tan 3 t dt = tan 3 x
1 dx 2
= ln | x 6 – 4 | + C
6 d x
33. ∫
x5
dx = −
1
∫
1
(–6 x 5 dx )
50.
dx ∫ −1
2 t dt = 2 x
9 – x6 6 9 – x6
x2
∫
1 51. f ( x ) = 3t dt ⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 x ⋅ 3 x
2
= − ln | 9 – x 6 | + C
6 1
x3 cos x
g( x ) = ∫
∫ ∫
1 1
34. 4 dx = − (–4 x 3 dx ) 52. t dt ⇒ g′( x ) = cos x ⋅ ( − sin x )
10 – x 4 10 – x 4 0
1 3 x −5
= − ln | 10 – x 4 | + C 53. h( x ) = ∫ 1 + t 2 dt ⇒
4 0
∫
sec x tan x dx
35. = ln | 1 + sec x | + C h′( x ) = 3 1 + (3 x – 5)2
1 + sec x
x3
sec 2 x dx
36. ∫ 1 + tan x
= ln | 1 + tan x | + C 54. p( x ) = ∫–1
(t 4 + 1) 7 dt ⇒ p′( x ) = ( x 12 + 1) 7 ⋅ 3 x 2
∫
cos x dx 3 3
37.
sin x
= ln | sin x | + C 55. ∫1
(5 / x ) dx = 5 ln | x |
1
= 5 ln 3 − 5 ln 1 = 5 ln 3
∫ ∫
sin x dx – sin x dx
38. =− = − ln | cos x | + C = 5.493061…
cos x cos x
∫
–2
–3 ∴W= (600/h – 30) dh
20
10
x 2 −1 = 600 ln | h | − 30 h
b. h( x ) = ∫ f (t ) dt ⇒ h ′( x ) = f ( x − 1) ⋅ 2x ⇒
2 20
1 = 600 ln 10 − 300 − 600 ln 20 + 600
h′(2) = f (3) ⋅ 4 = −1 ⋅ 4 = −4 = −115.8883… ≈ −116 inch-pounds
58. a. By finding areas, g (0) = −6, g (1) = −2.5, This number is negative because each value of
g (2) = 0, g (3) = 1.5, g (4) = 2, g (5) = 1.5, dh is negative and F is positive, making their
product negative.
g (6) = 0.75, g (7) = 0.5, g (8) = 0.75,
e. Distance is measured in inches, force is
g (9) = 1.5, and g (10) = 2.75. measured in pounds, and we are finding their
y
product.
4
3 g
61. a. d(f ) = a + b ln f
2 0 = a + b ln 53, 10 = a + b ln 160
1
x
10 = b ln 160 − b ln 53 ⇒
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 10
–1 b= = 9.050741...
–2 ln 160 – ln 53
–3
a = −9.050741… ln 53 = −35.934084…
–4
–5
d( f ) = –35.934084… + 9.050741… ln f
–6
b.
2x f d cm d′ (part c)
b. h( x ) = ∫
2
f (t ) dt ⇒ h′( x ) = f (2 x ) ⋅ 2 ⇒
53 0 0.1707…
h′(4) = f (8) ⋅ 2 = (0.5)(2) = 1
N
60 1.1227… 0.1508…
N
59. ∫1000
(1/ P) dP = ln | P |
1000
= ln N − ln 1000 70
80
2.5197…
3.7265…
0.1292…
0.1131…
10 10
∫0
0.05 dt = 0.05t
0
= 0.5 100
120
5.7461…
7.3962…
0.0905…
0.0754…
ln N − ln 1000 = 0.5 140 8.7914… 0.0646…
N
ln = 0.5 160 10.0 0.0565…
1000
N The measured distances will vary. They
= e 0.5 should be close to the calculated distances.
1000
N = 1000e0.5 ≈ 1648.721… c. d′ ( f ) = b/f = 9.050…/f. See table in part b.
≈ 1649 people d. d′ ( f ) is in cm/10 kHz.
e. d′ ( f ) decreases as f gets larger; this is
60. a. F + 30 = k/h consistent with the spaces between the
0 + 30 = k/20 ⇒ k = 600 numbers getting smaller as f increases.
∴ F + 30 = 600/h ⇒ F = 600/h − 30
d2 d2 d 5 5
46. (ln x 5
) = 2 (5 ln x ) = =− 2 Problem Set 6-5
dx 2
dx dx x x
n
Q2. e = lim 1 + or
d 2 7x d 1
Q1. e ≈ 2.71828
47. 2 (e ) = (7e 7 x ) = 49e 7 x n→∞ n
dx dx
e = lim(1 + n)1/ n
∫
1
48. e 5 x dx = e 5 x + C n→0
5 Q3. 1 Q4. x
∫
1
49. e 7 x dx = e 7 x + C Q5. x Q6. e
7 Q7. (ln x)/(ln b) Q8. ex
72 x −e + C
−x
50. ∫ 72 x dx =
2 ln 7
+C Q9.
2 sin 5 x 0
Q10. E
1. lim →
1.05 x
∫
x→0 3x 0
51. 1.05 x dx = +C
ln 1.05 10 cos 5 x 10
= lim =
∫ 6e dx = 6e + C
x x x→0 3 3
52.
y
∫ e dx = 5e + C
0.2 x 0.2 x
53.
∫ e cos x dx = e + C
sin x sin x
54. 1
1 x
∫ e sec x dx = e + C
tan x 2 tan x
55.
∫ e dx = ∫ x dx = 4 x + C
3 ln x 1 3 4
56. 4 tan 3 x 0
2. lim →
x→0 5x 0
∫ 60e dx = 60∫ 5x dx = 150 x + C
ln 5 x 2
57. 2
12 sec 3 x 12
= lim =
x→0
∫ (1 + e ) e dx = 102 (1 + e ) + C
1 2 x 50 2 x 2 x 51 5 5
58.
y
∫ (1 − e ) e dx = − 404 (1 − e ) + C
1
4 x 100 4 x 4 x 101
59.
1 1 x
2 2
∫ (e
−x −x
60. x
− e ) dx = e + e x
0 0
−2
= e + e − 1 − 1 = 5.524391...
2
−∞ 3x 5 + 2 ∞
9. lim+
ln x
→ 20. lim →
x →0 1/ x ∞
5
x →∞ 7 x – 8 ∞
15 x 4 15 3
x −1 = lim 4 = lim =
= lim+ = lim ( − x ) = 0 x →∞ 35 x x →∞ 35 7
x→0 − x −2 x→0 +
21. L = lim+ x x → 0 0
e3 x x→0
10. lim 2 = ∞ Form is .
1
ln x −∞
x→0 x 0 ln L = lim+ ( x ln x ) = lim+ –1 →
x→0 x→0 x ∞
ex − e 0 −1
x
11. lim → = lim+ = lim ( − x ) = 0
x →1 5 ln x 0 x→0 − x −2 x→0 +
ex e ∴ L = e0 = 1
= lim −1 =
x →1 5 x 5
22. L = lim+ (sin x )sin x → 0 0
ln x − x + 1 0 x→0
12. lim 2 → ln sin x −∞
x →1 x − 2 x + 1 0 ln L = lim+ sin x (ln sin x ) = lim+ →
x −1 − 1 0 x→0 x→0
csc x ∞
= lim → 1/(sin x ) ⋅ cos x 1
x →1 2 x − 2 0 = lim+ = lim+
− x −2 1 x→0 − csc x cot x x →0 − csc x
= lim =−
x →1 2 2 = lim+ ( − sin x ) = 0
x→0
3x + 5 11
13. lim = = −26.43297K ∴ L = e0 = 1
x →2 cos x cos 2
23. L = lim − (sin x ) tan x → 1∞
x →π / 2
= ∞ Form is
tan x tan 2
14. lim
x →2 x−2 0
. ln L = lim − tan x (ln sin x )
x →π / 2
ln sin x 0
e ∞ x
= lim − →
15. lim 2 → x →π /2 cot x 0
x →∞ x ∞
(1/sin x ) ⋅ cos x
ex ∞ = lim −
= lim → x →π /2 − csc 2 x
x →∞ 2 x ∞
ex − cos x sin 2 x
= lim =∞ = lim −
x →π / 2 sin x
x →∞ 2
∴ L = e0 = 1
26. L = lim (1 + ax )1/ x → 1∞ 32. Using l’Hospital’s rule leads to
x→0 sec x sec x tan x
ln (1 + ax ) 0 lim = lim
ln L = lim [1/ x ⋅ ln (1 + ax )] = lim → x →π /2 tan x x →π /2 sec 2 x
x→0 x→0 x 0
1/(1 + ax ) ⋅ a tan x sec 2 x
= lim = lim
a
=a = lim = lim
x →π /2 sec x x →π /2 sec x tan x
x→0 1 x →0 1 + ax
∴ L = ea sec x
= lim , the original expression!
x →π /2 tan x
27. L = lim+ x 3/(ln x ) → 0 0
x→0
Using tan x = (sec x)/(csc x), the expression
ln L = lim+ [3/(ln x ) ⋅ ln x ] = lim+ 3 = 3
x→0 x→0 reduces to
∴ L = e = 20.08553...
3 sec x
lim = lim csc x = 1
x →π /2 (sec x )/(csc x ) x →π /2
28. L = lim+ (7 x )5/(ln x ) → 0 0
x→0
33. L = lim+ x k /(ln x ) → 0 0
ln L = lim+ [5/(ln x ) ⋅ ln(7 x )] x→0
x→0
5 ln (7 x ) −∞ ln L = lim+ [k/(ln x ) ⋅ ln x ] = lim+ k = k
= lim+ → x→0 x→0
x→0 ln x −∞ ∴ L = ek
5 ⋅ [1/(7 x )] ⋅ 7 The graph turns out to be a horizontal line,
= lim+ =5
x→0 1/ x y = ek, defined for x > 0.
∴ L = e 5 = 148.4131...
y
y = ek
29. lim − x → ∞ − ∞
1 1
x→0 x e − 1
e –1− x
x
0
= lim x → x
x →0 x (e – 1) 0
ex – 1 0
= lim x →
x →0 1(e – 1) + x ⋅ e
x
0
By the definition of a power,
ex – 1 0
= lim x → x k /( ln x ) = ( x k )1/ln x = (e k ln x )1/ln x = e k
x →0 e – 1 + xe
x
0
ex 1 g( x ) 0.3 x 2 – 2.7
= lim x x =
34. a. f ( x ) = =
x →0 e + e + xe
x
2 h( x ) 0.2 x 2 – 2 x + 4.2
g(3) = 0.3(9) − 2.7 = 0,
1 1
30. lim − →∞−∞ h(3) = 0.2(9) − 2(3) + 4.2 = 0, Q .E.D .
x→0 x sin x
b. g′ (x) = 0.6x ⇒ g′ (3) = 1.8
sin x − x 0 h′ (x) = 0.4x − 2 ⇒ h′ (3) = −0.8
= lim →
x→0 x sin x 0
If g (3) or h (3) were any number other than 0, ∴ a power function is higher-order than the
the canceling of the (x − 3)’s in part c could natural log function.
not be done, and the ratio would almost
f ( x) xn ∞
certainly not equal 1.8/(−0.8). lim = lim x →
x →∞ h( x ) x →∞ e ∞
e. The graph shows a removable discontinuity at
(3, −2.25): nx n –1 ∞
= lim → , if n − 1 > 0
x →∞ e
x
∞
f (x )
Eventually, the exponent of the power will
become zero, in which case the limit takes the
1 x
form constant/∞, which is 0.
3 ∴ a power function is lower-order than an
exponential function.
Using “<” to represent “is lower-order than,”
natural log < power < exponential.
35. a. For yearly compounding, m(t) = ln 3 x x 100
1000(1 + 0.06)t. For semiannual compound- b. i. lim 5 = 0 ii. lim 0.01x = 0
x →∞ x x →∞ e
ing, m ( t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/2)2t because there
e 0.3 x
are two compounding periods per year, each iii. lim =∞
x →∞ 100 ln x
of which gets half the interest rate.
b. m(t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/n)nt x 1
iv. lim = lim =0
x →∞ x x →∞ x
lim m(t ) = lim 1000(1 + 0.06/n) nt
n→∞ n→∞
ex
0.2 x = lim e =∞
0.8 x
= 1000 lim (1 + 0.06/n) nt v. lim
x →∞ e x →∞
n→∞
37. Answers will vary.
Let L = lim (1 + 0.06/n) nt .
n→∞
∫ 4 dx = ln 4 = ln 4 = 8.656170K
4 12
48. y = ln csc x ⇒
x
70.
1
1
y′ = (1/csc x) · (−csc x cot x) = −cot x
∫ (ln x ) x dx = 10 (ln x ) + C
1 1
49. y = 35 ⇒ y′ = 0 (Derivative of a constant!) 71. 9 10
∫ ln (e ) dx = ∫ 3x ln e dx = ∫ 3x dx = 2 x
3
53. y = csc x ⇒ y′ = −csc x cot x 74. 3x 2
+C
1
54. y = tan− 1 x ⇒ y′ =
1+ x2 75. ∫ 0 dx = C (Integral of zero is a constant.)
55. y = tan x ⇒ y′ = sec2 x
56. y = cot x ⇒ y′ = −csc 2 x
76. ∫ cos x sec x dx = ∫ 1 dx = x + C
∫ sec 2 x dx = 2 ∫ sec 2 x (2 dx )
1
∫e
1 4x 77.
57. 4x
dx = e +C
4
1
∫e dx = e 4 x + C = ln | sec 2 x + tan 2 x | + C
4
58. 2
∫ ∫
1
∫ x e dx = 4 ∫ e (4 x
3 x4 1 x4 1 x4 tan 3 x dx =
59. 3
dx ) = e +C 78.
3
tan 3 x (3 dx )
4
1
∫ cos x ⋅ e dx = ∫ e = ln | sec 3 x | + C
sin x sin x
60. (cos x dx )
3
∫ ∫
= e sin x + C 1
79. cot 4 x dx = cot 4 x ( 4 dx )
5 4
∫ ∫
(ln x ) 1 1
61. dx = (ln x )5 dx = (ln x )6 + C 1
x x 6 = ln | sin 4 x | + C
4
∫5 ∫
dx = e x ln 5 dx
x
62.
∫ ∫
1
80. csc 5 x dx = csc 5 x (5 dx )
5
= (1/ln 5) ∫ e x ln 5
ln 5 dx 1
= − ln | csc 5 x + cot 5 x | + C
5
1 x ln 5 5x
= e +C= +C 1 − cos x 0
ln 5 ln 5 81. lim →
x→0 x 0
5x
∫e ∫
dx = 5 x dx = +C sin x
x ln 5
63.
ln 5 = lim =0
x→0 1
∫ 0.06 dt = 0.06t
5
= lim = 0.03 = 0.3
x →∞ – x –2 0 0
∴ L = e0 = 1
1 b. If g( x ) = ∫a
f (t ) dt and f (x) is continuous in
a neighborhood of a, then g′ (x) = f (x).
2x ∞ x1
88. lim 2 →
x →∞ x ∞ ln x =
1 t
dt ∫
x
2 ln 2 ∞ d x1 1
∫
d
= lim → (ln x ) = dt =
x →∞ 2x ∞ dx dx 1 t x
x 2
2 (ln 2) c. i. y = (ln 5x)3 ⇒ y′ = (3/x)(ln 5x)2
= lim =∞
x →∞ 2 ii. f (x) = ln x 9 = 9 ln x ⇒ f ′ (x) = 9/x
2x iii. y = csc (ln x) ⇒
or: lim 2 = ∞ by (exponential)/(power)
x →∞ x y′ = −csc (ln x) cot (ln x) · (1/x)
89. lim (0.5 x )3/( 2− x ) → 1∞ x2
x →2
Let L = ln (0.5x)3/(2 − x) .
iv. g( x ) = ∫ 1
csc t dt ⇒ g ′( x ) = 2 x csc x 2
∫
x →22–x 0 –3
ii. dx = 10 ln | x | –2
3/(0.5 x ) ⋅ 0.5 3 x –2
= lim =− = 10 ln | –3 | −10 ln | −2 |
x →2 –1 2
= 10(ln 3 − ln 2) = 4.054651…
∴ L = e− 3/2 = 0.22313…
∫ ∫
1
iii. x 2 ( x 3 − 4) −1 dx = ( x 3 − 4) −1 (3 x 2 dx )
90. lim 3 x – ⇒∞−∞
1 1 3
x→0 e – 1 3x 1
= ln | x 3 – 4 | + C
3 x – (e 3 x – 1) 0 3
= lim 3x →
x→0 3 x (e – 1) 0
y y = h (x )
4 10
x or t x
1 2 6 11
–2
y = f (t )
–4 iii.
y
f. i. y (100) ≈ 70 names; 70% remembered
y(1) = 1 name; 100% remembered 1
x
101
ii. y′ = 5
100 + x
y′ (100) = 101/(200) = 0.505 names/person
y′ (1) = 101/101 = 1 name/person
iii. Paula has probably not forgotten any
names as long as x − y < 0.5. After b. i. f (x) = x1.4 e5x ⇒
meeting 11 people, she remembers about f ′ (x) = 1.4x0.4 e5x + 5x1.4 e5x
10.53… ≈ 11 names, but after meeting ii. g (x) = sin (e− 2x) ⇒ g′ (x) = −2e− 2x cos(e− 2x)
12 people, she remembers about 11.44… ≈ d ln x d
11 names. iii. (e ) = ( x) = 1
dx dx
R3. a. i. See the text for the definition of logarithm. iv. y = 100x ⇒ y′ = (ln 100)100 x
ii. See the text for the definition of ln x. v. f (x) = 3.7 · 100.2 x ⇒
iii. See the text for the statement of the f ′ (x) = 0.74 ln 10 · 100.2 x
uniqueness theorem.
v i . r(t) = t tan t ⇒ ln r = tan t ln t ⇒
iv. See the text for the proof.
1 tan t
v. See the solution to Problem 10 in r ′ = sec 2 t ln t + ⇒
r t
Lesson 6-3.
r ′ = t tan t sec 2 t ln t +
tan t
b. i. e = lim (1 + n)1/ n or e = lim (1 + 1/n) n
n→0 n→∞ t
ln x c. y = (5x − 7)3 (3x + 1)5 ⇒
ii. log b x =
ln b ln y = 3 ln (5x − 7) + 5 ln (3x + 1) ⇒
1 15 15
ln x 1 y′ = + ⇒
c. i. y = log 4 x = ⇒ y′ = y 5x − 7 3x + 1
ln 4 x ln 4
y′ =
15 15
+ (5 x − 7)3 (3 x + 1)5
ii. f ( x ) = log 2 (cos x ) =
ln (cos x )
⇒ 5 x − 7 3 x + 1
ln 2 = (120x − 90)(5x − 7)2 (3x + 1)4
∫ 10e
1 −2 x
dx = −5e −2 x + C
f ′( x ) = ⋅ ( − sin x ) d. i.
(cos x )(ln 2)
∫e sin x dx = − e cos x + C
cos x
tan x ii.
=−
ln 2 2
2
iii. y = log 5 9 x = x log 5 9 ⇒ y ′ = log 5 9 iii. ∫
−2
e −0.1x dx = −10e −0.1x
−2
R4. a. i. −0.2
= −10e + 10e 0.2
= 4.02672 K
y
0.2x
∫ 10
10
iv. 0.2x
dx = +C
10 0.2 ln 10
e. i. The exposure is the product of C (t) and t,
x where C (t) varies. Thus, a definite integral
2 must be used.
∫ 150e 2x2 − 3 ∞
−0.16 t
ii. E( x ) = dt = 937.5( − e −0.16 x + 1) R5. a. lim 2 →
x →∞ 7 − 5 x −∞
0
E(5) = 937.5(−e− 0.8 + 1) =
4x 2
516.25… ppm · days E (10) = = lim =−
x →∞ −10 x 5
937.5(−e− 1.6 + 1) = 748.22… ppm · days
As x grows very large, E (x) seems to x − cos x + 1
2
0
b. lim →
approach 937.5. x→0 e − x −1
x
0
iii. E ′ (x) = 150e− 0.16 x = C (x) 2 x + sin x 0
= lim →
E ′ (5) = 67.39… ppm (or ppm · days x→0 ex − 1 0
per day) 2 + cos x 2 + 1
E′ (10) = 30.28… ppm = lim = =3
x→0 ex 1
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum
c. lim x 3e − x → ∞ ⋅ 0
concentration is about 150 ppm at about x →∞
2 hours. (These values can be found more x3 ∞
precisely by setting the numerical or = lim x →
x →∞ e ∞
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = −1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576… . Then 3x 2
∞
= lim x →
C (1.9576…) = −200/(e ln 0.6) = x →∞ e ∞
144.0332… .) 6x ∞
= lim x →
ii. C (t) = 200t · 0.6t x →∞ e ∞
C′ (t) = 200t · 0.6t ln 0.6 + 200 · 0.6t 6
= lim x = 0 (Form: 6/∞)
x →∞ e
C′ (1) = 200 · 0.61(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70…
C′(5) = 200 · 0.65(5 ln 0.6 + 1) d. L = lim x tan (πx/2 ) → 1∞
x →1
= −24.16… < 0 ln L = lim [tan (π x/2) ⋅ ln x ]
x →1
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about ln x 0
= lim →
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration x →1 cot (π x/2) 0
is increasing if C′ (t) is positive and 1/ x 1 −2
decreasing if it is negative. = lim = =
x →1 −(π /2)csc π x/2 −π /2 π
2
1 ii. y = x − 3e2x ⇒
y′ = −3x − 4 · e2x + x− 3 · 2e2x
From the graph, the maximum is about = x − 4e2x (2x − 3)
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = −1/ln 0.3 =
0.8305… , for which C (0.8305…) = iii. y = cos (2x) ⇒ y′ = −sin (2x) · 2x ln 2
4 ln x 4
−200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092… ≈ 61.1 ppm.) iv. y = log 3 x 4 = ⇒ y′ =
Repeating the computations of part iii ln 3 x ln 3
gives C (t) > 50 for 0.409… < t < 1.473… ,
∫e
−1.7 x
or for about 1.06 hours. b. i. dx = ( −1 / 1.7) e −1.7 x + C
In conclusion, the concentration peaks
∫2
sec x
sooner at a lower concentration and stays ii. sec x tan x dx
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time. = ∫e ln 2 sec x
sec x tan x dx
ln 0.5 = −0.025t
∫ 150e 2x2 − 3 ∞
−0.16 t
ii. E( x ) = dt = 937.5( − e −0.16 x + 1)
0 R5. a. lim 2 →
x →∞ 7 − 5 x −∞
E(5) = 937.5(−e− 0.8 + 1) =
4x 2
516.25… ppm · days E(10) = = lim =−
x →∞ −10 x 5
937.5(−e− 1.6 + 1) = 748.22… ppm · days
As x grows very large, E(x) seems to x − cos x + 1
2
0
b. lim →
approach 937.5. x→0 e − x −1
x
0
iii. E′ (x) = 150e− 0.16x = C (x) 2 x + sin x 0
= lim →
E′ (5) = 67.39… ppm (or ppm · days x→0 ex − 1 0
per day) 2 + cos x 2 + 1
E′ (10) = 30.28… ppm = lim = =3
x→0 ex 1
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum c. lim x 3e − x → ∞ ⋅ 0
concentration is about 150 ppm at about x →∞
2 hours. (These values can be found more x3 ∞
precisely by setting the numerical or = lim x →
x →∞ e ∞
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = −1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576… . Then 3x 2
∞
= lim x →
C (1.9576…) = −200/(e ln 0.6) = x →∞ e ∞
144.0332… .) 6x ∞
= lim x →
ii. C (t) = 200t · 0.6t x →∞ e ∞
C′ (t) = 200t · 0.6t ln 0.6 + 200 · 0.6t 6
= lim x = 0 (Form: 6/∞)
x →∞ e
C′ (1) = 200 · 0.61(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70…
C′(5) = 200 · 0.65(5 ln 0.6 + 1) d. L = lim x tan (πx/2 ) → 1∞
x →1
= −24.16… < 0 ln L = lim [tan (π x/2) ⋅ ln x ]
x →1
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about ln x 0
= lim →
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration x →1 cot (π x/2) 0
is increasing if C′ (t) is positive and 1/ x 1 −2
decreasing if it is negative. = lim = =
x →1 −(π /2)csc π x/2 −π /2 π
2
C (t )
g. Examples of indeterminate forms:
0/0, ∞/∞, 0 · ∞, 00, 1∞ , ∞ 0, ∞ − ∞
100
R6. a. i. y = ln (sin4 7x) = 4 ln sin 7x ⇒
50
t y′ = 4(1/sin 7x) · cos 7x · 7 = 28 cot 7x
1 ii. y = x− 3e2x ⇒
From the graph, the maximum is about y′ = −3x− 4 · e 2x + x− 3 · 2e2x
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = −1/ln 0.3 = x− 4e2x (2x − 3)
= 0.8305… , for which C (0.8305…) = iii. y = cos (2x ) ⇒ y′ = −sin (2x ) · 2x ln 2
−200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092… ≈ 61.1 iv. y = log 3 x 4 =
4 ln x
⇒ y′ =
4
ppm.) ln 3 x ln 3
Repeating the computations of part iii
∫e
−1.7 x
gives C (t) > 50 for 0.409… < t < 1.473… b. i. dx = ( −1 / 1.7) e −1.7 x + C
, or for about 1.06 hours.
∫2
sec x
In conclusion, the concentration peaks ii. sec x tan x dx
sooner at a lower concentration and stays
= ∫e ln 2 sec x
sec x tan x dx
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time.
ln 0.5 = −0.025t
ln x, Q .E .D . x
100 (x, F )
T18. a.
y
5 dx x
4 g
5
3
2
1 t or x
dW = F dx = 60 e0.1 x dx
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5
∫ 60e
-1
-2
W= 0.1 x
dx
f 0
-3 5
-4 = 600e 0.1x = 600(e 0.5 − 1)
-5 0
W ≈ 389.23 ft-lb
3 x −5
b. h( x ) = ∫2
f (t ) dt ⇒ h ′( x ) = f (3 x − 5) ⋅ 3, T23. Answers will vary.
h′(3) = f (9 − 5) ⋅ 3 = f ( 4) ⋅ 3 = 1 ⋅ 3 = 3
x1 1.8 1 Problem Set 6-8
T19. ln x = ∫1 t t
dt, so ln 1.8 =
dt ∫1
Cumulative Review, Chapters 1–6
M4 = 0.2
1 1 1 1
+ + + = 0.58664 K 1. f ( x ) = 2x
1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7
2 3.1 – 2 2.9
From calculator, ln 1.8 = 0.58778… . f ′(3) ≈ = 5.549618K
0.2
x2 x2
2. There are about 10.0 squares, each 20 units.
T20. g( x ) = ∫ sin t dt = − cos t 50
∫
2
2
∴ g( x ) dx ≈ 200
= −cos x2 + cos 2 ⇒ g′(x) = 2x sin x2 10
2π
d x
2 (Function is g( x ) = 2 + 0.1x + sin x, so exact
g ′( x ) =
dx 2 ∫
sin t dt = 2 x sin x 2
answer is 200.)
15
T21. Let h ( x ) = f ( x ) − g (x). 3. L = lim f ( x ) if and only if for any ε > 0, there is
x →c
Then h ( a) = f ( a) − g (a) = 0 and a δ > 0 such that if x is within δ units of c but
h ( b ) = f ( b ) − g (b) ≠ 0. not equal to c, f ( x ) is within ε units of L.
h( b ) – h( a )
∴ ≠0 4. Answers may vary.
b–a
By the mean value theorem, there is a number c f (x )
4
between a and b such that
x
h( b ) – h( a )
h ′( c ) =
3
.
b–a
∴ h′ (c) ≠ 0
x + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h 3 – x 3
3
= lim 4
h→0
2
h
= lim(3 x + 3 xh + h 2 ) = 3 x 2 , Q.E.D.
∫1
x 2 dx
h→0
U 6 = 0.5(1.52 + 22 + 2.52 + 32 + 3.52 + 42)
7. f (x) = ⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x 2
x3 = 24.875
f ′ (5) = 3·52 = 75
13. M 10 = 20.9775
5.013 – 4.99 3
f ′ (5) ≈ = 75.0001 M 100 = 20.999775
0.02 Sums seem to be approaching 21.
5.0013 – 4.999 3
f ′ (5) ≈ = 75.000001 1
0.002 ∫
14. a. cos 5 x sin x dx = − cos 6 x + C
6
The symmetric differences are getting closer to
75 as ∆ x gets closer to zero. b. ∫ (1/x ) dx = ln | x | + C
8. f (x) = 3 x – 5 = (3 x − 5) 1/ 2
1
f ′ (x) = (3 x – 5) −1/ 2 ⋅ 3 = 1.5(3 x − 5) −1/ 2
c. ∫ tan x dx = ln | sec x | + C = − ln | cos x | + C
2
f ′ (7) = 1.5(21 − 5)−1/2 = 1.5/4 = 0.375 = 3/8 d. ∫ sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C
9. Line with slope of 3/8 is tangent to the graph at 1
∫ (3x − 5) dx = 3 ∫ (3x − 5) (3 dx )
1/ 2 1/ 2
x = 7. e.
f (x )
1 2 2
= ⋅ (3 x – 5)3/ 2 + C = (3 x – 5)3/ 2 + C
5
8
3 3 9
4 1 3 4 64 1
3
x
15. ∫1
x 2 dx =
3
x
1
= − = 21,
3 3
5 which agrees with the conjecture in Problem 13.
10. a. y = e 2x cos 3x ⇒ 16. The graph shows a tangent line at x = c parallel
y′ = 2 e2x cos 3x − 3e2x sin 3x to the secant line.
ln x f (x )
b. q( x ) = ⇒ q ′( x ) =
tan x
(tan x )/x − ln x sec x
2
1 ln x
2
= − 2 x
tan x x tan x sin x a c b
d2 x d
c. 2 (5 ) = [(ln 5)5 x ] = (ln 5)2 5 x
dx dx Statement:
11. For the function to be differentiable, If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
lim− ( ax 2 + 1) = lim+ ( − x 2 + 6 x + b) and x = a and x = b, then there is a number x = c in
x →2 x →2
lim 2 ax = lim+ ( −2 x + 6) . (a, b) such that f ′( x ) =
f (b) – f ( a)
.
x →2 − x →2
b–a
1 17. y = x9/7
4a + 1 = 8 + b and 4a = 2 ⇒ a = and b = −5
2 y7 = x9
y
7y6 y′ = 9x 8
9x8 9x8 9 9 9
y′ = 6 = = x 8−54 / 7 = x 2 / 7 = x 9/ 7−1
2 7y 7( x 9/ 7 )6 7 7 7
as from the derivative of a power formula
x
2
ln L = lim ln (1 + n) → ∞ ⋅ 0
derivative equals 0, not x− 1. Thus, x− 1 is not the 1
derivative of a power, Q.E.D. n→0 n
tan x ln (1 + n) 0
19. f ( x ) = ∫1
cos 3t dt ⇒ = lim
n→0 n
→
0
f ′ (x) = cos (3 tan x) · sec2 x 1/(1 + n)
x = lim =1
∫ (1/t ) dt ⇒ f ′( x ) = 1/x, Q.E.D.
n→0 1
20. f ( x ) =
1 ∴ L = e1 = e, Q.E.D.
21. Prove ln xa = a ln x for any constant a and all dx dy
x > 0. 27. Know: = −30 ft/s, = 40 ft/s
dt dt
dz
Proof: Want: when x = 200 and y = 100
Let f (x) = ln xa and g (x) = a ln x. dt
1 1 a x2 + y2 = z2
Then f ′( x ) = a ⋅ ax a−1 = a ⋅ = and dx dy dz
x x x 2x + 2y = 2z
1 a dt dt dt
g ′( x ) = a ⋅ = .
x x When x = 200 and y = 100, z = 50, 000 = 100 5 .
∴ f ′ (x) = g′ (x) for all x > 0
f (1) = ln (1a) = ln 1 = 0 and g(1) = a ln 1 = 0 dz
2(200)( −30) + 2(100)( 40) = 2 ⋅ 100 5
∴ f (1) = g (1) dt
∴ f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0, and thus dz −20
ln xa = a ln x for all x ≥ 0, Q .E .D . = = −8.94427K ft/s
dt 5
22. x = 5 cos t, y = 3 sin t
The distance z is decreasing.
dy dy/dt 3 cos t 3
∴ = = = − cos t 5
dx dx/dt –5 sin t 5 28. ∫2
f (x ) dx ≈ (1/3)(0.5)(100 + 4 · 150 + 2 · 170 +
23. At t = 2, (x, y) = (5 cos 2, 3 sin 2) 4 · 185 + 2 · 190 + 4 · 220 + 300)
= (−2.08… , 2.72…). = (1/3)(0.5)(3340) = 556 23
dy 3
At t = 2, = − cot 2 = 0.2745… .
dx 5 29. Area of cross section = πy2
The graph shows that a line of slope 0.27… Because the end of the radius is on a line through
at point (−2.08… , 2.72…) is tangent to the the origin with slope r/h, y = (r/h)x.
curve. πr 2
∴ Area = π [(r/h) x ]2 = 2 x 2
y h
Area
3
x
5 (x, Area)
dx x
h
a= = −1(1 + t 2 ) −2 ⋅ 2t = − πr 2 1 3 h 1 r 2 3 1
dt (1 + t 2 )2 = ⋅ x = π (h − 0 3 ) = πr 2 h, Q .E.D .
3x
e –1 0 h2 3 0 3 h2 3
25. lim → 30. Answers will vary.
x →0 sin 5 x 0
3e 3 x 3
= lim =
x →0 5 cos 5 x 5
d. B = 5(7/5)24/3 = 73.78945…
About 74 million
Problem Set 7-2
e. 1000 = 5(7/5)t/3 ⇒ ln (1000/5) = t/3 ⋅ ln (7/5)
Q1. Q2.
3 ln 200
t= = 47.24001K
y y
ln (7/5)
1
1 About 47 hours after start, so in a little less
x x
than 2 days
2. a. N = number of units of radiation from N17;
Q3. Q4. t = number of seconds
y y
x
∫
dN /dt = kN ⇒ dN / N = k dt ∫
1 x
⇒ ln |N| = kt + C
| N | = e kt +C ⇒ N = C1e kt
b. 3 × 1017 = C 1ek·0 ⇒ C 1 = 3 × 1017
Q5. Q6. 5.6 × 1013 = 3 × 1017e60k
y y
⇒ ln(1.866 K × 10 −4 ) = 60 k
x x ⇒ k = −0.143103…
∴ N = 3 × 1017 e −0.143103Kt
c.
N
Q7. Q8. 3 × 1017
y y
3
x
x
t
About 5 h 47 min t
∫ ∫
dV /dt = kV ⇒ dV /V = k dt ⇒ ln |V | = kt + C e. (1/2)(0.00372) = 0.00372e− 0.0662277…t
ln (1/2) = −0.0662277…t ⇒ t = 10.4661…
|V | = e kt +C ⇒ V = C1e kt About 10.5 hours
b. 4200 = C1e k⋅0 ⇒ C1 = 4200 6. a. dP/dt = kP
4700 = 4200e ( k )( −3) ⇒ ln( 4700/4200) = −3k
k = (−1/3) ln (4700/4200) = −0.037492…
∴ V = 4200e −0.037492Kt
b. ∫ dP/P = ∫ k dt ⇒ ln | P | = kt + C
⇒ | P| = e kt +C ⇒ P = C1e kt
c.
V
100 = C1e k⋅0 ⇒ C1 = 100
50 = 100e5750k ⇒ ln 0.5 = 5750k
⇒ k = −0.0001205473…
∴ P = 100e− 0.0001205473…t
4200
t c. P = 100e( − 0.0001205473…)(4000) = 61.74301…
–30 30 About 61.7%
d. 48.37 = 100e −0.0001205473Kt
d. At 1 year after V = 4700, t = 9 months. ln 0.4837 = −0.0001205473…t
V = 4200e ( − 0.037492…)(9) = 2997.116… t = 6024.939…
About $3000 The wood is about 6025 years old. For 1996,
e. 1200 = 4200e− 0.037492…t the flood would have been 1996 − (−4004) =
⇒ ln (1200/4200) = −0.037492…t 6000 years ago, so the wood is old enough.
⇒ t = (−1/0.037492…) ⋅ ln (1200/4200) e.
= 33.4135…
P
About 33 months from the present 100
About $15,000
t
g. The difference between $16,000 and $15,000 20,000
4000 5750
is the dealer’s profit.
∫ ∫
For 5 years, as in Problem 7:
11. dy/dx = ky ⇒ dy/y = k dx ⇒ ln | y | = kx + C1
Annually: M = 1000(1.07)5 = $1402.55
Quarterly: M = 1000(1.0175)20 = $1414.78 | y | = e kx +C1 ⇒ y = Ce kx
Monthly: M = 1000(1.00583…)60 = $1417.63 y(0) = Ce k⋅0 ⇒ C = y(0) ⇒ y = y0 e kx , Q.E.D.
Daily: M = 1000(1.0001917808…)1825 =
$1419.02 Problem Set 7-3
Continuously (Problem 7): $1419.07
Note that compounding continuously is only Q1. Cekx Q2. (kx2)/2 + C
5 cents better than compounding daily for a Q3. kx + C Q4. −cos x + C
$1000 investment in 5 years!
Q5. 1/ 1 – x 2 Q6. 5 cos x
M = M 0(1 + k/n)nt
Let L = lim (1 + k/n) nt → 1∞. Q7. tan x
n→∞
ln L = lim [nt ⋅ ln (1 + k/n)] → ∞ ⋅ 0 Q8.
n→∞ y' or y
t ⋅ ln (1 + k/n) ∞
= lim → y
n→∞ n –1 ∞ 1
x
1 −2 1
t⋅ ⋅ ( − kn ) y'
1 + k /n
= lim
n→∞ − n −2
kt Q9. lim Ln = lim Un
= lim = kt ∆x →0 ∆x →0
n→∞ 1 + k /n
∴ L = ekt Q10. B
∴ lim M = M0 e kt , which is the continuous 1. a. dM/dt = 100 − S
n→∞
compounding equation. b. S = kM ⇒ dM/dt = 100 − kM
1
0 = (100 – C1e 0 ) ⇒ C1 = 100 Make a table of M and dM/dt for various
k numbers of years. Neglect leap years.
100
∴M = (1 – e – kt ) Years M dM/dt
k
d. k = 0.02 ⇒ M = 5000(1 – e–0.02 t) 0 0 100.00
e. 1 37865 107.57
M 10 537540 207.51
5000
20 1652980 430.60
h ∴ V = ⇒ V = (14 − t ) 2
2
C
− ln | R − hT | = t + D d. False. dV/dt = 2t − 28, so the water flows
h
− ( h / C )t − ( h / C ) D
out at 28 ft3/min only when t = 0. For
| R − hT | = e e instance, at t = 5, dV/dt = −18, which
R − hT = D1e –( h /C )t means water flows out at only 18 ft3/min.
T = (1/ h)[ R – D1e –( h /C )t ] So it takes longer than 7 min to empty
Substitute T = 0 when t = 0. the tub.
1 e. 0 = (t − 14)2 ⇒ the tub is empty at
0 = ( R – D1e 0 ) ⇒ D1 = R
h t = 14 min.
R f.
∴ T = [1 – e –( h / C )t ]
h V
− (0.04/ 2)t
c. T = (50/0.04)[1 – e ]
T = 1250(1 – e− 0.02t )
100
d.
T t
1250 14
V
50 x
3
t
100
n = −2 ⇒ dy/dx = ky −2 ⇒ y 2 dy = k dx ∫ ∫
The volume does seem to vary quadratically with 1 3
time. Because there is still fluid in the burette ⇒ y = kx + C ⇒ y = 3 3kx + 3C
3
when V = 0, the graph crosses the t-axis, unlike
the graphs in Problem 5 and Example 1. The k = 1, C = −3 ⇒ y = 3 3 x − 9
∫ ∫
dy
d. For n > 1, = ky n ⇒ y − n dy = k dx M
∴ B = (1 – e – kct )
dx k
− ( n −1)
y
⇒− = kx + C because n > 1, Use the initial condition kB = 80 when
n −1 B = 1000.
−1
so y = 80 = k(1000) ⇒ k = 0.08
n −1 ( n − 1) ⋅ ( kx + C )
Use the initial condition dB/dt = 500 when t = 0.
which has a vertical asymptote at x = −C/k
From dB/dt = c (M − kB), 500 = c (M − 0) ⇒
because the denominator equals zero for this
c = 500/M.
point.
∴ particular equation is
Note that the radical will involve a ± sign
when the root index is even (for example, B = ( M/0.08)[1 − e −0.08/( 500 / M )t ]
when n is odd). B = 12.5 M[1 − e − ( 40 / M )t ]
For n = 2, k = 1, C = −3: y = −( x − 3) −1 Assume various values of M:
y
M = 1000: B = 12500(1 − e− 0.04 t)
2
M = 5000: B = 62500(1 − e− 0.008 t )
M = 10000: B = 125000(1 − e− 0.004 t )
x
3
B
M = 10000
100,000
M = 5000
−1
For n = 3, k = 1, C = −3: y = M = 1000
± 2x − 6 t
250 500
y
2
∫ 125000(1 − e
−0.004 t
T ( x) =
2
) dt
0
x
x
3 = 125000[t + (1/0.004)e −0.004 t ] 0
∫ ∫
dy x 1 1
d. = ⇒ 2 y dy = x dx ⇒ y 2 = x 2 + C ( −1)2 = − (1)2 + C ⇒ C = 1.5
dx 2 y 2 2
x = 5, y = 1 ⇒ C = 1 − 12.5 = −11.5 y = 1.5 − 0.5x 2
2
2 x
1 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 –1
–1
–2
–3
–4
b. See the graph from part a. Both graphs have a
horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
dy 3 dy
3. a. At (3, 2), =− = −0.75. c. = x (1 − y)
dx (2)(2) dx
dy 1 dy
At (1, 0), =− , which is infinite. = x dx
dx (2)(0) 1– y
y
∫ 1 – y = ∫ x dx
2 dy
1
x −ln |1 − y| = 0.5x 2 + C
1 − y = ± e −0.5 x ⋅ e − C
2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
y = 1 + C1e −0.5 x (C1 can be positive or
2
–2 negative.)
−1 = 1 + C 1e 0 ⇒ C 1 = −2
b. See the graph from part a. The figures
∴ y = 1 − 2e −0.5 x
2
resemble half-ellipses.
dy x The grapher confirms the graph in part b.
c. =−
As | x | → ∞, e −0.5 x → 0. So y → 1,
2
dx 2y
2y dy = − x dx which agrees with the horizontal asymptote
at y = 1.
∫
2 y dy = − x dx ∫
148 Problem Set 7-4 Calculus Solutions Manual
© 2005 Key Curriculum Press
5. 9. a.
y
y
2
1.5
(3, 2)
1
0.5 x
x
–2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
–0.5 (1, –2)
–1
–1.5
–2
dy
b. = −0.2 xy
dx
6.
y Evidence: At (1, 1) the slope was given to
be −0.2, which is true for this differential
2
1.5
equation. As x or y increases from this
1
point, the slope gets steeper in the negative
0.5
x
direction, which is also true for this
–2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 differential equation. In Quadrants I and III the
–0.5 slopes are all negative, and in Quadrants II
–1 and IV they are all positive. (Note: The
algebraic solution is y = Ce −0.1x .)
2
–1.5
–2
10. a. Initial condition (0, 2)
7. y
y
2
1.5 5
1
(0, 2)
0.5
x x
5
–2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
–0.5 (0,–2.5)
–1 (0, –5)
–1.5
–2
8.
y
b. See the graph in part a with initial condition
2
(0, −5). The graph goes toward −∞ in the
1.5 y-direction instead of toward +∞.
1 c. If a ruler is aligned with the slope lines, the
0.5 lines that form a straight line are the ones
x
–2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
crossing the y-axis at −2.5 with slope −1/2.
–0.5 (In courses on differential equations, students
–1 will learn that the given equation is a first-
–1.5 order linear equation that can be solved using
–2 an integrating factor. The general solution is
y = Ce0.2 x − 0.5x − 2.5. For C = 0, the curve
is the line y = −0.5x − 2.5, which intersects
the y-axis at (0, −2.5).)
14.11...
(1,12)
50
(1,10) (2,10)
t 6.12...
(0, 0) (5, 0)
5 4.37...
(10,4)
c. Terminal velocity occurs when dv/dt = 0. (5,2)
0 = 32.16 − 0.0015v2 r
v = (32.16/0.0015)1/2 = 146.424… ≈ 146 ft/s
∫ ∫
dv –62.44 –62.44
= ⇒ v dv = dr 1
dr r 2v r2 y' y'
x
v 2 62.44 1
⇒ = +C
2 r
For the solution through (1, 10), C = 50 − Q8. 3x 2y 5 + 5x 3y 4y′ = 1 + y′
62.44 = −12.44, so the ship starts falling Q9. continuous Q10. A
when v = 0 at r = 62.44/12.44 ≈ 5. 1. a. dy = −(x/y) dy
d. See the graph in part c with initial condition For (1, 3), dy = −(1/3)(0.5) = −0.1666… ,
(r, v) = (1, 12). The graph levels off between so new y ≈ 3 − 0.1666… = 2.8333… at
4 and 5 km/s. The precise value of v can be x = 1.5.
found algebraically. For (1.5, 2.8333…), dy =
v 2 62.44 −(1.5/2.8333…)(0.5) = −0.2647… ,
C = 72 − 62.44 = 9.56 ⇒ = + 9.56
2 r so new y ≈ 2.8333… − 0.2647… = 2.5686…
Because r > 0, v is never zero, so the at x = 2.
spaceship never stops and falls back.
As r approaches infinity, v2/2 approaches x y
9.56, and thus v approaches
0 3.2456…
(2)(9.56) = 4.37… km/s.
0.5 3.1666…
e. See the graph in part c with initial condition
1 3
(r, v) = (1, 18). The graph levels off at
v ≈ 14 km/s. Here the spaceship loses about 1.5 2.8333…
4 km/s of velocity, whereas it loses 7 or 2 2.5686…
8 km/s when starting at 12 km/s. Both cases 2.5 2.1793…
lose the same amount of kinetic energy,
3 1.6057…
which is proportional to v2 (the change in v2
is the same in both cases). The precise value The Euler’s y-values overestimate the actual
of v can be found algebraically as in part d. values because the tangent lines are on the
For the solution through (1, 18), convex side of the graph and the convex side
C = 162 − 62.44 = 99.56. As r → ∞, is upward.
v → (2)(99.56) = 14.11… km/s.
b. dy = −(x/y) dy
f. See the graph in part c with initial condition
(r, v) = (2, 10). The graph levels off at ∫ y dy = − ∫ x dx
about 6 km/s, so the spaceship does escape. 0.5y 2 = −0.5x 2 + C
Alternatively, note that the solution through 0.5(32) = −0.5(12) + C ⇒ C = 5
(2, 10) lies above the solution through 0.5y 2 = −0.5x 2 + 5
(1, 12). The precise value of v can be found y = 10 − x 2 (Use the positive square root.)
algebraically as in parts d and e. For the
solution through (2, 10), C = 50 − 31.22 = At x = 3, y = 10 – 32 = 1.
18.78. As r → ∞, v → (2)(18.78) = The particular solution stops at the x-axis
6.12… km/s. because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same
14. See the Programs for Graphing Calculators
value of x, making the solution not a
section of the Instructor’s Resource Book.
function.
The Euler’s value of 1.6057… overestimates
the actual value by 0.6057… .
Problem Set 7-5 2. a. dy = (x/y) dy
Q1. k y Q2. y = Ce3x For (1, 2), dy = (1/2)(0.5) = 0.25, so new
y ≈ 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 at x = 1.5.
Q3. 4.8 Q4. 100
For (1.5, 2.25), dy = (1.5/2.25)(0.5) =
Q5. −ln |1 − v| + C Q6. sec x tan x 0.3333… , so new y ≈ 2.25 + 0.3333… =
2.5833… at x = 2.
3
0 1.6071…
2
0.5 1.75 1
x
1 2 1 2 3 4
1.5 2.25
You cannot tell whether the last value of y is an
2 2.5833… overestimate or an underestimate because the
2.5 2.9704… convex side of the graph is downward in some
places and upward in other places.
3 3.3912…
4. dx = 0.3. Make a table showing values of dy =
The Euler’s y-values underestimate the actual 0.3(dy/dx) and new y = old y + dy.
values because the tangent lines are on the
convex side of the graph and the convex side x dy/dx dy y
is downward. The error is greater at x = 0
because the graph is more sharply curved 1 −3 −0.9 2
between x = 0 and x = 1 than it is between 1.3 −2 −0.6 1.1
x = 1 and x = 3.
1.6 −1 −0.3 0.5
b. dy = x/y dy
1.9 0 0 0.2
∫ ∫
y dy = x dx
2.2 1 0.3 0.2
0.5y = 0.5x 2 + C
2
2.5 2 0.6 0.5
0.5(22) = 0.5(12) + C ⇒ C = 1.5
0.5y 2 = 0.5x 2 + 1.5 2.8 3 0.9 1.1
y = x 2 + 3 (Use the positive square root.) 3.1 4 1.2 2
At x = 0, y = 0 + 3 = 3 = 1.7320 … . 3.4 5 1.5 3.2
The particular solution stops at the x-axis 3.7 6 1.8 4.7
because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same 3.9 7 2.1 6.5
value of x, making the solution not a y
function. 5
4
The Euler’s value of 1.6071… underestimates 3
the actual value by 0.1249… unit. 2
x
3.6 −1 −0.2 0.2
3.8 1 0.2 0.0 (1, –2)
4 2 0.4 0.2
c. When the graph is observed, the slope lines number when r is large enough. If
seem to follow a straight path using (0, 2.5) v1 > 2(62.44), then C is positive, making v
as an initial condition. Euler’s method a positive real number for all positive
confirms this. values of r. (The asymptote is v = C .)
(In differential equations, students will learn
how to solve such first-order linears by 10. a. v(2) = 61.6831… , v(4) = 106.2850… ,
multiplying both sides by the integrating v(6) = 129.7139… , v(8) = 139.9323… ,
factor e− 0.2x . The general solution is v(10) = 143.9730… , v(20) = 146.4066…
y = Ce 0.2x + 0.5x − 2.5. For C = 0, the These values will be overestimates because
particular solution is y = 0.5x + 2.5.) the graph is concave down (convex side up),
so the Euler’s tangent lines will be above the
9. a. Using dr = 0.6, v(13.6) ≈ 0.1414… and actual graph, as in the next graph.
v(14.2) ≈ −1.2900… , so the spacecraft seems
to reverse direction somewhere between these 200 v
20 v
t
10
10 20
Actual
5.1 −0.3425… t
10 20 30 40
5.2 0.1935…
5.3 −0.7736… For the initial condition (0, 3), the population
grows, leveling off at B = 30. For the initial
6.6 26.9706… condition (10, 40), the population drops
(9)(5.1) because it is starting out above the maximum
From 5.1 to 5.2, dy = − (0.1) sustainable value (carrying capacity).
(25)(–0.3425K)
= 0.5360… , indicating that the graph is still c.
taking upward steps. t B
(9)(5.2)
From 5.2 to 5.3, dy = − (0.1) 0 3
(25)(0.1935K)
= −0.9672… , indicating that the graph takes 10 13.8721…
a relatively large downward step. The sign 20 26.4049…
change in dy happens whenever the prior 30 29.5565…
Euler’s y-value changes sign. The graph starts 40 29.9510…
over on another ellipse representing a different
particular solution. See the graph in part b. The graph shows that
d. Euler’s method can predict values that are the Euler’s points and graphical solution are
outside the domain, which are inaccurate. close to each other.
condition (0, 3) to
find C1.
30 – B
= 9e −0.21t
B 50
30 − B = 9 Be −0.21t
30 Solve for B explicitly
B =
1 + 9e −0.21t in terms of t.
30 x (years)
At t = 20, B = = 26.4326 K .
1 + 9e –4.2 5 10
∫ ∫
M dy
0.5 1.1 = k dx
∴ = y( M − y )
10( M − 10) 24( M − 24) 1 1
Eliminate k by ∫ +
y M − y
dy = k dx ∫
equating the two
See Section 9-7 for a
values of k/M.
quick way to resolve
12(M − 24) = 11.0(M − 10)
into partial fractions.
12M − 11M = 288 − 110 ⇒ M = 178
ln |y| − ln |M − y| = kx + C
Solve for M.
The differential of the
k 0.5 89 second denominator
= ⇒k= =
178 10(178 − 10) 1680 is −dy.
0.05297… (Store this.) −ln |y| + ln |M − y| = −kx − C
Ajax expects to sell 178,000 CDs based on M−y
ln = − kx − C
this mathematical model. y
dy 89 178 − y M−y
b. = ⋅y⋅ = e − kx −C = e − C ⋅ e − kx
dx 1680 178 y
M−y
= ± e − C ⋅ e − kx = C1e − kx C1 = ± e − C
y (thousand CDs)
200
178 y
M − y = C 1ye − kx
y + C 1ye− kx = M
M M
y= − kx =
1 + ae − kx
100
1 + C1e
a = C 1, Q .E .D .
5. a. At t = 5.5, F ≈ 1.7869… ≈ 2 fish left.
x (days) At t = 5.6, F ≈ −11.0738… , meaning no
50 100 fish are left.
The fish are predicted to become extinct in
The slope field has horizontal slope lines at
just over 5.5 years.
about y = 178, thus confirming M = 178.
F (fish)
M
c. The general solution is y = . Part b
1 + ae − kx 1000
Substitute M = 178 and k = 89/1680 =
0.05297… and the initial condition y = 10 at
x = 0.
178 Parts c and d
10 = ⇒ a = 16.8 500
1 + ae 0
178
The equation is y =
Part a, dt = 0.1
. 200
1 + 16.8e −0.05297Kx t (years)
See the graph in part b. The graph follows the 5 10
slope lines.
d. At x = 50, y = 81.3396… . b. See the graph in part a with initial condition
At x = 51, y = 83.6844… . (3, 1200), showing that the fish population
83.6844… − 81.3396… = 2.35447… will decrease because the initial condition is
They expect to sell about 2354 CDs on the above the 1000 maximum sustainable.
51st day. c. See the graph in part a with initial condition
e. The point of inflection is halfway between (0, 300), showing that the population rises
y = 0 and y = 178, that is, at y = 89. slowly at first, then faster, eventually
∫ ∫
200000 15
dy = 130 dt
y(800 − y) 10
5 x
250 250
∫
y
+ dy = 130 dt
800 − y ∫ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 25
6 25 Stable population at 353.5 million
7 25
8 25
dR dR
9. = k1 R ⇒ = k1dt ⇒ ln | R| = k1t + C
dt R 50
⇒ | R| = e e ⇒ R = C1e k1t
C k1t
reduced to about 1, thus becoming in danger of because at (3, 5), dy/dx = −30 but 6y1/2 = 30.)
extinction! c.
23. See the graph in Problem 21 with initial y (3, 25)
condition (70, 30). With this many foxes and
hunters chasing rabbits, the rabbits become
extinct. At this point, the foxes have been
10
reduced to just 5. After the rabbits become
extinct, the foxes decrease exponentially x
with time, eventually becoming extinct 1 2 3
themselves.
d. At x = 2, y′ = 12 and y = 4.
See graph in part c.
Problem Set 7-7 A line through (2, 4) with slope 12 is tangent
Review Problems to the graph.
R0. Answers will vary. e. i. dN/dt = 100 − kN
∫ ∫
R1. P(t) = 35(0.98 t ) dN
= dt
P′(t) = 35(0.98t) ln 0.98 100 – kN
−(1/k) ln |100 − kN| = t + C
t P(t) P′(t) P′(t)/P(t) Using (0, 0) gives −(1/k) ln 100 = C.
Substituting this value for C gives
0 35 −0.7070… −0.2020… −(1/k) ln |100 − kN| = t − (1/k) ln 100.
10 28.5975… −0.5777… −0.2020… ln |100 − kN| − ln 100 = −kt
20 23.3662… −0.4720… −0.2020… ln |1 − (k/100)N| = −kt
1 − ( k / 100) N = e − kt
P′(t ) 35(0.98t ) ln 0.98 N = (100 / k )(1 − e − kt )
= = ln 0.98 Using (7, 600) and solving numerically
P( t ) 35(0.98t )
= −0.2020… , which is a constant, Q.E.D. gives k ≈ 0.045236.
∴ N = 2210.6…(1 − e− 0.045236 t)
R2. a. V = speed in mi/h; t = time in s
ii. t = 30: About 1642 names
dV
= kV
dt
(1, 10)
(1, 8)
5
(1, 9)
(2, 5)
x
∆x = 0.1
5 5
∆x = 1
x (years) x
5 10 5
∫ ∫
dV
e. M has a local maximum at this price because = dt
charging more than the optimum price F − 2V 1/2
The integral on the right is not the integral of
reduces attendance enough to reduce the total
the reciprocal function because the numerator
amount made, whereas charging less than the
cannot be made the differential of the
optimum price increases attendance, but not
denominator. A slope field gives information
enough to make up for the lower price per
about the solutions. The following graph is for
ticket.
−0.5 t F = 20 ft3/min flowing in. (The dashed line
C3. a. g(t ) = 10e −0.8e shows the solution with F = 0, the original
The graph does look like Figure 7-7e. condition.) Starting with 196 ft3 in the tub, the
−0.5 t −0.5 t
lim 10e −0.8e = 10e limt →∞ e volume levels off near 100 ft3. Starting below
t →∞
100 ft3, the volume would increase toward 100.
= 10e −0.8⋅0 = 10
∫ ∫
dy
In this case, the stable volume is above the = 0.4 dx
initial 196 ft3. y
V ln |y| = 0.4x + C
F = 40 |y| = eCe0.4 x
196
y = C1e0.4 x
−5 = C 1 e 0.4(0) = C 1
F=0 y = −5e0.4 x
∫ ∫
14 t dy
T8. = 12 y1/2 ⇒ y −1/2 dy = 12 dx ⇒
dx
It is possible to antidifferentiate the left side by 2 y1/ 2 = 12 x + C
the algebraic substitution method of Problem
dP
Set 9-11, Problems 101–106. The general T9. a. = kP ⇒ P = Ce kt
solution is dt
F P = 3000 at t = 0 ⇒ P = 3000ekt
t + C = − ln ( F − 2V 1/2 ) − V 1/2
2 b. P = 2300 at t = 5 ⇒
and the particular solution for V = 196 at t = 0 is 1 2300
k = ln = −0.05314 K ⇒
F F − 28 5 3000
t − 14 = − ln − V 1/2
2 F − 2V 1/2 P(25) = 794.6…
Unfortunately, it is difficult or impossible to Phoebe will not quite make it because the
solve for V. The volume will asymptotically pressure has dropped just below 800 psi by
approach F2/4, overflowing the tub if F2/4 > tub time t = 25.
capacity. or:
800 = 3000e −0.05314Kt
Chapter Test 1 800
t= ln = 24.87K
−0.05314 K 3000
dy
T1. = ky Phoebe will not quite make it because the
dx
pressure has dropped to 800 just before t = 25.
T2. Solving a differential equation means finding the
T10. a. y = number of grams of chlorine dissolved
equation of the function whose derivative appears
t = number of hours since chlorinator was
in the differential equation.
started
T3. The general solution involves an arbitrary dy
constant of integration, C. A particular solution = 30 − ky
dt
has C evaluated at a given initial condition.
∫ ∫
dy
= dt
T4. 30 – ky
y 1
5 − ln |30 − ky| = t + C
k
ln |30 − ky| = −kt + C 1
x 30 − ky = C 2e− k t
5 y = 0 when t = 0 ⇒ C 2 = 30
∴ ky = 30(1 − e− kt)
30
(0, –4)
y= (1 – e – kt )
k
The rate of escape is ky = 13 when y = 100.
T5. The concave side of the graph is up, so the So k = 0.13.
30
actual graph curves up from the Euler’s tangent ∴y = (1 – e –0.13t ) = 230.7K(1 − e −0.13t )
lines, making the Euler’s method values an 0.13
1 4 8
= t − 7t 3 + 50t 2 + 80t 0
4
= 1280 mi
4. M 100 = 1280.0384
M1000 = 1280.000384
The Riemann sums seem to be approaching 1280
x (months)
as n increases. Thus, the 1280 that was found by
purely algebraic methods seems to give the
The graph shows that the number of lilies is correct value of the limit of the Riemann sum.
expected to decrease toward 1600 (y = 16) 5.
v(t)
because of overcrowding. 200
T12. a. ( t , v ( t ))
R (roadrunners)
t
(80, 700)
8
∫ ∫
dm
8. Numerically, the integral equals 1280. By 20. = k dt ⇒ ln |m | = kt + C ⇒
m
counting, there are approximately 52 squares.
| m | = e kt +C ⇒ m = C1e kt
Thus, the integral ≈ 52(25)(1) = 1300.
v( 4.1) – v(3.9) (mi/min ) 21. Exponentially
9. v ′( 4) ≈ = −19.9
0.2 min 22. General
v ′( 4 ) ≈
v( 4.01) – v(3.99)
= −19.9999
(mi/min) 23. 10000 = C1e0 ⇒ C1 = 10000
0.02 min 10900 = 10000e k⋅1
f ( x ) – f (c ) ⇒ k = ln 1.09 ⇒ m = 10000e ln(1.09) t
10. f ′(c) = lim or
x →c x–c = 10000(1.09)t
f ( x + ∆x ) – f ( x )
f ′( x ) = lim 24. False. The rate of increase changes as the amount
∆x →0 ∆x
in the account increases. At t = 10,
11. v′(t) = 3t 2
− 42t 100 ⇒ v′(4) = −20
+ m = 10000(1.09)10 ≈ 23673.64.
12. Slowing down. v′(4) < 0 and v(4) = 208 > 0 ⇒ The amount of money would grow by
velocity is positive but decreasing ⇒ speed is $13,673.64, not just $9,000.
42
∫
slowing down. 25. By Simpson’s rule, y dx
13. The line has slope −20, and passes through 30
2
(4, 208). The line is tangent to the graph. ≈ (74 + 4 ⋅ 77 + 2 ⋅ 83 + 4 ⋅ 88 + 2 ⋅ 90
3
+ 4 ⋅ 91 + 89) = 1022.
v(t)
5
200
Slope
= –20 26. By symmetric difference quotient, at x = 36
–100
90 – 83
y′ ≈ = 1.75.
2( 2 )
100
27. If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
x = a and x = b, and if f ( a) = f ( b) = 0, then there
t is a number x = c in (a, b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.
0 5 10
28.
f(x)
14. Acceleration tangent
f (b )
15. At a maximum of v(t), v′(t) will equal zero.
42 ± 42 2 – 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 100
3t2 − 42t + 100 = 0 ⇔ t = f (a )
secant
6 x
a c b
t = 3.041… or 10.958…
So the maximum is not at exactly t = 3. 29.
16. v″(t) = 6t − 42 f(x) and f´(x)
dx dy dz
17. Know: = 0.3. Want: and . 5
dt dt dt
dy dx
y = 6e −0.5 x ⇒ = −3e −0.5 x ⇒ = −0.9e −0.5 x f f´
dt dt x
dy
At x = 2, = −0.9e −1 = −0.3310 K . 0 5 10
dt f´
y
f
f´
Q5. Q6.
y y
x
1 2 3 4 1
x
1
1 x
h (x) = x − 6x + 12x − 3
3 2 1
Q9. Q10.
Positive derivative ⇒ increasing function y y
no vertex. f´´(x) – – –
p.i. no p.i.
f (x ) f (x )
f´´(x) – 0 + f´´(x) – undef. +
x 2 x 2
4. 10.
max. no max.min.
f (x) f (x )
f' (x) + undef. – f'(x ) + undef. –
x 2 x 2
no p.i. no p.i.
f (x ) f (x )
f"(x ) + undef. + f"(x ) + undef. +
x 2 x 2
5. 11.
min. max. min. max.
f (x )
f (x )
f´(x) – undef. +
f´(x) + 0 – 0 + 0 –
x 2
x –2 1 3
no p.i.
f (x )
p.i. p.i.
f´´(x) 0 undef. 0
f (x )
x 2
f´´(x) – 0 + 0 –
6. x –1 2
no max./min.
f (x ) f (x )
f'(x ) – undef. –
x 2
p.i.
f (x )
f"(x ) – undef. + x
x 2 –2 –1 1 2 3
7. 12.
no max./min. min. plateau max.
f (x )
f(x )
f´(x) –
f'(x) – 0 + 0 + 0 –
x 2
x –3 –1 3
p.i.
f (x )
f´´(x) + – p.i. p.i. p.i.
x 2 f (x )
f"(x) + 0 – 0 + 0 –
8.
x –2 –1 2
no max./.min.
f (x )
f (x )
f'(x ) –
x 2
p.i.
f (x )
f"(x) – 0 +
x
x 2
–3 –2 –1 2 3
f (x ) f (x )
f´(x) + ∞ – 0 – f' (x ) e.p. + 0 – 0 + e.p.
x –2 1 x 1 2 6 7
f (x ) f(x)
f (x ) f (x )
x x
–2 1 1 2 3 5 6 7
17.
14. 3
y
f(x )
f´ x
f'(x) – 0 + ∞ + 0 –
3 6
x 2 3 4
f f´
p.i. –3
f (x )
f"(x ) + ∞ –
18.
y
4
x 3
f (x ) f f' f'
x
4 8
f'
x
–4
2 3 4
19.
y
15.
4
min. max. min. f
f (x )
f´(x) e.p. + 0 zero 0 – e.p.
f´ f´
x –1 1 3 5
x
4 8
no p.i.
f (x )
f´´(x) e.p. – 0 zero 0 – e.p.
x –1 1 3 5
20.
y
f (x )
4
2 f
f' x
x
4
–1 1 3 5
5
25. f (x) = (x − 2)3 + 1
f ′ (x) = 3(x − 2)2
x f ′ (2) = 3(2 − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ critical point at x = 2
1 2 3 f ″ (x) = 6(x − 2)
f ″ (2) = 6(2 − 2) = 0, so the test fails.
The graph confirms a maximum at x = 2. f ′ (x) goes from positive to positive as
x increases through 2, so there is a plateau
π
22. f ( x ) = − sin x at x = 2.
4
π π f (x )
f ′( x ) = − cos x
4 4
π π
f ′(2) = − cos (2) = 0 ⇒ critical point
4 4 1
x
at x = 2 2
π2 π
f ′′( x ) = sin x
16 4
The graph confirms a plateau at x = 2.
π 2
π
f ′′(2) = sin (2) = 0.6168K > 0 26. f (x) = (2 − x)4 + 1
16 4
f ′ (x) = −4(2 − x)3
∴ local minimum at x = 2
f ′ (2) = −4(2 − 2)3 = 0 ⇒ critical point at x = 2
f (x ) f ″ (x) = 12(2 − x)2
1
f ″ (2) = 12(2 − 2)2 = 0, so the test fails.
x f ′ (x) changes from negative to positive as
2 x increases through 2, so there is a local
–1
minimum at x = 2.
f (x )
10
x
The graph confirms maximum (5, 10) and points
–1 1 3
of inflection (3, 2).
40. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f ′(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c; f ′′(x) = 6ax + 2b
Maximum (3, 36), minimum (−1, −28), Points of inflection at (2, 7) ⇒ f ′′(2) = 0 ⇒
plateau and points of inflection (1, 4) 12a + 2b = 0
Global maximum at (3, 36) and global Maximum at (−1, 61) ⇒ f ′(−1) = 0 ⇒
minimum at (−1, −28) 3a − 2b + c = 0
−a + b − c + d = 61
Solving this system of equations yields
f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 − 15x + 53.
f (x )
80 x
c
x
e.
–1 2
f ( x)
(Locally
The graph confirms maximum (−1, 61) and constant)
f ′(−0.8) = 1.92
f ′(−0.5) = 0.75
f ′(0.5) = 0.75 44. f (x) = 10(x − 1)4/3 + 2
f ′(0.8) = 1.92 f (1) = 2, so f (1) is defined.
b. The slope seems to be decreasing from −0.8 40
f ′( x ) = ( x – 1)1/ 3
to −0.5; f ″(x) = 6x < 0 on −0.8 ≤ x ≤ −0.5, 3
which confirms that the slope decreases. The f ′(1) = 0, so f is differentiable at x = 1.
40
slope seems to be increasing from 0.5 to 0.8; f ″( x ) = ( x – 1) −2 / 3
f ″(x) = 6x > 0 on 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, which 9
40 40
confirms that the slope increases. f ″(1) has the form (0 –2 / 3 ) or (1/0) , so
c. The curve lies above the tangent line. 9 9
f ″(1) is infinite.
42. Ima could notice that y ′ = 0 at x = 0 There seems to be a cusp at (1, 2), but zooming
(or y ′ = 3 at x = ±1), so the graph could not in on this point reveals that the tangent is
possibly be a straight line with slope = 1. actually horizontal there.
43. a.
f (x ) f (x )
x
x
1
c
1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x – 1)3 ⋅ sin + 2 = 2 = f (1)
x →1 x →1 x –1
(The limit of the first term is zero because x
bounded.)
∴ f is continuous at x = 1. The graph shows a maximum at x ≈ 150.
f ( x ) – f (1) 4
f ′(1) = lim Algebraically, A′( x ) = 200 − x.
x →1 x –1 3
[( x – 1)3 sin(1/( x – 1))] + 2 – 2 A′(x) = 0 ⇔ x = 150, confirming the graph.
= lim 2
x →1 x –1 x = 150 ⇒ y = 200 − ⋅ 150 = 100
1 3
= lim ( x – 1) sin
2
=0 Make the total width 150 ft and length 100 ft.
x →1 x –1
(x − 1)2 → 0 and the sine factor is bounded. (Note: The maximum area was not asked for.)
∴ f ′(1) = 0 2. a. Let x = width of a room across the front,
y = depth of a room from front to back.
2.001
Domains: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Minimize P (x) = 12x + 7y.
xy = 350 ⇒ y = 350x − 1
2
x 2 + e2 x .
D (x)
x
3.794... 1
10
r
400
x
1 5 The graph shows a maximum at r ≈ 400.
V′ = π(1200r − 3r2)
The graph shows a minimum of L(x) at x ≈ 5. V′ = 0 ⇔ r = 0 or r = 400
128 x From graph, maximum is at r = 400.
(L2)′(x) = 2x −
( x – 1)3 h = 600 − 400 = 200
128 x Maximum volume occurs with rectangle
(L2)′(x) = 0 ⇔ 2 x = ⇔ 400 mm wide (radius), 200 mm high.
( x – 1)3
x = 0 (out of domain) or (x − 1)3 = 64 ⇔ x = 5 14. Rotating a square does not give the maximum
volume. The solution to Problem 13 gives a
By graph, L(x) is a minimum at x = 5.
counterexample. Repeating the calculations with
Shortest ladder has length L(5) = 5 5 ≈ 11.18 ft. perimeter P instead of 1200 gives r = (1/3)P and
12. Let x and y be the segments shown. h = (1/6)P, showing that the proportions for
maximum volume are with radius twice the
L
y height.
15. a. Let r = radius, h = height.
5
7 x
V = πr2h = π(3.652)(10.6) = 141.2185π
= 443.6510… cm3
282.437π r
C ′(r ) = 0 at r = 3 3.52...
16k
50
x
x 3
Domain of x is 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. x
1.5ex − 0.5xex.
The graph shows a maximum at x ≈ 2.1.
A (x )
4 V ′( x ) = 18πx − 4πx 3 = 0 at x = 0, ± 4.5 .
− 4.5 is out of the domain.
V (0) = V (3) = 0, V ( 4.5 ) = 20.25π =
63.6172…
x
0 2 3 Maximum is at x = 4.5 , y = 9 − 4.5 = 4.5.
Maximal cylinder has radius = 4.5 =
The graph shows a maximum at x ≈ 2. 2.12132… and height = 4.5.
A′(x) = 1.5ex − 0.5ex − 0.5xex = 0.5ex(2 − x)
b. Maximize L(x) = 2π xy = 2π x(9 − x2) =
A′(x) = 0 at x = 2, confirming the graph.
18π x − 2π x 3 .
A′(x) > 0 for x < 2, and A′(x) < 0 for x > 2,
confirming maximum point at x = 2. L (x )
V′ = π (2a 2x − 4x3)
V ′ = 0 ⇔ x = 0 or x = ± a/ 2 .
V is maximum at x = a/ 2. 20
r
For the cylinder of maximum volume,
1 1.957...
(cylinder radius):(paraboloid radius) = 1/ 2,
a constant. The graph shows a minimum of A(r) at endpoint
Note: This ratio is also constant (1/ 3 ) for the r = 1.957… .
cylinder of maximum lateral area, but is not Minimize A 2 (r ) = π 2 (r 4 + 225r −2 ).
constant for the cylinder of maximum total ( A 2 (r ))′ = π 2 ( 4r 3 − 450 r −3 ) = 0 at r = 6 112.5 =
area.
2.1971… , which is out of the domain.
25. a. x 2 + y 2 = 100, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 A(1.9574…) = 26.915… , lim+ A(r ) = ∞.
r→0
Maximize V ( x ) = πx 2 ⋅ y = 2πx 2 100 – x 2 . Minimal cone has radius = 3 7.5 = 1.9574 …
b. V ( x) and height = 2 r = 23 7.5 = 3.9148K .
2000 Make r ≈ 1.96 ft and h ≈ 3.91 ft.
27. a. Lateral area L(x) = 2π x y
Domains: 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 7
x Equation of element of cone is
0 8.16... 10 7
y = − x + 7 ⇒ y = −1.4 x + 7.
5
The graph shows a maximum volume at ∴ L(x) = 2πx(−1.4x + 7) = 2π(−1.4x2 + 7x)
x ≈ 8.2.
–2πx 3 L (x )
V ′( x ) = + 4π x 100 – x 2 50
100 – x 2
–6π x 3 + 400π x
=
100 – x 2 x
0 2.5 5
200 10 6
V ′( x ) = 0 at x = 0, = = 8.1649K
3 3
The graph shows a maximum of L(x) at
V(0) = V(10) = 0
x ≈ 2.5.
10 6 4000π 3 L′(x) = 2π (−2.8x + 7)
V = = 2418.399K
L′(x) = 0 at x = 2.5.
3 9
3
F ′(y) = 0 ⇔ 64 − 12y 2 − 4y 3 = 0 The graph shows a maximum A at x ≈ 500.
Solving numerically for y close to 1.8 gives 500 – x, x < 600
y ≈ 1.8216… . A′ =
800 – 2 x, x > 600
Substituting y = 1.8216… gives
For x < 600, A′ = 0 ⇔ x = 500.
x = 16 − y 2 ≈ 12.6816… .
For x > 600, A′ = 0 ⇔ x = 400 (out of the
1
F(1.8216 K) = π x (16 + y 2 + 4 y) ≈ domain).
3 A′ is undefined at the cusp, x = 600.
353.318… . Maximum at x = 500 because graph is
Maximal frustum has radii = 4 m and ≈1.82 m, parabola opening downward.
height ≈ 12.68 m, and volume ≈ 353.3 m3. Or: Check the critical points.
The maximal frustum contains ≈ 152.3 m3 more A(500) = 500(500) − 0.5(500)2 = 125,000
than the maximal cylinder, about 75.7% more. A(600) = 500(600) – 0.5(600)2 = 120,000 ft2
31. a. If f (c) is a local maximum, then Maximum area is 125,000 f t 2 at x = 500 ft.
f (x) − f (c) ≤ 0 for x in a neighborhood of c. b. If x ≤ 400, then 1000 = x + 2y ⇔
For x to the left of c, x − c < 0. y = 500 − 0.5x.
f ( x ) – f (c ) If x ≥ 400, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x − 400)
Thus, ≥ 0 (neg./neg.) and
x–c ⇔ y = 700 − x.
f ( x ) – f (c )
f ′(c) = lim− ≥ 0. 500 x – 0.5 x 2, x ≤ 400
x→0 x–c ∴ A=
For x to the right of c, x − c > 0.
2
700 x – x , x > 400
f ( x ) – f (c )
Thus, ≤ 0 (neg./pos.) and A
150,000
x–c
f ( x ) – f (c )
f ′(c) = lim+ ≤ 0.
x→0 x–c
Therefore, 0 ≤ f ′(c) ≤ 0.
Because f ′(c) exists, f ′(c) = 0 by the squeeze
x
400
theorem, Q.E.D.
b. If f is not differentiable at x = c, then f ′(c) The graph shows a maximum A at the cusp,
does not exist and thus cannot equal zero. x = 400.
Without this hypothesis, the reasoning in 500 – x, x < 400
A′ =
part a shows only that f ′(x) changes sign at 700 – 2 x, x > 400
x = c. There could be a cusp, a removable For x < 400, A′ = 0 ⇔ x = 500 (out of the
discontinuity, or a step discontinuity at x = c. domain).
c. The converse would say that if f ′(c) = 0, then For x > 400, A′ = 0 ⇔ x = 350 (out of the
f (c) is a local maximum. This statement is domain).
y = 500 − 0.5x. 1
x
If x ≥ 200, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x − 200) ⇔ 2
y = 600 − x.
Q9. tan x + C Q10. B
500 x – 0.5 x 2, x ≤ 200
∴ A= 1. a. y = 4 − x 2
2
600 x – x , x > 200 dV = 2πxy ⋅ dx = 2π (4x − x3) dx
A b. 0 = 4 − x 2 = (2 − x)(2 + x) at x = ±2
150,000
2
V = 2π ( 4 x − x 3 ) dx = 2π 2 x 2 − x 4
2
∫
1
0 4 0
= 8π = 25.1327…
x
c. y = 4 − x 2 ⇒ x 2 = 4 − y
300
Upper bound of solid is at y = 4.
The graph shows a maximum A at x ≈ 300. dV = πx2 dy = π (4 − y) dy
4 4
500 – x, x < 200 V= ∫ π (4 − y) dy = π (4 y − 0.5y ) =
2
A′ =
600 – 2 x, x > 200
0 0
∫
2
A(200) = 500(200) − 0.5(200)2 = 80,000 ft2
0 7
Maximum area is 90,000 ft2 at x = 300 ft. 0
384
33. Answers will vary. = π = 172.3387…
7
d. dV = π y 2 dx = π x 4/3 dx
Problem Set 8-4 8 8
∫
3 384
V = π x 4/3 dx = π x 7/3 = π=
0 7 0 7
Q1. Q2.
y y
172.3387… , which is the same as the
volume by cylindrical shells in part c.
x x 3. The graph shows y = −x2 + 4x + 3, from x = 1 to
x = 4, sliced parallel to the y-axis, with sample
point (x, y), rotated about the y-axis, showing
back half of solid only.
Q3. Q4. y
(x, y)
y y
x x
1 x
1 4
Q5. Q6.
dV = 2πxy ⋅ dx = 2π (−x 3 + 4x 2 + 3x) dx
y y
4
V= ∫ 2π (− x + 4 x 2 + 3 x ) dx
3
x x 1
≈ 268.6061… (exactly 85.5π)
5
(x, y)
∫ 2π (− y
x
2 5
V= 3
+ 10 y 2 − 24 y) dy
4
≈ 41.8879… exactly
40
π
dV = 2πxy ⋅ dx = 2π (x3 − 8x2 + 17x) dx 3
5 Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 4 and 6
V= ∫ 2π ( x − 8 x 2 + 17 x ) dx and height 1 has volume π(62 − 42) ⋅ 1 =
3
2
62.83… , which is a reasonable upper bound for
≈ 117.8097… (exactly 37.5π)
the calculated volume.
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 5
and height 5 has volume π(52 − 22) ⋅ 5 = 7. Figure 8-4h shows y = x3, intersecting the line
329.8… , which is a reasonable upper bound y = 8 at x = 2 and the line x = 1. Rotate about
for the calculated volume. Assuming that the the y-axis. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick
part of the solid above y = 2 could be fit into sample points (x, y) on the graph and (x, 8) on
the “trough,” the volume is approximately the line y = 8.
π(52 − 22) ⋅ 2 = 131.9… , which is close to the dV = 2π x(8 − y) ⋅ dx = 2π (8x − x4) dx
2
V= ∫ 2π (8x − x
calculated volume. 4
) dx
1
5. The graph shows x = −y2 + 6y − 5, intersecting
≈ 36.4424… (exactly 11.6π)
y-axis at y = 1 and y = 5, rotated about the
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 1
x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
and height 7 has volume π(22 − 12) ⋅ 7 = 65.9… ,
which is a reasonable upper bound for the
y
5 calculated volume.
(x, y)
(0, y )
8. The graph shows y = 1/x, intersecting line y = 4
at x = 0.25 and the line x = 3, rotated about the
1
x y-axis, showing back half of solid only.
4
y
(x, 4)
y=4
(x, y )
x
5
dV = 2πx ⋅ (4 − y) · dx = 2π (4x − 1) dx
V= ∫ 2π (− y + 6 y 2 − 5 y) dy
3
3
V= ∫ 2π ( 4 x − 1) dx
1
the line x = 5. x
dV = 2π y(5 − x) ⋅ dy = 2π (5y − y1/2 ) dy 4 8
4
V= ∫
0.04
2π (5 y − y1/2 ) dy
≈ 161.5676 … exactly 51 π
3
7
dV = 2π y(8 − x) ⋅ dy = 2π (8y − y5/2 ) dy
4 Circumscribed cylinder of radius 4 and height 8
V= ∫ 2π (8y − y
5/2
) dy has volume π(42) ⋅ 8 = 402.1… , which is a
1
reasonable upper bound for the calculated
≈ 149.0012 … exactly 47 π
3 volume.
7 14. The graph shows y = x− 2, from x = 1 to x = 2,
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 1 and 4 rotated about the line x = 3, showing back half of
and height 7 has volume π(42 − 12) ⋅ 7 = solid only.
329.8… , which is a reasonable upper bound for
the calculated volume. y
(x, y )
∫ π [(− x
(x, y2 )
V= 2
+ 4 x + 2)2 − (1.4 x + 1)2 ] dx
0
≈ 181.0655…
1 (x, y1 )
x Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 6
–1 1 4
and height 3.4 has volume π(62 − 22) · 3.4 =
dV = 2π(x + 1)(y2 − y1) dx 341.8… , a reasonable upper bound for the
= 2π (x + 1)(6 − x − x 1/2) dx calculated volume.
4
V= ∫ 2π ( x + 1)(6 − x − x 19. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample
1/2
) dx
1 points (x, y) on the graph of y = x3 and (1, y)
on the line x = 1.
≈ 109.5368K exactly 34 π
13
15 y = x 3 ⇒ x = y 1/3; y 1/3 = 1 at y = 1
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 5 dV = π ( x2 − 12) dy = π (y2/3 − 1) dy
and height 4 has volume π(52 − 22) ⋅ 4 =
8
V= ∫ π (y − 1) dy ≈ 36.4424 …
2/3
263.8… , which is a reasonable upper bound for 1
the calculated volume. (exactly 11.6π ), which agrees with the answer to
17. Figure 8-4l shows y1 = −x2 + 4x + 1 and y2 = Problem 7.
1.4x, intersecting at x = 0 and x = 3.3740… 20. See the graph for Problem 8. Slice
(store as b). Rotate about the line x = −2. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample points
parallel to the y-axis. Pick sample points (x, y1) (x, y) on the graph of y = 1/x and (3, y) on the
and (x, y2). line x = 3.
dV = 2π (x + 2) ⋅ (y1 − y2) dx dV = π (32 − x 2 ) dy = π (9 − y −2 ) dy
= 2π (x + 2)(−x2 + 4x + 1 − 1.4x) dx 4
b V= ∫ π (9 − y −2 ) dy ≈ 95.0331… (exactly
V= ∫ 0
2π ( x + 2)( − x 2 + 4 x + 1 − 1.4 x ) dx 1/ 3
30.25π ) , which agrees with the answer to
≈ 163.8592… Problem 8.
Circumscribed hollow cylinder with radii 2 and
21. The graph shows y = x1/3, from x = 0 to x = 8,
5.4 and height 4 has volume π(5.42 − 22)4 =
rotated about the x-axis, showing back half of
316.1… , a reasonable upper bound for calculated solid only.
volume.
∫
1
0 5 0
rotate about that line. Pick sample points
(x, y) and (x, −y) on the upper and lower
= 2π ( 16 − 6.4) = 19.2π = 60.3185789… branches.
R8 = 19.3662109… π = 60.8407460… dV = 2π ( 7 − x)[y − (−y)] dx
R100 = 19.2010666… π = 60.3219299… = 4π ( 7 − 5 cos t)(3 sin t)(−5 sin t dt)
R1000 = 19.2000106… π = 60.3186124… = −60π ( 7 − 5 cos t)(sin2 t) dt
Rn is approaching 19.2π as n increases. Limits of integration are t = π to t = 0, as in
22. a. y = sin x from x = 0 to x = 2, rotated about part b.
the y-axis, as in Figure 8-4m. Slice parallel V ≈ 2072.6169… (exactly 210π 2, using the
to the y-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on half-argument properties for sin2 t, as in
the graph. Problem 16 of Problem Set 5-9, or by using
dV = 2π xy ⋅ dx = 2π x sin x dx integration by parts as in Chapter 9).
2
V= ∫ 2πx sin x dx ≈ 10.9427…
0
24. Answers will vary.
numerically (exactly 2π ( sin 2 − 2 cos 2),
integrating by parts).
b. The integrand, x sin x, is a product of two Problem Set 8-5
functions, for which the antiderivative cannot Q1. Q2.
be found using techniques known so far. y y
23. a. x = 5 cos t, dx = −5 sin t dt 16 16
y = 3 sin t, dy = 3 cos t dt
Slice parallel to the x-axis, then rotate about x x
the x-axis. Pick sample points (−x, y) at the 0 4 1 4
π /2
= −60π cos3 t 0 x
= −60π ( 0 − 1) = 60π = 188.4955… 4
At x = −5, t = π . At x = 5, t = 0.
0
V= ∫π
−45π sin 3 t dt ≈ 188.4955…
(exactly 60π ) , which agrees with the volume 1
x
found in part a. 0 2
= 6.7848… = 13.7141…
c. dy = e x dx c. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + e 2 x dx dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x dx
1/5
L= ∫
2
0
1 + e dx ≈ 6.7886 … numerically
2x L= ∫
0
1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x dx ≈ 13.7304 …
numerically
2. a. 5. a.
y y
9
1 1 x
x –1 6
0 3
5
b. dy = (2x − 5) dx
b. L ≈ ∑n =1
(0.6)2 + [2 0.6 n – 2 0.6( n –1) ]2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + (2 x – 5)2 dx
= 7.7853… 6
c. dy = (2x ln 2) dx L= ∫
1
1 + (2 x – 5)2 dx ≈ 15.8617K
10
x x
0 1.5 0 4
5
b. L ≈ ∑n =1
(0.3)2 + [tan 0.3n – tan 0.3(n – 1)]2 b. dy = (4 − 2x) dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + ( 4 – 2 x )2 dx
= 14.4394… 4
c. dy = sec2 x dx L= ∫
0
1 + ( 4 – 2 x )2 dx ≈ 9.2935K
10
1 x x
0 1.5 –1 2
x
–1 9
x
0 1.5
b. dy = (3x2 − 18x + 5) dx
b. dy = sec2 x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + sec 4 x dx
= 1 + (3 x 2 – 18 x + 5) 2 dx
1.5
L= ∫
9
−1
1 + (3 x – 18 x + 5) dx ≈ 219.4873K
2 2 L= ∫
0
1 + sec 4 x dx ≈ 14.4488K
10
1 x
x
0 1.5
1 e
b. dy = 2 ln x ⋅ x −1 dx = 2 x −1 ln x dx b. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + (2 x –1 ln x )2 dx dL = 1 + (sec x tan x )2 dx
1.5
∫
e
L= ∫ 0.1
1 + (2 x –1 ln x )2 dx ≈ 7.6043… L=
0
1 + (sec x tan x )2 dx ≈ 13.7304K
c. Chords from x = 0.1 to x = 1 and from x = 1 c. The distance between the endpoints is
to x = e have combined length 7.3658… , 13.2221… , which is a reasonable lower
which is a reasonable lower bound for L. bound for L.
10. a. 13. a.
y
y 5
5
x
x
0 5 4π
5
2π
∫
= (–15 cos 2 t sin t )2 + (15 sin 2 t cos t )2 dt |sin t |
= 10 2 dt
2π
0 1 + cos t
L= ∫ (–15 cos 2 t sin t )2 + (15 sin 2 t cos t ) 2 dt π
0
≈ 30
= 20 2 ∫ 0
(1 + cos t ) −1/2 (sin t dt )
π
To see why the answer is so simple, = −40 2 (1 + cos t )1/2 0
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem. = −40 2 (1 – 1) + 40 2 (1 + 1)1/2 = 80
1/2
2π
∫
c. Maximum/minimum values of y are
L= 225(sin t cos t )2 (cos 2 t + sin 2 t ) dt
0 ±7.5 3 . Circle of radius 7.5 3 has
2π circumference 15π 3 = 81.6209K .
= 7.5 ∫ 0
(2 sin t cos t )2 dt
15. a.
2π y
= 7.5 ∫ 0
sin 2 2t dt 4
2π π /2 x
= 7.5 ∫ 0
|sin 2t | dt = 7.5 ⋅ 4 ∫
0
sin 2t dt 4
π /2
= 30 ( − cos 2t )
1
= 30 (exactly!)
2 0
b. dx = (−5 sin t + 5 sin 5t) dt
c. Circle of radius 5 (i.e., x = 5 sin t, y = dy = (5 cos t − 5 cos 5t) dt
5 cos t) has circumference 10π = 31.4152… ,
which is close to the calculated value of L. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 =
14. a. (–5 sin t + 5 sin 5t ) 2 + (5 cos t – 5 cos 5t ) 2 dt
y 2π
10 L= ∫
0
(–5 sin t + 5 sin 5t ) 2 + (5 cos t – 5 cos 5t ) 2 dt
x ≈ 40
5
To see why the answer is so simple,
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem.
2π
dL = dx + dy = 2 2 =5 2 ∫ 0
1 – cos 4t dt (using cos ( A − B))
2π 1 – cos 2 4t
[5(–2 sin t + 2 sin 2t )]2 + [5(2 cos t – 2 cos 2t )]2 dt =5 2 ∫ 0 1 + cos 4t
dt
L=
2π 2π
∫
|sin 4t |
∫
0
[5(–2 sin t + 2 sin 2t )]2 + [5(2 cos t – 2 cos 2t )]2 dt =5 2
0 1 + cos 4t
dt
≈ 80 π /4
To see why the answer is so simple, = 40 2 ∫ 0
(1 + cos 4t ) −1/2 (sin 4t dt )
transform the radicand algebraically and π /4
use the fundamental theorem. = −20 2 (1 + cos 4t )1/2 0
2π
L = 10 ∫ 0
2 – 2 sin t sin 2t – 2 cos t cos 2t dt = −0 + 20 2 ⋅ 2 = 40
2π
c. Maximum/minimum values of x, y are
= 10 2 ∫ 0
1 – cos t dt (using cos ( A − B)) ±3 3. Circle of radius 3 3 has circumference
32.6483… , which is close.
t = 4π
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = (t cos t )2 + (t sin t )2 dt
= |t | dt = t dt (because t ≥ 0) b. dy = 2 x −1/ 3 dx
4π
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x –2/3 dx
∫
4π
L= t dt = 0.5t 2 = 8π 2 = 78.9568K
0 0
8
L= ∫ 1 + 4x
–2/3
c. Circle of radius 4π = 12.5663… would have dx
1
circumference = 8π 2. 8
( x + 4)1/2 x −1/3 dx
3 8 2/3
∫
2
=
30
2 1 3
8
3 2
= ⋅ ( x 2/3 + 4)3/2
2 3 1
x
0 4 = 8 8 − 5 5 = 11.4470 K
c. Distance between endpoints is 130 =
b. dy = 6x1/2 dx
11.4017… , which is a reasonable lower
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 36 x dx bound for L.
4 4 20. a.
∫ ∫ (1 + 36 x )
1
L= 1 + 36 x dx = 1/2
(36 dx )
0 36 0 y
1 4 1
= (1 + 36 x )3/2 0 = (1453/ 2 – 1)
54 54
= 32.3153… 5
= 1 + x 4 + 2 x 2 dx = (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 1 3
∫
x
1 2 L= (1 + x 2 ) dx = x + x 3 = 12
0 3 0
−2
b. dy = ( x /4 − x ) dx
2
c. Distance between endpoints is 11.6123… ,
which is a reasonable lower bound for L.
dL = dx + dy = 1 + ( x /4 – x ) dx
2 2 2 –2 2
∫ ( x /4 + x
750
L= 2 –2
) dx (because integrand > 0)
1
220 x
2 1
= x 3 /12 − x −1 1 = 1 = 1.0833K –2100 0 2100
12
dx = y 1/2 dy
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = ( y + 1)1/2 dy
x
3 3
∫ ( y + 1)
2
–4 4
L= 1/2
dy = ( y + 1)3/2
0 3 0
23. Outer ellipse:
x = 120 cos t, dx = −120 sin t dt =4
2
= 4.6666 …
y = 100 sin t, dy = 100 cos t dt 3
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 26. x 2 = y 3 ⇔ x = ±y 1.5
2x dx = 3y2 dy ⇒ 4x2 dx2 = 9y4 dy2
= (–120 sin t )2 + (100 cos t )2 dt 9
2π
⇒ 4 y 3 dx 2 = 9 y 4 dy 2 ⇒ dx 2 = y dy 2
∫
4
L= (–120 sin t )2 + (100 cos t )2 dt
0 Note that dy < 0 between (−1, 1) and (0, 0):
≈ 692.5791… ≈ 692.6 m y
Inner ellipse:
x = 100 cos t, dx = −100 sin t dt 4
y = 50 sin t, dy = 50 cos t dt
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 1
x
–1 8
= (–100 sin t ) + (50 cos t ) dt
2 2
=
8
(–1 + 3.25 + 10 – 1) = 10.5131…
3/2 3/2 dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = sin 2 t + A 2 cos 2 t dt
27 The entire ellipse is generated as t increases from
t 1
27. x = cos t, dx = (cos t – t sin t ) dt 0 to 2π .
π π 2π
t 1
y = sin t, dy = (sin t + t cos t ) dt
L= ∫ 0
sin 2 t + A 2 cos 2 t dt
π π
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 A L
1
= (cos t – t sin t )2 + (sin t + t cos t )2 dt 0 4 (a double line segment)
π
1 1 6.283185… (= 2π)
= 1 + t 2 dt
π 2 9.688448…
The curve crosses the x-axis exactly when sin t 3 13.364893…
= 0, when t is a multiple of π. There are seven
crossings after the beginning, so t should run Doubling A doubles one axis of the ellipse
between 0 and 7π. To check this, note that the without changing the other axis. That is why the
curve ends at (−7, 0), so solve (t/π) cos t = −7 length does not double when A doubles. The
with t = nπ ⇒ (nπ /π ) cos nπ = −7 ⇒ reasoning is similar to that in the solution to
n cos n π = −7 ⇒ n = 7 ⇒ 0 ≤ t ≤ 7π . Problem 29.
1 7π 31. The function y = ( x − 2) −1 has a vertical
L=
π 0 ∫1 + t 2 dt ≈ 77.6508…
asymptote at x = 2, which is in the interval
The integral can be evaluated algebraically by [1, 3]. So the length is infinite. Mae’s partition
trigonometric substitution as in Section 9-6, of the interval skips over the discontinuity, as
giving shown in the graph.
∫ 1 + t 2 dt = t t 2 + 1 + ln t + 1 + t 2 + C.
1
2 ( ) 25
y
x
= r dt (for r ≥ 0) 1 2 3
The range 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π generates the entire circle.
2π 2π
∫
32. The sample points are all of the form (n/2,
Circumference = r dt = rt = 2πr, Q .E.D .
0 0 sin nπ), which all lie on the x-axis and therefore
29. y = A sin x, dy = A cos x dx fail to measure the wiggly bits.
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + A 2 cos 2 x dx y
Amos's sample points
A L
0 6.283185… (= 2π)
The length of the curve is 40 times the length of
1 7.640395… the part from x = 0 to x = 0.25 (by symmetry),
2 10.540734… so Amos could use five subintervals of [0, 0.25]
3 13.974417… to estimate the length of half of one arch, then
dy = x dx
1
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2 dx
(x, y ) x
dS = 2πx ⋅ dL = 2πx 1 + x 2 dx 1 3
3
S= ∫ 2πx
0
1 + x 2 dx ≈ 64.1361…
b. The inscribed cone of height 4.5 and radius dL = 1 + x −2 dx, from Problem 3.
3 has lateral surface area = πrL =
dS = 2π x ⋅ dL = 2π x 1 + x –2 dx
π · 3 · 32 + 4.52 = 50.9722 … , which is
3
a reasonable lower bound for S.
3
S= ∫ 2π x
1
1 + x −2 dx ≈ 28.3047K
c. S = ∫ π (1 + x
2 1/2
0
) (2 x dx ) 5. The graph shows y = 1/ x = x −1,from x = 0.5 to
2 3
2 x = 2, rotated about the y-axis.
π (1 + x 2 )3/2 = π (10 10 − 1)
=
3 0 3 2
y
found numerically.
x
2. a. The graph shows y = sin x, from x = 0 to 2
x = π, rotated about the x-axis.
y
(x, y )
1
x dy = − x −2 dx
0 π
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x –4 dx
2
S= ∫ 2πx 1 + (–3 x 2 + 10 x – 8)2 dx
∫
0
S= 2πx 1 + x –4 dx ≈ 15.5181K
0.5 ≈ 58.7946…
6. The graph shows y = 1/x = x , from x = 0.5 to −1 9. The graph shows y = x = x 1/2, from x = 0 to
x = 2, rotated about the x-axis. x = 1, rotated about the x-axis.
y
y
2 1 (x, y )
(x, y )
x x
2 0 1
8 4π
= (1.253/ 2 − 0.125) = 5.3304 K
3
10. The graph shows y = x3, from x = 1 to x = 2,
rotated about the x-axis, showing back half of
surface only.
(x, y )
8 y
x
0 2
dy = 3x2 dx
(x, y )
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 9 x 4 dx
dS = 2πx ⋅ dL = 2πx 1 + 9 x 4 dx 1
x
2 1 2
S= ∫ 2π x
0
1 + 9 x 4 dx ≈ 77.3245K
dy = 3x2 dx
(x, y )
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 9 x 4 dx
x
dS = 2π y ⋅ dL = 2π x3 (1 + 9x4)1/2 dx
2
∫
3
S= 2πx 3 (1 + 9 x 4 )1/2 dx
1
dy = (−3x2 + 10x − 8) dx π 2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2
=
18 1 ∫
(1 + 9 x 4 )1/ 2 (36 x dx )
π 2 2
= ⋅ (1 + 9 x 4 )3/ 2
= 1 + (–3 x 2 + 10 x – 8)2 dx 18 3 1
dS = 2π x ⋅ dL π
= (1453/ 2 – 10 3/ 2 ) = 199.4804 K
= 2π x 1 + (–3 x 2 + 10 x – 8)2 dx 27
Graph intersects x-axis where y = 0. 11. The graph shows y = x 4 / 8 + x −2 / 4, from x = 1
−x 3 + 5x 2 − 8x + 6 = −(x − 3)(x 2 − 2x + 2) = 0 to x = 2, rotated about the x-axis, showing back
at x = 3. side of surface only.
∫
1
1 2 S=
0 2 0
= 49.5π = 155.5088…
dy = (x3/2 − x− 3/2) dx = 0.5(x3 − x− 3) dx 14. The graph shows y = 2x1/3, from x = 1 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing back
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.25( x 3 – x –3 )2 dx half of surface only.
= 1 + 0.25 x 6 – 0.5 + 0.25 x –6 dx y
−3
= 0.25( x + x ) dx = 0.5( x + x ) dx
3 –3 2 3
dS = 2π y ⋅ dL
4
π x
= ( x 7 + 3 x + 2 x –5 ) dx 1 8
8
π 2 7
S=
8 1 ∫
( x + 3 x + 2 x –5 ) dx
2 −2/3
π 1
2 dy = x dx
= x 8 + x 2 – x –4
3 1 3
8 8 2 2 1
4 –4 / 3
π dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 +
= 32 + 6 –
1 1 3 1 155 x dx
– – + =4 π 9
8 32 8 2 2 256
= 14.4685… 4 –4 / 3
dS = 2π x ⋅ dL = 2π x 1 + x dx
12. The graph shows y = x2, from x = 0 to x = 2, 9
rotated about the y-axis. 8
∫x
4 –4 / 3
y
S = 2π 1+ x dx
1 9
4
1/ 2
x 1/ 3 x 4 / 3 +
8
∫
4
= 2π dx
1 9
(x, y )
1/2
8
x 4/3 + 4
∫
3 4 1/3
= π ⋅
x
x dx
0 2
2 1 9 3
dy = 2 x dx 3/2 8
= π x 4/3 +
4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x 2 dx 9 1
dS = 2π x ⋅ dL = 2π x 1 + 4 x dx 2
π
2 = (1483/2 − 133/2 ) = 204.0435K
∫ x 1 + 4x
S = 2π 2
dx 27
0 1 1
π 2 π 2 15. The graph shows y = x 3 + x −1 , from x = 1 to
= ∫ (1 + 4 x ) 2 1/ 2
(8 x dx ) = (1 + 4 x 2 )3/2 3 4
4 0 6 0 x = 3, rotated about the line y = −1, showing
π back half of surface only.
= (173/ 2 − 1) = 36.1769K
6
1 y
13. The graph shows y = ( x 2 + 2)3/ 2 , from x = 0 to 9
3
x = 3, rotated about the y-axis. (x, y)
y
12
x
1 3
(x, –1)
(x, y )
1 x
0 3
4 ii. S1,2 = ∫
1
10π dx = 10πx
1
= 10π
1 1
= 1 + x 4 − + x −4 dx 3 3
2 16
2
iii. S2,3 = ∫
2
10π dx = 10πx
2
= 10π
= x 2 + x −2 dx = x 2 + x −2 dx
1 1 4
4
4
dS = 2π ( y + 1) ⋅ dL
4 iv. S3,4 = ∫
3
10π dx = 10πx
3
= 10π
= 2π x 3 + x −1 + 1 x 2 + x −2 dx
5 5
∫
1 1 1
v. S4,5 = 10π dx = 10πx = 10π
3 4 4 4 4
= 2π x 5 + x 2 + x + x −2 + x −3 dx
1 1 1 1 c. The two features exactly balance each other.
3 3 4 16 The area of a zone of a sphere is a function
1 of the height of the zone only, and is
x + x −2 + x −3 dx
3
∫ 3x
1 1 1
S = 2π 5
+ x2 + independent of where the zone is located
1 3 4 16
on the sphere.
3
= 2π x 6 + x 3 + x 2 − x −1 −
1 1 1 1 1 −2 18. Suppose that the sphere is centered at the origin,
x
18 3 6 4 32 1 as in Problem 17. The equation of a great
5 circle in the xy-plane is x2 + y2 = r2, from
= 101 π = 318.1735K
18 which y = r 2 − x 2 = (r 2 − x 2 )1/2 .
1 1 dy = −x(r2 − x2)− 1/2dx
16. The graph shows y = x 3 + x −1 , from x = 1 to
3 4 dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2 (r 2 − x 2 ) −1 dx
x = 3, rotated about line x = 4.
dS = 2πy ⋅ dL
y
9
(x, y) = 2π (r 2 − x 2 )1/ 2 1 + x 2 (r 2 − x 2 ) −1 dx
x
S= ∫
−r
2πr dx = 2πrx
−r
= 4πr 2 , Q .E.D .
1 3 4
19. Pick a sample point in the spherical shell at
radius r from the center. Surface area at the
dL = x 2 + x −2 dx, from Problem 15
1
sample point is 4π r2. Volume of shell is
4
approximately (surface area)(thickness).
dS = 2π ( 4 − x ) ⋅ dL = 2π ( 4 − x ) x 2 + x −2 dx
1
dV = 4πr 2 ⋅ dr
4 R
R
∫
4 4
= 2π 4 x − x + x − x dx
2 3 −2 1 −1 V= 4π r 2 dr = π r 3 = π R 3 , Q .E .D .
4 0 3 0 3
S = 2π 4 x 2 − x 3 + x −2 − x −1 dx
3
∫
1 4 dV
20. V = πr 3 ⇒ = 4πr 2 = S, Q.E.D.
1 4 3 dr
∫
3 dV
= 2π x 3 − x 4 − x −1 − ln | x| or: V = S dr ⇒ = S by the definition of
4 1 1
3 4 4 1
dr
indefinite integral.
= 2π 15 − ln 3 = 94.6164 K
1 1
21. y = ax2, dy = 2ax dx
3 4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = (1 + 4 a 2 x 2 )1/ 2 dx
17. a. x 2 + y 2 = 25 ⇒ y = 25 − x 2 dS = 2πx ⋅ dL = 2πx (1 + 4 a 2 x 2 )1/ 2 dx
2 −1/ 2
dy = − x (25 − x ) dx r
S = 2π ∫ x(1 + 4a x )
2 2 1/ 2
dx
2 −1
dL = dx + dy = 1 + x (25 − x ) dx
2 2 2 0
π r
4a ∫
dS = 2π y ⋅ dL = (1 + 4 a x )
2
2 2 1/ 2
(8a 2 x dx )
0
= 2π 25 − x 2 1 + x 2 (25 − x 2 ) −1 dx π r
π
= (1 + 4 a 2 2 3/2
x ) = 2 [(1 + 4 a 2 r 2 )3/ 2 − 1]
= 2π 25 − x + x dx = 10π dx
2 2
6a 2
0 6a
3 y
S= ∫
tan −1 ( −5/4 )
dS ≈ 37, 756.5934 … ≈ 37, 757 ft 2
(x, y ) 4
e. Volume ≈ S ⋅ = 12, 585.5311… ft 3 ≈
12
x
5
466.1307… yd3
25. From Figure 8-6m, a circle of radius L has area
πL2 and circumference 2πL. The circumference of
the cone’s base is 2πR. The arc length of the
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = ( −5 sin t )2 + (3 cos t )2 dt sector of the circle of radius L must be equal to
dS = 2πy ⋅ dL this, so the sector is (2πR)/(2πL) = R/L of the
circle and has surface area S = πL2(R/L) = πRL,
= 2π (3 sin t ) ( −5 sin t )2 + (3 cos t )2 dt Q .E .D .
π
S= ∫0
6π sin t ( −5 sin t ) 2 + (3 cos t )2 dt 26. S = π RL − π rl
The objective is to get the lateral area in terms of
≈ 165.7930 … the slant height of the frustum, L − l.
From ( x/5)2 + ( y/3)2 = 1, y = ±0.6 25 − x 2 .
S = πR L − ⋅ l
r
Using the upper branch of the graph, R
dy = −0.6 x (25 − x 2 ) −1/ 2 dx.
= πR L − ⋅ l , because
l r l
= .
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.36 x 2 (25 − x 2 ) −1 dx L R L
At x = ±5, dL involves division by zero, which πR 2 2
= (L – l )
is awkward, and makes the Cartesian equation L
= π R + R ⋅ ( L − l)
r L= ∫
0
dL ≈ 28.8141K
R
4. a. r = 5 − 3 cos θ. The calculator graph confirms
= π ( R + r)(L − l) that the text figure is traced out once as θ
R + r increases from 0 to 2π.
= 2π ( L − l ), Q .E.D . 1
2 b. dA = (5 – 3 cos θ )2 dθ
2
2π
c. dr = 3 sin θ dθ
Q1. 15x 2 − 14x + 4 Q2. 12(4x − 9)2 dL = dr 2 + (r dθ )2
Q3. 3 sin2 x cos x Q4. 3 sec 3x tan 3x
−x
= (3 sin θ )2 + (5 – 3 cos θ )2 dθ
Q5. − e Q6. −1/x 2
2π
dL = dr + (r dθ )
2 2 L= ∫
0
dL ≈ 51.4511…
= 100 cos 2 θ + 100 sin 2 θ dθ = 10 dθ 6. a. r = 8 cos 2θ. The calculator graph confirms
that the text figure is traced out once as
2π 2π
θ increases from 0 to 2π.
L= ∫0
10 dθ = 10θ
0
= 20π
1
b. dA = (8 cos 2θ )2 dθ
The circumference is 2π ⋅ 5 = 10π. The 2
2π
∫
calculated length is twice this value because
A= dA ≈ 100.5309K (exactly 32π )
the circle is traced out twice as θ increases 0
from 0 to 2π. The calculus of this section c. dr = −16 sin θ dθ
always gives the dynamic answer as the
dL = dr 2 + (r dθ )2
distance traveled by a point on the curve as
θ increases from one value to another. This = (–16 sin 2θ )2 + (8 cos 2θ )2 dθ
path length does not necessarily equal the 2π
length of the curve. L= ∫
0
dL ≈ 77.5075K
3. a. r = 4 + 3 sin θ. The calculator graph confirms 7. a. 5 = 5 + 5 cos θ. The calculator graph
that the text figure is traced out once as θ confirms that the text figure is traced out once
increases from 0 to 2π. as θ increases from 0 to 2π.
1
b. dA = ( 4 + 3 sin θ )2 dθ 1
b. dA = (5 + 5 cos θ )2 dθ
2 2
2π 2π
A= ∫0
dA ≈ 64.4026 … (exactly 20.5π) A= ∫
0
dA ≈ 117.8097K (exactly 37.5π )
∫
1
2π A= ( 49 cos 2θ ) dθ = 12.25 sin 2θ
L= ∫0
dL ≈ 33.0744 K − π /4 2 −π /4
= 24.5
9. a.
Area of both loops is 49.
1
12. The graph of r = csc θ + 4 shows a closed loop
from θ ≈ 3.4 to θ ≈ 6.
1
5
increases from 0 to π.
1
b. dA = (sin 3θ )2 dθ
2 The graph passes through the pole where r = 0.
π
csc θ + 4 = 0 ⇔ θ = csc −1 ( −4) =
A= ∫ 0
dA ≈ 0.7853K (exactly 0.25π )
sin −1 ( −0.25) = −0.2526 … + 2π n or
c. dr = 3 cos 3θ dθ [π − (−0.2526…)] + 2π n
dL = dr 2 + (r dθ )2 Desired range is 3.3942… ≤ θ ≤ 6.0305… .
= (3 cos 3θ )2 + (sin 3θ )2 dθ 1
dA = (csc θ + 4)2 dθ
π 2
L= ∫ dL ≈ 6.6824 K 6.0305K
10. a.
0 A= ∫
3.3942K
dA ≈ 8.4553…
1
dA = (r22 – r12) dθ 10
2
1
= [(10 cos θ )2 − ( 4 + 4 cos θ )2 ] dθ
2
0.841K
A= ∫
−0.841K
dA ≈ 18.8863K r = 4 + 6 cos θ = 0 ⇔ cos θ = −2/3
−1
θ = cos −1 ( −2/3) = ±2.3005… + 2πn
(exactly 26 cos (2/3) − (4/3) 5) 1
dA = ( 4 + 6 cos θ )2 dθ
14. r1 = 5 and r2 = 5 − 5 cos θ intersect at θ = −π /2 2
and π /2. The outer loop is swept out as θ increases from
−2.3005… to 2.3005.
2.3005K
∫
5
A1 = dA ≈ 105.0506 K
–2.3005K
5
The inner loop is generated as θ increases from
2.3005… to 3.9826… .
3.926K
A2 = ∫2.3005K
dA ≈ 1.7635K
Area of the region between the loops is
1 A 1 − A 2 ≈ 103.2871… .
dA = (r12 – r22 ) dθ
2 17. a.
1
= [52 − (5 − 5 cos θ )2 ] dθ 4
2
Integrate from −π /2 to π /2, because in Quadrants
II and III the cardioid lies outside the circle. 2
π /2
A= ∫
− π /2
dA ≈ 30.3650 K (exactly 50 − 6.25π )
∫
1 2 1 217 3
A3 = θ dθ = θ 3 = π
4π 8 24 4π 192
Area swept out for second revolution in
Quadrant I is 1 2
2.5π 2.5π
Area of sector is A(θ ) = r θ.
∫
1 2 1 61 3 2
A2 = θ dθ = θ 3 = π 1 2
2π 8 24 2π 192 A(1) = (5) (1) = 12.5
2
Area of region between second and third 1
revolution in Quadrant I is A3 = A2 = A(2) = (3.5355...)2 (2) = 12.5
2
13 3
π = 25.1925… . 1
A(3) = (2.8867K)2 (3) = 12.5
16 2
16. The graph of r = 4 + 6 cos θ shows a closed loop 1
from θ ≈ 2.3 to θ ≈ 4.0. In general, A(θ ) = (5θ –1/ 2 )2 (θ ) = 12.5, which
2
is independent of the value of θ.
=
0.005
1 + θ 2 dθ
L= ∫0
dL ≈ 20.2228K ≈ 20.2 kilo-mi.
π From θ = 0.8 to θ = 1.88976… ,
2920 π
L= ∫
1320 π
dL ≈ 53, 281.4120 … cm
L= ∫
1.88K
dL ≈ 56.7896 K ≈ 56.8 kilo-mi.
= 16,960.0002…π cm 0.8
dy dy/dθ
= ( by the chain rule),
dx dx/dθ b. f ′ (x) = 3x 2 − 18x + 30; f ″(x) = 6x − 18
dy/dθ g′ (x) = 3x2 − 18x + 27; g″(x) = 6x − 18
tan φ = .
dx/dθ h′ (x) = 3x2 − 18x + 24; h″(x) = 6x − 18
tan φ – tan θ
c. tan ψ = tan (φ − θ) = c. h′ (x) = 3(x − 2)(x − 4) = 0 at x = 2 and 4
1 + tan φ tan θ
h″(2) = −6 < 0, so h has a local maximum
dy/dθ y at x = 2.
–
dx/dθ x x dx/dθ h″(4) = 6 > 0, so h has a local minimum
= ⋅
dy/dθ y x dx/dθ at x = 4.
1+ ⋅
dx/dθ x
d. g′ (x) = 3(x − 3)2 = 0 only at x = 3.
dy dx
x –y g′ (x) > 0 on both sides of x = 3, so this is
= d θ d θ neither a maximum nor a minimum point.
dx dy
x +y
dθ dθ e. From the graphs, each point of inflection
d. dx/dθ = −r sin θ; appears at x = 3. Because each second
dy dx derivative equals 6x − 18, each one equals
dy/dθ = r cos θ x −y
dθ dθ zero when x = 3.
= r cos θ ⋅ (r cos θ ) − r sin θ ⋅ ( − r sin θ )
= r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ = r2
x
Domain of x is 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
2
Maximize V (x) = π r2h = π x 2y = 8π x2 − π x 5 .
The graph shows that V (x) has a maximum at
x ≈ 1.5.
The graph shows that f ( x ) = x 2 e − x has local
minimum at x = 0, local maximum at x ≈ 2, V(x )
x ≈ 0.6.
f ′( x ) = 2 xe − x − x 2 e − x = x (2 − x )e − x
f ″ ( x ) = 2e − x − 4 xe − x + x 2 e − x = (2 − 4 x + x 2 )e − x x
f ′ (x) = 0 at x = 0, 2 0 2
y
(x 1 , y )
1
(x 2 , y )
dV = π (42 − y2) dx = π (16 − x4) dx
x 2
0 1 V= ∫ –2
dV ≈ 160.8495… (exactly 51.2π)
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)
iii. The graph shows the region described in
part i, rotated about the line y = 5,
showing back half of solid only.
x 1 = y 3 , x 2 = y 1/2
y
dV = 2π y (x 2 − x 1) · dy = 2π y (y 1/2 − y 3) dy
1
V= ∫ dV ≈ 1.2566… (exactly 0.4π )
0
1 (x, y1 ) x
–2 2
(x, y2 )
x dV = π [(5 − y)2 − 12] dx
0 1 = π [(5 − x2)2 − 1] dx
V = dV ≈ 174.2536 … exactly 55 π
2
∫
7
–2 15
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)
iv. The graph shows the region described in
dV = π ( y12 − y22 ) dx = π ( x 2/3 − x 4 ) dx part i, rotated about the line x = 3,
1 showing back half of solid only.
V= ∫ dV ≈ 1.2566… (exactly 0.4π), which is
0
y
(x, 4)
the same answer as in part a, Q.E.D. 4
is reasonable. 1
(x, y)
c. x = t cos π t ⇒ dx = (cos π t − π t sin π t ) dt x
y = t sin π t ⇒ dy = (sin π t + π t cos π t ) dt 0 1
The graph shows t increases from 0 to 4.
(x,–1)
4 y
x
4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 dy = sec2 x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + sec 4 x dx
= (cos π t – π t sin π t )2 + (sin π t + π t cos π t )2 dt
dS = 2π (y + 1) · dL
= 1 + (π t )2 dt
4
= 2π ( tan x + 1) 1 + sec 4 x dx
L= ∫
0
1 + π 2 t 2 dt ≈ 25.7255K
S=
1
∫ dS ≈ 20.4199K
0
R6. a. The graph shows y = x1/3 , from x = 0 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing the
back half of the solid only. R7. a. r = θ ⇒ dr = d θ
y dL = dr 2 + (rdθ )2 = 1 + θ 2 dθ
5π / 2
(0, y) 2
(x, y )
x
L= ∫ 0
dL ≈ 32.4706 K
1 2 1
b. dA = r dθ = θ 2 dθ . Area of the region
0 8
2 2
between the curves equals the area traced out
1 −2/3 from t = 2π to t = 5π /2 minus the area traced
dy = x dx out from t = 0 to t = π /2.
3 5π / 2 1 π /2 1
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x –2/3 dx
1
2 A=
2π ∫ 2
θ 2 dθ −
0 2 ∫
θ 2 dθ
3 5π /2 π /2
1 1
2
= θ3 − θ3
dS = 2πx ⋅ dL = 2πx 1 + x –2/3 dx
1 6 2π 6 0
3 1 3 7.5 3
= π (2.53 − 2 3 − 0.53 + 0 3 ) = π
2 6 6
1 + x –2/3 dx
8 1
S = 2π ∫x
0 3 = 38.7578…
1/2
x 1/3 x 4/3 + dx
8 1
= 2π ∫
0 9
Concept Problems
C1. a. The graph of µ(t) = 130 − 12T + 15T 2 − 4T 3 f
T2.
1
y
(x, y ) 6
Function
5
4
x
1 3
d. dS = 2π ( x − 1) dL x
T6. f (x) = x 3 − 7.8x 2 + 20.25x − 13 5
∫
1
1. V = 2π x ⋅ cos x dx ≈ 3.5864 … du = dx v = sin 3 x
0 3
2. f (x) = x sin x ⇒ f ′(x) = x cos x + sin x
∫
1 1
= x sin 3 x − sin 3 x dx
∫ ∫ ∫
3 3
3. f ′( x ) dx = x cos x dx + sin x dx 1 1
= x sin 3 x + cos 3 x + C
∫ x cos x dx = ∫ f ′( x ) dx − ∫ sin x dx
3 9
4.
∫ xe u=x dv = e4x dx
4x
3. dx
= f (x) + cos x + C (by definition of indefinite
1 4x
integral) du = dx v= e
= x sin x + cos x + C 4
∫
π /2 1 4x 1 4x
= xe −
5. V = 2π ∫ 0
x cos x dx 4
1
4
1
e dx
= 2π x sin x + 2π cos x π0 /2 = xe 4 x − e 4 x + C
4 16
= π 2 − 2π
∫ 6 xe
−3 x
4. dx u = 6x dv = e− 3x dx
6. V = π2 − 2π = 3.5864… , which is the same as
the approximation, to the accuracy shown. 1
v = − e −3 x
du = 6 dx
7. The method involves working separately with the 3
= (6 x ) − e −3 x − (6) − e −3 x dx
∫
different “parts” of the integrand. The function 1 1
f (x) = x sin x was chosen because one of the 3 3
terms in its derivative is x cos x, which is the 2
= −2 xe −3 x − e −3 x + C
original integrand. See Section 9-2. 3
∫ ( x + 4)e
−5 x
5. dx u=x+4 dv = e− 5x dx
Problem Set 9-2
1
1 11 du = dx v = − e −5 x
Q1. y ′ = x sec x + tan x
2
Q2. x +C 5
11
∫
1 1
= −( x + 4) ⋅ e −5 x + e −5 x dx
1 5 5
Q3. Q4. sin 3 x + C
3 4 1 1
y = − e −5 x − xe −5 x − e −5 x + C
5 5 25
21 −5 x 1 −5 x
= − e − xe + C
x
25 5
∫
1 1 2x
x = ( x + 7) ⋅ e 2 x − e dx
2 2
7 1 1
= e 2 x + xe 2 x − e 2 x + C
2 2 4
13 2 x 1 2 x
f ( x + h) – f ( x ) = e + xe + C
Q7. r′(x) = t (x) Q8. lim 4 2
h→0 h
∫x u = ln x dv = x 3 dx
3
Q9. ≈ 110/6 Q10. C 7. ln x dx
∫
1 6 1 1 2x
= x ln 3 x − x 5 dx 6x + 4e
6 6 1 2x
1 1 6 6 8e
= x 6 ln 3 x − x +C –
1 2x
6 36 0 +
16 e
∫x e u = x2 dv = ex dx
2 x
9. dx
1 3 2x 3 2 2x 3 2x 3 2x
du = 2x dx v = ex = x e − x e + xe − e + C
2 4 4 8
= x e − 2 xe dx ∫
2 x x
u = 2x dv = ex dx
∫x
5 −x
2. e dx u dv
du = 2 dx v = ex x5 e –x
= x 2 e x − 2 xe x − 2e x dx ∫
+
5x 4 –e –x
–
= x2ex − 2xex + 2ex + C 20x 3 +
e –x
60x 2 –e –x
∫x
–
10. 2
sin x dx u = x2 dv = sin x dx 120x + e –x
du = 2x dx v = −cos x 120 – –e –x
∫
= − x cos x − ( −2 x cos x ) dx
2 0 + e –x
∫
= x ln x − x ⋅ x −1 dx 0 –cos x
–
∫ [ f ( x)
1
Q8. V = π 2
− g( x )2 ] dx 5x 4 – 2 sin 2x
a 1
20x 3 – 4 cos 2x
Q9. Q10. B +
1
y
60x 2 –
– 8 sin 2x
4 1
120x + 16 cos 2x
1
120 – 32 sin 2x
1
x 0 + – 64 cos 2x
2
∫ ∫x
7 u dv
⇒ 2 e sin x dx
x 11. ln 3 x dx
ln 3x + x 7
= − e x cos x + e x sin x + C1 1/x
1 8
8x
-----------------
∫
⇒ e x sin x dx 1 – 8 x7
1
1
1 1 0 + 64 x 8
= − e x cos x + e x sin x + C
2 2
1 8 1 8
= x ln 3 x − x +C
∫e
x u dv 8 64
8. cos x dx
ex + cos x
ex
∫x
– sin x 5 u dv
ex + –cos x 12. ln 6 x dx
ln 6x + x 5
1 6
1/x 6x
∫
= e x sin x + e x cos x − e x cos x dx -------------------------
1 – 6x5
1
∫
1
⇒ 2 e cos x dx
x
0 + 36 x 6
= ex sin x + ex cos x + C 1
∫
1 6 1 6
⇒ e x cos x dx = x ln 6 x − x +C
6 36
1 x 1
= e sin x + e x cos x + C
∫
ln 7 5
2 2 13. x 4 ln 7 dx = x + C (ln 7 is a constant!)
5
∫
cos 5 7x
∫e 14. e 7x cos 5 dx = e +C
3x u dv
9. cos 5 x dx 7
e 3x + cos 5x
∫
3e 3x
1 1
– 5 sin 5x 15. sin 5 x cos x dx = sin 6 x + C
1 6
9e 3x + – 25 cos 5x
∫ ∫
1
16. x (3 − x ) dx = −
2 2/3
(3 − x 2 )2/3 ( −2 x dx )
1 3 2
= e 3x sin 5 x + e 3x cos 5 x 3
5 25 = − (3 – x 2 )5/3 + C
10
∫
9
− e 3x cos 5 x dx
25
∫ x (ln x ) dx
4 5/2 3 2
2 + 15(2 – x) 24. u dv
–
8
– 105(2 – x)7/2 (ln x) 2 x3
0 +
1 4
2(ln x)/x 4x
--------------------------
1 3
2 ln x 4x
2 8 –
= − x 2 (2 − x )3/2 − x (2 − x )5/2 2/x
1 4
16 x
3 15 --------------------------
16 1
− (2 – x ) + C
7/2 2 + 16 x 3
105 1
0 – 64 x 4
∫ ln x ∫
dx = 5 ln x dx = 5 x ln x − 5 x + C
5
19.
1 4 1 1 4
= x (ln x )2 − x 4 ln x + x +C
4 8 32
∫e ∫
7 2
20. ln 7 x
dx = 7 x dx = x +C
∫ x (x
2 25. 3 2
+ 1) 4 dx u dv
x2 + x(x 2 + 1)4
∫x e
5 x2 u dv 1 2 5
21. dx 2x 10 (x + 1)
x4 + xe x 2 ----------------------------------
1
1 x2 2 5
4x 3 2e 5 – x(x + 1)
-------------------------- 1 2 6
12 (x + 1)
0 +
2x 2 – xe x 2
1 x2
4x 2e
-------------------------- 1 2 2 1
2 + xe x 2 = x ( x + 1)5 − ( x 2 + 1)6 + C
1
10 60
0 – 2 e x2
∫x ∫
x 2 − 3 dx = x 3 ( x 2 − 3)1/2
3
26.
1 4 x2 2 2
= x e − x 2e x + e x + C u dv
2 x2 x(x 2 – 3) 1/2
+
1 2 3/2
2x 3(x – 3)
∫x e
3
22. 5 x
dx u dv -----------------------------------
2
x(x 2 – 3) 3/2
x3 +
x 2 ex 3 3 –
+ 1 2
0 5/2
1 x3 5(x – 3)
3x 2 3e
---------------------------
x 2 ex 3 1 2 2 2
1 – = x ( x − 3)3/2 − ( x 2 – 3)5/2 + C
1 3 15
0 +
3 ex3
∫ cos
2 u dv
1 3 1 3 27. x dx
= x 3e x − e x + C cos x + cos x
3 3 –sin x – sin x
∫
⇒ sin 2 0.4 x dx ∫
plans to differentiate cos x dx and integrate 2x,
effectively canceling out what she did in the first
= −1.25 sin 0.4x cos 0.4x + 0.5x + C part. She will get
∫x ∫
cos x dx = x 2 sin x − x 2 sin x + x 2 cos x dx,
2
29. ∫ sec 3 x dx u
sec x +
dv
sec2 x which is true but not very useful!
sec x tan x – tan x
∫x
2
40. cos x dx
∫
= sec x tan x − sec x tan 2 x dx Amos’s choice of u and dv transforms
∫ ∫
1 1
x 2 cos x dx into x 3 cos x + x 3 sin x dx,
= sec x tan x − ∫ sec x (sec x − 1) dx
2
3 3
which is more complicated than the original
= sec x tan x − ∫ sec x dx + ln | sec x + tan x |
3
expression.
41. After two integrations by parts,
⇒ 2 ∫ sec x dx 3
∫
e x sin x dx
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C 1
∫
= − e x cos x + e x sin x − e x sin x dx
∫
⇒ sec x dx 3
but after two more integrations,
∫ e sin x dx = −e
1 1 x x
cos x + e x sin x + e x cos x
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2
∫
− e x sin x + e x sin x dx
30. ∫ sec 2 x tan x dx Two integrations produced the original integral
with the opposite sign (which is useful), and two
∫
1
= (sec x )1 ⋅ (sec x tan x dx ) = sec 2 x + C more integrations reversed the sign again to give
2
the original integral with the same sign (which
∫ ∫
1
31. log 3 x dx = ln x dx is not useful).
ln 3
∫ cos ∫
1 1
= ( x ln x – x ) + C 42. 2
x dx = (1 + cos 2 x ) dx
ln 3 2
1
= x + sin 2 x + C
= x log 3 x − x+C 1 1
ln 3 2 2
∫ ∫ v du
2 2 2
u dv = uv −
which is equivalent to the answer in Problem 27 c u =a a
found using integrating by parts. b
43.
y
= (bd − ac) − ∫ v du
a
The quantity (bd − ac) is the area of the
1
“L-shaped” region, which is the area of the larger
(1,1/e)
rectangle minus the area of the smaller one.
x
Thus, the integral of u dv equals the area of the
3
L-shaped region minus the area represented by the
integral of v du.
y′ = −xe − x + e− x = e− x(1 − x)
Critical points at x = 0, 1, 3; maximum at
48. ∫ ln ax dx = ∫ (ln a + ln x ) dx
= x ln a + x ln x − x + C
x = 1.
3 = x ln ax − x + C
∫ xe
−x
A= dx
∫ sin
0
7 u dv
49. x dx
= ( − xe − x − e − x )
3
0 sin 6 x + sin x
= −3e− 3 − e− 3 + 1 = −4e− 3 + 1 = 0.8008… 6 sin 5 x cos x – –cos x
44. y = 12x2e− x
Area from x = 0 to x = b is
b
∫
= − sin 6 x cos x + 6 sin 5 x cos 2 x dx
approaches 0.
∴ lim Ab = 24 The fractions are 1/(old exponent) and
b→∞ (old exponent − 1)/(old exponent). The new
45. y = ln x exponent is 2 less than the old exponent. So
dV = πy2 dx = π (ln x)2 dx
∫
1
sin 7 x dx = − sin 6 x cos x
5 7
V= ∫ π (ln x ) dx u dv
2
6 1 4
sin 3 x dx ∫
(ln x)2 + 1 4
1
+ – sin x cos x +
2 (ln x)/x x 7 5 5
-----------------------
2 ln x – 1 1 6
= − sin x cos x −
6 4
sin x cos x
2/x x 7 35
-----------------------
+ – sin 2 x cos x + sin x dx
2 + 1
∫
24 1 2
0 – x 35 3 3
5 1 6
= π x (ln x )2 − 2π x ln x + 2π x 1
= − sin x cos x −
6 4
sin x cos x
7 35
= 5π ( ln 5)2 − 10π ln 5 + 10π − 0 + 0 − 2π 8 16
= 15.2589… − sin 2 x cos x − cos x + C
35 35
∫
46. Consider u dv, and write dv = v + C. Then ∫ 50. Answers will vary.
∫ u dv = u(v + C) − ∫ (v + C) du
= uv + Cu − ∫ v du − ∫ C du
Problem Set 9-4
= uv + Cu − ∫ v du − Cu = uv − ∫ v du
Thus, the constant cancels out later, Q.E.D.
Q1. uv − v du ∫
= ∫ tan x (sec x − 1) dx
3
18 2
x 1 x
2π
= ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan
2π
18 2 18
x dx
= tan x − ∫ tan x dx
1 19 18
1 19
Q4. y′ = 1 + ln 5x Q5. sin 6 x + C
6
Q6. ln |x| + C ∫ sec
13 u dv
5. x dx
sec 11 x + sec 2 x
Q7. 11 sec 10 x sec x tan x – tan x
y
1
3
x
∫
= sec11 x tan x − 11 sec11 x tan 2 x dx
= sec 11
x tan x − 11 ∫ sec 11
x (sec 2 x − 1) dx
Q10. D
∫ ∫
1 11
sec x dx =
13
sec11 x tan x + sec11 x dx
∫
12 12
1. sin 9 x dx u dv
sin 8 x + sin x
sin7
∫ csc
100
8 x cos x – –cos x 6. x dx
u dv
∫
= − sin 8 x cos x + 8 sin 7 x cos 2 x dx csc 98 x
–98 csc 97 x csc x cot x –
+ csc 2 x
–cot x
= − sin 8
x cos x + 8 ∫ sin 7
x (1 − sin 2 x ) dx
x cot x − 98 ∫ csc ∫
∫ sin x dx = − 9 sin x cos x + 9 ∫ sin x dx
9 1 8 8 7 = − csc 98 100
x dx + 98 csc 98 x dx
∫ cos
n
∫
7. x dx u dv
= cos 9 x sin x + 9 cos8 x sin 2 x dx cos n – 1 x cos x
+
–(n –1) cosn – 2 x sin x
= cos x sin x + 9 ∫ cos x (1 − cos x ) dx
9 8 2
– sin x
−(n − 1) ∫ cos x dx n
= ∫ cot x (csc x − 1) dx
10 2 n ∫ cos x dx = cos x sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos x dx
n n −1 n−2
= − cot x − ∫ cot x dx
1 11 10
11
∫
= − sin n−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sin n−2 x cos 2 x dx = sec x tan x − (n − 2) ∫ sec x dx
n−2 n
(n − 1)∫ sec x dx n
− (n − 1) ∫ sin x dx n
n –1 ∫
1 n−2n–2 n−2
= sec x tan x + sec x dx
∫ tan x dx = ∫ tan x tan x dx
n n−2 2
9. n –1
∫ csc x dx ∫ cot
n 6
11. 15. x dx
∫ ∫ tan
7
= − csc n−2 x cot x − (n − 2) csc n−2 x cot 2 x dx 16. x dx
1
= − csc x cot x − (n − 2)∫ csc x (csc x − 1) dx = tan 6 x − tan 4 x − tan 2 x + ln | cos x | + C
n−2 n−2 2 1 1
6 4 2
= − csc x cot x − (n − 2)∫ csc x dx
n−2 n 1 1 1
= tan x − tan x + tan x + ln | cos x | + C
6 4 2
6 4 2
+ (n − 2)∫ csc x dx n−2
∫
1 2
17. sec 4 x dx = sec 2 x tan x + tan x + C
(n − 1)∫ csc x dx n 3 3
∫
1 2
= − csc x cot x + (n − 2)∫ csc x dx
n−2 n−2 18. csc x dx = − csc x cot x − cot x + C
4 2
3 3
19. a. y = cos x is on top; y = cos3 x is in the
∫ csc x dx
n
middle; y = cos5 x is on the bottom.
n –1 ∫
1 n–2n−2 n−2 b. For y = cos x, area ≈ 2.0000… .
=− csc x cot x + csc x dx
n –1 For y = cos3 x, area ≈ 1.3333… .
∫ sec x dx For y = cos5 x, area ≈ 1.06666… .
n
12.
π /2 π /2
u
sec n – 2x +
dv
sec 2 x
c. A1 = ∫
– π /2
cos x dx = sin x
− π /2
(n – 2) sec n – 3 x sec x tan x – tan x sin (π/2) − sin (−π/2) = 2
∫
3 3
1 2 cos n x dx
− cos ( −π /2) sin ( −π /2) − sin ( −π /2)
2 − π /2
3 3 ε /4 π /2
2
3
2 4
= 0 + − 0 + = = 1.3333…
3 3
=2 ∫ 0
cos n x dx + 2 ∫ ε /4
cos n x dx.
ε /4 ε /4 ε
∫ ∫
2 cos n x dx < 2 dx = (cos n x < 1) .
Observe that A3 = A1 . But 2
3 0 0 2
π /2 π /2 π /2
A5 = ∫– π /2
cos 5 x dx And 2 ∫
ε /4
cos n x dx < 2 ∫ ε /4
cos N x dx (n > N )
π /2 π /2 π /2 ε ε π /2 ε N ε
∫ ∫ ∫
1 4
= cos 4 x sin x + cos3 x dx <2 dx < dx = cos x < .
5 − π /2 5 − π /2 ε /4 2π π 0 2 2π
π /2
=0+
4
5
4 4 4 2
A3 = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ 2 =
5 3 5 3
16
15
So ∫ − π /2
cos n x dx
ε /4 π /2
= 1.066666 …
4
Observe that A5 = A3 .
=2 ∫ 0
cos n x dx + 2 ∫ε /4
cos n x dx < ε .
5 π /2
e.
y = ∫ (1 − 2 sin x + sin x ) cos x dx
2 4
y = cos100 x
+ ∫ sin x cos x dx
x 4
–0.5π 0.5π
2 1
= sin x − sin 3 x + sin 5 x + C
π /2 3 5
f. Yes, lim ∫ cos n x dx = 0. π /2
n→∞ – π /2
∫ sin 1
n
22. ax dx =− (cos ax )(sin 2 ax + 2) + C, Q .E.D .
3a
u dv
sin n –1 ax + sin ax 24. Use integration by parts, or use the technique of
1 Problem 20, as shown here.
a(n – 1) sin n – 2ax cos ax – – a cos ax
∫
n−2
+ (n − 1) sin 2
ax cos ax dx
= ∫ cos ax dx − ∫ sin ax cos ax dx 2
1
= − sin n−1 ax cos ax 1 1
a = sin ax − sin 3 ax + C
∫
a 3a
+ (n − 1) sin n−2 ax (1 − sin 2 ax ) dx
1
= (sin ax )(3 – sin 2 ax ) + C
∫
1 3a
=− sin n−1 ax cos ax + (n − 1) sin n−2 ax dx
a 1
= (sin ax )(2 + cos 2 ax ) + C, Q .E .D .
∫
− (n − 1) sin n ax dx 3a
Or: Differentiate, as in the alternate solution for
∫
n sin n ax dx Problem 23.
∫
1
=− sin n−1 ax cos ax + (n − 1) sin n−2 ax dx
a Problem Set 9-5
∫ sin Q1. f ′(1) = −4 g′(2) = 1/2
n Q2.
ax dx
Q3. h′(3) = −12 Q4. t′(4) = π/24
∫
1 n –1
=− sin n−1 ax cos ax + sin n−2 ax dx Q5. p′(5) = 6e5 Q6. x = 83 = 512
an n
Q7. Q8. integration by parts
∫
1
sin 5 3 x dx = − sin 4 3 x cos 3 x 5
y
15
x
4 8
− sin 2 3 x cos 3 x − cos 3 x + C 3
45 45
∫
1
23. sin 3 ax dx = − sin 2 ax cos ax
3a Q9. Q10. E
f'(x) and f (x )
∫
2
+ sin ax dx (From Problem 22)
3 f
f'
1 2 1
= − sin 2 ax cos ax − cos ax + C x
3a 3a –1
1 3 5 6 8
1
= − cos ax (sin ax + 2) + C, Q .E.D .
2
3a
3a
1 2 1
− (cos ax )(2 a sin ax cos ax ) = − cos x + cos3 x − cos 5 x + C
3a 3 5
∫ ∫
1
− sin6 9x) cos 9x dx 14. cos 2 6 x dx = (1 + cos 12 x ) dx
2
1 1
= sin 9 x − sin 3 9 x 1 1
9 9 = x + sin 12 x + C
1 1 2 24
+ sin 9 x − sin 7 9 x + C
5
∫ sec ∫
x dx = ( tan 2 x + 1) sec 2 x dx
4
15 63 15.
4. ∫ ∫
sin 3 10 x dx = (1 − cos 2 10 x ) sin 10 x dx 1
= tan 3 x + tan x + C
3
1 1
=− cos 10 x + cos3 10 x + C
∫ csc x dx = ∫ (cot x + 1) csc x dx
6 2 2 2
10 30 16.
∫
1
sin 3 x cos 3 x dx = sin 5 3 x + C = ∫ (cot x + 2 cot x + 1) csc x dx
4 4 2 2
5.
15
∫
1 1 2
6. cos8 7 x sin 7 x dx = − cos 9 7 x + C = − cot 5 x − cot 3 x − cot x + C
63 5 3
∫
1
19. tan10 x sec 2 x dx = tan11 x + C
1 1 11
= sin 5 2 x − sin 7 2 x + C
∫
10 14 1
20. cot 8 x csc 2 x dx = − cot 9 x + C
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sin x (1 − cos x ) cos
5 2 2 2 2 9
9. x dx
∫ sec ∫
x tan x dx = sec 9 x (sec x tan x dx )
10
21.
= ∫ (cos x − 2 cos x + cos x ) sin x dx
2 4 6
1
= sec10 x + C
1 2 1 10
= − cos3 x + cos 5 x − cos 7 x + C
∫ csc ∫
3 5 7
22. 8
x cot x dx = csc 7 x (csc x cot x dx )
∫ cos x sin x dx = ∫ cos x (1 − sin
3 2 2 2
10. x ) sin x dx
1
= − csc8 x + C
= ∫ (sin x − sin x ) cos x dx
2 4 8
1 1 34. a. y = sec2 x
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2 dV = π[(y + 3)2 − 32] dx
–9 sin 3x +
1
– 25 cos 5x =tan 3 x + 7π tan x
3 0
1 3
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 5 x cos 3 x π
5 25 = tan 3 1 + 7π tan 1 ( = 38.2049K)
3
∫
9
+ cos 5 x sin 3 x dx b. dV = 2π (x + 3) y dx = 2π (x + 3)(sec2 x) dx
25
1 1
16
∫ V = 2π ∫ x sec x dx + 6π ∫ sec
2 2
cos 5 x sin 3 x dx x dx
0 0
25
1 1
∫
1 3
= 2π x tan x − 2π tan x dx + 6π tan x
1
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 5 x cos 3 x + C1 0
5 25 0 0
∫
2π 1
5 3 A= (16 cos 2 θ + 40 cos θ + 25) dθ
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 3 x cos 5 x = 0 2 0
16 16 0
π /4
Because the integral finds the area above 25
= 4θ + 2 sin 2θ + 20 sin θ + θ
minus the area below, this calculation shows 2 0
the two areas are equal. 25
32. a. = π + 2 + 10 2 + π = 29.1012 … ,
y
8
1 which agrees with the numerical answer.
1 1
x 36. dA = r 2 dθ = a 2 (1 + cos θ )2 dθ
π
2 2
2 π
∫
1
A = a2 (1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ ) dθ
2 0
2π
1 2
a θ + 2 sin θ + θ + sin 2θ
1 1
π π =
∫
1 4 2 2 4
b. A = sin 3 x dx = cos3 x − cos x = 0
0 3 0 3 3 2
= πa , which is 1.5 times A circle.
c. Numerically: A ≈ 1.3333… (Checks.) 2
d. A = 0 because sin3 x is an odd function 37. Answers will vary.
[sin3 (−x) = −sin3 x] and the integral of an
Q6. 5 sec2 5x v
Q7. y′ = 4 cos 4x
7
Q8. d x
∫ ∫
unnecessary. If x has been replaced by a sin θ, a tan θ, 49
= 49 cos 2 θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
or a sec θ, it is assumed that θ is the corresponding 2
inverse trigonometric function. So θ is restricted to the 49 49
= θ + sin 2θ + C
range of that inverse trigonometric function. Thus, 2 4
49 49
respectively, = θ + sin θ cos θ + C
2 2
a – x = a |cos θ |, and θ ∈ Quadrant I or IV
2 2
49 −1 x 49 1 1
= sin + ⋅ x⋅ 49 – x 2 + C
a 2 + x 2 = a |sec θ |, and θ ∈ Quadrant I or IV 2 7 2 7 7
49 −1 x 1
x 2 – a 2 = a |tan θ |, and θ ∈ Quadrant I or II = sin + x 49 − x 2 + C
2 7 2
∫
For the first two, the absolute value is unnecessary
2. 100 – x 2 dx
because cos θ ≥ 0 and sec θ ≥ 0 in the respective
quadrants. For the secant substitution, if x is negative,
v
then θ is in Quadrant II, where tan θ < 0. Thus, the
radical equals the opposite of a tan θ, and one should
10
write x
x – a = − a tan θ
2 2 θ u
ln x + x 2 + a 2 for x > 0
x
Let = sin θ . x = 10 sin θ , dx = 10 cos θ dθ ,
− ln x − x 2 + a 2 for x < 0 10
x
100 – x 2 = 10 cos θ , θ = sin −1
The second form can be transformed into the first by 10
taking advantage of the property −ln n = ln (1/n). Thus, ∫ ∫
∴ 100 – x dx = 10 cos θ (10 cos θ dθ )
2
1
∫ ∫
100
− ln x − a – x
2 2
= ln = 100 cos θ dθ = 2
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
x – a2 – x 2 2
= 50θ + 25 sin 2θ + C
= ln x + a 2 – x 2 = 50θ + 50 sin θ cos θ + C
which can be shown by rationalizing the denominator x 1 1
= 50 sin −1 + 50 ⋅ x ⋅ 100 – x 2 + C
of the fraction and incorporating the constant ln a2 10 10 10
(or 2 ln a) into the constant of integration. Because x 1
the major focus of this section is on the correct = 50 sin −1 + x 100 – x 2 + C
10 2
v v
√ x 2 + 16
3x
x √ 9x 2 – 1
θ u θ u
4 1
x
Let = tan θ . x = 4 tan θ , dx = 4 sec 2 θ dθ , 3x 1
4 Let = sec θ . x = sec θ ,
x 1 3
x 2 + 16 = 4 sec θ , θ = tan −1 1
4 dx = sec θ tan θ dθ ,
∫ ∫
3
∴ x 2 + 16 dx = 4 sec θ ( 4 sec 2 θ dθ )
9 x 2 – 1 = tan θ , θ = sec −1 3 x
∫
= 16 sec θ dθ (Compare Problem 21 in
3
θ
x
u
6. ∫ 16 x 2 – 1 dx
9 v
4x
x √ 16x 2 – 1
Let = tan θ . x = 9 tan θ , dx = 9 sec 2 θ dθ ,
9 θ u
x
81 + x 2 = 9 sec θ , θ = tan −1
1
9
∴ ∫ ∫
81 + x 2 dx = 9 sec θ (9 sec 2 θ dθ )
Let
4x
1
1
= sec θ . x = sec θ ,
4
∫
= 81 sec 3 θ dθ (Compare Problem 21 in 1
dx = sec θ tan θ dθ ,
Problem Set 9-4.) 4
81 81 16 x 2 – 1 = tan θ , θ = sec −1 4 x
= sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C1
∫ 16 x 2 – 1 dx = tan θ sec θ tan θ dθ
∫
2 2 1
∴
4
1 81 81 + x 2 x
= x 81 + x 2 + ln + + C1
∫
1
2 2 9 9 = sec θ tan θ dθ
2
4
∫
1 81 81 1
= x 81 + x 2 + ln 81 + x 2 + x − ln 9 + C1 = (sec 3 θ − sec θ ) dθ
2 2 2 4
1 1
1 81 = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ |
= x 81 + x 2 + ln 81 + x 2 + x + C 8 8
2 2 1
− ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
4
∫
dx
∫
7. dx
10.
17 – x 2 2
x – 121
v
v
√17
x x
√x 2 – 121
θ u
θ u
√ 17 – x 2 11
Let x/ 17 = sin θ . x
Let = sec θ . x = 11 sec θ ,
x = 17 sin θ , dx = 17 cos θ dθ , 11
x dx = 11 sec θ tan θ dθ ,
17 – x 2 = 17 cos θ , θ = sin −1 x
17 x 2 – 121 = 11 tan θ , θ = sec −1
17 cos θ dθ 11
∫ ∫
dx
∴ = 11 sec θ tan θ dθ
∫ ∫
dx
17 – x 17 cos θ
2 ∴ =
x 2 – 121 11 tan θ
∫
x
= dθ = θ + C = sin −1 +C
17 = ∫ sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C 1
∫
dx x x 2 – 121
8. = ln + + C1
2
13 – x 11 11
v
= ln x + x 2 – 121 − ln 11 + C1
√ 13
x = ln x + x 2 – 121 + C
θ u
∫x
2
√13 – x 2 11. x 2 – 9 dx
v
Let x/ 13 = sin θ . x = 13 sin θ ,
dx = 13 cos θ dθ , x
√x 2 – 9
−1 x
13 – x = 13 cos θ , θ = sin
2
θ u
13 3
13 cos θ dθ
∫ ∫
dx
∴ =
13 – x 13 cos θ
2
x
Let = sec θ . x = 3 sec θ ,
∫
x
= dθ = θ + C = sin −1 +C 3
13 dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ,
x
x 2 – 9 = 3 tan θ , θ = sec −1
∫
dx
9. 3
x2 +1
v
∫
∴ x 2 x 2 – 9 dx
θ u
1 = 81 ∫ sec θ dθ − ∫ sec θ dθ
5 3
8
81 x 3 x 2 – 9 81 x x2 – 9 1
= ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ x
4 27 3 8 3 3 θ u
2
81 x x –9 √1 – x2
− ln + + C1
8 3 3
1 3 2 9 Let x = sin θ. dx = cos θ dθ,
= x x –9 − x x2 – 9
4 8 1 – x 2 = cos θ , θ = sin −1 x
81 81
− ln x + x – 9
2
+ ln 3 + C1
8
1 3 2 9
8 ∫
∴ (1 − x 2 )3/2 dx = cos3 θ (cos θ dθ ) ∫
= x x –9 − x x2 – 9
4 8 = ∫ cos θ dθ 4
81
− ln x + x – 9
2
+C
∫
1 3
8 = cos3 θ sin θ + cos 2 θ dθ
4 4
∫x
2 2
12. 9 – x dx
∫
1 3
= cos3 θ sin θ + (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
v
4 8
1 3 3
= cos3 θ sin θ + θ + sin 2θ + C
3
4 8 16
x
1 3 3
θ u = cos3 θ sin θ + θ + sin θ cos θ + C
4 8 8
√9 – x2
1 3 3
= x (1 − x 2 )3/2 + sin −1 x + x 1 – x 2 + C
x 4 8 8
Let = sin θ . x = 3 sin θ , dx = 3 cos θ dθ ,
∫ (x − 81) −3/2 dx
3 2
14.
x
9 – x 2 = 3 cos θ , θ = sin −1
3 v
∫
∴ x 2 9 – x 2 dx
= 81 ∫ (cos θ − cos θ ) dθ
2 4
x
Let = sec θ . x = 9 sec θ , dx = 9 sec θ tan θ dθ ,
= 81∫ cos θ dθ −
81
2
cos θ sin θ 3
9
4 1
3 ⋅ 81 x 2 – 81 = 9 tan θ , θ = sec −1 x
4 ∫
− cos θ dθ 2
9
=
81 81 81
θ + sin 2θ − cos3 θ sin θ + C = ∫ (9 tan θ ) (9 sec θ tan θ dθ )
−3
8 16 4
1 sec θ dθ
81 81 81
= θ + sin θ cos θ − cos3 θ sin θ + C = ∫
8 8 4 81 tan θ 2
81 81
= θ + sin θ cos θ (1 − 2 cos 2 θ ) + C
∫
1
8 8 = cot θ csc θ dθ
81
81 −1 x
= sin 1
8 3 = − csc θ + C
81
81 x 9 – x 2 2( 9 – x 2 )
− ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 1 – +C –x
= +C
8 3 3 9 81 x 2 – 81
81 −1 x 1
= sin − x ( 2 x 2 − 9) 9 – x 2 + C
8 3 8
∫
x dx
18. a.
x 2 – 49
x
Let = tan θ . x = 9 tan θ , dx = 9 sec 2 θ dθ , v
9
x
81 + x 2 = 9 sec θ , θ = tan −1 x
9 √ x 2 – 49
θ
9 sec 2 θ dθ 1 u
∫ 81 + x = ∫ ∫
dx 1
∴ = dθ = θ + C 7
2
81 sec 2 θ 9 9
1 x
= tan −1 + C x
9 9 Let = sec θ . x = 7 sec θ ,
7
dx = 7 sec θ tan θ dθ,
∫
dx
16.
25 x 2 + 1 x
x 2 – 49 = 7 tan θ , θ = sec −1
7
7 sec θ (7 sec θ tan θ dθ )
v
∫ ∫
x dx
∴ =
√ 25x 2 + 1 x 2 – 49 7 tan θ
∫
5x
= 7 sec 2 θ dθ = 7 tan θ + C = x 2 – 49 + C
θ u
1
∫ ∫
x dx 1
b. = ( x 2 − 49) −1/2 (2 x dx )
2
x – 49 2
5x 1 1
Let = tan θ . x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , = x 2 – 49 + C,which agrees with part a.
1 5 5
∫
dx
19.
25 x 2 + 1 = sec θ , θ = tan −1 5 x
9 – ( x – 5)2
sec θ dθ
2
∫ 25x ∫ 5 ⋅ sec θ ∫
dx 1 1 v
∴ = = dθ = θ + C
+1 2 2
5 5
1 −1 3
= tan 5 x + C x–5
5 θ u
∫
x dx
17. a. √ 9 – (x – 5)2
x 2 + 25
x–5
v Let = sin θ . x = 5 + 3 sin θ , dx = 3 cos θ dθ ,
3
x–5
√ x 2 + 25 9 – ( x – 5)2 = 3 cos θ , θ = sin −1
x 3
3 cos θ dθ
∫ ∫
dx
θ u ∴ =
5 9 – ( x – 5)2 3 cos θ
∫
x–5
= dθ = θ + C = sin −1 +C
x 3
Let = tan θ . x = 5 tan θ , dx = 5 sec 2 θ dθ ,
∫
5 dx
20.
1
x 2 + 25 = 5 sec θ , θ = tan −1 x 36 – ( x + 2)2
5
v
5 tan θ (5 sec 2 θ dθ )
∫ ∫
x dx
∴ =
x 2 + 25 5 ⋅ sec θ 6
x+2
= 5∫ tan θ sec θ dθ = 5 sec θ + C θ u
= x + 25 + C
2 √ 36 – (x + 2)2
x+2 θ
∫
u
= dθ = θ + C = sin −1 +C
6 √ 100 – x 2
∫ ∫
dx dx
21. =
x + 8 x – 20
2
( x + 4)2 – 36 Let
x
= sin θ . x = 10 sin θ , dx = 10 cos θ dθ ,
v 10
x
100 – x 2 = 10 cos θ , θ = sin −1
10
x+4
√ (x + 4) 2 –36 8
u
∴ ∫ −3
100 – x 2 dx
6
sin –1 0.8
Let
x+4
= sec θ . x = 6 sec θ − 4,
= ∫ sin –1 (–0.3)
10 cos θ ⋅ 10 cos θ dθ
6 sin –1 0.8
dx = 6 sec θ tan θ dθ, = 100 ∫ sin –1 (–0.3)
cos 2 θ dθ
x 2 + 8 x – 20 = ( x + 4)2 – 36 = 6 tan θ ,
sin –1 0.8
θ = sec −1
x+4
6
= 50 ∫sin –1 (–0.3)
(1 + cos 2θ dθ )
= ln x + 4 + x 2 + 8 x – 20 − ln 6 + C1
v
= ln x + 4 + x + 8 x – 20 + C
2
√ x 2 + 25
x
∫ ∫
dx dx
22. = θ u
x 2 – 14 x + 50 ( x – 7)2 + 1 5
√(x – 7) 2 + 1 x
Let = tan θ . x = 5 tan θ , dx = 5 sec 2 θ dθ ,
x–7 5
θ u
1 x 2 + 25 = 5 sec θ , θ = tan −1 0.2 x
4
x–7
∴ ∫ –1
x 2 + 25 dx
Let = tan θ . x = 7 + tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , tan –1 0.8
∫
1
= 5 sec θ ⋅ 5 sec 2 θ dθ
x 2 – 14 x + 50 = ( x – 7) 2 + 1 = sec θ , tan –1 (–0.2 )
sec 2 θ dθ
= 25 ∫ sec 3 θ dθ
∫ ∫ ∫
dx tan –1 (–0.2 )
∴ = = sec θ dθ
x 2 – 14 x + 50 sec θ 25 25 tan −1 0.8
= ln x – 14 x + 50 + x − 7 + C
2
∫
25 6
= sec ( tan −1 0.8) ⋅ 0.8 ∴A= 5 cos θ ⋅ 5 cos θ dθ
2 5 x = –3
x =4
= 30 ∫
25
+ ln |sec ( tan −1 0.8) + 0.8 | cos 2 θ dθ
2 x = –3
x =4
= 15∫
25
− sec [tan −1 ( −0.2)] ⋅ ( −0.2) (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2 x = –3
25 x =4
− ln | sec [tan −1 ( −0.2)] − 0.2 | 15
= 15θ + sin 2θ
2 2 x =−3
= 26.9977…
= 15θ + 15 sin θ cos θ xx == 4–3
Numerical integration: 26.9977… (Checks.)
x 3 x =4
25. y = 3x 2 = 15 sin −1 + x 25 – x 2
5 5 x =−3
dL = 1 + ( y ′)2 dx = 1 + 36 x 2 dx −1 3
5 = 15 sin 0.8 + ( 4) 9
L= ∫0
1 + 36 x 2 dx
−1
5
3
− 15 sin ( −0.6) − (–3) 16
v 5
= 15[sin −1 0.8 − sin −1 ( −0.6)] + 14.4
√ 1 + 36x2
15π
6x
= + 14.4 = 37.9619…
θ u
2
1 Numerical integration: A = 37.9619…
(Checks.)
6 5
∫
6x 1 1
Let = tan θ . x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , b. A = 25 – x 2 dx
1 6 6 5 –5
1 + 36 x = sec θ , θ = tan 6 x
2 −1 x = 5 ⇒ θ = π /2, x = −5 ⇒ θ = − π /2
π /2
∴L =
x =5
x =0 ∫
1
sec θ ⋅ sec 2 θ dθ
6
∴ A = 30 ∫ –π /2
cos 2 θ dθ
π /2
1 x =5 3 15
=
6 x =0 ∫
sec θ dθ = 15 θ +
2
sin 2θ
− π /2
1 1 x =5 15π 15 15π 15
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ | = + sin π + − sin ( −π )
12 12 x =0 2 2 2 2
1 1 5 = 15π = 47.1238…
= x 1 + 36 x 2 + ln 1 + 36 x 2 + 6 x The area is π (x-radius)(y-radius).
2 12 0
5 1 27. x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ⇒ y = ± r 2 – x 2 , x = 0 at y = ± r
= 901 + ln 901 + 30 = 75.3828K
2 12 Slice the region inside the circle perpendicular to
Numerical integration: L = 75.3828… (Checks.) the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the
3 positive branch of the circle, within the strip.
26. a. 9 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 225 ⇒ y = ± 25 – x 2
5 dA = 2 y dx = 2 r 2 − x 2 dx
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample r
v √r 2 – x 2
x
5 Let = sin θ . x = r sin θ, dx = r cos θ dθ,
x r
x
θ u r 2 – x 2 = r cos θ , θ = sin −1
√ 25 – x2 r
x = r ⇒ θ = π /2, x = −r ⇒ θ = − π /2
π /2
Let
x
5
= sin θ . x = 5 sin θ , dx = 5 cos θ dθ , ∴A = 2 ∫ – π /2
r cos θ ⋅ r cos θ dθ
π /2
∫
x = 2r cos 2 θ dθ
25 – x 2 = 5 cos θ , θ = sin −1
2
5 − π /2
∫
Rotating instead about the x-axis is equivalent to
= r2 (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
− π /2 interchanging the a and b, giving V = 43 πab 2 .
π /2
1 2
= r 2θ + r sin 2θ 30. x 2 − y 2 = 9 ⇒ y = ± x 2 – 9
2 − π /2 Slice the region perpendicular to the x-axis. Pick
π 1 π a sample point (x, y) on the positive branch of
= r 2 ⋅ + r 2 sin π + r 2 ⋅
2 2 2 the hyperbola, within the strip.
1 2 dA = 2 y dx = 2 x 2 – 9 dx
− r sin ( −π ) = πr 2
2 5
∴ A = π r 2, Q .E .D .
2 2
A=2 ∫
3
x 2 – 9 dx
28. + = 1 ⇒ y = ±
x y b 2
a – x2
a b
v
a
Slice the region inside the ellipse perpendicular
x
to the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the √x 2 – 9
positive branch of the ellipse, within the strip. θ u
2b 2 3
dA = 2 y dx = a – x 2 dx
a
2b a
A=
a –a ∫
a 2 – x 2 dx
Let
x
= sec θ . x = 3 sec θ, dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ,
3
v x
x 2 – 9 = 3 tan θ , θ = sec −1
3
x =5
∫
a
x ∴ A=2 3 tan θ ⋅ 3 sec θ tan θ dθ
x =3
θ u x =5
√a 2 – x 2 = 18 ∫ tan 2 θ sec θ dθ
x =3
x =5
x = 18 ∫ (sec 3 θ – sec θ ) dθ
Let = sin θ . x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ, x =3
a
x = 9 sec θ tan θ + 9 ln | sec θ + tan θ |
a – x 2 = a cos θ , θ = sin −1
2 x =5
− 18 ln | sec θ + tan θ | x =3
a
x = a ⇒ θ = π /2, x = −a ⇒ θ = − π /2 = 9 sec θ tan θ − 9 ln | sec θ + tan θ | x =5
x =3
2 b π /2
∴A =
a – π /2 ∫
a cos θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
=x x 2 – 9 − 9 ln
1
x+
1 2
x –9
5
π /2 3 3 3
= 2 ab ∫– π /2
cos 2 θ dθ = 20 − 9 ln 3 = 10.1124…
π /2 Numerical integration: A = 10.1124… (Checks.)
= ab ∫
– π /2
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
31. dV = 2πx (2 y) dx = 4πx x 2 – 9 dx
π /2
ab
= abθ + sin 2θ
5
2 − π /2
V = 4π ∫ 3
x 2 – 9 x dx
abπ ab abπ ab 5
= + sin π + − sin ( −π ) = πab = 2π ∫ x 2 – 9 (2 x dx )
2 2 2 2 3
∴ A = πab 5
2
= 2π ⋅ ( x 2 – 9)3/2
Note that if a = b = r, then πab = πr2, the area of 3 3
a circle. 4 256
a2 2 = π ⋅ 64 = π = 268.0825…
29. dV = πx 2 dy = π (b – y 2 ) dy, − b ≤ y ≤ b 3 3
b2 32. From Problems 30 and 31, A = 20 − 9 ln 3,
a2 b
∫
256
V =π⋅ (b 2 – y 2 ) dy V= π.
b2 –b 3
b
a2 y3 128
= π ⋅ 2 b2 y – =
4 2
πa b V = 2π x ⋅ A ⇒ x = = 4.2192 K
b 3 3 3(20 – 9 ln 3)
−b
x is a little more than halfway through the
4 2
∴ V = πa b region.
3
dx =
0 0 7
∫ ∫ (1 – cos 2t ) dt ∫ ∫
11x – 15 4
∴ A = −2 ab sin 2 t dt = − ab 1. + dx
π π x 2 – 3x + 2 x –1 x – 2
ab 0
= 4 ln |x − 1| + 7 ln |x − 2| + C
= − abt + sin 2t = 0 + 0 + ab(π ) − 0 = πab
7 x + 25
dx =
9
∫ ∫
2 π –2
2. + dx
∴ A = πab, as in Problem 28. x 2 – 7x – 8 x + 1 x – 8
With this method, you get sin 2 t dt, directly. ∫ = −2 ln |x + 1| + 9 ln |x − 8| + C
=
3/2
∫ ∫
(5 x – 11) dx 7/2
With trigonometric substitution in Problem 28, 3. + dx
x2 – 2x – 8 x + 2 x – 4
∫
you get cos 2 t dt, indirectly. 7 3
= ln | x + 2 | + ln | x − 4 | + C
34. r = 0.5θ ⇒ dr/dθ = 0.5 2 2
=
dL = r 2 + ( dr/dθ )2 dθ = 0.25θ 2 + 0.25 dθ 6/5
∫ ∫
(3 x – 12) dx 9/5
4. + dx
2
x – 5 x – 50 x+5 x – 10
= 0.5 θ 2 + 1 dθ
9 6
6π = ln | x + 5 | + ln | x − 10 | + C
L = 0.5 ∫ 0
θ 2 + 1 dθ 5 5
=
7
∫ ∫
21 dx –7
v 5. + dx
x 2 + 7 x + 10 x + 5 x + 2
√ θ2 + 1 = −7 ln |x + 5| + 7 ln |x + 2| + C
θ
=
8
∫ ∫
10 x dx 2
φ 6. + dx
u
x 2 – 9 x – 36 x + 3 x – 12
1
= 2 ln |x + 3| + 8 ln |x − 12| + C
9 x 2 – 25 x – 50
Let θ = tan φ ⇒ dθ = sec2 φ dφ.
θ 2 + 1 = sec φ , φ = tan −1 θ
7. ∫ ( x + 1)( x – 7)( x + 2)
dx
=
4
∫
θ =6π 2 3
+ +
∴ L = 0.5 ∫ θ =0
sec φ ⋅ sec 2 φ dφ x +1 x – 7 x + 2
dx
θ =6π = 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x − 7| + 4 ln |x + 2| + C
= 0.5 ∫ sec 3 φ dφ
7 x 2 + 22 x – 54
∫
θ =0
= 0.25 sec φ tan φ + 0.25 ln | sec φ 8. dx
( x – 2)( x + 4)( x – 1)
θ =6π
+ tan φ |
=
5
∫
3 –1
θ =0 + + dx
6π x – 2 x + 4 x – 1
= 0.25θ θ 2 + 1 + 0.25 ln θ 2 +1 +θ = 3 ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 4| + 5 ln |x − 1| + C
0
4 x 2 + 15 x – 1
= 1.5π 36π + 1 + 0.25 ln 36π + 1 + 6π
∫
2 2
9. dx
x 3 + 2 x 2 – 5x – 6
= 89.8589… , same as numerical
=
3
∫
–1 2
integration. + + dx
x + 3 x +1 x – 2
35. See the note preceding the solutions for this = −ln |x + 3| + 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x − 2| + C
section. For the sine and tangent substitution,
–3 x 2 + 22 x – 31
the range of the inverse sine and inverse tangent
make the corresponding radical positive. For the
10. ∫ x – 8x + 19 x – 12 dx
3 2
= ∫
–2 –4 3
secant substitution, the situation is more + + dx
complicated but still gives an answer of the same x –1 x – 3 x – 4
algebraic form as if x had been only positive. = −2 ln |x − 1| − 4 ln |x − 3| + 3 ln |x − 4| + C
3 x 3 + 2 x 2 – 12 x + 9
Problem Set 9-7
11. ∫ x –1
dx
= 3x 2 + 5x − 7 +
2
Q1. (x + 5)(x − 5) Q2. x 2 + 2x − 15 ∫
x – 1
dx
Q3. (x + 2)(x − 6) Q4. x 2 + 14x + 49 5
= x 3 + x 2 − 7 x + 2 ln | x − 1 | + C
Q5. (x + 4)2 Q6. x 2 − 64 2
= x −5+ 2 dx
∫ ∫
1000 dy
∫
3x
= 2 dt
x – 2x – 8 y(1000 – y)
1
= x −5+
2
∫
1
∫ y + 1000 – y dy = ∫ 2 dt
1
+ dx
x + 2 x – 4
1
= x 2 − 5 x + ln | x + 2 | + 2 ln | x − 4 | + C ln |y| − ln |1000 − y| = 2t + C
2 y
ln = 2t + C
4 x + 6 x + 11
2
∫ (x
1000 – y
13. dx
2
+ 1)( x + 4) y
= e 2 t + C (Note that 0 ≤ y < 1000.)
x+2
= 2
3
∫
1000 – y
+ dx
x +1 x + 4 1000 − y 1000
= e −2 t −C ⇒ − 1 = e −2 t −C
∫ ∫ ∫
1 2 x dx dx 3 dx y y
= +2 2 +
2 x2 +1 x +1 x+4 1000
1 = 1 + e −2 t −C = 1 + ke −2 t ( k = e − C )
= ln | x 2 + 1| + 2 tan −1 x + 3 ln | x + 4 | + C y
2 1000
y=
4 x 2 – 15 x – 1 1 + ke –2 t
14. ∫ x 3 – 5x 2 + 3x + 1
dx Initial condition y = 10 when t = 0 ⇒ k = 99.
1000
=
x–2
∫
3 y=
+ dx 1 + 99e –2 t
x – 1 x 2 – 4 x – 1
1 1000
= 3 ln | x − 1| + ln | x 2 − 4 x − 1| + C b. y(1) = = 69.4531… ≈ 69 students
2 1 + 99e –2
Note that have heard the rumor after one hour.
x–2 1/2 1/2 1000
= + , y( 4 ) = = 967.8567… ≈ 968
x2 – 4x – 1 x – 2 + 5 x – 2 – 5 1 + 99e –8
1 1 students have heard by lunchtime.
but ln x − 2 + 5 + ln x − 2 − 5 1000
2 2 y(8) = = 999.9888… ≈ 1000
1 1 + 99e –16
= ln | x − 4 x − 1|, so the answer comes out
2
students—everyone knows by the end of
2
the day!
the same.
c. It is quicker to analyze the original differential
4 x 2 + 18 x + 6
15. ∫ ( x + 5)( x + 1) 2 dx equation, which already refers to the derivative,
than to analyze the equation found in part a.
1000 – y
1 –2 Maximize y′ = 2 y
∫
3
= + + 2 dx 1000
x + 5 x + 1 ( x + 1) 1
= (1000 y – y ). 2
= ln |x + 5| + 3 ln |x + 1| + 2(x + 1)− 1 + C 500
1
3 x 2 – 53 x + 245 y ′′ = (1000 y′ – 2 yy′) = 0 when y = 500.
16. ∫ x 3 – 14 x 2 + 49 x
dx 500
This is the maximum point because y″ > 0
5 3
∫
–2 for y < 500 and y″ < 0 for y > 500 (and
= + + 2 dx
x x – 7 ( x – 7) y′ > 0 for all t).
= 5 ln |x| − 2 ln |x − 7| − 3(x − 7)− 1 + C So the rate of spreading (y′) is greatest when
500 students have heard the news. This occurs
∫x ∫
dx dx
17. = when
– 6 x + 12 x – 8
3 2
( x – 2)3 1000
1 500 =
= − ( x – 2) −2 + C 1 + 99e –2 t
2 99e −2 t + 1 = 2
1
∫ ∫
1 dx
18. dx = e −2 t =
x 4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1 ( x + 1) 4 99
1 1
= − ( x + 1) −3 + C t = ln 99 = 2.2975… hr
3 2
1 + ( N / P0 – 1)e –0.3t
= ln | tan θ | + C = be – kmt
⇒ – 1 = be – kmt
(b = 1/C3 )
p p
= ln ( x – 3)2 – 1 + C m
= 1 + be – kmt ⇒ p =
m
p 1 + be – kmt
= ln x 2 – 6 x + 8 + C At time t = 0, p = p 0.
m
∫x ∫x
x–3 1 2x – 6
c. dx = dx ∴ p0 = ⇒ m = p0 (1 + b)
2
– 6x + 8 2 2
– 6x + 8 1+ b
p (1 + b)
1
=ln | x 2 – 6 x + 8| + C ∴ p = 0 – kmt
2 1 + be
1+ b
d. From part a, Letting K = km, p = p0 , Q .E .D .
1 1 1 + be − Kt
ln | x – 2| + ln | x – 4| + C e. Let p denote millions of people. Then
2 2
p0 = 179.3.
1
= ln |( x – 2)( x – 4)| + C Substitute p(10) = 203.2.
2 1+ b
1 203.2 = 179.3
= ln | x 2 – 6 x + 8| + C 1 + be –10 K
2 ⇒ 203.2 + 203.2be–10K = 179.3 + 179.3b
which is the answer in part c. This equals ⇒ b(203.2e–10K – 179.3) = –23.9
–23.9
ln | x 2 – 6 x + 8|1/2 + C = ln x 2 – 6 x + 8 + C, ⇒b=
203.2e –10 K – 179.3
which is the answer from part b. So all three By substituting p(20) = 226.5 and
answers are equivalent, Q.E.D. transforming,
24. a. When the population is very much smaller –47.2
than the maximum, (m – p) behaves like a b= .
226.5e –20 K – 179.3
constant, and dp/dt = k(m – p) · p is Equating the two values of b and solving
approximately proportional to p. But when p numerically for K gives K = 0.0259109… .
is approaching m, then (m – p) goes to zero, –23.9
so dp/dt = kp(m – p) goes to zero. ∴b= = 1.0630436 …
203.2e –0.259109... – 179.3
b. dp/dt = kp(m – p) = k(mp – p2). So dp/dt is a 2.063036...
∴ p = 179.3
quadratic function of p. Thus, the turning 1 + 1.063036...e –0.0259109...
point is at Check that this equation gives a good
m
p=– = m/2. approximation for 1990.
2(–1) 2.0630...
p(30) = 179.3 ⋅
If k > 0, the graph of dp/dt versus p opens 1 + 1.0630... ⋅ e –30⋅0.0259...
downward and the turning point is a = 248.4892… ≈ 248.5 million people,
maximum. which is close to the actual population,
So the population grows fastest when 248.7 million.
p = m/2. 2.0630...
f. p( 40) = 179.3 ⋅
c.
dp
= kp( m – p) ⇒
dp
= k dt 1 + 1.0630... ⋅ e –40⋅0.0259...
dt p( m – p) = 268.6144… ≈ 268.6 million people, which
∫ p(m – p) = ∫ k dt
dp is lower than the actual population by about
13 million people.
1/m 1/m 1+ b
g. k > 0 ⇒ lim p = lim p0 = p0 (1 + b)
∫ p
+ dp = k dt
m – p ∫ t →∞ t →∞ 1 + be – kt
= 179.3 · (1 + 1.0630…)
1 1
ln | p| – ln |m – p| = kt + C1 = 369.9024… ≈ 369.9 million people
m m
∫
x dx
= x sin −1 x −
Problem Set 9-8 1− x2
∫
1
Q1. integration by parts Q2. partial fractions = x sin −1 x + (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x dx )
Q3. x = tan θ or θ = tan–1 x 2
1
Q4. x = sec θ or θ = sec–1 x = x sin −1 x + ⋅ 2(1 − x 2 )1/2 + C
2
Q5. x = sin θ or θ = sin–1 x −1
= x sin x + 1 − x 2 + C
1 2
Q6. ( x + 1)8 + C
16
∫ sec
−1 u dv
5. x dx
Q7. 7 (at f (1)). Q8. 3 (at f (5)). sec –1 x 1
+
Q9. undefined Q10. B dx – x
|x| √ x 2 – 1
∫ tan
−1 u dv
1. x dx
tan –1 x 1
∫ | x|
x dx
= x sec −1 x −
+
dx –
1 + x2 x x2 −1
∫
dx
= x sec −1 x − sgn x ( x/| x | = sgn x )
∫ x +1
x dx
= x tan −1 x − 2 x2 −1
x− ∫
1 2 x dx v
= x tan −1
2 x +1 2
1 x
√x 2 – 1
= x tan −1 x − ln | x 2 + 1| + C (Checks.)
2 θ u
1
∫ cot
−1 u dv
2. x dx
cot –1 x + 1
x
dx –
x Let = sec θ .
1 + x2 1
dx = sec θ tan θ dθ
∫ x +1
x dx x 2 – 1 = tan θ
= x cot −1 x + 2
θ = sec–1 x
x+ ∫ ∫
1 2 x dx
= x cot −1 ∴ sec –1 x dx
2 x +1 2
sec θ tan θ dθ
= x cot −1 x +
1
2
ln | x 2 + 1| + C (Checks.) = x sec –1 x – sgn x ∫ tan θ
= x sec –1 x – ∫ sgn x sec θ dθ
∫ sec
−1
A= x dx
1
∫ csc
−1 u dv 3
6. x dx = x sec −1 x − sgn x ln ( x + x 2 – 1 )
csc –1 x +
1 1
dx – x = 3 sec −1 3 − 1 ⋅ ln (3 + 8 ) − sec −11 + 1 ⋅ ln 1
|x| √ x 2 – 1
= 1.930131… .
The Simpson’s rule answer differs from this
∫ | x|
x dx
= x csc –1 x + by 0.0104… , or about 0.5%.
x2 – 1
9. By vertical slices,
∫
dx
= x csc –1 x + sgn x 1 π
x2 – 1 A = – sin –1 x dx
∫
0 2
π
v 1
= x − x sin −1 x − 1 – x 2
x
2 0
1
π −1
= − sin 1 − 0 − 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
θ u 2
π /2
√ x2 – 1 By horizontal slices, A = ∫
0
sin y dy
∫ ∫ x tan
−1
= x csc –1 x – sgn x V = 2π x dx
cot θ 0
x – ∫ sgn x csc θ dθ
= x csc –1
∫ x tan
−1 u dv
x dx
= x csc x + sgn x ln | csc θ + cot θ | + C
–1 tan –1 x +
x
dx – 1 2
1 + x2 2x
= x csc x + sgn x ln x + x – 1 + C
–1 2
x2
∫
1 2 1
(Checks.) = x tan −1 x − dx
Note: This answer can be transformed to 2 2 1+ x2
1 1
∫
1
x sec −1 x + ln (| x | + x 2 – 1 ) + C. = x 2 tan −1 x − 1− dx
2 2 1+ x2
4 4
∫
1 1 1 1
7. tan −1 x dx = x tan −1 x −
ln | x 2 + 1| = x 2 tan −1 x − x + tan −1 x + C
1 2 1 2 2 2
∴ V = π x tan x − π x + π tan −1 x 0
−1
1 1 2 1
= 4 tan −1 4 − ln 17 − tan −11 + ln 2
2 2
π 1 17 = π tan −1 1 − π + π tan −1 1 − 0 + 0 − 0
−1
= 4 tan 4 − − ln = 3.4478K π
4 2 2 = 2π tan −1 1 − π = 2π ⋅ − π
4 4
Numerically, ∫1
tan −1 x dx = 3.4478K . 1 2
= π − π = 1.7932 K
8. 2
Compare this with a cylinder (π r2h) minus a
cone (π r2h/3), both of radius 1 and altitude π / 4,
y
π /2
which has volume 2π ( π / 4)/3 = π2/6 = 1.6449… ;
the volume is slightly less than V, which is
x expected because the cylinder minus the cone is
1 3 generated by rotating a line that lies below the
graph.
∫ tanh x dx = ln (cosh x )
1 tanh 1
13.
sinh 1 1
coth = ln (cosh 3) − ln (cosh 1) = 1.875547…
4 4
∫
y
14. sinh x dx = cosh x =0
−4 −4
sech 1
x (Note that sinh is an odd function.)
1 d sinh 5 x
15.
dx ln 3 x
csch
5 cosh 5 x ln 3 x – x –1 sinh 5 x
2. =
(ln 3 x )2
y y
d cosh 6 x
coth–1 16.
1
cosh–1
1
x
dx cos 3 x
6 sinh 6 x cos 3 x + 3 cosh 6 x sin 3 x
–1 1 x –1 1 =
tanh cos 2 3 x
sinh
y
17. ∫ x sinh x dx u
x +
dv
sinh x
1 – cosh x
–1 1 csch–1
sech 0 + sinh x
–1 1 x
= x cosh x − sinh x + C
1
d
∴ ∫ x sinh x dx
0
3. tanh 3 x = 3 tanh 2 x sec h 2 x = x cosh x − sinh x
1
= cosh 1 − sinh 1
dx 0
d =e −1
= 0.36787…
4. 5 sec h 3 x = −15 sec h 3 x tanh 3 x
dx
∫
1
∫x
2 u dv
5. cosh 5 x sinh x dx = cosh 6 x + C 18. cosh x dx
6 x2 + cosh x
2x sinh x
∫
1 –
6. (sinh x ) cosh x dx = − (sinh x ) −2 + C
−3
2 + cosh x
2 0 – sinh x
1
= − csch x + C
2
2 = x 2 sinh x – 2x cosh x + 2 sinh x + C
∫
Or: (sinh x ) −3 cosh x dx = csch 2 x coth x dx ∫ ∴ ∫
b
x 2 cosh x dx
1 1 a
= − coth 2 x + C1 = − (csch 2 x + 1) + C1 b
2 2 = x 2 sinh x − 2 x cosh x + 2 sinh x a
1
= − csch x + C
2
2
∫
is given by the vector (h, 0) and the vertical
22. 4 cosh −1 6 x dx
force is the vector (0, v), so their sum, the
4 4
= x cosh −1 6 x − [(6 x )2 – 1]1/2 + C tension vector, is the vector (h, v), which has
6 6 v
2 2 slope . Because the tension vector points
−1 h
= x cosh 6 x − 36 x 2 – 1 + C
3 3 along the graph, the graph’s slope, y ′, also
23. Let x = 3 sinh t, dx = 3 cosh t dt, v
equals .
x 2 + 9 = 9 ⋅ sinh 2 t + 9 = 3 cosh t, h
x b. v = weight of chain below (x, y) = s ⋅ w
t = sinh −1 . v s⋅w w
3 ⇒ y′ = = = ⋅s
h h h
∴ ∫ ∫
x 2 + 9 dx = 3 cosh t ⋅ 3 cosh t dt
c. ds = dx 2 + dy 2 = dx 2 [1 + ( dy/dx )2 ]
∫
= 9 cosh 2 t dt u
cosh t +
dv
cosh t
= 1 + ( y′)2 dx
sinh t – sinh t w w
⇒ d ( y′) = ds = 1 + ( y′)2 dx
h h
∫
= 9 cosh t sinh t − 9 sinh 2 t dt
d. ∫ [1 + ( y′) ] d( y′)
2 −1/2
∫ h dx = h x + C
w w
2
x2 + 9 x x
= 4.5 ⋅ ⋅ + 4.5 sinh −1 + C w
3 3 3 ⇒ sinh −1 y′ = x+C
x h
= 0.5 x x 2 + 9 + 4.5 sinh −1 + C e. At x = 0, y ′ = 0, so
3
w
24. Let x = 5 cosh t, dx = 5 sinh t dt, sinh −1 0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = 0.
h
x 2 – 25 = 25 ⋅ cosh 2 t – 25 = 5 sinh t, w w
x f. sinh −1 y′ = x ⇒ y′ = sinh x
t = cosh −1 . h h
5
∫ ∫
dy w w
= sinh x ⇒ dy = sinh x dx
∴ ∫ ∫
x 2 – 25 dx = 5 sinh t ⋅ 5 sinh t dt g.
dx
h
h
w
h
⇒ y = cosh x + C
∫
= 25 sinh 2 t dt u
sinh t +
dv
sinh t
w h
1
cosh t – cosh t 26. a. y = 2 when x = 0 ⇒ 2 = k cosh 0 + C
k
⇒2=k+C⇒C=2−k
∫
= 25 sinh t cosh t − 25 cosh 2 t dt
4
y = 5 when x = 4 ⇒ 5 = k cosh + 2 − k
= 25 sinh t cosh t − 25 ∫ (sinh 2
t + 1) dt k
Using the solver feature of your grapher,
k ≈ 3.0668… .
∫
1 methods could give both the weight and the
e.
–1 k length.)
3
1 c. T = h 2 + v 2 ; h is constant and v is greatest
= k 2 sinh x + (2 − k ) x
k −1 at the ends, so the maximum tension is at
x = 150 ft.
= (3.0668…)2 sinh
3 –1
− sinh
3.0668… 3.0668… T (150) = h 2 + [hy′(150)]2
+ 4(2 − 3.0668…)
= 9.5937… = 400 1 + sinh 2 0.3 = 400 cosh 0.3
3 = 418.1354… ≈ 418.1 lb
f. L= ∫ −1
1 + ( y′)2 dx h w
d. The general equation is y = cosh x + C.
3 w h
=∫ 1 + sinh 2 ( x/k ) dx If y (0) = 100 and y (150) = 110, find h such
−1
3
that y (150) − y (0) = 10. Solve:
3
∫
1 1
= cosh x dx = k sinh x h w h
−1 k k −1
cosh 150 − = 10, or
w h w
= k sinh + sinh = 4.5196 …
3 1 120 8
cosh −1 =
k k h h
27. a. The vertex is midway between the poles, By grapher, h = 901.3301... ≈ 901.3 lb.
so y = 110 ft when x = 150 ft. 28. The answers will depend on the dimensions
h w of the chain used. Note that the answer is
y = cosh x + C independent of the kind of chain. You might
w h
400 lb 0.8 show students how a heavy chain and a light
= cosh x+C chain of equal length will hang in the same
0.8 lb / ft 400
catenary if they are suspended from the same
110 = 500 cosh ⋅ 150 + C
1 points.
500 Assume that the dimensions are the same as in
⇒ C = 110 − 500 cosh 0.3 Example 5.
1 a. Vertex: (0, 20). Supports: (±90, 120).
y = 500 cosh x + 110 − 500 cosh 0.3 1
500 b. y = 51.78… cosh x – 31.78K
The cable comes closest to the ground at 51.78K
x = 0. c. Note: To conserve class time, you might have
y (0) = 500 cosh 0 + 110 − 500 cosh 0.3 students plot only each 20 cm for x, as shown
= 610 − 500 cosh 0.3 = 87.3307… ≈ 87.3 ft here for Example 5. Use the TABLE feature.
∫
1 315 260
L=
−90
cosh
51.78K
x dx c. A = ∫−315
youter dx − ∫−260
yinner dx
90
1 315
= 51.78Ksinh x = 285.349K x
51.78K −90 = − ko2 sinh + ko x + 630 x
ko −315
≈ 285.3 cm
260
The actual length should be close to this. x
+ ki2 sinh − ki x − 612 x
29. a. y = sinh x ki −260
dS = 2π x dL = 2π x 1 + cosh 2 x dx = 54323.2729… ≈ 54,323 ft2
1
S = 2π ∫x
0
1 + cosh 2 x dx d.
dyouter
dx
1
= − sinh x, so
ko
= 5.07327… by numerical integration 315
∫
1
≈ 5.07 ft2 L= 1 + sinh 2 x dx
−315 ko
b. Cost = 2(57)(5.07327…) = 578.3532… ≈
315
$578.35 315
∫
1 1
= cosh x dx = ko sinh x
−315 ko ko −315
∫
⇒ 0 e sinh x dx = e (cosh x − sinh x ) + C
x x
csch (1.01) – csch (0.99)
b. H′(1) ≈
0.02 The original integral reappeared with the same
= −1.11738505… . The answers differ by coefficient, so when it was added again to the left
0.0000995… , which is about 0.0089% of side, it exactly canceled out the desired integral.
the actual answer. Use the exponential form of sinh x.
∫ ∫
2 1 x x
e x sinh x dx = e (e − e − x ) dx
2
32. ∫1
sech x dx = sin −1 ( tanh x )
1
2
∫
= sin–1 (tanh 2) − sin–1 (tanh 1) 1
= (e 2 x − 1) dx
= 0.435990… 2
2 1 1
Numerically, ∫ sech x dx = 0.435990K
1
= e2 x − x + C
4 2
(Checks.) 35. a. cosh x − sinh2 x
2
2 2
33. By parts: ex + e– x ex – e– x
= −
2 2
∫e
x u dv
sinh 2 x dx
sinh 2x + ex e 2 x + 2 + e –2 x e 2 x – 2 + e –2 x
2 cosh 2x – ex = − =1
4 sinh 2x + ex 4 4
∴ cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1, Q .E.D .
∫
= e x sinh 2 x − 2e x cosh 2 x + 4 e x sinh 2 x dx
b.
1
(cosh 2 x – sinh 2 x ) =
1
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
∫
⇒ −3 e sinh 2 x dx x
⇒ 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
= e sinh 2 x − 2e cosh 2 x + C1 ⇒ e sinh 2 x dx ∫
x x x
1 1
c. (cosh 2 x – sinh 2 x ) =
2 1 sinh 2 x sinh 2 x
= e x cosh 2 x − e x sinh 2 x + C
3 3 ⇒ coth2 x − 1 = csch2 x
By transforming to exponential form:
36. a. Substitute 2x for x in the definition of sinh x.
∫ ∫
1 x 2 x −2 x
e x sinh 2 x dx = e (e − e ) dx 1
2 b. sinh 2 x = (e 2 x – e –2 x )
2
∫
1 1 1
= (e 3 x − e − x ) dx = e 3 x + e − x + C 1 1
2 6 2 = 2 ⋅ (e x – e – x ) ⋅ ⋅ (e x + e − x )
2 2
Transforming to exponential form is easier!
(Note that the two answers can be shown to be = 2 sinh x cosh x
equivalent either by transforming the first to
e. 1 + 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x
⇒ 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x − 1 ∫
∴ 2 sinh 2 t dt = sinh t cosh t − t + C
∫ sinh
1
⇒ sinh 2 x = (cosh 2 x – 1) 2
t dt = 0.5 sinh t cosh t − 0.5t + C1
2
37. a. On the circle, u2 + v2 = 1 ⇒ Slicing as in part b, the area A between the
2u du + 2v dv = 0 ⇒ dv = (−u/v) du. upper and lower branches of the hyperbola is
x
dL = du 2 + dv 2 = du 2 + (u/v)2 du 2 A=2 ∫ sinh
2
t dt
0
∫
du cosh x sinh x − (sinh x cosh x − x) = x,
L=
cos 2 1 – u2 Q .E .D .
38. a. y = sinh− 1 x ⇒ sinh y = x ⇒ cosh y y′ = 1
= − cos −1 u = − cos −1 1 + 2 = 2
1
cos 2 1 1 1
y′ = = = , Q. E . D .
The curve along the hyperbola from u = 1 to cosh y sinh y + 1
2
x +1
2
u = cosh 2 has length greater than the line
segment along the horizontal axis from (1, 0) b. y = tanh− 1 x ⇒ tanh y = x ⇒ sech2 y y′ = 1
1 1 1
to (cosh 2, 0). This segment has length y′ = 2 = 2 = , Q.E.D.
L = cosh 2 − 1 = 2.762… . So the length of sec h y 1 – tan h y 1 – x 2
the curve is greater than 2, Q.E.D. c. y = coth− 1 x ⇒ coth y = x
b. The area of the triangle that circumscribes the ⇒ −csch2 y y′ = 1
sector is 0.5(2 sinh 2 cosh 2) = sinh 2 cosh 2. 1 1 1
y′ = 2 = = ,
The area of the sector is the area of this – csch y –(coth y – 1) 1 – x 2
2
1
x
1 1
x
1
x
2
∫ ∫ (x
−2
b. (1/ x ) dx = lim
2
) dx
2 b→∞ 2
It might converge because the integrand
b 1
= lim −x −1 = lim( −1/b + 1/2) = approaches zero as x approaches infinity.
b→∞ b→∞ 2 ∞ b
∫ ∫
2
1 b. 1/ x 0.2 dx = lim x −0.2 dx
Integral converges to . 1 b→∞ 1
2 b
2. a. y = lim 1.25 x 0.8
= lim (1.25b 0.8 – 1.25) = ∞
1
b→∞ 1 b→∞
x
3
∫ ∫
b
1/ x 1.2 dx = lim x −1.2 dx
3
1 b.
1 b→∞ 1
The integral converges to .
81 b
3. a. y = lim − 5 x −0.2 = lim (–5b –0.2 + 5) = 5
b→∞ 1 b→∞
The integral converges to 5.
7. a. y
1
x
1
1
It might converge because the integrand x
approaches zero as x approaches infinity. 1
∞ b
b. ∫1
(1/ x ) dx = lim ∫ (1/x ) dx
b→∞ 1
It might converge because the integrand
b
= lim ln | x | = lim (ln b – 0) = ∞ becomes infinite only as x approaches zero.
b→∞ 1 b→∞
∫ ∫x
−0.2 11. a. y
b. 1/ x 0.2 dx = lim+ dx 1
x
0 a→0 a
0 1
1
= lim+ 1.25 x 0.8 = lim+ (1.25 – 1.25a 0.8 )
a→ 0 a a→ 0
= 1.25
The integral converges to 1.25.
8. a. y It might converge because the integrand
becomes infinite only as x approaches 0 or 1.
b. To determine whether this converges, split the
integral into two pieces. Each piece must
1 converge in order for the integral to converge.
x
The integral can be written
1 1
∫ 1/( x ln x ) dx
0
It might converge because the integrand c 1
becomes infinite only as x approaches zero. = ∫ 1/( x ln x ) dx + ∫ 1/( x ln x ) dx
0 c
1 1
∫ 1/x ∫x
c b
= lim ∫ 1/( x ln x ) dx + lim ∫ 1/( x ln x ) dx
−1.2
b. 1.2
dx = lim+ dx + −
0 a→0 a a→0 a b→ 1 c
1 c b
= lim+ − 5 x −0.2 = lim+ (–5 + 5a –0.2 ) = ∞ = lim+ ln | ln x | + lim− ln | ln x |
a→ 0 a a→0 a→0 a b→1 c
= lim+(ln |ln c | – ln |ln a |)
The integral diverges. a→ 0
9. a. y
+ lim−(ln |ln b | – ln |ln c |)
b→1
1 =∞+∞
For the integral to converge, both limits must
exist. Because neither exists, the integral
x
diverges.
0 1
12. a.
y
∫ ∫e
17. a.
b. e −0.4 x dx = lim −0.4 x
dx
2 b→∞ 2 y
b 1
−0.4 x
= lim − 2.5e
b→∞ 2
= lim(–2.5e −0.4 b + 2.5e –0.8 ) = 2.5e −0.8
b→∞
The integral converges to 2.5e− 0.8 x
= 1.1233… . 0 1
14. a.
It might converge because the integrand seems
y to approach zero as x approaches infinity.
1 b. Integrate by parts:
∫xe − x dx = − e − x ( x + 1) + C
∞ b
0 1 x
∫0
xe − x dx = lim
b→∞ 0 ∫ xe − x dx
b
= lim − e − x ( x + 1) = lim [– e – b (b + 1) + 1] = 1
b→∞ 0 b→∞
It diverges because the integrand does not
(The first term is zero by l’Hospital’s rule.)
approach zero as x approaches infinity.
Integral converges to 1.
b. (Not applicable)
18. a.
15. a. y
y
1
1
x
x
0 1 3
–1 0 2
∫ ( x – 1) dx
−2
b. (Not applicable) b.
0
16. a. b 3
y
= lim ∫ ( x – 1) −2
dx + lim+ ∫ ( x – 1)
−2
dx
b→1 –
0 a→1 a
b 3
= lim– − ( x − 1) −1 + lim+ − ( x − 1) −1
b→1 0 a→1 a
1 = lim– [–(b – 1) + (–1) ] –1 –1
b→1
x
+ lim+ [–2 –1 + ( a – 1) –1 ]
0 1 3 7 a→1
=∞+∞
It might converge because the integrand For the integral to converge, both limits must
becomes infinite only as x approaches 3. exist. Because neither exists, the integral
7 diverges.
∫ ( x – 3) dx
−2/3
b.
1 19. a.
b 7
= lim ∫ ( x – 3) ∫ ( x – 3)
y
−2/3 −2/3
dx + lim+ dx
b→3− 1 a→3 a 1
b 7
= lim− 3( x − 3) 1/3
+ lim+ 3( x − 3)1/3 x
b→3 1 a→3 a 20
∫
x
20 A = lim − y −1 dy = lim − ln | y|
a→−∞ a a→ – ∞ a
= lim (– ln | – 1| + ln |a|) = ∞
a→−∞
22. a. I = ∫ 1/ x
1.001
∞
dx = lim ∫ x 1.001
dx
b
−1.001
25. a. f ( x ) = ∫0
t x e − t dt
1 b→∞ 1 b b
= lim −1000 x
b→∞
−0.001
b f (1) = lim
b→∞ 0 ∫ te − t dt = lim (– te – t – e – t )
b→∞ 0
1
= lim (– be – e –b –b
+ 0 + 1) = 1
= lim (–1000 b –0.001
+ 1000) b→∞
b→∞
= 1000 (converges), Q.E.D. (Using l’Hospital’s rule on be− b gives
∞ b
∫ ∫
I 0.999 = 1/ x 0.999 dx = lim x −0.999 dx b 1
b→∞ 1
lim be − b = lim b = lim b = 0. )
1 b→∞ b→∞ e b→∞ e
b ∞
= lim 1000 x 0.001
b→∞ 1
f (2) = lim
b→∞ 0 ∫ t 2 e − t dt
= lim (1000 b 0.001 – 1000) b ∞
b→∞
= ∞ (diverges), Q.E.D.
= lim − t 2 e − t
b→∞ 0
+2 ∫0
te − t dt
∞
= lim (– b 2 e – b + 0) + 2(1) = 2
b. I1 = ∫
1
1/ x dx = ∞ (see Problem 3), so I1 b→∞
∫
b
1
= lim − t 3e − t +3 t 2 e − t dt
The area does not approach a finite limit. b→∞ 0 0
∫
b→∞
c. f ( x ) = t x e − t dt u dv
Volume diverges. 0
tx + e –t
d. False. The volume could approach a constant xt x–1 – –e –t
as in part b or become infinite as in part c.
∫
1
= sec 3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ
4. ∫ x cos x dx u
x +
dv
cos x 1
2
1 – sin x + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
0 + –cos x 2
1 1
= t 1 + t 2 + ln 1 + t 2 + t + C
= x sin x + cos x + C 2 2
5. f (x) = (3x + 5)− 1 ⇒ f ′(x) = −3(3x + 5)− 2
6. f (x) = (5 − 2x− 1) ⇒ f ′(x) = 2(5 − 2x)− 2
20. ∫ t 2 – 1 dt = ∫ sec 2 θ – 1 d (sec θ )
∫
1
7. (3 x + 5) −1 dx = ln |3 x + 5| + C ∫ ∫
= sec θ tan 2 θ dθ = (sec 3 θ − sec θ ) dθ
3 1 1
= sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ |
∫
1
8. (5 − 2 x ) −1 dx = − ln |5 – 2 x | + C 2 2
2 − ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
9. t(x) = tan5 4x ⇒ 1 1
= sec θ tan θ − ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
t′(x) = 5 tan4 4x (4 sec2 4x) = 20 tan4 4x sec2 4x 2 2
1 1
10. h(x) = sech3 7x ⇒ = t t – 1 − ln t + t 2 – 1 + C
2
2 6 – ex
1 1 0 + ex
= x + sin 2 x + C
2 4 = x3ex − 3x2 ex + 6xex − 6ex + C
1 1
= x + sin x cos x + C (or integrate by parts)
∫x e
4 −x u dv
2 2 24. dx
6 x – 11 x4 + e –x
13. y = ⇒ 4x 3 – –e –x
x+2 12x 2 + e –x
6( x + 2) – (6 x – 11)(1) 23 24x –e –x
y′ = = 24
–
e –x
( x + 2) 2
( x + 2)2 +
0 –
–e –x
5x + 9
14. y = ⇒ = −x4 e− x − 4x3 e− x −12x2 e− x − 24xe− x − 24e− x + C
x–4
5( x – 4) – (5 x + 9)(1) –29 1
y′ = = 25. f ( x ) = sin −1 x ⇒ f ′( x ) = = (1 − x 2 ) −1/2
( x – 4) 2 ( x – 4) 2 1– x 2
∫ ∫
sinh x dx
35. tanh x dx = = ln |cosh x | + C
∫ sin
−1 u dv
27. x dx cosh x
sin –1 x + 1
(1 – x 2)–1/2 – x (Absolute value is optional.)
∫ ∫
cosh x dx
36. coth x dx = = ln | sinh x | + C
∫
= x sin −1 x − (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( x dx ) sinh x
(Absolute value is necessary.)
= x sin− 1 x − (−0.5)(2)(1 − x2)1/2 + C
37. y = e2x cos 3x
= x sin −1 x + 1 – x 2 + C
y′ = (2e2x) cos 3x + e2x(−3 sin 3x)
= e2x(2 cos 3x − 3 sin 3x)
∫ tan
−1 u dv
28. x dx
tan –1 x + 1 38. y = e −3x cos 4x
1
y′ = (−3e−3x) cos 4x + e−3x(−4 sin 4x)
–
x
1 + x2
= −e−3x(3 cos 4x + 4 sin 4x)
∫ 1+ x
1
= x tan −1 x − ( x dx )
∫e
2 2x u dv
39. cos 3 x dx
1 e 2x cos 3x
= x tan −1 x −
+
ln |1 + x 2 | + C 2e 2x
1
2 – 3 sin 3x
1
4e 2x +
– 9 cos 3x
dx =
–1/6 1/6
∫ ∫
1
29. + dx
x2 + 4x – 5 x + 5 x – 1
1 1 1 2
= − ln | x + 5| + ln | x − 1| + C = e 2 x sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x
6 6 3 9
∫
4 2x
dx =
1/8 −
∫ ∫
1 –1/8 e cos 3 x dx
30. + dx
2
x – 6x – 7 x + 1 x – 7 9
∫
1 1 13 2 x
= − ln | x + 1| + ln | x − 7| + C 9
e cos 3 x dx
8 8
1 2
= e 2 x sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + C1
∫ ∫
1 1
31. dx = dx 3 9
x + 4x – 5
2
( x + 2)2 – 9
∫e
2x
cos 3 x dx
∫
1
= (3 sec θ tan θ dθ )
(3 sec θ )2 – 9 3 2x 2
= e sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + C
13 13
∫ ∫
1
= (3 sec θ tan θ dθ ) = sec θ dθ
3 tan θ
∫e
−3 x u dv
40. cos 4 x dx
= ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C e –3x cos 4x
+
1 1 1
= ln ( x + 2) + ( x + 2)2 − 9 + C1 –3e –3x – 4 sin 4x
3 3 1
9e –3x + – 16 cos 4x
= ln x + 2 + x 2 + 4 x − 5 + C
1 −3 x 3
= e sin 4 x − e −3 x cos 4 x
∫ ∫
1 1
32. dx = dx 4 16
x2 − 6x − 7 ( x − 3)2 − 16
∫
9
− e −3 x cos 4 x dx
∫
1
= ( 4 sec θ tan θ dθ ) 16
( 4 sec θ ) – 16 2
∫
25 −3 x
e cos 4 x dx
∫ ∫
1 16
= ( 4 sec θ tan θ dθ ) = sec θ dθ
4 tan θ 1 3
= ln |sec θ + tan θ | + C = e −3 x sin 4 x − e −3 x cos 4 x + C1
4 16
∫e
1 1 −3 x
= ln ( x − 3) + ( x – 3)2 – 16 + C1 cos 4 x dx
4 4
4 −3 x 3
= ln x − 3 + x 2 – 6 x – 7 + C = e sin 4 x − e −3 x cos 4 x + C
25 25
1
∫x = sin x − sin 3 x + C
2 u dv
44. ln 8 x dx 3
ln 8x + x2
∫ ∫
1 1 3 1 2
x 3x Or: cos3 x dx = cos 2 x sin x + cos x dx
------------------------ 3 3
1 2
1 – 3x 1 2
0
1 3 = cos 2 x sin x + sin x + C
9x
+
3 3
ln y = ln x − ln (x + 2)
− ln (x + 3) − ln (x + 4) ⇒ + ∫ cos x sin x dx
4
∫
x
∫
47. dx 1 3 3
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4) = cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + dx
4 8 8
=
2
∫
–1 3 1 3 3
+ − dx = cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + x + C
x + 2 x + 3 x + 4 4 8 8
= −ln |x + 2| + 3 ln |x + 3| − 2 ln |x + 4| + C
∫ ∫ ∫
1 5
56. sin 6 x dx = − sin 5 x cos x + sin 4 x dx 68. xe − x dx u dv
6 6 0 x + e –x
1 5 1 – –e –x
= − sin 5 x cos x − sin 3 x cos x 0 + e –x
6 24
∫
15
= − xe − x − e − x = −2e −2 − e −2 + 0 + 1
2
+ sin 2 x dx 0
24
1 5 = −3e− 2 + 1 = 0.59399…
= − sin 5 x cos x − sin 3 x cos x
6 24 69. r(x) = xex ⇒ r′(x) = xex + ex
70. s(x) = xe− x ⇒ s′(x) = −xe− x + e− x
∫
15 15
− sin x cos x + dx
48 48 ln x + 2
71. q( x ) = ⇒
1 5 x
= − sin 5 x cos x − sin 3 x cos x
6 24 (1/ x ) ⋅ x − (ln x + 2) ⋅ 1 −1 − ln x
q ′( x ) = =
5 5 x2 x2
− sin x cos x + x+C
16 16 (ln x )3 + 4
72. r ( x ) = ⇒
57. g (x) = (x + 3) ⇒ 4 3
x
g ′(x) = 3(x4 + 3)2(4x3) = 12x3(x4 + 3)2 3(ln x )2 (1/ x ) ⋅ x − [(ln x )3 + 4] ⋅ 1
58. f (x) = (x − 1) ⇒ 3 4 r ′( x ) =
x2
f ′(x) = 4(x3 − 1)3(3x2) = 12x2(x3 − 1)3
3(ln x )2 − (ln x )3 − 4
=
∫ (x ∫
+ 3) dx = ( x + 9 x + 27 x + 27) dx
4 3 12 8 4
59. x2
ln x + 2
∫ ∫
dx
=
1 13 9 27 5
x +x + x + 27 x + C 73. dx = (ln x + 2)
13 5 x x
1
∫ ( x − 1) dx = (ln x + 2)2 + C
3 4
60. 2
= ∫ (x − 4x (ln x )3 + 4
∫ ∫ ∫ x dx
12 9
+ 6 x 6 − 4 x 3 + 1) dx dx 4
74. dx = (ln x )3 +
x x
1 13 2 10 6 7 4 1
= x − x + x − x + x+C = (ln x ) 4 + 4 ln | x | + C
13 5 7 4
∫
1
61. ( x 4 + 3)3 x 3 dx = ( x 4 + 3) 4 + C (The absolute values are optional because ln x
16 appears in the original integrand, so only
∫
1 positive values of x can be used.)
62. ( x 3 − 1) 4 x 2 dx = ( x 3 − 1)5 + C
15 2
75. f ( x ) = e x ⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 xe x
2
∫
1
( x 4 + 3) dx = x 5 + 3 x + C
3 3
63. 76. f ( x ) = e x ⇒ f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 e x
5
∫
2 1 2
xe x dx = e x + C
∫
1 77.
64. ( x 3 − 1) dx = x 4 − x + C 2
4
∫
3 1 3
x
x 2 e x dx = e x + C
∫ (t
78.
65. f ( x ) = 4
+ 3)3 dt ⇒ f ′( x ) = ( x 4 + 3)3 3
1
x
66. h( x ) = ∫ (t − 1) 4 dt ⇒ h ′( x ) = ( x 3 − 1) 4
∫x e
3 x2
3
79. dx u dv
5
x2 + xe x 2
1 x2
2 2x 2e
67. ∫
1
xe x dx u
x +
dv
ex
---------------------
2 –
1 x2
2 xe
1 – ex 0
1 x2
4e
+
0 + ex
1 2 x2 1 x2
= xe x − e x
2
= 2e 2 − e 2 − e + e = e 2 = 7.3890 K = x e − e +C
1 2 2
0 + 1 x3 cos 2 cx dx = x + C (for c = 0)
3e
ax + b
85. f ( x ) =
1 3 1 3
= x 3e x − e x + C cx + d
3 3 a(cx + d ) – c( ax + b) ad – bc
f ′( x ) = =
(cx + d ) 2
(cx + d )2
∫e
ax u dv
81. cos bx dx (for c, d not both 0)
e ax + cos bx (undefined for c = d = 0)
1
ae ax – b sin bx 86. f (x) = (ax + b)n
f ′( x ) = na( ax + b) n−1
1
a 2e ax + –b 2 cos bx
(for a, b not both 0, or n ≥ 1)
f ′(x) = 0 (for a = b = 0 and 0 ≤ n ≤ 1)
a2
∫e
1 ax a
= e sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx − 2 ax
cos bx dx (undefined for a = b = 0 and n < 0)
b b b
a2 + b2 ax + b a b − ( a/c)d
b2 ∫
e ax cos bx dx 87. ∫ cx + d dx = ∫ c + cx + d
dx
1 a ax bc – ad
= e ax sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx + C1 = + ln |cx + d | + C (for c ≠ 0)
b b c c2
ax + b
∫ ∫
a 2 b
dx = x + x+C
ax
e cos bx dx
cx + d 2d d
b a (for c = 0, d ≠ 0)
= 2 e ax sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx + C
a + b2 a + b2 (undefined for c = d = 0)
(for a, b not both 0)
( ax + b) n+1
∫e cos bx dx = x + C
ax
(for a = b = 0) 88. ∫ ( ax + b) n dx =
a(n + 1)
+C
(for n ≠ −1, a ≠ 0)
∫e ∫
ax u dv 1
82. sin bx dx ( ax + b) dx = ln |ax + b| + C
n
e ax + sinbx a
ae ax
1
– b cosbx (for n = −1, a ≠ 0)
∫
–
a 2e ax +
1
– 2 sinbx ( ax + b) dx = b x + C
n n
(for a = 0)
b
∫ ∫
x dx 1
1 a 89. = ( x 2 + a 2 ) −1/2 (2 x dx )
= − e ax cos bx + 2 e ax sin bx x +a
2 2 2
b b 1
a2 = ⋅ 2( x 2 + a 2 )1/2 + C = x 2 + a 2 + C
∫
− 2 e sin bx dx
ax
2
b
∫ ∫
x dx 1
a2 + b2 90. =− ( a 2 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x dx )
b2 ∫
e ax sin bx dx a −x
1
2 2 2
1 a
= − e ax cos bx + 2 e ax sin bx + C1 = − ⋅ 2( a 2 − x 2 )1/ 2 + C = − a 2 – x 2 + C
2
b b
(for a ≠ 0)
∫e ax sin bx dx (undefined for a = 0)
a b d ( a tan θ )
∫ ∫
dx
= e ax sin bx − 2 e ax cos bx + C 91. =
a2 + b2 a + b2 x +a
2 2
a 2 tan 2 θ + a 2
(for a, b not both 0)
a sec 2 θ dθ
∫ e sin bx dx = C
ax
(for a = b = 0) = ∫ a sec θ
= sec θ dθ ∫
= ln |sec θ + tan θ | + C1
∫ sin ∫
1
83. 2
cx dx = (1 − cos 2cx ) dx
2 1 2 1
= ln x + a 2 + x + C1
1 1 a a
= x− sin 2cx + C (for c ≠ 0)
2 4c = ln x 2 + a2 + x + C
∫ sin 2 cx dx = C (for c = 0)
∫x
2 u dv
95. sin ax dx
∫
x2 + sinax = x sin −1 ax −
ax dx
1
2x –
– a cosax 1 – ( ax )2
1
∫
2 – 2 sinax 1
+ a = x sin −1 ax + [1 − ( ax )2 ]−1/2 ( −2 a 2 x dx )
– 1 2a
0 a3
cosax
1
= x sin −1 ax + 1 – ( ax )2 + C (for a ≠ 0)
a
1 2 2 2
=−
a
x cos ax + 2 x sin ax + 3 cos ax + C
a a ∫sin −1 ax dx = C (for a = 0)
(for a ≠ 0)
∫ 1 + x dx
1
101. Let u = 1 + x .
∫ x 2 sin ax dx = C (for a = 0)
x = (u − 1)2
dx = 2(u − 1) du
∫x
2 u dv
96. cos ax dx
∫ ∫ ∫
2(u – 1) du
x2 + cosax = = 2 du − (2/u) du
1 u
2x – a sinax = 2u − 2 ln |u| + C
1
2 + – 2 cosax
a = 2(1 + x ) − 2 ln |1 + x | + C
1
0 –
– sinax Or: 2 x − 2 ln |1 + x | + C1
a3
Absolute values are optional because
1 2 2 2 1 + x > 0.
= x sin ax + 2 x cos ax − 3 sin ax + C
∫
a a a 1
102. dx Let u = 1 − x .
(for a ≠ 0) 1– x
∫
1 3 x = (1 − u)2
x cos ax dx = x + C
2
(for a = 0)
3 dx = 2(u − 1) du
∫ ∫ ∫
2(u – 1) du
∫
1
97. sinh ax dx = cosh ax + C (for a ≠ 0) = = 2 du − (2/u) du
a u
= 2u − 2 ln |u| + C
∫ sinh ax dx = C (for a = 0)
= 2(1 − x ) − 2 ln |1 − x | + C
∫ cosh ax dx = a sinh ax + C
1 Or: −2 x − 2 ln |1 − x | + C1
98. (for a ≠ 0)
∫
1
∫ cosh ax dx = x + C (for a = 0) 103.
1+ 4 x
dx Let u = 1 + 4 x .
x = (u − 1)4
∫ cos dx = 4(u − 1)3 du
−1 u dv
99. ax dx
cos –1ax 1 3
∫ ∫
4(u – 1) du
–a
+
= = ( 4u 2 − 12u + 12 − 4/u) du
–
x u
√1 – (ax) 2 4
= u 3 − 6u 2 + 12 u − 4 ln |u| + C
3
∫
ax dx 4
= x cos −1 ax + = (1 + 4 x )3 − 6(1 + 4 x )2 + 12(1 + 4 x )
1 − ( ax )2 3
− 4 ln 1 + 4 x + C
∫
1
= x cos −1 ax − [1 − ( ax )2 ]−1/ 2 ( −2 a 2 x dx )
2a 4 4 3
Or: ( x ) − 2( 4 x )2 + 4 4 x − 4 ln |1 + 4 x | + C1 ,
3
∫ ∫
6u du 6u du 1+
= 2 =
u +u
3
u +1 1+ u 2
∫ ∫
6 2 du
∫
= 6u − 6u + 6 − = = du
2
du (1 + u 2 ) + (1 – u 2 )
u + 1
(by long division)
∫ ∫
1
= 2u 3 − 3u 2 + 6u − 6 ln |u + 1| + C e. dx = du = u + C = tan ( x/2) + C
1 + cos x
= 2 x − 33 x + 66 x − 6 ln (6 x + 1) + C
∫ ∫
1
108. a. sec x dx = dx
∫
1 cos x
105. dx Let u = e x + 1.
e +1 1 + u 2 2 du
∫ ∫
x 2
= ⋅ = du
ex = u2 − 1 1 – u2 1 + u2 1 – u2
x = ln (u 2 − 1)
b. sec x dx =
1
∫ ∫
1
+ du
2u du
dx = 2 1– u 1+ u
u −1 = −ln | 1 − u | + ln |1 + u| + C
1
∫ ∫
2 du 1
= = − du 1+ u 1 + tan ( x/2)
u2 – 1 u – 1 u + 1 = ln + C = ln +C
(by partial fractions) 1– u 1 – tan ( x/2)
= ln |u − 1| − ln |u + 1| + C 1 + tan ( x/2)
= ln ( e + 1 − 1) − ln ( e + 1 + 1) + C
x x c. ∫ sec x dx = ln 1 – 1 ⋅ tan ( x/2)
+C
∫
1 tan (π /4) + tan ( x/2)
106. dx Let u = e x – 1. = ln +C
x
e –1 1 – tan (π /4) tan ( x/2)
ex = u2 + 1 = ln |tan (π /4 + x/2)| + C
x = ln (u 2 + 1) 1 1
dx = 2
2u du
u +1
d. i. ∫ 0
sec x dx = ln | tan (π /4 + x/2) |
0
= ln |tan (π/4 + 1/2)| − ln |tan π/4|
∫
2 du
= = 2 tan u + C = 2 tan −1 e x – 1 + C
−1
u2 + 1 = ln |tan (π/4 + 1/2)| = 1.226191…
107. a. Let t = x/2 and substitute, getting 1 1
∫
16 4x
Problem Set 9-12 – e sin 3 x dx
9
1. Answers will vary.
∫
25 4x
⇒ e sin 3 x dx
9
1 4
Problem Set 9-13 = − e 4x cos 3 x + e 4x sin 3 x + C1
3 9
Review Problems ∫
⇒ e 4x sin 3 x dx
R0. Answers will vary. 3 4x 4
=− e cos 3 x + e 4x sin 3 x + C
R1. f ( x ) = x cos x ⇒ 25 25
f ′( x ) = x(−sin x) + (1) cos x = cos x − x sin x
⇒ x cos x dx + C = f ′( x ) dx ∫ ∫ x (ln x ) dx
2 u dv
c.
(ln x)2 + x
∫
1 1 2
= (cos x − x sin x ) dx 2 ln x · x 2x
------------------------
∫
ln x x
= sin x − x sin x dx 1 – 1 2
x 2x
∫
------------------------
⇒ x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x + C 1
1
+ 2x
4 4 1 2
∫
0 –
4x
x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x
1 1
= sin 4 − 4 cos 4 − sin 1 + cos 1 = 1.5566… =
1 2 1 1
x (ln x )2 − x 2 ln x + x 2 + C
4
∫
2 2 4
Numerically, x sin x dx ≈ 1.5566 K .
1 d. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick a sample
R2. ∫ 5x sin 2 x dx u = 5x dv = sin 2x dx point (x, y) on the graph, within the slice.
dV = 2π x · y · dx = 2π x(x ln x) dx
1 = 2π x 2 ln x dx
du = 5 dx v = − cos 2 x
2
= 5 x − cos 2 x + ∫
1 1 2
2 2
cos 2 x (5 dx ) V = 2π ∫
1
x 2 ln x dx u
ln x +
dv
x2
5 5 1 1 3
= − x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C x
----------------------
3x
2 4 1 2
1 – 3x
+ 1 3
0 9x
∫ cos
30 u dv
R4. a. dx
cos 29x cosx
= sec x tan x + ∫ sec x dx − ∫ sec x dx
+ 3
– 29 cos 28x sinx – sinx
2 ∫ sec x dx 3
∫
= cos x sin x + 29 cos x sin x dx
29 28 2
= sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
x sin x + 29 ∫ cos
= cos x (1 − cos x ) dx
∫ sec
29 28 2 3
x dx
∫
⇒ 30 cos dx 30
1 1
= sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
2 2
= cos 29 x sin x + 29 cos 28 x dx ∫
∫ tan ∫
32 dx = ( tan 9 32) dx = ( tan 9 32) x + C
9
e.
∫
⇒ cos dx 30
f. r = 9 + 8 sin θ
∫
1 29
=cos 29 x sin x + cos 28 x dx 1 1
30 30 dA = r 2 dθ = (9 + 8 sin θ )2 dθ
2 2
∫ ∫
1 4
b. sec 6 x dx = sec 4 x tan x + sec 4 x dx 1 π /4
1
5
4
5 A=
2 0 ∫
(64 sin 2 θ + 144 sin θ + 81) dθ
= sec 4 x tan x + sec 2 x tan x 1 π /4
5 15 =
2 0 ∫
[32(1 − cos 2θ ) + 144 sin θ + 81] dθ
∫
8
+ 2
sec x dx
81 π /4
= 16 θ − sin 2θ − 72 cos θ + θ
15 1
1 4
= sec 4 x tan x + sec 2 x tan x 2 2 0
5 15 81
8 = 4π − 8 − 36 2 + π + 72
+ tan x + C 8
15 113
= π + 64 − 36 2 = 57.4633K
∫ tan x dx = ∫ tan x (tan x dx )
n n−2 2
c. 8
= ∫ tan x (sec x − 1) dx
n−2 2
R6. a. ∫ x 2 − 49 dx
tan x − ∫ tan x dx
1 n −1 n−2
=
n −1
x
√x 2 – 49
x
2 1
= sin x − sin 3 x + sin 5 x + C Let = sec θ . x = 7 sec θ ,
3 5 7
dx = 7 sec θ tan θ dθ,
∫ sec x dx = ∫ (tan x + 1) (sec x dx )
6 2 2 2
b. x
x 2 − 49 = 7 tan θ , θ = sec −1
= ∫ (tan x + 2 tan x + 1)(sec x dx )
4 2 2 7
∴ ∫ x − 49 dx
2
1 2
= tan 5 x + tan 3 x + tan x + C
5 3 = ∫ (7 tan θ )(7 sec θ tan θ dθ )
∫ ∫ = 49 ∫ sec θ tan θ dθ
1
c. sin 2 7 x dx = (1 − cos 14 x ) dx 2
2
1 1
= x − sin 14 x + C = 49 ∫ sec θ dθ − ∫ sec θ dθ
3
2 28
x−5 θ u
Let = tan θ .
3 √ 25 – x 2
x = 5 + 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ,
x−5 x
( x − 5)2 + 9 = 3 sec θ , θ = tan −1 Let = sin θ . x = 5 sin θ , dx = 5 cos θ dθ ,
3 5
x
∴ ∫ ( x – 5) + 9 dx 25 – x 2 = 5 cos θ , θ = sin −1
2
5
4
= ∫ (3 sec θ )(3 sec θ dθ ) = 9 ∫ sec θ dθ
2 3
A= ∫2 25 − x 2 dx
3
x =4
= 2∫
9 9
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ | + C1 5 cos θ (5 cos θ dθ )
2 2 x =3
x =4
9 ( x − 5)2 + 9 x − 5 = 25∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
= x =3
2 3 3 x =4
= 25θ + 12.5 sin 2θ x =3
9 ( x − 5) + 9 x − 5
2
x =4
+ ln + + C1 = 25θ + 25 sin θ cos θ x =3
2 3 3 4
x x 1
1 = 25 sin −1
+ 25 ⋅ ⋅ 25 − x 2
= ( x − 5)2 + 9 ⋅ ( x − 5) 5 5 5 3
2
9 9 = 25 sin −1 0.8 + 4 9 − 25 sin −1 0.6 − 3 16
+ ln ( x − 5)2 + 9 + x − 5 − ln 3 + C1 = 25(sin− 1 0.8 − sin− 1 0.6) = 7.0948…
2 2
(6 x + 1) dx (6 x + 1) dx
1
= ( x – 5) x – 10 x + 34
2
2 R7. a. ∫
x 2 – 3x – 4
=
( x + 1)( x – 4) ∫
=
5
∫
1
9
+ ln x 2 – 10 x + 34 + x − 5 + C + dx
x +1 x − 4
2
= ln |x + 1| + 5 ln |x − 4| + C
=
2
∫
3 4
+ − dx
x – 1 x + 2 x – 3
= 3 ln |x − 1| + 4 ln |x + 2| − 2 ln |x − 3| + C
2
x
5 x 2 + 3 x + 45 5 x 2 + 3 x + 45
∫ dx = ∫
1
c. dx
x3 + 9x x ( x 2 + 9)
b. f ( x ) = sec− 1 3x
= + 2
3
∫
5 x
dx = 5 ln | x | + tan −1 + C f ′( x ) =
3
=
1
x x + 9 3
|3 x | (3 x ) – 1 | x | 9 x 2 – 1
2
y–8
− = 0.25e 0.5 x 1
y–3 x
((y – 8)/(y – 3) < 0 because (0, 7) is on the 1
graph)
5
y = 3+
1 + 0.25e 0.5 x
The graph shows that solution fits slope field. b.
y
y
1
7 x
1
∫ ∫ tan x dx
c. h(x) = x2 sech x b. tan x dx = lim −
h′(x) = –x2 sech x tanh x + 2x sech x π /2 a→π /2 a
d. f ( x ) = sinh− 1 5x 0
5 = lim − ln |sec x |
f ′( x ) = a→π /2 a
25 x 2 + 1 = lim − (ln |sec 0 | − ln |sec a |) = −∞
a→π /2
∫ ∫
1
e. tanh 3 x dx = sinh 3 x dx The integral diverges.
cosh 3 x 1
1
= ln |cosh 3 x | + C
3
c. ∫−1
x −2/3 dx
b 1
∫ x −2/3 dx + lim+ ∫x
−2/3
(Absolute values are optional because = lim− dx
cosh 3x > 0.) b→ 0 −1 a→ 0 a
b 1
= lim− 3 x 1/3 + lim+ 3 x 1/3
∫ cosh
−1 u dv
f. 7x dx b→ 0 −1 a→ 0 a
cosh –1 7x 1
7
+
= lim− [3b − ( −3)] + lim+ (3 − 3a1/3 ) = 6
1/3
–
x b→0 a→0
√ 49x 2 – 1 The integral converges to 6.
4
x − | x − 1| dx
= x cosh 7 x − −1
∫
7x
dx
d. ∫
0 x −1
49 x 2 − 1 b 4
= lim− ∫ ( x + 1) dx + lim+ ∫( x − 1) dx
∫
1 b→1 a→1
= x cosh −1 7 x − ( 49 x 2 − 1) −1/2 (98 x dx ) 0
b
a
4
= lim− x 3/2 + x + lim+ x 3/2 − x
14 2 2
1 b→1 3
= x cosh −1 7 x − ⋅ 2( 49 x 2 − 1)1/2 + C 0 a→1 3 a
14
= lim− b 3/ 2 + b − 0
1 2
= x cosh −1 7 x − 49 x 2 − 1 + C b→1 3
7
+ lim+ ⋅ 4 3/2 − 4 − a 3/2 + a
2 2
g. cosh2 x – sinh2 x
a→1 3 3
1 1
= (e x + e – x ) 2 − (e x − e – x ) 2 2 3/2 2 3/2 2 3/2
2 2 = ⋅1 +1 + ⋅ 4 − 4 − ⋅1 +1
1 2x 1 3 3 3
= (e + 2 + e ) − (e 2 x − 2 + e –2 x )
–2 x
16 10
4 4 = 1+ − 4 +1 =
= 1, Q .E .D . 3 3
10
1 The integral converges to = 3.333K .
h. The general equation is y = k cosh x + C. 3
k ∞
y = 5 at x = 0 ⇒ 5 = k cosh 0 + C
⇒C=5–k
e. ∫1
x − p dx converges if p > 1 and diverges
3 otherwise.
y = 7 at x = 3 ⇒ 7 = k cosh + 5 − k x
k R11. a. f ( x ) = x sin −1 x ⇒ f ′( x ) = sin −1 x +
3 1− x2
⇒ 2 = k cosh − k
k
⇒ k = 2.5269… (solving numerically)
y = 2.5269K cosh
t
+ 5 − 2.5269K
∫
b. I = x sin −1 x dx u
sin –1 x
dv
x
2.5269K 1
+
1 2
y(10) = 68.5961… 20 –
2x
√1 – x2
x
= 2.5269K cosh + 5 − 2.5269K
2.5269K x 2 dx
∫
1 2 −1 1
⇒ x = ±6.6324… (solving numerically) = x sin x −
∞ b 2 2 1 – x2
R10. a. ∫3
( x − 2) −1.2 dx = lim
b→∞ ∫3
( x − 2) −1.2 dx
x 2 dx
= lim − 5( x − 2) −0.2
b Let I1 = ∫ 1 – x2
and x = sin θ.
b→∞ 3
= lim [–5(b – 2) –0.2 + 5] = 5 ∴ dx = cos θ dθ , 1 − x 2 = cos θ ,
b→∞
The integral converges to 5. θ = sin− 1 x
∫ ∫
1
d. ( x 3 − x ) −1 dx = 3 dx Concept Problems
x −x
= ∫
1
x ( x – 1)( x + 1)
dx
C1. ∫ sech x dx = ∫ 1 − tanh 2 x dx
v
= − +
1/2
∫
1 1/2
+ dx
x x − 1 x + 1 1
tanh x
1 1
= − ln | x | + ln | x − 1| + ln | x + 1| + C θ u
2 2
√1– tanh2x
e. f ( x ) = (1 − x 2)1/2
1
f ′( x ) = (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x ) = − x (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 Let tanh x = sin θ.
2 ∴ x = tanh− 1 (sin θ) and θ = sin− 1 (tanh x)
∫
1 1
f. I = (1 − x 2 )1/2 dx dx = 2 ⋅ cos θ dθ = dθ
1 − sin θ cos θ
Let x = sin θ .
1 – tanh 2 x = 1 – sin 2 θ = cos θ
∴ dx = cos θ dθ , (1 − x 2 )1/2 = cos θ ,
∫ ∫ ∫
1
θ = sin− 1 x ∴ sech x dx = cos θ ⋅ dθ = dθ
cos θ
∫ ∫
∴ I = cos θ ⋅ cos θ dθ = cos 2 θ dθ
= θ + C = sin −1 (tanh x ) + C, Q .E.D .
∫
1 1 1
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ = θ + sin 2θ + C
1
= 1
2
1 1
2 4 ∫0
sech x dx = sin −1 (tanh x )
0
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C = sin− 1 (tanh 1) − sin− 1 (tanh 0)
2 2
1 −1 1 = sin− 1 (tanh 1) = 0.86576948…
= sin x + x 1 − x 2 + C Numerical integration gives 0.86576948… ,
2 2
which agrees with the exact answer.
1
g. g( x ) = (ln x )2 ⇒ g′( x ) = 2 ln x ⋅ C2. From sinh 2A = 2 sinh A cosh A,
x
let A = x/2, so
sinh x = 2 sinh (x/2) cosh (x/2) ⇒ csch x
h. ∫ x ln x dx u
ln x +
dv
x =
1
=
1
1
x
1 2
2x
sinh x 2 ⋅ sinh ( x/2) ⋅ cosh ( x/2)
-------------------- 1 sech 2 ( x/2)
1
1 – 2x csch x = ⋅
+ 1 2 2 ⋅ sinh ( x/2) ⋅ cosh ( x/2) sech 2 ( x/2)
0 4x 1
sech 2 ( x/2)
sech 2 ( x/2) 2
1 2 1 = =
= x ln x − x 2 + C 2 ⋅ tanh ( x/2) tanh ( x/2)
2 4
∫ ∫ ⋅ sech 2 ( x/2) dx
1 1
∴ csch x dx =
∫
R12. For (9 − x 2 ) −1/2 x dx, the x dx can be tanh ( x/2) 2
transformed to the differential of the inside = ln | tanh (x/2) | + C, Q .E .D .
2 2
function by multiplying by a constant,
∫ csch x dx = ln |tanh ( x/2)|
∫
1
(9 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x dx ) = −(9 − x 2 )1/2 + C,
1
− 1
2 = ln |tanh 1| – ln |tanh(1/2) | = 0.49959536 K
and thus has no inverse sine. Numerical integration gives 0.49959536… .
∫ ∫ ⋅ sec 2 ( x/2) dx
1 1 1
∴ csc x dx =
+
0 1296 sinh 6x
tan ( x/2) 2
= ln | tan (x/2) | + C, Q .E .D . 1 3 1
Or: = x cosh 6 x − x 2 sinh 6 x
6 12
Let u = tan (x/2), as in Problem 107 of Problem 1 1
Set 9-11. + x cosh 6 x − sinh 6 x + C
36 216
2 du 1 + u2
Then dx = 2 and csc x =
1+ u
∫ cos
2u T3. −1
x dx u dv
1 + u 2 2 du cos –1x
∫ ∫
1
∴ csc x dx = ⋅ +
2u 1 + u 2 –
1 –
x
√ x2
∫
= (1/u) du = ln | u | + C = ln |tan ( x/2)| + C, 1 –
Q .E .D .
∫
x
Confirmation: = x cos −1 x + dx
1 1 1 – x2
∫0.5
csc x dx = ln |tan ( x/2)|
0.5
= x cos −1 x −
1
2 ∫
(1 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x dx )
1 1 1
= ln tan − ln tan = 0.7605K = x cos −1 x − (2)(1 − x 2 )1/2 + C
2 4 2
Numerical integration gives 0.7605… . −1
= x cos x − 1 − x 2 + C
2 sin ( x/2) cos ( x/2)
Note that tan ( x/2) =
∫ sec x dx
3
2 cos 2 ( x/2) T4.
sin x 1 1 1
= = , so = sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
1 + cos x csc x + cot x 2 2
ln |tan ( x/2)| = − ln |csc x + cot x | .
∫e
∞ 2x u dv
T5. cos 5 x dx
∫
1
C4. A = 2 dx e 2x cos 5x
−∞ 1 + x +
1
0 b 2e 2x 5 sin 5x
∫ ∫ 1+ x
1 1
= lim 2 dx + lim dx –
1
a→−∞ a 1 + x b→∞ 0
2
4e 2x + – 25 cos 5x
= lim tan −1 x + lim tan −1 x
0 b
a→−∞ a b→∞ 0
1 2x 2
= e sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x
= lim (0 − tan −1 a) + lim (tan −1 b − 0) 5 25
a→−∞ b→∞
∫
4
= −(− π /2) + (π /2) = π − e 2 x cos 5 x dx
25
C5. Prove that f (x) = ln x is unbounded above.
∫
29 2 x
Proof: e cos 5 x dx
25
Assume f (x) = ln x is not unbounded above. 1 2
Then there is a number M > 0 such that = e 2 x sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x + C
5 25
ln x < M for all x > 0.
Let x = eM+ 1. ∫e
2x
cos 5 x dx
Then ln x = ln eM+ 1 = M + 1.
5 2x 2
∴ ln x > M, which is a contradiction. = e sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x + C
∴ the assumption is false, and ln x is unbounded 29 29
above, Q.E.D.
∫ |t
ln 0.3 1
⇒ e t ln 0.8
= 0.3 ⇒ t = = 5.3955K Distance = 2
− 10t + 16 | dt = 41 ft
ln 0.8 0 3
v becomes negative after t0 ≈ 5.40 min. 2
+ −26 = −12 ft
2
d. Displacement = 14
t0 t0
3 3
2. sup = ∫ 0
v dt = ∫ 0
(100e t ln 0.8 – 30) dt
2 2 1
= 151.8341… (numerically) ≈ 151.8 ft Distance = 14 + 26 = 41 ft
3 3 3
10 10
sdown = − ∫t0
v dt = − ∫t0
(100e t ln 0.8 – 30) dt e. a(t) = v′(t) = 2t − 10
a(3) = 2(3) − 10 = −4 (ft/s)/s
= 51.8110… (numerically) ≈ 51.8 ft
Distance = sup + sdown = 203.6452… ≈ 203.6 ft 2. a. v(t) = tan 0.2t on [10, 20]
v(t) = 0 ⇔ t = … 0, 5π , 10π , … = 5π in
3. Displacement = sup − sdown = 100.0231… ≈
[10, 20]
100.0 ft
v(t) is infinite ⇔ t = … 2.5π , 7.5π , … ,
The displacement is positive, so Calvin is
none of which is in [10, 20].
upstream of his starting point.
10
v(t) < 0 for t in [10, 5π ). v(t) > 0 for t in
4. Displacement = ∫ 0
(100e t ln 0.8 – 30) dt (5π, 20].
5π
= 100.0231… (numerically) ≈ 100.0 ft
10 10
b. For [10, 5π), displacement = ∫10
tan 0.2t dt
5. Distance = ∫ |v| dt = ∫ − 30 | dt = 5 ln | sec π | − 5 ln | sec 2 | = −4.3835…
t ln 0.8
|100e
0 0
Distance = 4.3835… ≈ 4.38 cm
= 203.6452… (numerically) ≈ 203.6 ft 20
For (5π, 20], displacement = ∫5π
tan 0.2t dt
Problem Set 10-2 = 5 ln |sec 4| − 5 ln | sec π | = 2.1259…
Distance = 2.1259… ≈ 2.13 cm
Q1. 120 mi Q2. 25 mi/h
Q4. f ′(x) = 1/x
20
Q3. 1.25 h
Q5. x ln x − x + C Q6. f ′(t) = sec2 t
c. Displacement = ∫
10
tan 0.2t dt = −2.2576 K ≈
1 3 −2.26 cm
Q7. g′(t) = sech2 t Q8. x +C 20
∫
3
Distance = |tan 0.2t | dt = 6.5095K ≈
1 x 10
Q9. 2 +C Q10. ln 2 e x ln 2 = 2 x ln 2 6.51 cm
ln 2
1. a. v(t) = t2 − 10t + 16 on [0, 6] d. Displacement = −4.3835… + 2.1259… =
v(t) = (t − 2)(t − 8) = 0 ⇔ t = 2 or 8 s −2.2576… ≈ −2.26 cm
v(t) > 0 for t in [0, 2). v(t) < 0 for t in (2, 6]. Distance = −(−4.3835…) + 2.1259… =
6.5095… ≈ 6.51 cm
b. For [0, 2), displacement
2 e. a( t) = v′(t) = 0.2 sec2 t
∫
2
= (t 2 – 10t + 16) dt = 14 a( 15) = 0.2 sec2 3 = 0.2040… ≈ 0.20 (cm/s)/s
0 3
π
Distance = 14 ft
2 3. a. v(t ) = sec t − 2 on [1, 11]
3 24
For (2, 6], displacement v(t) = 0 when
π
6 cos t = 0.5 ⇔ t = 8 in [1, 11]
∫
2
= (t 2 – 10t + 16) dt = −26 24
2 3
v(t) < 0 for t in [1, 8). v(t) > 0 for t in
2
Distance = 26 ft (8, 11].
3
8∫ 24 3
16 2
t 3/2 − 18 dt = −14 14 ft
=
24 11 11
ln sec π + tan π − 22
Displacement =
0 3 ∫ 15
π 24 24 16 2
∫
7
Distance = t 3/2 − 18 dt = 179 ft
24 π π 0 3 15
− ln sec + tan + 16
π 3 3 6. a(t ) = t −1 , v(1) = 0, on [0.4, 1.6]
= 4.7569…
Distance ≈ 4.76 km ∫
v(t ) = t −1 dt = ln t + C (t > 0); v(1) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
π
c. Displacement = sec t – 2 dt =
11
∫
v(t ) = ln t
1.6
∫
1 24
Displacement = ln t dt = −0.0814 …
−0.1850 K ≈ −0.19 km 0.4
11 π ≈ −0.081 cm
Distance = ∫ sec t − 2 dt = 9.6990 K ≈ 1.6
∫
1 24 Distance = |ln t | dt = 0.3854 …
9.70 km 0.4
∫ (t
0 12 1
5 b. Displacement = 1/2
– 2) dt = 1 ft
∫
5
Distance = | t − 5t + 8t − 6 | dt = 31 mi
3 2
9
1 3
∫ |t
0 12
c. Distance = 1/2
− 2| dt = 4 ft
1
4.5π
0 + ∫ (–9.8t + 2659.986 K) dt
∫
100
Distance = sin 2t dt = 9 cm
0 ≈ 116202.27… + 139997.32… ≈ 256,200 m
Or: The regions where the graph is below Distance = 116202.27… +
the x-axis cancel out the regions where the 300
10
tend aav v end vav send
s (mi/h)/s mi/h mi/h mi
0 — 6000 — 400 t
0 6 10
10 8.5 6085 6042.5 416.7847…
20 22 6305 6195 433.9930…
s(t )
30 33 6635 6470 451.9652…
40 39.5 7030 6832.5 470.9444…
50
50 42.5 7455 7242.5 491.0625…
60 53 7985 7720 512.5069… t
70 71 8695 8340 535.6736… 0 6 10
2t, if 0 ≤ t < 6 10
v(t ) =
12, if t > 6
t 2 , if 0 ≤ t < 6 t
s( t ) = 0 6 10
12 t – 36, if t > 6
−36 comes from the initial condition, There are no step discontinuities in a(t), and
s(6) = 36. thus the graph of v(t) is smooth.
6
2t − 6 sin π t dt = t 2 + 18 cos π t
6
a (t )
f. ∫
0 π 3 π2 3 0
2 18 18
= 36 + 2 − 0 − 2 = 36
π π
t
0 6 10
Elevator goes 36 ft.
1 9
5 a (t )
1
c. 4 = c1/2 − c + 7
t 6
0 6.2 c = 5.0892… , which is in [1, 9].
1 7
3. a. yav =
6 1 ∫
3 sin 0.2 x dx = 2.0252 …
That is,
1 1 π
a(t ) = − cos t x
3 3 3 1 7
Q1. 50 mi/h Q2. 30 mi b. The rectangle has the same area as the shaded
region.
Q3. 20 min Q4. 2π
Q5. No local maximum Q6. 1.5 h(x )
∫
1 1
1. a. yav = ( x 3 – x + 5) dx = (164) = 41 x
4 1 4 0.5 1.5
1 9
t
∫
v(t ) = a dt = at + C
At t = t0, v(t) = v 0 ⇒ v 0 = at0 + C ⇒
1 C = v 0 − at0.
c. 2 = c
6 ∴ v(t) = at + v0 − at0 = v0 + a(t − t0)
t1
∫
25 + a(t – t0 )] dt
c = 4 , which is in [1, 9]. [v 0
36 vav =
t0
1 3 t1 – t0
∫
100
6. a. yav = 100(1 − e − t ) dt = (2 + e –3 )
1
v0 t1 + a(t1 – t0 )2 – v0 t0 – a(t0 – t0 )2
3 0 3 1 1
=
= 68.3262… t1 – t0 2 2
b. The rectangle has the same area as the shaded 1
region. = v0 + a(t1 − t0 )
2
v (t ) The average of v0 and v1 is
100 1 1
(v0 + v1 ) = [v0 + v0 + a(t1 – t0 )]
y = 68.32... 2 2
1
= v0 + a(t1 − t0 )
2
t
0 3
∴ vav = the average of v0 and v1, Q.E.D.
14. Counterexample: In Problem 11, the car’s
c. 68.3262… = 100(1 − e− c) acceleration is a = 6/ t .The initial velocity is
c = 1.1496… , which is in [0, 3]. v(0) = 60 ft/s; the final velocity after 25 seconds
1 k 2 is v(25) = 120 ft/s; and the average velocity is
∫
1
7. yav = ax dx = ak 2 vav = 100 ft/s. But the average of the initial and
k 0 3 1
1 k 3 final velocities is [v(0) + v(25)] = 90 ft/s ≠ vav .
∫
1 3
8. yav = ax dx = ak 2
k 0 4
15. a. Integral = area = 12(100 + 70)/2 + 6(40) +
1 k x
∫
1
9. yav = ae dx = a(e k − 1) 12(40 + 10)/2 = 1560
k 0 k yav = 1560/30 = 52, or $52,000
1 k Cost of inventory = 0.50(52000)/100 =
∫
1
10. yav = tan x dx = ln | sec k |
k 0 k $260.00
11. a(t) = 6t− 1/2
b. At x = 12, they may have had a single, large
v(t) = 12t1/2 + C; v(0) = 60 ⇒ C = 60 sale, dropping the inventory from $70,000 to
v(t) = 12t1/2 + 60 $40,000. There is no day on which the inventory
is worth $52,000.
s(t) = 8t3/2 + 60t + s0
v(25) = 120 ft/s y (thousand dollars)
15 20 25
x (ft)
30
yav =
1/60 0 ∫
| A sin 120π t | dt
/
1120 1/60
y av = – 6.5142
= 60 ∫
0
A sin 120π t dt − 60 ∫/
1120
A sin 120π t dt
–5
1/120 1/60
A A
=− cos 120πt + cos 120πt
2π 0 2π 1/120
–10
A 2A
= (– cos π + cos 0 + cos 2π – cos π ) =
Integral = −(area of 4 rectangles, 2 trapezoids, 2π π
and 2 quarter-circles) 2A
2(−8) + 8(−10) + 7(−3) + 1(−2) + If yav = 110, then = 110 ⇒ A = 55π
π
7[−10 + (−5)]/2 + 5[−5 + (−3)]/2 − π(22) − = 172.78… V.
π(1)2/4 = −195.4269… The average value of one arc of
yav = −195.4269…/30 = −6.5142… , or about π
∫
1 2
6.51 feet deep. y = sin x is sin x dx = , and
π −0 0 π
The volume would equal 6.5142… times the area y = sin x has a maximum value of 1. A
of the horizontal cross section times the number horizontal stretch does not affect the average
of gallons in a cubic foot. value. Write a proportion to find the maximum
17. Integral ≈ 3(16/2 + 15 + 15 + 17/2) + of a sinusoidal curve with an average value
2(17 + 20)/2 + 1(20 + 14)/2 + 3(14/2 + 10 + 2/π 110
9 + 8 + 9/2) = 139.5 + 37 + 17 + 115.5 = 309 of 110. = , so m = 55π .
1 m
yav = 309/24 = 12.875 ≈ 12.9°C
20. a. d = k sin x
The average of the high and low temperatures is
1 2π 2 2
(20 + 8)/2 = 14°C, which is higher than the = ∫
2
dav k sin x dx
actual average. Averaging high and low 2π 0
2π
k2 1
x – sin 2 x
temperatures is easier than finding the average by 1
=
calculus, but the latter is more realistic for such 2π 2 4 0
applications as determining heating and air
2
conditioning needs. k k2
= (π – 0 – 0 + 0) =
18. a. At x = 3, y = 81.3139… ≈ 81.3 mg. 2π 2
1 3 ∴ rms = k/ 2 = 0.7071K k
∫
1
yav = 200e −0.3 x dx = (395.6202 K)
3 0 3 1 1
= 131.8734 … ≈ 131.9 mg b. cos 2 x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x ⇒ sin 2 x = − cos 2 x
2 2
b. k = 81.3139… , so the equation is Thus, sin2 x is a sinusoid.
y = 281.3139…e− 0.3(x− 3 ) .
y
1 6
3 ∫
yav = 395.6202 K + 281.3139K e –0.3( x –3) dx
6 1
x
1
= (395.6202 K + 556.4674 K) = 158.6812 K π 2π
6
≈ 158.7 mg
c. As the graph shows, there are two times in
[0, 6] at which there are 158.7 mg. So the
1
conclusion of the mean value theorem is true, c. By symmetry across the line y = , the
in spite of the discontinuity. 2
1 1
y (mg) average of y = − cos 2 x (and hence
300 2 2
y av = 158.68... 1
y = sin2 x) over [0, 2π] is . Thus, the
200 2
1
average of y = k sin x is k 2 .
2 2
100 2
Two times ∴ rms = k/ 2 , as in part a.
x (h)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30
1 π
=
π 0∫ sin x dx (because sin x ≥ 0 in [0, π ])
π
1 2
= − cos x = 1 1
π 0 π T = (100 – x ) + 30 2 + x 2
13 12
1 π
dav = ∫
(|sin x | – 2/π ) 2 dx ≈ 0.094715K The graph shows a minimum T at x ≈ 72.
2
π 0
∴ rms ≈ 0.094715…1/2 = 0.3077… T
1. 300
50
x 100 – x
C = 40(1000 − x ) + 50 300 2 + x 2
100
The graph shows a minimum C at x ≈ 400
1 1
T= 50 2 + x 2 + (100 – x ) (exactly x = 400).
2 5
The graph shows a minimum T at x ≈ 22 m. C
100,000
T 100
x
1000
x
100
The pipeline should be laid 600 m along the road
Algebraic solution: from the storage tanks, then straight across the
1 1
T ′ = (50 2 + x 2 ) −1/2 ⋅ 2 x − field to meet the well.
4 5 4.
1 2 −1/2 1
T ′ = 0 ⇔ (50 + x ) x =
2
2 5 120
5x = 2(502 + x 2)1/2 400 – x x
25x 2 = 4 · 502 + 4x 2 400
x = ±100/ 21 = ±21.8217K
x 3000 3
8. sin θ = = = x
300 – x
120 + x
2 2 4000 4 70
16x2 = 9(1202 + x2)
7 x 2 = 9 ⋅ 120 2 ⇔ x = ±360/ 7 = 136.067… 1 1
The walkway should go 400 − 136.067… ≈ T= 120 2 + x 2 + 70 2 + (300 – x )2
50 130
263.9 m parallel to the street, then cross the The graph shows a minimum T at x ≈ 48 yd.
street.
The algebraic solution is easier than before T
θ1
θ Apparent
120 1
Actual path depth
of light rays
300 – x
x θ Water Actual
θ2 depth
70
θ2
15. Answers will vary.
From Problem 11,
x 300 – x Problem Set 10-5
T′ = −
50 120 + x 2 2
130 70 2 + (300 – x )2 Q1. f ′(x) = sin x + x cos x Q2. g″(x) = x− 1
By trigonometry, Q3. xex − ex + C Q4. Snell’s law
x
sin θ1 = , Q5. x
120 2 + x 2 Q6. Q7.
300 – x y
sin θ 2 = 1
70 + (300 – x )2
2
x
1
1 1
∴ T′ = sin θ1 − sin θ 2
50 130
For minimal path, T ′ = 0. Thus, Q8. Total distance
1 1
sin θ1 = sin θ 2 Q9. Newton and Leibniz Q10. C
50 130 1
sin θ1 50 1. D = t + D′ = 1 − t −2
= , Q. E . D . t
sin θ 2 130 The graphs show zero derivative and local
1 1 minimum of D at t = 1, and maximum of D at
13. T = a2 + x 2 + b 2 + (k – x )2
v1 v2 t = 3.
x k–x 3 D or D'
T′ = −
D
v1 a + x
2 2
v2 b + ( k – x ) 2
2 D'
t
x
sin θ1 = , 3
a2 + x 2
k–x
sin θ 2 =
b 2 + (k – x )2 D′ = 0 ⇔ t 2 = 1 ⇔ t = ±1, confirming the graph.
1 1 Minimum is D(1) = 2, or 2000 mi.
∴ T′ = sin θ1 − sin θ 2 1
v1 v2 Maximum is D(3) = 3 , or about 3333 mi.
3
For minimal path, T ′ = 0. Thus, 2. Fuel cost per mile = k · v2.
1 1 At v = 30, cost = 0.18.
sin θ1 = sin θ 2
v1 v2 1
0.18 = k ⋅ 30 2 ⇒ k =
5000
sin θ1 v1
= , Q .E .D . 100 2000
sin θ 2 v2 Driver cost is 20t = 20 ⋅ = .
v v
14. a. The light rays take the minimal time to get 2000 v2 2000 v 2
∴ C= + ⋅ 100 = +
from one point to another, just as Robinson v 5000 v 50
Crusoe wanted to take the minimal time to 2000 v
C′ = − 2 +
get from hut to wreck. v 25
y
900t 900t 600
b. G = = 2
(t + 1)(t + 9) t + 10t + 9 A
dt dt dx
dV = πx2 dy = 600 k ( x – 2)( x – 3)
dV dy dy – 0.7 dC
∴ = πx 2 ⇒ = = 0 ⇔ x = 2 or x = 3
dt dt dt π x 2 dx
t = 1.25π s. r r 10 6 6
r
r (1.25π ) = (8 cos π )i + (6 sin 0.5π ) j
r r x2 y2
= −8i + 6 j + =1
r r r 100(1 + π 2 /36) 36(1 + π 2 /36)
a (1.25π ) = ( −5.12 cos π )i + ( −0.96 sin 0.5π ) j
r r This is the equation of an ellipse centered at
= 5.12i − 0.96 j the origin with x-radius 11.2878… and
r
See the graph in part b, showing a at y-radius 6.7727… .
t = 1.25π . r 10π 2 π r 6π 2 π r
The acceleration vector points along the path d. a (t ) = − cos t i + − sin t j
36 6 36 6
at t = 1.25π. So the object is stopped, but it r r
has a nonzero acceleration. At first glance, r (t ) + a (t )
this fact may be surprising to you! 10π 2 π r 6π 2 π r
r π r π r = 10 − cos t i + 6 − sin t j
7. a. r (t ) = 10 cos t i + 6 sin t j 36 6 36 6
6 6
r See the graph in part a, showing an elliptical
r 10π π 6π π r
v (t ) = − sin t i + cos t j path followed by the heads of the acceleration
6 6 6 6 vectors.
r r π 10π π r
r (t ) + v (t ) = 10 cos t − sin t i e. The direction of each acceleration vector is the
6 6 6 opposite of the corresponding position vector
π 6π π r
+ 6 sin t + cos t j
and is thus directed toward the origin.
6 6 6 r π2 r
r r Note that a (t ) = − r (t ).
The graph shows the path of r + v . 36
r r r
8. a. r (t ) = (0.5t cos t )i + (0.5t sin t ) j
y
r r
v (t ) = (0.5 cos t − 0.5t sin t )i
3 r
4 2
+ (0.5 sin t + 0.5t cos t ) j
5 r r
a (t ) = ( − sin t − 0.5t cos t )i
1
0 x r
6 12 + (cos t − 0.5t sin t ) j
7 11
r r r
b. r (8.5) = 4.25 cos 8.5 i + 4.25 sin 8.5 j
8 10 r r
= −2.5585…i + 3.3935… j
9
r r
v (8.5) = (0.5 cos 8.5 − 4.25 sin 8.5)i
r r
b. See the graph in part a, showing vectors v . + (0.5 sin 8.5 + 4.25 cos 8.5) j
r r r r
c. For r + v , = −3.6945…i − 2.1593… j
r r
x π π π a (8.5) = ( − sin 8.5 − 4.25 cos 8.5)i
= cos t − sin t r
10 6 6 6 + (cos 8.5 − 4.25 sin 8.5) j
y π π π r r
= sin t + cos t = 1.7600 …i − 3.9955… j
6 6 6 6 r r r
r (12) = 6 cos 12i + 6 sin 12 j
x = cos 2 π t − π cos π t sin π t
2 r r
= 5.0631…i − 3.2194 … j
10 6 3 6 6 r r
v (12) = (0.5 cos 12 − 6 sin 12)i
π π
2 r
+ sin 2 t + (0.5 sin 12 + 6 cos 12) j
6 6 r r
= 3.6413…i + 4.7948… j
y = sin 2 π t + π sin π t cos π t
2
r r
a (12) = ( − sin 12 − 6 cos 12)i
6 6 3 6 6 r
+ (cos 12 − 6 sin 12) j
π π r r
2
+ cos 2 t = −4.5265…i + 4.0632 … j
6 6
an
r x=2
c. See the graph in part b, showing v(8.5), x
r r r 5
v (12), a (8.5), and a(12). The velocity
vectors point along the path as it spirals v
100
t = 1.1 v
t = 1.5
x
10
t=2 400
r r r
14. a. a (t ) = 3i + y ′′(t ) j
r r r
v (t ) = (3t + C1 )i + ( y′(t )) j
r r r
v (0) = 0i + 0 j ⇒ C1 = 0
x
r r r
10 r (t ) = (1.5t 2 + C2 )i + ( y(t )) j
r r r
r r r r (0) = 0i + 0 j ⇒ C2 = 0
11. r (t ) = (10 sin 0.6t )i + ( 4 cos 1.2t ) j r r r r r
∴ r (t ) = (1.5t 2 )i + ( y(t )) j = (1.5t 2 )i + (sin x (t )) j
r r r
dL = ( dx/dt )2 + ( dy/dt )2 dt r (t ) = (1.5t 2 )i + (sin 1.5t 2 ) j
r r r
= (6 cos 0.6t )2 + (–4.8 sin 1.2t )2 dt b. v (t ) = (3t )i + (3t cos 1.5t 2 ) j
2 If x = 6, t = 2.
L= ∫ dL ≈ 12.0858… ft (numerically)
0
r r
v (2) = 6i + 5.7610 K j
r
r π r π r
12. r (t ) = 10 cos t i + 6 sin t j
r
Speed = | v(2) | = 6 2 + 5.76 K2 = 8.3180 …
6 6
≈ 8.32 m/ min
dL = ( dx/dt )2 + ( dy/dt )2 dt
15. a. d = a + b cos t
–10π π 6π π
2 2 t = 0: 240 = a + b cos 0 = a + b
= ⋅ sin t + ⋅ cos t dt t = π : −60 = a + b cos π = a − b
6 6 6 6
2a = 180 ⇒ a = 90
One complete cycle of the curve is 0 ≤ t ≤ 12, so
12 2b = 300 ⇒ b = 150
L= ∫ dL = 51.0539… (numerically) ≈ 51.1 ft.
0
∴ d = 90 + 150 cos t
r r
r r r b. r (t ) = (90 cos t + 150 cos 2 t ) i
13. a. a (t ) = 0i − 32 j r
r r r r r + (90 sin t + 150 sin t cos t ) j
r
∫
v (t ) = (0i − 32 j ) dt = C1i + ( −32t + C2 ) j
r r r
v (t ) = ( −90 sin t − 300 cos t sin t ) i
r
v (0) = −130i + 0 j ⇔ C1 = −130 and C2 = 0 r
r r r
∴ v (t ) = −130i − 32tj + (90 cos t + 150 cos 2 t − 150 sin 2 t ) j
r r
r r r v (t ) = ( −90 sin t − 150 sin 2t ) i
∫
b. r (t ) = ( −130i − 32tj ) dt
r r + (90 cos t + 150 cos 2t ) j
r
= ( −130t + C3 )i + ( −16t 2 + C4 ) j r r
r r r r
r (0) = 60.5i + 8 j ⇔ C3 = 60.5 and C4 = 8 v (1) = −212.1270 Ki − 13.7948K j
r r r
∴ r (t ) = ( −130t + 60.5)i + ( −16t 2 + 8) j Speed = (–212.1K)2 + (–13.7K)2
c. When the ball passes over the plate, x(t) = 0, = 212.5750 K ≈ 212.6 cm/s
so t = 60.5/130 = 0.4653… . At that time, r r
c. a (t ) = ( −90 cos t − 300 cos 2t ) i
y(t) = 4.5346… , which is slightly above the r
strike zone. + ( −90 sin t − 300 sin 2t ) j
r r r
d. At t = 0, dx/dt = 200 cos 15°, a (1) = 76.2168Ki − 348.5216 K j
dy/dt = 200 sin 15°. r r r
r r a (1) ⋅ v (1)
As in part a, v (t ) = C1i + ( −32t + C2 ) j = P(1) = r = −53.4392 K
r r | v (1)|
(200 cos 15°)i + ( −32t + 200 sin 15°) j r
r r r v (1)
As in part b, r (t ) = (200t cos 15°)i + at (1) = P(1) r
r | v (1)|
( −16t 2 + 200t sin 15° + 3) j . r r
= 53.3266 Ki + 3.4678K j
r r r
16. a. r = (0.5t + sin t ) i + ( 4 cos 0.5t ) j
r r r 5
r r r 5 v
a (t ) = ( − sin t )i + ( − cos 0.5t ) j
r r r r
r a (2.5) ⋅ v (2.5)
v (14) = 0.6367…i − 1.3139… j c. P(2.5) = r
r r r | v (2.5)|
a (14) = −0.9906 …i − 0.7539… j 60 sin 2.5
r = = 2.2052 …
Speed = | v(14) | = 1.4601… mi/h 169 – 120 cos 2.5
r r r
a (14) ⋅ v (14) r
P(14) = r at (2.5) = P(2.5) r
v (2.5)
| v (14)| | v (2.5)|
0.3598K r r
= = 0.2464 K = 1.9791…i − 0.9726 … j
1.4601K r r r
r an (2.5) = a (2.5) − at (2.5)
r v (14) r r
at (14) = P(14) r = 5.2024 …i + 10.5863… j
| v (14)|
r r r
d. v(2.5) is reasonable because its graph
= 0.1074 …i − 0.2217… j
r r r points alongr the path in the direction of
an (14) = a (14) − at (14) motion. a(2.5) is reasonable because it points
r r toward the concave side of therpath. The
= −1.0980 …i − 0.5312 … j
roller coaster is traveling at | v(2.5) | =
The log is speeding up at t = 14. You can tell 16.2830… ft/s. Its speed is increasing at
by the fact that rP(14) is positive,
r and thus the P(2.5) = 2.2052… ft/s2, as shown by the fact
angle between a(14) and v(14) is acute, which
r that P(2.5) r is positive, r meaning that the angle
means that at (14) points in the same direction between a(2.5) and v(2.5) is acute.
r
as v(14) . It is speeding up at 0.2464… ≈ e. The path is at a high
0.246 (mi/h)/h. r point when the
y-component of r is a maximum. This
happens when cos t = 1, or t = 0 + 2π n.
b. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 r r r
a (0 + 2π n) = 0i − 12 j , pointing straight
= (0.5 + cos t )2 + (–2 sin 0.5t )2 dt down.
14 Similarly, the path is at a low point when
L= ∫
0
dL ≈ 22.7185… (numerically) cos t = −1, or t = π + 2π n.
r r r
≈ 22.7 mi a (π + 2π n) = 0i + 12 j , pointing straight up,
Q .E .D .
1
Average speed ≈ (22.7185K)
14 f. dL = dx 2 + dy 2
= 1.6227… ≈ 1.62 mi/h
r r r = (5 – 12 cos t )2 + (–12 sin t )2 dt
17. a. r (t ) = (5t − 12 sin t ) i + (15 + 12 cos t ) j 2π
r r
v (t ) = (5 − 12 cos t ) i + ( −12 sin t ) j
r L= ∫0
dL ≈ 78.7078… (numerically)
r r r ≈ 78.7 ft
a (t ) = (12 sin t ) i + ( −12 cos t ) j r r
r r 18. Recall that |i | = | j | = 1.
r r r
b. v (2.5) = 14.6137…i − 7.1816 … j The angle between i and i is 0, so
r r r r r r
r i ⋅ i = |i ||i | cos 0 = 1.
a (2.5) = 7.1816 Ki + 9.6137K j r r
Similarly, j ⋅ j = 1.
∫
1
Displacement = ( t – 3) dt = 8 ft 5
x
0 3 6
25
∫
1
Distance = | t − 3| dt = 26 ft
0 3 iii. The average of the two values of f(x) at the
R2. a. i. endpoints is 0, not 18.
v (t ) R4. a.
5
θ θ 200
t 700 – x x
3 700
3
s′(t) = 0 ⇔ t = 0 or t = 9
1 2
Let x = distance from closest point on the s(0) = 0; s(9) = 182 ; s(10) = 166
beach to the cutoff point, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10. 4 3
1
Let C = total cost of the road. Maximum displacement = 182 at t = 9.
4
C = 5(10 − x ) + 13 36 + x 2 Minimum displacement = 0 at t = 0.
The graph shows a minimum C at x ≈ 2.5.
b. i. Let t = number of days Dagmar has been
C
saving, P(t) = number of pillars in
150 Dagmar’s account, and V(t) = real value
(in constant day-zero pillars) of money in
account after t days.
x
P(t) = 50t (assuming continuous
10 depositing)
V(t) = P(t)(0.50.005 t ) = 50t(0.50.005 t )
Let θ be the angle of incidence. ii. The graph shows a maximum V(t) at t ≈
By the minimal path property, the cost is 289 days.
minimized when
V (t )
x 5
sin θ = = 6000
bridge length 13
x = 6 tan [sin− 1 (5/13)] = 2.5
C(2.5) = 122
C(10) = 151.6047… t
500
The minimum cost is $122,000, obtained by
going 7.5 km along the beach, then cutting
V′(t) =
across to the island. This path saves about
50(0.50.005 t ) + 50t[0.005(0.50.005 t )] ln 0.5
$29,600 over the path straight to the island.
V′(t) = 0 ⇔ 1 = −0.005t ln 0.5
R5. a. i. a(t) = 6t − t2, t in [0, 10] 200
t=− = 288.5390 K
a′(t) = 6 − 2t ln 0.5
a′(t) = 0 ⇔ t = 3 Dagmar’s greatest purchasing power will
a(0) = 0; a(3) = 9; a(10) = −40 be after about 289 days.
Maximum acceleration = 9 at t = 3.
R6. a. i. and ii.
Minimum acceleration = −40 at t = 10.
v
∫
1
ii. v(t ) = (6t − t 2 ) dt = 3t 2 − t 3 + C
3
v(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 a
1 Speeding up
∴ v(t ) = 3t 2 − t 3
3 Slowing down
v′(t) = a(t) = t(6 − t) a
r r r
v′(t) = 0 ⇔ t = 0 or t = 6 b. i. r (t ) = (5 cosh t )i + (3 sinh t ) j
1 r r r
v(0) = 0; v(6) = 36; v(10) = −33 v (t ) = (5 sinh t )i + (3 cosh t ) j
3 r r r
Maximum velocity = 36 at t = 6. a (t ) = (5 cosh t )i + (3 sinh t ) j
r r r
1 r (1) = (5 cosh 1)i + (3 sinh 1) j
Minimum velocity = −33 at t = 10. r r
3 = 7.7154 Ki + 3.5256 K j
r r r
∫
1
iii. s(t ) = v(t ) dt = t 3 − t 4 + C v (1) = 5.8760 Ki + 4.6292 K j
12 r r r
a (1) = 7.7154 Ki + 3.5256 K j
y –5
v
a
5 Asymptote
r
x
b. v = t3 − 7t2 + 15t − 9 = (t − 1)(t − 3)2
5 10 v = 0 ⇔ t = 1, 3
Particle is stopped at 1 s and 3 s.
c. v′ = 3t2 − 14t + 15 = (3t − 5)(t − 3)
v′ = 0 at t = 5/3, 3
v(0) = −9; v =
5 32 5
=1 ;
r 3 27 27
iii. Speed = | v (1) | = 25 sinh 2 1 + 9 cosh 2 1 =
v(3) = 0; v( 4) = 3
7.4804… ≈ 7.48 units/min
r r Maximum velocity at t = 4, minimum
a (1) ⋅ v (1) = 34 sinh 1 cosh 1 = 61.6566 K
velocity at t = 0.
The object is speeding up at t = 1, as
shown by the positive dot product and by d. v″(t) = 6t − 14
r r
the acute angle between a(1) and v(1). v″(t) = 0 ⇔ t = 7/3
r r r
r a (1) ⋅ v (1) v (1) v″(t) changes from negative to positive at
at (1) = r r t = 7/3, so there is a point of inflection at
| v (1)| | v (1)|
that point.
34 sinh 1 cosh 1 r
= v (1) e. At t = 7/3, the particle’s acceleration stops
25 sinh 2 1 + 9 cosh 2 1
r decreasing and starts increasing. Thus, the
= 1.1018… v (1) minimum acceleration is at that time.
r r
= 6.4744 …i + 5.1007… j
∫
1 7 15
f. y = v(t ) dt = t 4 − t 3 + t 2 − 9t + C
r r r 4 3 2
( an (1) = 1.2409…i − 1.5751… j )
r r y(0) = 4 ⇒ C = 4
r | a (1) ⋅ v (1)| 61.6566 … 1 7 15
| at (1)| = r = ∴ y = t 4 − t 3 + t 2 − 9t + 4
| v (1)| 7.4804 … 4 3 2
= 8.2423… g.
r r
at (1) points in the same direction as v(1), y (t )
as indicated by the positive dot product and
r r 4
by the acute angle between a(1) and v(1),
so the object is speeding up at about
8.24 units/min2.
1 t
iv. Distance = ∫ 0
ds 0 4
1
= ∫
0
25 sinh 2 t + 9 cosh 2 t dt h. y′(t) = v(t) = 0 when t = 1, 3.
5 7 8
= 4.5841… (numerically) ≈ 4.58 units y(0) = 4; y(1) = ; y(3) = ; y( 4) =
r r r 12 4 3
v. r (t ) + v (t ) = (5 cosh t + 5 sinh t )i Maximum y at t = 0, minimum y at t = 1.
r
+ (3 sinh t + 3 cosh t ) j 5
i. y ′′ = v ′ = (3t − 5)(t − 3) = 0 at t = , 3
Note that the y-coordinate is 0.6 times the 3
5
x-coordinate, so the head lies on y = 0.6x, y″ changes sign at t = and at t = 3, so there
one asymptote of the hyperbola. 3
are points of inflection at these values of t.
∫ v ( t ) = y( 4 ) − y( 0 )
3
l. Displacement = sin θ = .
0 2
8 4
= − 4 = − ft So L = 182 + 252 – 25 ⋅ 18 = 499
3 3
4
1
∫
5 dL 1
m. Distance = | v(t )| dt = 5 ft = −18 ⋅ 0.7 + 25 ⋅ ⋅ 0.7
0 6 dt 499 2
1 4
∫
1 1
n. vav = v dt = ⋅ (displacement) = − ft/s 3 π
4 0 4 3 + 25 ⋅ 18 ⋅ ⋅
4 2 30
∫
1 1 35
o. |v|av = |v| dt = ⋅ (distance) = ft/s
4 0 4 24 = 1.6545… cm/s
C2. Assume that the maximum g a human can C4. a. Let t = time since vertex of cone touched
withstand is A and that the distance from water, y = distance from vertex of cone to
New York to Los Angeles is D km. bottom of cylinder (0 ≤ y ≤ 15), h = altitude
Recall that 1 g = 9.81 (m/s)/s. of submerged part of cone, r = radius of
For the fastest trip, the passenger accelerates at submerged part of cone, and D = depth of
A g for the first D/2 km, then decelerates at −A g water in cylinder.
for the last D/2 km. dy dD
Starting at rest, the velocity t seconds after Know: = −2 cm/min . Want: .
dt dt
leaving New York, when accelerating at
the maximum rate, is v(t) = A · 9.81 t Volume of water is 15 · 72π = 735π cm3.
1
and the distance from New York is Volume of submerged part of cone is πr 2 h.
1 3
s(t ) = A ⋅ 9.81 t 2 .
2 Volume of submerged part of cone plus water
The passenger reaches the halfway point of is π · 72 · D.
1
the trip when s(t ) = 1000 ⋅ D (because D is km 1 2
2 ∴ 49πD = 735π + πr h
and s is m), so the first half of the trip takes 3
1 2
t=
1000 D
seconds. By symmetry, the second 49 D = 735 + r h
9.81 A 3
5
half takes exactly as long, so the minimum time But D = h + y, and r = h, so
1000 D 12
for the trip is t = 2 seconds. 1 25
9.81 A 49 D = 735 + ⋅ ( D – y)3
For example, suppose that it is 4000 km from 3 144
( D – y)2
New York to Los Angeles and that the human dD 25 dD dy
49 = −
body can withstand A = 5 g. Then the minimal dt 144 dt dt
time is t = 2
1000( 4000)
= 571.1372 … , or Find D when y = 10.
9.81(5) 25
about 9.5 min. 49 D = 735 + ( D – 10)3
432
C3. Let x = distance from center along clock hand, Solving numerically gives D ≈ 15.1624… .
L = length of web, and θ = central angle.
dx dθ π Substitute this for D, 10 for y, and −2 for
Know: = −0.7 cm/s; = rad/s. dy/dt.
dt dt 30
(5.1624 K)2
dL dD 25 dD
Want: at t = 10 s. 49 = +2
dt dt 144 dt
1000 csc θ
∴ T (θ ) =
30 – 60 sin θ
100
(sin θ – 2 sin 2 θ ) −1
x
=
3 5 10
100
T′(θ ) = − (sin θ − 2 sin 2 θ ) −2 ⋅ T5. v = t + 60
3 25
∫
1
(cos θ − 4 sin θ cos θ ) Displacement = ( t + 60) dt = 1583 ft
0 3
1 3 3
Average =
2 1 ∫
( x – 4 x + 5) dx = 7
5
a
at
= 16 ⋅ sin 2 0.4t + 36 ⋅ cos 2 0.6t dt
2
an
L= ∫ dL = 10.0932K (numerically) ≈ 10.09 mi
0
a
T20. Answers will vary.
r
T16. The tangential component at (2) has direction the
r r
opposite of v(2), so v is decreasing and the object
is slowing down at t = 2.
∫
(Use l’Hospital’s rule for be .)
W= (– x 3 + 6 x 2 – 12 x + 16) dx = 32 ft-lb
0
5.
Problem Set 11-2
2 17
Q1. 2 Q2. 10
3 10
10
15 ⋅ 101.4 V −1.4 dV ≈ − 566.9574 K
≈ 117.6 million ft-lb So about 567 in.-lb of work is done in
(exactly 62.4π · 600000) compressing the gases (exactly
b. For filling the tank, the limits of 37.5 ⋅ 101.4 (10− 0.4 − 1)).
integration are from −20 to 20. (Mathematically, the work is negative because
20 the force is positive and dx is negative.
∫−20
dW = 250, 925, 288.4 K Physically, the work is negative because
≈ 250.9 million ft-lb energy is taken out of the surroundings to put
(exactly 62.4π · 1,280,000) into the gases. Positive work indicates that
This answer can be found quickly by lifting energy is put into the surroundings by the
the entire weight of the water through the expanding gases.)
distance the center of the sphere moves, c. Net amount of work ≈ 1504.7320… −
namely 120 ft. 566.9574 = 937.7746… ≈ 937.8 in.-lb
W = (62.4) (π ⋅ 20 3 )(120)
4 d. Carnot (kar-NO), Nicolas Léonard Sadi,
3 1796−1832, was a French physicist and a
= 62.4π ⋅ 1, 280, 000 pioneer in the field of thermodynamics.
∫
x x
W= dW ≈ 9,134, 602 ft-lb
0
1/4 4 Q7. (mass)/(volume) Q8. (force)(displacement)
exactly (20100)(0.5) 540
9 1
Q9. Q10. B
9. a. If x is the distance between the piston and the 1 – x2
cylinder head and F is the force exerted by the
1. a. The graph shows y = ln x, rotated about
hot gases, then dW = F dx.
x = 0, showing back half of solid only.
F = pA, where p is the pressure and A is the
area of the piston. y
∴ dW = pA dx 1 (x, y)
A dx = dV x
∴ dW = p dV 1 3
p = k 1V − 1.4
∫
slice.
m= dm = 546.75π k
ρ = kx− 1 0
dm = ρ dV = (kx− 1)(2π x ln x dx)
c. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation.
= 2π k ln x dx
3
ρ = k(1 + x)
m= ∫1
2π k ln x dx ≈ 8.1419K k dm = ρ ⋅ 2 π xy dx = 2π kx(1 + x)(9 − x2) dx
3
(exactly 2π k(3 ln 3 − 2)) m= ∫0
dm = 105.3π k
b. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
generating plane washers. d. The solid in part b has the largest mass.
ρ = 5 + 2y 4. a. The graph shows y1 = x and y2 = 0.5x,
dm = ρ dV = (5 + 2y) ⋅ π ( 32 − x2) dy intersecting at (0, 0) and (4, 2), rotated about
= π ( 5 + 2y)(9 − e2y) dy the x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
ln 3
m= ∫0
dm ≈ 108.1103K
2
y
1
x
π Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
generating plane washers.
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2).
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation, ρ = kx
generating cylindrical shells. dm = ρ dV = kx ⋅ π ( y12 − y22 ) dx
ρ = kx
dm = ρ dV = kx ⋅ 2π xy dx = 2π kx 2 sin x dx = kxπ ( x − 0.25 x 2 ) dx
π
∫
m= dm ≈ 36.8798K k (exactly 2π (π 2 − 4)k ) 16
m= π k = 16.7551K k
0 3
3. a. The graph shows y = 9 − x2, rotated about the b. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation,
y-axis. generating cylindrical shells.
9 y Pick sample points (x1, y) and (x2, y).
ρ = ky 2
(x, y )
dm = ρ dV = ky 2 ⋅ 2π y(x2 − x1) dy
= 2 π ky3(2y − y2) dy
2
∫
64
x
m = dm = π k = 13.4041K k
3 0 15
5. a. Prediction: The cone on the left, with higher
Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of density at its base, has greater mass because
rotation, generating plane disks. higher density is in the larger part of the cone.
ρ = k,
b. Set up a coordinate system with the origin
dm = k dV = k ⋅ π x2 dy = k ⋅ π ( 9 − y) dy
9
at the center of the base. Slice each cone
m= ∫ dm = 40.5πk
0
perpendicular to its axis, generating plane
disks.
Or: Slice parallel to the axis of rotation. Pick sample point (x, y) on the element of
dm = k ⋅ 2π xy dx = 2π kx(9 − x2) dx the cone, y = 6 − 2x.
3
m= ∫0
dm = 40.5π k dV = π x 2 dy = π ( 3 − 0.5y)2 dy
For the cone on the left, ρ = 80 − 5y.
Or: Volume of paraboloid is half the volume dm = (80 − 5y) · π(3 − 0.5y)2 dy
of the circumscribed cylinder, or 6
3
m= ∫
0
dm = 3780π oz (x, y2)
∫
2
The graphs intersect at (1, 2) in Quadrant I. m = dm = π k = 2.0943K k
0 3
Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation, b. The graph shows the curves in part a, rotated
generating plane washers. about the x-axis, showing back half of solid
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2). only.
ρ = kx 2, dV = π ( y12 − y22 ) dx y
4
dm = ρ dV = π kx2(7 − 10x2 + 3x4) dx
(x, y )
1
∫
16
m = dm = π k = 2.3935K k (x, y 2)
0 21
8. Rotate the region in Problem 7 about the y-axis. x
1
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation,
generating cylindrical shells.
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2).
ρ = e − x , dV = 2π x(y1 − y2) dx = 2π x (1 − x2) dx
dm = ρ dV = 2πxe − x (1 − x 2 ) dx
1
∫
Pick sample points (x1, y) and (x2, y). ∴ m = 4π k r 2 sin 2 θ ⋅ r cos θ ⋅ r cos θ dθ
Below y = 3, disks have radius x2. 0
Above y = 3, disks have radius x1. π /2
ρ = ky
= 4π r 4 k ∫ 0
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ dθ
π /2
For x in [0, 3], dV = π x 22 dx
= π (2 − 4 – y ) dy. 2
= πr 4 k ∫ 0
sin 2 2θ dθ
(half-argument property)
For x in [3, 4], dV = π x12 dx = π ( 4 − y) dy. π /2
∫
1 4
3 = πr k (1 – cos 4θ ) dθ
m= ∫ ky ⋅ π (2 − 4 – y ) dy 2
2 0
0
(half-argument property)
4
+ ∫ 3
ky ⋅ π ( 4 − y) dy
=
1 4
π r k θ − sin 4θ
1
π /2
=
1 2 4
π r k
2 4 0 4
14 2
=1 π k + 1 π k = 3.6π k = 11.3097K k
15 3 c. Slice into spherical shells. Pick a sample
point on the x-axis within the shell.
(Coincidentally, this answer equals the answer
Then x is the radius of the shell and 4π x 2
to part b.)
is the area of the shell at the sample point.
11. a. The graph shows a sphere with origin at its
∴ dV = 4π x2 dx
center.
ρ = kx
r y
(x, y )
dm = ρ dV = 4π kx3 dx
r
∫
r
x m = 4π k x 3 dx = π kx 4 0 = π kr 4
0
r
12. Assume Earth is spherical, with radius
3960 mi = 3960 ⋅ 5280 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 2.54 cm =
637,300,224 cm, and slice into spherical
Slice the upper semicircular region shells with radius x and dV = 4π x2 dx.
perpendicular to the x-axis and rotate it to get 8x
plane disks. ρ = 12 − g/cm 3
637300224
Pick a sample point (x, y).
32π x 3
Equation of the circle in the xy-plane is dm = ρ dV = 48π x 2 − dx
x 2 + y 2 = r2. 637300224
ρ = k|x|, dV = π y 2 dx = π (r2 − x2) dx 637300224
1
r x
m = 4π k ∫ 0
x 2 r 2 – x 2 dx 1
a b c
This is the equation of an ellipse with
x
x -radius a 1 – ( z0 /c)2 and 3
y -radius b 1 – ( z0 /c)2 .
b. Slice horizontally into plane elliptical disks. Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of
The area of the cross section is rotation, generating plane disks.
π (x-radius)(y-radius) = π ab(1 − (z/c)2) dV = π x 2 dy = π (9 − y) dy
= 4π (1 − (z/0.5)2) = 4π (1 − 4z2). 9
dm = ρ dV = 0.08 ⋅ 52803e− 0.2 z ⋅ 4π (1 – 4z2) dz b. Each point in a disk is about y units from the
= 0.32 ⋅ 52803π e− 0.2 z(1 – 4z2) dz xz-plane, where y is at the sample point (x, y).
0.5
m= ∫
0
dm ≈ 0.32 ⋅ 5280 3 ⋅ 1.008953K dMxz = y dV = π (9y − y2) dy
9
≈ 4.7525… × 1010 lb, or about
23,762,540 tons
M xz = ∫
0
π (9 y − y 2 ) dy = 121.5π
121.5π
(exactly 0.32 · 52803π (1100e− 0.1 − 995)) c. y ⋅ V = M xz ⇒ y = =3
40.5π
2 4 x = z = 0 by symmetry.
c. Volume of semi-ellipsoid = π abc = π mi 3
3 3 The centroid is at (0, 3, 0).
3 4
Weight = 0.08 ⋅ 5280 ⋅ π 2 2
2. a. + = 1 ⇒ y 2 = 25 1 −
x y 1 2
3 x
12 5 144
≈ 49,326,507,160 lb,
1,801,427,783 lb more (≈ 3.8% more than Slice the ellipsoidal region above the x-axis
actual) perpendicular to the x-axis, generating plane
c disks as the region rotates.
d. V = 2 ∫0
πab[1 − ( z/c)2 ] dz Pick sample point (x, y).
dV = πy 2 dx = 25π 1 −
c 1 2
= 2πab z − ⋅ c( z/c)3
1 x dx
144
3 0
12
1 – 1 x 2 dx
= 2πab c = πabc, Q .E.D .
2
3 3
4 V = 25π ∫ 0 144
12
= 25π x −
1 3
x = 200π
432 0
Problem Set 11-4
2
This answer equals ⋅ π ⋅ 12 ⋅ 52 , which is
Q1. −5 2 = −25 Q2. (−11)2 = 121 3
Q3. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x expected because the volume of a (whole)
1 4
Q4. cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x ) ellipsoid is V = πabc.
2 3
dM yz = x dV = 25π x 1 −
1 2
dM yz = x dm = 25πkx 2 1 −
1 2
x dx x dx
144 144
12
∫
12
M yz = ∫ 0
dM yz = 900π M yz =
0
dM yz = 5760πk
900π 5760πk
c. x ⋅ V = M yz ⇒ x = = 4.5 c. x ⋅ m = M yz ⇒ x = = 6.4
200π 900πk
y = z = 0 by symmetry. y = z = 0 by symmetry.
The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0). Center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
3. a. See the graph in Problem 1. d. False. The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0), but the
Each point in a disk is about y units from the center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
xz-plane, where y is at the sample point 5. a. y = ex
(x, y), so each point has about the same
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
density.
dA = y dx = ex dx
ρ = ky 1/3, dm = ρ dV = k π (9y 1/3 − y 4/3) dy 2
9 A= ∫ e x dx = e 2 − 1 = 6.3890 K
m= ∫0
dm = 170.1375K k 0
Each point in a strip is about x units from the
93 3 y-axis, where x is at the sample point (x, y).
exactly = π 9k ∴ dMy = x dA = xex dx
28 2
∫
The center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0). 3 1
M yz = dM yz = πe 4 + π = 129.4292 K
d. False. The centroid is at (0, 3, 0), but the 0 4 4
center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0). 3e 4 + 1
x ⋅ V = M yz ⇒ x = = 1.5373K
4. a. Slice the ellipsoid as in Problem 2. 2(e 4 – 1)
Each point in a disk is about x units from c. False. For the solid, x is farther from the
the yz-plane, where x is at the sample point yz-plane.
(x, y), so each point has about the same 6. a. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
density as at the sample point. dA = sec x dx
ρ = kx, dV = π y 2 dx = 25π 1 −
1 2 π /3
144
x dx A= ∫
0
sec x dx = ln (2 + 3 )
= 1.3169…
dm = ρ dV = 25πkx 1 −
1 2
144
x dx dM y = x dA = x sec x dx
π /3
12 My = ∫ x sec x dx
m= ∫0
dm = 2827.4333K k 0
= 0.7684… (numerically)
(exactly 900π k) 0.7684 K
x ⋅ A = My ⇒ x = = 0.5835K
1.3169K
dA = b − y dy
b from the y-axis, where x is at the sample
h point (x, y).
dA = y dx = sin x dx
dM x = y dA = by − y 2 dy
b
π
h A= ∫ sin x dx = 2 (exactly)
M x = by – y 2 dy
h 0
∫
b
(This may be “well-known” by now.)
0 h
dM y = x dA = x sin x dx
h
1 b 1 π
= by 2 − y 3 = bh 2
2 3h 0 6 My = ∫ 0
x sin x dx = 3.1415… = π (exactly)
1 2 π
bh
1 x ⋅ A = My ⇒ x = , Q .E .D .
y ⋅ A = Mx ⇒ y = 6 = h, Q.E.D. 2
1
bh 3 (Or just note the symmetry.)
2 b. dM 2y = x2 dA = x2 sin x dx
8. a. y = x 2/3 from x = 0 to x = 8. π
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample M2y = ∫
0
x 2 sin x dx = 5.8696 …
point (x, y) on the graph within the strip. (exactly π 2 − 4)
(See the graph in part e.)
dA = y dx = x 2/3 dx π2 – 4
c. x 2 ⋅ A = M2y ⇒ x = = 1.7131…
8 2
A= ∫ 0
x 2/3 dx = 19.2
10. a. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B.
b. Slice the region parallel to the x-axis so that dM 2B = y2 dA = y2B dy
each point in a strip is about y units from the H
∫
1
x-axis, where y is at the sample point (x, y). M2B = BH 3 y 2 B dy =
03
dM x = y(8 − x) dy = (8y − y5/2) dy b. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
4
Mx = ∫ 0
(8 y – y 5/2 ) dy = 27.4285K centroid.
dM 2c = y2 dA = y2B dy
exactly 27 3 0.5 H
∫
7 1
M2c = y 2 B dy = BH 3
–0.5 H 12
∫
c. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B. M = 4π R3 sin 3 θ ⋅ R cos θ ⋅ R cos θ dθ
dM2B = y 2 dA = y 2 B − y dy
B 0
H π /2
= 4π R 5 ∫ (cos 2 θ – cos 4 θ ) sin θ dθ
M2B = By 2 – y 3 dy =
H
∫
B 1 0
BH 3
0 H π /2
= 4πR 5 − cos3 θ + cos 5 θ
12 1 1
d. Use the axes in part c. The distance from the 3 5 0
centroidal axis to a sample point (x, y) is
= 4πR 5 −0 + 0 + − = πR 5
1 1 1 8
y − H. 3 5 15
3
2 2
dM2 c = y − H dA = y − H B − y dy
1 1 B 8
πR 5
3 3 H r ⋅V = M ⇒ r =
2 2 15 ⇒ r = 0.4 R
4 3
2 H/3
– 1 y 3 + 5 y 2 – 7 Hy + 1 H 2 dy πR
M2 c = B ∫– H/3 H 3 9 9 3
H 12. Assume the clay has uniform density ρ.
B 4 5 3 7 1
=− y + By − BHy 2 + BH 2 y Cylinder: H = 2 RC , V = π RC2 H = 2π RC3 = 1000
4H 9 18 9 0
1/3
RC =
1 500
= BH 3
cm
36 π
11. a. Slice into cylindrical shells so that each point 1
in a shell will be about r units from the axis. Second moment of volume = π (2 RC ) RC4 = π RC5
2
The altitude of a shell is a constant, H. (from Problem 11a)
dM = r2 dV = r2 2πrH dr
R Second moment of mass
∫
1
M = 2πHr 3 dr = πHR 4 2/3
= ρπRC5 = 500 ρ
500
0 2 = 14, 684.1932 … ρ
1 π
πHR 4 1
⋅ = ⇒ = 2 ⇒r =
1/3
πRS = 1000 ⇒ RS =
2
r V M r 2
R 4 3 750
πR 2 H 2 Sphere: V = cm
3 π
b. Slice the cone into cylindrical shells so that
8
each point in a shell will be about r units Second moment of volume = πRS5
from the axis. 15
H (from Problem 11c)
The altitude of a shell is H − r.
R Second moment of mass
2/3
= ρ πRS5 = 400 ρ
750
dM = r 2 dV = r 2 2πr H − r dr
H 8
R 15 π
= 15,393.3892…ρ
Mh = 2πH r 3 – r 4 dr = πHR 4
R
∫
1 1
0 R 10 The sphere has higher moment of mass.
1 13. a. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
πHR 4 centroid.
r ⋅V = M ⇒ r =
2 2 10 ⇒ r = 0.3 R
1 2 dM2 = y dA = y2 · B dy
πR H 0.5 H
3 0.5 H
∫
1 3
M2 = B y 2 dy = y
c. Slice the sphere into cylindrical shells so that −0.5 H 3 −0.5 H
each point in a shell is about r units from the 1
axis. = BH 3 , Q.E.D.
12
The equation of the sphere is r2 + y2 = R2. (Same answer as in Problem 10b)
The altitude of a shell is 2y. b. i. B = 2, H = 12; M 2 = 288;
dM = r 2 dV = r 2 2πr ⋅ 2 R 2 – r 2 dr stiffness = 288k
R ii. B = 12, H = 2; M 2 = 8; stiffness = 8k
M = 4π ∫
0
r 3 R 2 – r 2 dr A board on its edge is 36 times stiffer.
Let r = R sin θ. c. i. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
dr = R cos θ dθ , R 2 – r 2 = R cos θ centroid.
π From y = 0 to y = 2, dM 2 = y2 · 2 dy.
r = 0 ⇒ θ = 0, r = R ⇒ θ = From y = 2 to y = 4, dM 2 = y2 · 4 dy.
2
∫
y
By symmetry, M2 = 2 dM2 r
0
2 4
=2 ∫
0
2 y 2 dy + 2 ∫ 2
4 y 2 dy = 160. f (r )
Stiffness = 160k r
ii. From y = 0 to y = 4, dM 2 = y2 · 1 dy. a b
From y = 4 to y = 6, dM 2 = y2 · 4 dy.
6 Let f(r) be the length of the strip or the sum of
By symmetry, M2 = 2 ∫
0
dM2 the lengths if the region has S-shaped parts.
4 6 Let A be the area of the region.
=2 ∫ y dy + 2 ∫ 4 y dy = 448.
2 2
dMy = r dA = r f (r) dr
0 4 b
Stiffness = 448k (2.8 times stiffer!) My = ∫ a
r f (r ) dr
d. Increasing the depth does seem to increase Rotate the region about the y-axis. The strips
stiffness greatly, but making the beam very generate cylindrical shells.
tall would also make the web very thin,
dV = 2π r f (r) dr
perhaps too thin to withstand much force. b b
14. a. dA = y dx = x 3 dx
2
V= ∫ a
2πr f (r ) dr = 2π ∫
a
r f (r ) dr
A= ∫ x dx = 4 = 2π M y
3
0
But My also equals r ⋅ A.
b. dV = 2π x · y · dx = 2π x4 dx ∴ V = 2πrA = (2πr )( A)
= (distance traveled by centroid)(area of region),
2
V= ∫
0
2π x 4 dx = 12.8π
Q .E .D .
c. dM y = x dA = x4 dx
2 Problem Set 11-5
My = ∫ 0
x 4 dx = 6.4
Q1. centroid Q2. center of mass
The volume integral is 2π times the moment
integral. Q3. radius of gyration Q4. definite integration
6.4 Q5. indefinite integration (or antidifferentiation)
d. x ⋅ A = M y ⇒ x = = 1.6
4 Q6. ρ = (mass) ÷ (volume)
e. The centroid travels 2π x = 3.2π . Q7. x1/ 2 Q8. ln | sec x + tan x | + C
(Area)(Distance traveled by centroid) = Q9. y′ = (x + 1)
2 −1
Q10. A
(4)(3.2π) = 12.8π, which equals the volume. 1. a. Slice the trough face horizontally so that each
Thus, the theorem of Pappus is confirmed. point in a strip is about the same distance
15. a. Area of a small circle = π r2 below the surface as at the sample point
The centroid of the small circle is its center, (x, y).
so the distance from the axis of rotation to y = 2x 4 ⇒ x = (0.5y)1/4
the centroid is R. Thus, the theorem of p = k(2 − y), dA = 2x dy = 2(0.5y)1/4 dy
Pappus implies dF = p dA = 2k(2 − y)(0.5y)1/4 dy
V = 2π RA = 2π R(π r2) = 2π 2r2R
F = dF = 2.8444 K k exactly
2 128
1
b. Area of a semicircle = πr 2
0 ∫ 45
k
2 b. dM x = y dF = y · 2k(2 − y)(0.5y)1/4 dy
4 3
M x = dM x = 2.1880 K k exactly
2 256
Volume of a sphere = πr
3 0 ∫ 117
k
4 3
πr 2.1880 K k
4 c. y ⋅ F = M x ⇒ y =
2πr ⋅ A = V ⇒ r = 3 = r 2.8444 K k
1 2 3π
2π ⋅ πr
= 0.7692 K exactly
2 10
16. Pick a closed region that does not lie on both 13
sides of the y-axis. x = 0 by symmetry.
∫
100 y
Mx = dM x ≈ 13, 992, 028.2564 K
0
≈ 13.992 million lb-ft
(x, y ) d. y ⋅ F = M x ⇒ y ≈ 11.6668K ft
x = 0 by symmetry.
x
Center of pressure is at about (0, 11.67) ft.
10 e. Moment of area:
Width at y = 100 ft is 2 y = 20 ft, Q .E .D . 4
1/ 4
dM = y dA = y ⋅ 40 1 − y − 1
1
dy
b. Slice the dam face horizontally so that each
32
point in a strip is the same distance below the 32
surface as the sample point (x, y).
dA = 2x dy = 2y1/2 dx
M= ∫ 0
dM ≈ 20, 071.5364 K
100 ≈ 20.07 thousand ft3
∫
1
A= 2 y1/2 dx = 1333 ft 2 y ⋅ A = M ⇒ y ≈ 16.9150 K ft
0 3
(2/3 the area of the circumscribed rectangle) x = 0 by symmetry.
c. p = k(100 − y) with k = 62.4 lb/ft3 The centroid is at about (0, 16.92) ft.
dF = p dA = 2k(100 − y)(y1/2) dy The centroid is different from center of
100 pressure.
∫
1
F= dF = 53, 333 k = 3, 328, 000 f. Area below waterline:
0 3
16
∫
Force is 3,328,000 lb, or 1664 tons. Aw = dA ≈ 548.6345K ≈ 548.6 ft 2
d. dMx = y dF = 2ky(100 − y)(y1/2) dy 0
100 First moment of area below waterline:
∫
16000000
Mx = dM x = k 16
0
≈ 1.199 million lb
c. dMx = y dF
1/ 4
4
x
= y ⋅ 67(32 − y) ⋅ 40 1 − y − 1
1
dy 10
32
∫
2400 1 1
A= dA = = 763.9437K = t3 dx = y 3 dx
−10 π 3 t =0 3
≈ 763.9 ft2 1
= [0.25( x – 4) – ( x – 4)1/ 3 ]3 dx
π 3
b. dF = p dA = k (10 − | x |) ⋅ 60 cos x dx x =4
∫
1
5 F=
c. x ⋅ F = M y ⇒ x = −1 ft 0.2 2
9
c. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis. Then
6 slice a strip parallel to the x-axis as shown in
d. p = ky = y (because p = 60 at y = 50)
5 Figure 11-5g.
dA = 2 x dy = 2 100 – y dy At sample point (x, t), p = kx2t− 1.
d(dF) = p dA = kx2t− 1 dx dt
t =1
12 t =1 −1 2
dF = p dA =
5
y 100 – y dy dF =
t=y ∫
kx 2 t −1 dx dt =
t=y
kt dt x dx
∫
= ( k ln t tt ==1y ) x 2 dx = k (0 − ln y) x 2 dx = kx 3 dx
100
F= ∫ 0
dF = 64,000 lb (exactly)
ln 5
∫
1
F= kx 3 dx =
k (ln 5) 4 = 1.6774 K k
12 2 0 4
e. dM x = y dF = y 100 – y dy
5 9. The integrals in Problems 7 and 8 can be written
100 in the form
Mx = ∫ dM x = 3, 657,142.8K x =b t =d
0
∫ ∫
x =a t =c
f ( x, t ) dt dx
∫
8
(0.002 x 2 + 3 x + 500) dx = ⋅ 1000 2.
(The force can also be found by slicing 0 3
parallel to the y-axis as in part a, then slicing Cost is about $2,666,667.
the strip horizontally and using a double d. Cost to dig 500 feet twice (once from
integral. In this case, the pressure at a each end) is
500
∫
sample point (x, t) is 17
C=2 (0.002 x 2 + 3 x + 500) dx = ⋅ 500 2.
p = k(20 − t) 0 3
d(dF) = p dA = k(20 − t) dt dx Cost is about $1,416,667.
The first integration is from t = y to t = 5. Savings is about $1,250,000!
The second integration is from x = −2 to in.
x = 2.) 4. a. velocity · area has the units ⋅ in.2 ,
s
c. Let µ (Greek letter mu) = coefficient of which is in.3/s, correct for flow rate.
friction. b. v = 4 − x 2 ⇒ v′ = −2x
10000 v′ changes from positive to negative at x = 0.
µ ⋅ F = 10000 ⇒ µ =
15491.6027K ∴ there is a maximum flow rate at the center
= 0.6455K of the pipe where x = 0.
(Or simply observe that the graph of v is
a parabola opening downward with vertex
Problem Set 11-6 at x = −b/(2a) = 0.)
1 101 v(2) = 4 − 22 = 0, Q .E .D .
Q1. x +C Q2. 0
101 c. Slice the water in the pipe into cylindrical
Q3. x ln x − x + C Q4. 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x shells.
Q5. (force)(displacement) Q6. y′ = 3(1 + 9x2)− 1 Each point in a shell has about the same
Q7. x = −2 Q8. 2 sec2 x tan x water velocity as at the sample point x units
from the axis.
Q9. y ′′ = −9 cos 3 x Q10. D
Let F = flow rate in in.3/s.
1. Partition the interval into small subintervals dF = v dA = (4 − x2) · 2π x · dx
of width dT so that C is about the same at any = 2π (4x − x3) dx
point in a subinterval. The amount of heat, 2
∫
shells. The velocity takes the place of the 32
M2 y = dM2 y = π k = 33.5103K kg-cm 2
altitude of a shell. 0 3
5. a. 8. a. T(D) = 20 sin 2π D
F T(0) = 20 sin 0 = 0
600 T(1/4) = 20 sin π /2 = 20, which checks.
b. Partition the time interval into short
increments of width dD so that T is about the
same at any time in the increment as it is at
x
5
the sample point (D, T ) .
Let H = number of degree-days.
dH = T dD = 20 sin 2π D dD
b. F has a step discontinuity at x = 2. 1/4
∫
10
c. dW = F dx H= dH = = 3.1830 K
0 π
Because the graph is linear on [0, 2], the work ≈ 3.18 degree-days
equals the area of the triangle.
9. a. m = 2000 − 5t (mass in kilograms, time in
1
W = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 600 = 600 in.-lb seconds)
2
b. a = F/m = 7000(2000 − 5t)− 1
= 1400(400 − t)− 1
5
d. W = ∫ 2
F dx
dv 1400
c. a = =
By Simpson’s rule, dt 400 – t
1
∫ ∫
1400
W ≈ (0.5)( 450 + 4 ⋅ 470 + 2 ⋅ 440 + 4 ⋅ 420 dv = dt
3 400 – t
+ 2 ⋅ 410 + 4 ⋅ 390 + 330) v = −1400 ln | 400 − t | + C
2 Assume the car starts at rest at t = 0.
= 1266 in.-lb
3 0 = −1400 ln 400 + C ⇒ C = 1400 ln 400
400
2
e. Total work ≈ 600 + 1266 = 1866 in.-lb
2 v(t ) = 1400 ln
3 3 |400 – t |
20
f. Yes, a piecewise continuous function such as d. v(20) = 1400 ln = 71.8106 K ≈ 71.81 m/s
this one can be integrable. See Problem 27 in 19
ds 400
Problem Set 9-10. v= = 1400 ln
6. a. Slice the solid into disks parallel to the dt 400 – t
20
∫
400
xz-plane so that each point in a disk has about s= 1400 ln dt = 711.9673K
the same density as at the sample point (x, y). 0 400 – t
20
y = 4 − x2 ⇒ x2 = 4 − y ≈ 712.0 m exactly 28000 1 − 19 ln
dm = ρ dV = k · π x 2 dy = kπ (4 − y) dy 19
4 10. Slice the tract parallel to the tracks so that each
m= ∫ 0
kπ ( 4 − y) dy = 8π k g point in the strip will have about the same
value per square kilometer as at the sample
b. Each point in a disk of part a is also about the point (x, y).
same distance from the xz-plane as the sample Let v = thousands of dollars per square kilometer
point (x, y). and W = thousands of dollars the land is worth.
Let K stand for the constant. v = kx = 200x (v = 200 at x = 1)
dF = K · dm · y− 1/2 = K · k π (4 − y) dy · y− 1 / 2 dW = v dA = 200x[(4 − x2) − (4x − x2)] dx
= K kπ (4y− 1/2 − y 1/2) dy = 800(x − x2) dx
4 The curves intersect at x = 1.
∫
32
F = dF = Kkπ = 33.5103K Kk 1
∫
3 1
0
W = 800( x − x 2 ) dx = 133
0 3
∫
The land would be worth $400,000. W= dW = 71.4328K ≈ 71.4 million
Actual value is about $267,000 less. 0
∫
1
y = cos x W= v ⋅ 2πr dr ≈ (0.3)(2π ) (10 + 4 ⋅ 12
Let v = value of land per square unit and 0 3
+ 2 ⋅ 15 + 4 ⋅ 14 + 2 ⋅ 13 + 4 ⋅ 10
W = worth of the land.
+ 2 ⋅ 8 + 4 ⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 2 + 1)
v = kx, dA = y dx = cos x dx
= 52.2π = 163.9911… ≈ 164.0 million
dW = v dA = kx cos x dx
dollars
π /2 π
W= ∫ dA = − 1 k = 0.5707K k d. This problem is equivalent to volume by
0 2
cylindrical shells, where the value of the land
b. Slice the tract parallel to the x-axis so that per square unit takes the place of the altitude
each point in a strip will be about the same of the cylinder. It is also equivalent to the
value per square unit as at the sample water flow in Problem 4 of this problem set.
point (x, y). e. Answers will vary.
v = ky
dW = v dA = v · x dy = ky · cos− 1 y dy 14. a. p = 100[(x − 8)1/2 − 0.5(x − 8)]
1 π dF = p dA = 2p dx
∫
W = dW = k = 0.3926 K k
0 8 = 200[(x − 8)1/2 − 0.5(x − 8)] dx
10
12.
y
F= ∫
8
dF = 177.1236 K ≈ 177 lb
9
800 2
exactly 3 − 200
(x, y )
b. Average pressure = total force/total area
177.1236 K
x
= = 44.2809K ≈ 44.3 lb/ft 2
3 4
200 2
Slice the wall parallel to the ground so that exactly 3 − 50
each point in the slice will cost about the
same to paint per square meter. c. dMyz = x dF = 2px dx
Let r = rate in dollars per square meter and = 200x[(x − 8)1/2 − 0.5(x − 8)] dx
C = cost in dollars to paint the wall. 10
∫
19 1602.8706 K
C= d. x ⋅ F = M yz ⇒ x =
35
0
177.1236 K
13. a. Let v = value of land per square kilometer, = 9.0494… ft
W = worth of the land in dollars, and Calvin should stand about 10 − 9.0494 ft
r = distance from center of town. 1
≈ 11 in. from the end.
Slice the city into circular rings of width dr so 2
that each point in a ring will be about r units 15. a. f (x) = 9 − x2 = (3 − x)(3 + x) = 0 only at
from the center. x = ±3.
v = 10 − 3r, dA = 2π r dr 1
dW = v dA = (10 − 3r ) ⋅ 2π r dr g( x ) = − x 3 − x 2 + 3 x + 9
3
3
W= ∫ 0
dW = 36π = 113.0973K 1
= − ( x – 3)( x + 3)2 = 0 only at x = ±3.
3
≈ 113.1 million dollars
∫
The “skewness” being zero reflects the
b. A f = (9 – x 2 ) dx = 36
–3 symmetry of this region. It is not skewed
Ag =∫ – 1 x 3 – x 2 + 3 x + 9 dx = 36
3 at all.
–3 3 i. For example, graph
To simplify algebraic integration, you could 1
g( − x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 3 x + 9.
use 3
3
Af = 2 ∫ (9 – x ) dx
2 y
New
0 graph g
3
Ag = 2 ∫ (9 – x ) dx, where the odd terms
2
0
integrate to zero between symmetrical limits.
x
Thus, the two integrals are identical. –3 3
c. The high point of f comes at x = 0.
The high point of g comes where g′(x) = 0. 16. a. y = x 2
g′(x) = −x 2 − 2x + 3 = −(x + 3)(x − 1) dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x 2 dx
g′(x) = 0 ⇔ x = −3 or x = 1
The high point is at x = 1. dM y = x dL = x 1 + 4 x 2 dx
d. Slice the region under the g graph parallel to 2
= − x 4 − x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x dx
1 c. L = ∫ 0
1 + 4 x 2 dx = 4.6467K
3
3
exactly 1 ln ( 17 + 4) + 17
My = ∫
–3
dM y = 21.6 4
5.7577K
x ⋅ A = My ⇒ x =
21.6
= 0.6 d. x ⋅ L = M y ⇒ x = = 1.2390 K
4.6467K
36
e. False. For the symmetrical region under the e. dS = 2π x dL = 2π x 1 + 4 x 2 dx
π
dS = 36.1769K exactly (17 17 – 1)
2
∫
graph of f, the centroid is on the line through
S=
the high point. But for the asymmetrical 0 6
region under the graph of g, the high point is f. Integral for S is 2π times the integral for My!
at x = 1 and the centroid is at x = 0.6.
17. In Problem 16, R = x = 1.2390 K and
f. False
0.6
L = 4.6467… .
Area to left = ∫
–3
g( x ) dx = 17.1072 (exactly) 2π RL = 2π (1.2390…)(4.6467…) = 36.1769… ,
which equals S, Q.E.D.
3
Area to right = ∫0.6
g( x ) dx = 18.8928 (exactly) 18. The centroid of the small circle is at its center,
R units away from the axis.
(or 36 − 17.1072 = 18.8928)
The arc length L of the small circle is 2πr.
g. Let S stand for skewness. Surface area S = 2π R(2πr) = 4π 2rR
3 3
dS = x − dA = x − g( x ) dx
3 3
5 5
3
Problem Set 11-7
x – 3 − 1 x 3 − x 2 + 3 x + 9 dx
3
S= ∫
–3 5 3 Review Problems
R0. Answers will vary.
–64 ⋅ 35
= −17.7737K exactly R1. Slice the region parallel to the force axis so that
7 ⋅ 125 each point in a strip has about the same force as
h. By symmetry, the centroid of the area under f at the sample point (x, F ) .
is on the y-axis, so x = 0. Then
dW = F dx = 30e− 0.2 x dx
dS = x3 dA = x3(9 − x2) dx 10
S= ∫
3
x (9 − x ) dx = 0 (odd function
3 2 W= ∫0
30e −0.2 x dx = 150(1 − e −2 )
–3
= 129.6997… ≈ 129.7 ft-lb
integrated between symmetrical limits)
∫ by – h y dy = 2 by
b 1 b 3
Mx = 2
− y
b. Construct axes with the origin at the vertex of 0 3h 0
the cone. An element of the cone in the xy-
7 3 1 2 b 3 1
plane has the equation y = x or x = y. = bh − h − 0 + 0 = bh 2
3 7 2 3h 6
Slice the water horizontally into disks so that 1
y ⋅ A = y ⋅ bh = M x
each point in a disk is lifted about the same 2
distance as the sample point (x, y) on the 1 2
element of the cone. bh
1
⇒y= 6 = h, Q .E.D .
F = 0.036 dV = 0.036 ⋅ π x2 dy 1
bh 3
9 2 2
= 0.036 ⋅ π y dy
49 b. The graph shows the region under y = ex
Each disk is lifted (10 − y) cm. rotated about the y-axis, showing back half of
dW = (10 − y) dF solid only.
9 2
= (10 − y)(0.036)π y dy y
49 (x, y )
7
W= ∫ 0
dW = 3.591π = 11.2814 …
≈ 11.28 in.-lb 1
x
R3. a. The graph shows the region in Quadrant I 1
under the graph of y = 8 − x3 rotated about
the y-axis.
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis,
y
8 generating cylindrical shells, so that each
point in a shell will be about the same
(x, y )
distance from the y-axis as the sample
point (x, y).
dV = 2π x ⋅ y ⋅ dx = 2π xex dx
x dM2y = x2 dV = 2πx3ex dx
1
∫ 2πx e
2
M2 y = 3 x
dx = 3.5401K
0
Slice the region parallel to the x-axis,
generating disks, so that each point in a disk (exactly 12π − 4πe)
is about the same distance from the xz-plane R5. Draw axes with the x-axis at ground level and the
as the sample point (x, y). y-axis through the upper vertex of the triangle.
ρ = ky, dV = π x2 dy = π (8 − y)2/3 dy Slice the face of the building horizontally so that
8 the wind pressure at any point in a strip is about
m= ∫ kπy(8 − y) dy = 57.6π k
2/3
0
equal to the pressure at the sample point (x, y).
dA = 150 −
b. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis, 150
y dy
generating cylindrical shells, so that each 400
point in a shell is about the same distance
dF = p dA = 200 ⋅ 150(1 − e −0.01y )1 −
1
from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y). y dy
400
ρ = ex, dV = 2π xy dx = 2π (8x − x4) dx 400
2
F= ∫ dF = 3736263.2708…
∫ 2π e x (8 x − x 4 ) dx = 64π
0
m=
0 ≈ 3.736 million lb
(exactly 30000(125 − 25e− 4))
∫
768
V= 2π y 4/3 dy =
π = 344.6775K
operating, and r(x) = number of dollars per 0 7
foot to drill at x feet. With slices perpendicular to the x-axis,
r(x) = a · bx
dV = π (82 − y2) dx = π (64 − x6) dx
r(0) = 30 ⇒ a = 30 2
∫
768
/
110000
V = π (64 − x 6 ) dx = π = 344.6775K
50 = 30 ⋅ b10000 ⇒ b =
5
0 7
3
ii. With slices parallel to the y-axis,
x/10000
∴ r ( x ) = 30
5 dV = 2π x · (8 − y) · dx = 2π x(8 − x3) dx
3 2
∫
5
C= dx = 6965243.17K
3 8
V= ∫ πy 2/3 dy = 19.2π = 60.3185K
0
Concept Problems
V= ∫ 0
2π (3 − x )(8 − x 3 ) dx = 52.8π
∫
8
A= ∫
0
y1/3 dy = 12 V=
0
π [9 − (3 − y1/3 )2 ] dy = 52.8π
∫
384 ii. The centroid is 0.8 unit from the y-axis.
M x = y 4/3 dy = = 54.8571K
0 7 V = 2π · 0.8 · 12 = 19.2π
ii. Use slices parallel to the y-axis so that = 60.3185… (Checks.)
each point in a strip will be about the
iii. The centroid is 3 − 0.8 = 2.2 units from
same distance from the y-axis as the
the line x = 3.
sample point (x, y).
V = 2π · 2.2 · 12 = 52.8π = 165.8760…
dM y = x dA = x(8 − x3) dx (Checks.)
2
My = ∫0
(8 x – x 4 ) dx = 9.6 f. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a
disk will be about the same distance from the
9.6 xz-plane as the sample point (x, y).
c. x ⋅ A = M y ⇒ x = = 0.8
12 dMxz = y dV = y(π x 2 dy) = y · π y 2/3 dy
384/7 32
y ⋅ A = Mx ⇒ y = = = 4.5714 K
8
12 7 M xz = ∫
0
πy 5/3 dy = 96π = 301.5928K
Centroid is at (0.8, 4.5714…). 96π
g. y ⋅ V = M xz ⇒ y = =5
d. i. With slices parallel to the x-axis, 19.2π
dV = 2π y · x · dy = 2π y 4/3 dy x = z = 0 by symmetry.
Centroid is at (0, 5, 0).
= 86.1693…k 0 2 3
j. Use cylindrical shells as in part i so that each dM 2y = x 2 dV y = x 2 2π xy dx = 2π x3(2 − 2x2) dx
1
∫
1 2
point in a shell will be about the same M2 y = 2π x 3 (2 − 2 x 2 ) dx = π , not π .
distance from the y-axis as the sample 0 3 3
General proof: For any paraboloid of height H
point (x, y).
and base radius R, let h = distance (along the
dM 2 = x2 · dm = 2π k(8x5 − x8) dx axis) from the base and r = radius. Then a
2
∫
512 H
M2 = 2πk (8 x 5 − x 8 ) dx = πk generating parabola is given by h = H − 2 ⋅ r 2.
0 9 R
= 178.7217… R2
dMbase = h dV = h π r 2 dh = h π ( H − h) dh
k. Use vertical slices of the region so that each H
R2 h= H
point in a strip will have about the same
pressure acting on it as at the sample
Mbase =
H
π
h=0 ∫
( Hh – h 2 ) dh
h= H
point (x, y). 2
R H 2 1 3 1 2 2
= π h − h = πR H
p = 3 − x, dA = (8 − y) dx = (8 − x3) dx H 2 3 h=0 6
dF = p dA = (3 − x)(8 − x3) dx dM2axis = r dV = r 2π rh dr
2 2
∫ = r 2 2π r H − 2 r 2 dr
F= (3 – x )(8 – x ) dx = 26.4
3 H
0 R
r= R
r3 – r 5 dr
∫
(Note the similarity to the integral in 1
M2 axis = 2πH
part d.iii.) r =0 R2
r= R
l. F = kz− 2
= 2πH r 4 − 2 r 6
1 1 1 4
= πR H
F = 26.4 at z = 1 ⇒ k = 26.4 ⇒ F = 26.4z− 2 4 6R r =0 6
dW = F dz = 26.4z− 2 dz In the original example, H = R , so the two 2
∫
moments turned out to be equal.
W= 26.4 z −2 dz = 17.6
1 C4. a. Assume m ≠ 0.
m. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a The area of the trapezoid is
resulting disk will be at about the same b +b ma + mb
A= 1 2 ⋅h = (b – a)
temperature as the sample point (x, y). 2 2
dH = CT dm = 0.3(10 − y)(5.8π y2/3 dy) 1
= m( b 2 − a 2 )
8
∫ 1.74(10 − y)(π y
2
H= 2/3
) dy = 167.04π b b b
∫ ∫
0 1
Integrating, y dx ≈ mx dx = mx 2
= 524.7716… ≈ 524.8 cal a a 2 a
C2. Let f (x) be the height of a vertical strip at x (or 1
= m(b − a ) = A, Q .E.D .
2 2
combined heights if the region being rotated is 2
not convex). Let x = a and x = b be the left and The length is L = (b − a) 1 + m 2 .
right boundaries of the region. b b
dV = 2π x dA = 2π x f ( x ) dx ⇒ V = 2π ∫
b
x f ( x ) dx
Integrating, ∫
a
dL ≈ ∫
a
dx = (b − a) ≠ L,
a Q .E .D .
b
dM y = x dA = x f ( x ) dx ⇒ M y = ∫a
x f ( x ) dx
∫
The volume of the cone is W= ( 40 x − 10 x 2 ) dx = 90
1 1
V = πr 2 h = πm2 h3 . 1
3 3 T3. y ⋅ m = M xz ⇒ y ⋅ 200 = 3000
Integrating dV ≈ π y 2 dx = π m 2x2 dx, ∴ y = 3000/200 = 15 cm
h
∫
1
π m 2 x 2 dx = π m 2 h 3 = V , Q.E.D. T4. The center of the circle is (8, 9) and the radius
0 3
is 7, so the circle is on just one side of the axis
The surface area is S = π r r 2 + h 2 = of rotation (the y-axis). So the solid satisfies the
π mh 2 1 + m 2 . hypothesis of the theorem of Pappus.
Integrating dS ≈ 2π y dx = 2π mx dx, The centroid of the circle is (8, 9), the
h displacement from the y-axis is R = 8, and the
∫0
2π mx dx = π mh 2 ≠ S, Q.E.D. area of the circle is 49π.
∴ V = 2π RA = (2π )(8)( 49π ) = 784π =
c. Exact area of a strip:
1 1 2463.0086…
∆ A = ( mx + m( x + ∆x ))∆x = y∆x + ∆y∆x
2 2 T5. Using exponential regression,
Exact volume of frustum: F ≈ 29.9829… (1.0626…)x
π dW = F dx
∆V = ( m 2 ( x + ∆x )2 + m 2 x ( x + ∆x ) + m 2 x 2 )∆x 10
π
3 W= ∫
0
F dx ≈ 412.4652 … ≈ 412.5 ft-lb
= m 2 ∆x (3 x 2 + 3 x ( ∆x ) + ( ∆x )2 ) (By the trapezoidal rule, W ≈ 413 ft-lb.
3
Simpson’s rule cannot be used because there is
= π y 2 ∆x + y∆y∆x + ( ∆y)2 ∆x
1 an odd number of increments.)
3
T6. a.
d. dA − y dx = y dx + ∆y dx − y dx
1 y
2
1
= ∆y dx (x, y )
2
dV − π y dx2
= π y 2 dx + y ∆y dx + ∆y 2 dx − π y 2 dx
1
3
1
1 2
= π y ∆y dx + ∆y dx x
3 2
Both differences contain only higher-order
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that each
infinitesimals.
point in a strip will be about the same distance
e. If dQ = ∆Q leaves out only infinitesimals of from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
b
higher order, then ∫ dQ is exactly equal to Q. dMy = x dA = xex dx
2
∫
a
My = xe x dx = e 2 + 1 = 8.3890 … ≈ 8.39 in.3
f. Reasons: 0
∫
summation, so they can be pulled out.
M2 y = x 2 e x dx = 2e 2 − 2 = 12.7781…
ii. The sum of all the subsegments ∆x of 0
Chapter Test e2 + 1
x ⋅ A = My ⇒ x = = 1.3130 … ≈ 1.31 in.
T1. a. force · displacement e2 – 1
b. mass T7. The graph shows y = x1/2 from x = 0 to x = 16,
rotated about the x-axis.
c. force
y
d. area · displacement 4 (x, y )
x
e. second moment of volume 16
f. x
∫
8
F= ∫
0
62.4(8 − y) ⋅ 2 y1/3 dy W=
30
300π dr = 300π (b − 30) dollars
∑ 7(0.8
n =1
n −1
) = 7 + 5.6 + 4.48 + 3.584 + L c. The first deposit is made at time t = 0, the
second at time t = 1, and so forth, so at time
Sums: 7, 12.6, 17.08, 20.664, 23.5312, … t = 12, the term index is 13.
S 4 = 20.664, so the amount first exceeds d. Meg earned $93,806.90 the first year.
20 µg at the fourth dose. 93806.90
APR = ⋅ 100 = 9.3806 K%
1 1000000
S = 7⋅ = 35, so the total amount
1 – 0.8 e. (1,000,000)(1.0075n) = 2,000,000
never exceeds 40 µg. ln 2
n= = 92.7657K
The graph confirms that the partial sums of ln 1.0075
the series approach 35 asymptotically and After 93 months
first exceed 20 µg at the fourth dose.
6. a. The interest rate for one month is
0.108/12 = 0.009.
40
S5 = 100 + 100(1.009) + 100(1.009)2
30 Asymptote + 100(1.009)3 + 100(1.009)4
Goes > 20 + 100(1.009)5
20 1 – 1.009 6
= 100 ⋅ = $613.66
10
Stays > 20 1 – 1.009
n
b. There are six terms because the term index of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 the first term is zero.
c. 10 years equals 120 months. There will have
b. tn = Sn − 7, so the sequence is 0, 5.6, 10.08, been 121 deposits after 10 years because the
13.664, 16.5312, … . initial deposit was made at time 0. So there
See the graph in part a. The open circles show are 121 terms.
the partial sums just before a dose. 1 – 1.009121
S120 = 100 ⋅ = $21,742.92
t7 = 20.6599… . The amount remains 1 – 1.009
above 20 µg for n ≥ 7. The principal is 121(100) = $12,100.
c. See the graph in part a. The interest is 21,742.92 − 12,100 =
$9,642.92.
4. a. Perimeters are 16, 16 0.5 , 16(0.5), … ,
7. a. Sequence: 20, 18, 16.2, 14.58, 13.122, …
which is a geometric sequence with t1 = 16
and r = 0.5 . b. S 4 = 20 + 18 + 16.2 + 14.58 = 68.78 ft
1
1 – 0. 5 5 c. S = 20 ⋅ = 200
b. S10 = 16 ⋅ = 52.9203K cm 1 – 0.9
1 – 0.51/2 So the ball travels 200 ft before it comes to
rest.
P4 0 ex 1 c0 1
x 1 ex 1 c1 1
1
P3
2 ex 1 2!c2 1
2!
6. P4 is indistinguishable from f for about 3 ex 1 3!c3 1
−1 < x < 0.9. 3!
7. P3(1) = 31.6666666… 1 2 1 3
P4(1) = 35.0000000… ∴ P( x ) = 1 + x +
x + x + L , Q .E .D .
2! 3!
f (1) = 5e2 = 36.9452804…
1 4 1 5
∴ P4(1) is closer to f (1) than P3(1), Q.E.D. b. Next two terms: L + x + x + L
4! 5!
80 5 ⋅ 2 4 ∞
8. c4 = =
∑
1 n
24 4! c. x
n=0
n!
The 5 is the coefficient in 5e2x.
The 2 is the exponential constant. d.
y
The 4 is the exponent of x in the last term. ex
S3
20 5 ⋅ 2 20 5 ⋅ 2
3 2
9. c3 = = , c2 = = , 5
6 3! 2 2!
10 5 ⋅ 21 5 ⋅ 20
c1 = = , c0 = 5 = (0! = 1) x
1 1! 0! 3
10. Conjecture:
5 ⋅ 2 5 160 4 5 ⋅ 2 6 320 4 e. The two graphs are indistinguishable for
c5 = = = , c6 = = = approximately −1 < x < 1.
5! 120 3 6! 720 9
∞ f. Solve ex − S3(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
5 ⋅ 2n n
11. P( x ) = ∑
n=0
n!
x x ≈ 0.2188…
Solve ex − S3(x) = 0.0001 for x close to −1.
x = −0.2237…
The interval is −0.2237… < x < 0.2188… .
Problem Set 12-4 g. The ninth partial sum is S8(x).
Solve ex − S8(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
Q1. Q2.
y y
x ≈ 1.4648…
x x Solve S8(x) − ex = 0.0001 for x close to −1.
x = −1.5142…
The interval is −1.5142… < x < 1.4648… .
2. a. By equating derivatives:
Q3. Q4.
y y n f (n) ( x ) f (n) (0) P (n) (0) cn
x 0 cos x 1 c0 1
1 −sin x 0 c1 0
x
1
2 −cos x −1 2!c2 −
2!
Q5. Q6. 3 sin x 0 3!c3 0
y y
1
4 cos x 1 4!c4
x 4!
5 −sin x 0 5!c5 0
x
1
6 −cos x −1 6!c6 −
6!
Q7. exponent Q8. coefficient 7 sin x 0 7!c7 0
Q9. power Q10. D 1
8 cos x 1 8!c8
8!
∑ (–1) n 1 0 sinh x 0 c0 0
c. x 2n
n=0
(2 n)! 1 cosh x 1 c1 1
d. y = cos x 2 sinh x 0 2!c2 0
y
1
S4 3 cosh x 1 3!c3
3!
cos
x 4 sinh x 0 4!c4 0
1
5 cosh x 1 5!c5
S7
5!
6 sinh x 0 6!c6 0
e. See the graph in part d, showing S7(x) (eighth 1
7 cosh x 1 7!c7
partial sum). 7!
The graphs are indistinguishable for
1 3 1 5 1 7
approximately −5.5 < x < 5.5. ∴ P( x ) = x + x + x + x + L , Q .E .D .
3! 5! 7!
f. Solve S7(x) − cos x = 0.0001 for x close
c. S3(0.6) = 0.636653554…
to 5.5.
sinh 0.6 = 0.636653582…
x ≈ 4.5414…
(Note that some solvers may give an error ∴ S3(0.6) ≈ sinh 0.6, Q.E.D.
message. In this case, zoom in by table, d. Solve S3(x) − sinh x = 0.0001 for x
starting at x = 5 and using increments of 0.1; close to 1.
then x = 4.5, and increments of 0.01, and so x ≈ 1.4870…
forth.) By symmetry, the interval is
By symmetry, the interval is −1.4870… < x < 1.4870… .
−4.5414… < x < 4.5414… . 1 1 1
e. P ′( x ) = 1 + ⋅ 3 x 2 + ⋅ 5 x 4 + ⋅ 7 x 6 + L
g. Both functions are even. P(x) is even because 3! 5! 7!
it has only even powers of x. 1 2 1 4 1 6
= 1+ x + x + x +L
1 1 1 2! 4! 6!
3. a. S3 (0.6) = 0.6 − (0.6 3 ) + (0.6 5 ) − (0.6 7 )
3! 5! 7! f. Find S3(0.6) for the P′ series.
= 0.564642445… S3(0.6) = 1.1854648
sin 0.6 = 0.564642473… cosh 0.6 = 1.18546521…
∴ S3(0.6) ≈ sin 0.6, Q.E.D. ∴ S3(0.6) ≈ cosh 0.6, and thus the P′(x)
b. sin 0.6 = 0.564642473… series seems to represent cosh x, Q.E.D.
Tail = sin 0.6 − Sn(0.6)
First term of the tail is tn+1 .
g. ∫ P( x ) dx
sin 0.6 − S1(0.6) = 0.0006424733… 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 6
= x + ⋅ x + ⋅ x +L+ C
t2 = 0.000648 2 3! 4 5! 6
sin 0.6 − S2(0.6) = −0.00000552660… Simplifying and letting C = 1 gives
t3 = −0.00000555428… 1 1
1+ x2 + x4 + x6 + L ,
1
sin 0.6 − S3(0.6) = 0.0000000276807… 2! 4! 6!
t4 = 0.0000000277714… which is the series for cosh x, Q.E.D.
In each case, the tail is less in magnitude than 5. a. f (x) = ln x f (1) = 0
the absolute value of the first term of the tail, f ′(x) = x − 1 f ′(1) = 1
Q .E .D . f ′′( x ) = − x −2 f ′′(1) = −1
c. Make | tn+1 | < 0.5 × 10 −20. f ′′′( x ) = 2 x −3 f ′′′(1) = 2
1 1 1
(0.6 2 n+3 ) < 5 × 10 −21 P( x ) = ( x − 1) − ( x – 1)2 + ( x – 1)3
(2 n + 3)! 2 3
Inequality is first true for n = 8. 1
− ( x – 1) + L
4
Use at least nine terms (n = 8). 4
∑
1
S10(1.2) and ln 1.2 agree through the eighth P( x ) = (–1) n x 2 n+1
decimal place. The values of S10(1.95) and n=0
2 n + 1
ln 1.95 agree only to one decimal place. The 1 1 1
= x − x3 + x5 − x7 + L
values of S10(3) and ln 3 bear no resemblance 3 5 7
to each other. b. y = tan− 1 x, y = S 5(x), and y = S 6(x) (sixth
1 1 and seventh partial sums)
6. a. P( x ) = ( x − 1) − ( x – 1)2 + ( x – 1)3
2 3 y S6
1 4 K S5
− ( x – 1) + f (x )
4 1
x
1
n tn(3) S5
S6
1 2
2 −2
Both partial sums fit the graph of f very well
3 2.6666… for about −0.9 < x < 0.9. For x > 1 and
4 −4 x < −1, the partial sums bear no resemblance
5 6.4 to the graph of f.
6 −10.6666…
The absolute values of the terms are getting Problem Set 12-5
larger as n increases. Q1. 4! = 24 Q2. 3! = 6
Q3. 4!/4 = 6 Q4. n = 3
2! 3! 4! 5! 2! 3!
2. f (u) = ln u 1
+ (– x 2 ) 4 + L
1 1 1
= (u − 1) − (u – 1)2 + (u – 1)3 − (u – 1) 4 + K 4!
2 3 4 1 1 1
= 1 − x2 + x 4 − x6 + x8 − L
3. f (u) = sin u 2! 3! 4!
x x
t – t + t – L dt
∫e ∫ 1 – t
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 −t2 1 4 1 6 1 8
=u− u + u − u + u − u +L 15. dt = 2
+
3! 5! 7! 9! 11! 0 0 2! 3! 4!
4. f (u) = cos u 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 1 9
= x − x + ⋅ x − ⋅ x + ⋅ x −L
3 5 2! 7 3! 9 4!
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= 1− u + u − u + u − u +L x
(3t − 1) − 1 (3t – 1)2
x
2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 16. ∫ 1/3
ln (3t ) dt = ∫
1/3
2
5. f (u) = cosh u
+ (3t – 1)3 − (3t – 1) 4 + … dt
1 1
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= 1+ u + u + u + u + u +L 3 4
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
1 1
6. f (u) = sinh u = (3t – 1)2 − (3t – 1)3
3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 3⋅3⋅ 2
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 x
=u+ u + u + u + u + u +L 1 1
3! 5! 7! 9! 11! + (3t – 1) 4 − (3t – 1)5 + L
3⋅ 4 ⋅3 3⋅5⋅ 4 1/3
7. f (u) = (1 − u) −1 = 1 + u + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 + u 5 + L
1 1 1
= (3 x – 1)2 − (3 x – 1)3 + (3 x – 1) 4
8. f (u) = tan −1 u 6 18 36
1 1 1 1 1 1
= u − u 3 + u 5 − u 7 + u 9 − u11 + L − (3 x – 1)5 + L
3 5 7 9 11 60
9. x sin x = x x − x 3 + x 5 − x 7 + x 9 − L
1 1 1 1 1
17. = 1 − x 4 + x 8 − x 12 + x 16 − L
3! 5! 7! 9! x +1 4
1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10 9 3
= x2 − x + x − x + x −L 18. =
3! 5! 7! 9! x 2 + 3 1 + ( x 2 /3)
10. x sinh x = x x + x 3 + x 5 + x 7 + x 9 + L
1 1 1 1
= 3 1 − x 2 + 2 x 4 − 3 x 6 + L
1 1 1
3! 5! 7! 9! 3
3 3
1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= x2 + x + x + x + x +L 1 4 1 6
3! 5! 7! 9! = 3 − x2 + x − 2 x +L
3 3
11. cosh x 3 x x
∫ ∫ (1 – t
1
1 1 1 1 19. dt = 4
+ t 8 – t 12 + t 16 – K) dt
= 1 + (x 3)2 + (x 3) 4 + (x 3)6 + (x 3)8 + L 0 t +1
4
0
2! 4! 6! 8! 1 5 1 9 1 13 1 17 K
1 1 1 1 = x− x + x − x + x −
= 1 + x 6 + x 12 + x 18 + x 24 + L 5 9 13 17
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x
+ t 4 – 2 t 6 + K dt
∫ ∫ 3 – t
9 1 1
12. cos x 2 20. dt = 2
0 t +3
2
0 3 3
1 1 1 1
= 1 − ( x 2 ) 2 + ( x 2 ) 4 − ( x 2 ) 6 + ( x 2 )8 − L 1 1 5 1 1
2! 4! 6! 8! = 3x − x 3 + x − 2 x7 + 3 x9 −K
3 3⋅5 3 ⋅7 3 ⋅9
1 4 1 8 1 12 1 16
= 1− x + x − x + x −L
2! 4! 6! 8!
∫ ∫
x x
1 2 3 4 g (t ) dt ≈ (2 + 0.5t − 0.3t ) dt
2 4
= − + x − x2 + x3 −K e. 0 0
2! 4! 6! 8!
1 1 1 2 1 x
0.5 0.3
=− + x − x + x3 − … = 2t + t −
3
t
5
2 12 240 10080 3 5 0
Alternate solution:
1
= 2x + x − 0.06 x
3 5
d 1
(cos x 0.5 ) = − x −0.5 sin x 0.5 6
dx 2
1 −0.5 0.5 1 1.5 1 2.5 1 3.5 26. a. f (1) ≈ P4(1)
=− x x − x + x − x + L = −4 + 3(1 − 2) + 0.5(1 − 2)2
2 3! 5! 7!
1 1 1 2 1 3 − 0.09(1 − 2)3 − 0.06(1 − 2)4
=− + x− x + x −L = −6.47
2! 2 ⋅ 3! 2 ⋅ 5! 2 ⋅ 7!
We must assume that the series converges for
1 2 3 4
= − + x − x2 + x3 −L x = 1.
2! 4! 6! 8!
Multiply by 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, 4/4, … and simplify. b. f (2) = c 0 = −4
0.7 f ′(2) = c 1 = 3
23. P4 ( x ) = −8 + 3( x − 2) + ( x − 2)2 f ″(2) = 2!c2 = 2(0.5) = 1
2!
f ′″(2) = 3!c3 = 6(−0.09) = −0.54
0.51 0.048
+ ( x − 2)3 − ( x − 2) 4 f (4)(2) = 4!c4 = 24(−0.06) = −1.44
3! 4!
= −8 + 3(x − 2) + 0.35(x − 2)2 c. g(x) = f (x2 + 2) ≈ P(x2 + 2)
+ 0.085(x − 2)3 − 0.002(x − 2)4 = −4 + 3(x2 + 2 − 2) + 0.5(x2 + 2 − 2)2
−0.09(x2 + 2 − 2)3 − 0.06(x2 + 2 − 2)4
0.48 0
24. P5 ( x ) = 7 + 2( x + 1) − ( x + 1) 2 + ( x + 1)3 = −4 + 3x2 + 0.5x4 − 0.09x6 − 0.06x8
2! 3!
0.36 0.084 Fourth-degree polynomial:
+ ( x + 1) −
4
( x + 1)5 g(x) ≈ −4 + 3x2 + 0.5x4
4! 5!
= 7 + 2(x + 1) − 0.24(x + 1)2
+ 0.015(x + 1)4 − 0.0007(x + 1)5
∑ (–1)
1
S9 (1) = n
= 0.760459904 K x+
1
x3 +
2
x 5+
17
x 7+ L
n=0
(2 n + 1) 3 15 315
4S9(1) = 3.04183961… 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 1 1
π = 3.14159265… 1− x + x − x + L x – x 3 + x 5 – x 7 +L
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
The error is about 3%.
1 3 1 5 1 7
b. The fiftieth partial sum is S49(1). x – x + x – x +L
2! 4! 6!
4S49(1) = 3.12159465…
π = 3.14159265… 1 3 4 5 6 7
x − x + x −L
The error is about 0.6%. 3 5! 7!
(It is merely an interesting coincidence that 1 3 1 5 1 7
x – x + x –L
although 4S49(1) differs from π in the second 3 6 72
decimal place, several other decimal places 2 5 64 7
later on do match up!) x − x −L
15 7!
c. By the composite argument properties 2 5 1 7
x – x +L
from trig, 15 15
tan tan −1 + tan −1
1 1 17 7
2 3 x −L
315
tan tan –1 + tan tan –1
1 1 1 3 2 5 17 7
2 3 ∴ tan x = x + x + x + x +L
= 3 15 315
1 – tan tan –1 ⋅ tan tan –1
1 1 S4(0.2) = 0.202710024…
2 3 tan 0.2 = 0.202710035…
1 1
+ f (i )
( a)
= 2 3 =1 39. Define ai ( x ) = ( x − a)i, the ith term of the
1 1 i!
1– ⋅ ∞
2 3
1 1
general Taylor series. So, f ( x ) = ∑ a ( x ).
i
∑4
dn f ( i ) ( a) d n n 1 2 3 3 4 4
For i > n, n ai ( x ) = ⋅ n ( x − a)i 1. a. n xn = x + x2 + x + x
dx i! dx n =1
4 16 64 256
f (i ) ( x ) 5 5
= i ⋅ (i − 1)(i − 2)K(i − n + 1)( x − a)i −n = 0 + x +L
i! 1024
for x = a.
dn
tn+1 (n + 1) x n+1 4 n
b. L = lim = lim ⋅ n
So n ai ( a) = 0 for i < n and i > n, and n→∞ tn n→∞ 4 n+1 nx
dx
dn x n +1 x
an ( a) = f ( n ) ( a). =lim =
dx n 4 n→∞ n 4
∞
dn
Thus, n ∑
dx i =0
ai ( x ) evaluated at x = a L <1⇔
x
4
x
< 1 ⇔ −1 < < 1 ⇔ −4 < x < 4
4
dn Open interval of convergence is (−4, 4).
is an ( a) = f ( n ) ( a).
dx n c. Radius of convergence = 4.
40. Brook Taylor: 1685−1731 ∞
xn
∑ n⋅2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Colin Maclaurin: 1698−1746 2. a. = x+ x + x + x
Sir Isaac Newton: 1642−1727 n =1
n
2 2⋅4 3⋅8 4 ⋅ 16
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz: 1646−1716 1
+ x5 +L
(–1) n+2
1
( x – 1) n+1 5 ⋅ 32
41. a.
tn+1
= n + 1 =
n
| x − 1|
1 n +1 tn+1 x n+1 n ⋅ 2n
tn (–1) n+1 ( x – 1) n b. L = lim = lim n +1 ⋅
n n→∞ tn n→∞ ( n + 1) ⋅ 2 xn
2
b. r10 = for x = 1.2 x n x
11 = lim =
9.5 2 n→∞ n + 1 2
r10 = for x = 1.95
11 x x
20 L <1⇔ < 1 ⇔ −1 < < 1 ⇔ −2 < x < 2
r10 = for x = 3 2 2
11 Open interval of convergence is (−2, 2).
c. r = lim
n
| x − 1| = | x − 1| lim
n
= | x − 1| c. Radius of convergence = 2.
n→∞ n + 1 n→∞ n + 1
∞
(2 x + 3) n (2 x + 3)2
d. r = 1.1 for x = −0.1
r = 1 for x = 0
3. a. ∑
n =1
n
= (2 x + 3) +
2
r = 0.9 for x = 0.1
(2 x + 3)3 (2 x + 3) 4
r = 0.9 for x = 1.9 + + +L
r = 1 for x = 2 3 4
e. Possible conjecture: The series converges to (2 x + 3) n+1 n
b. L = lim ⋅
ln x whenever the value of x makes r < 1, and n→∞ n +1 (2 x + 3) n
diverges whenever the value of x makes r > 1.
n
f. The series should converge for r < 1. = | 2 x + 3 | lim = | 2 x + 3|
x →∞ n + 1
r = |x − 1| < 1 ⇒ −1 < (x − 1) < 1 ⇒
0<x< 2 L < 1 ⇔ |2x + 3| < 1 ⇔ −1 < 2x + 3 < 1
⇔ −2 < x < −1
42. Answers will vary.
Open interval of convergence is (−2, −1).
1
c. Radius of convergence = .
Problem Set 12-6 2
Q1. sin x Q2. sinh x
Q3. e− x Q4. ex
8 27 x 2 n+3 (2 n + 1)!
= ( x − 8) + ( x – 8)2 + ( x – 8)3 L = lim ⋅ 2 n+1
2 6 n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)! x
64 1
+ ( x – 8) 4 + L = x 2 lim = x2 ⋅ 0
24 n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 )
(n + 1)3 ( x – 8) n+1 n! ∴ L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
b. L = lim ⋅ 3 all x.
n→∞ (n + 1)! n ( x − 8) n ∞
∑
1
10. cosh x = x 2n
n + 1 3 1
= | x − 8 | lim
( 2 n )!
⋅ n=0
n→∞ n n + 1
x 2 n+2 (2 n)!
= | x − 8| ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0 = 0 L = lim ⋅ 2n
n→∞ ( 2 n + 2 )! x
L < 1 for all values of x. 1
Series converges for all values of x. = x 2 lim = x2 ⋅ 0
n→∞ ( 2 n + 2 )(2 n + 1)
c. Radius of convergence is infinite. ∴ L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
∞
∑n
n! all x.
6. a. ( x + 2) n ∞
∑
4
1 n
n =1 11. e x = x
2 6 n!
= ( x + 2) + ( x + 2) 2 + ( x + 2)3 n=0
16 81 x n+1 n! 1
24 L = lim ⋅ n = | x | lim = | x| ⋅ 0
+ ( x + 2) 4 + L n→∞ (n + 1)! x n→∞ n +1
256
∴ L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
(n + 1)! ⋅ ( x + 2) n+1 n4
b. L = lim ⋅ all x.
n→∞ (n + 1) 4
n! ⋅ ( x + 2) n ∞
(–1) n n
n
4
12. e − x = ∑ n!
x
= | x + 2| lim (n + 1) ⋅ n=0
n→∞
n + 1 x n+1 n! 1
L = lim ⋅ = | x | lim = | x| ⋅ 0
= | x + 2| lim [(n + 1) ⋅ 1] = ∞ n→∞ (n + 1)! x n n→∞ n + 1
n→∞
The series converges only for |x + 2| = 0 ∴ L < 1 for all x and the series converges for all x.
⇔ x = −2. 13. tn = xnn!
c. Radius of convergence = 0. x n+1 (n + 1)!
L = lim = | x | lim (n + 1) = | x | ⋅ ∞
∞ n→∞ x n n! n→∞
(–1) n
7. sin x =
n=0
∑( 2 n + 1)!
x 2 n+1
L = ∞ for all x ≠ 0; L = 0 at x = 0.
Note that |(−1)n| can be left out of the ratio. ∴ the series converges only for x = 0.
∑ (–1) n +1 1 0.00000000011111… ,
16. ln 0.1 = (–0.9) n
n which is larger than the tail.
n =1
tn = −(0.9)n/n 18. a. y = x2 sin 2x, from x = 0 to x = 1.5, rotated
about the y-axis.
n tn tn+1 /tn A slice of the region parallel to the axis of
rotation generates a cylindrical shell.
1 −0.9 0.45 dV = 2π x · y · dx = 2πx3 sin 2x dx
1.5
2
3
−0.405
−0.243
0.6
0.675
V= ∫ 0
2π x 3 sin 2 x dx
Integrate by parts.
4 −0.164025 0.72 u dv
5 −0.118098 0.75 x 3 + sin 2x
1
9 −0.043046721 0.81 3x 2 – – 2 cos 2x
1
15 −0.0137260754… 0.84375 6x + – 4 sin 2x
1
35 −0.0007151872… 0.875 6 – 8 cos 2x
1
0 + 16 sin 2x
Ratio seems to approach 0.9.
V = 2π − x 3 cos 2 x + x 2 sin 2 x
1 3
Proof:
2 4
(–0.9) n+1 n
L = lim ⋅
1.5
+ x cos 2 x − sin 2 x
3 3
n→∞ n +1 (–0.9) n 0
4 8
n
= 0.9 lim = 2π − cos 3 + sin 3
9 21
n +1
n→∞
16 16
= 0.9(1) = 0.9, Q .E .D . = 4.662693947…
∞
∑
1.5
∫
1
17. a. P( x ) = (–1) nx 2 n+1 V= 2πx 3 sin 2 x dx ≈ 4.662693947…
n=0
2 n + 1 0
Note that |(−1)n| = 1 for all n. The answers are the same to at least nine
decimal places.
x 2 n +3 2 n + 1
L = lim ⋅ 2 n+1 b. Omitting the 2π , ∫ x sin 2 x dx
3
n→∞ 2 n + 3 x
2n + 1
= x 3 (2 x ) − (2 x )3 + (2 x )5
∫
1 1
= x 2 lim = x 2 ⋅ 1 by l’Hospital’s rule
n→∞ 2 n + 3 3! 5!
L < 1 ⇔ x 2 < 1 ⇔ −1 < x < 1 1
Open interval of convergence is (−1, 1). − (2 x ) + L dx
7
7!
∫
1 1 1 1 1 9 1
+ x − x 11 + K
0 2! 3! 4! 5! 9 ⋅ 9! 11 ⋅ 11!
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 ∞
= x− x + x − x +
∑ (–1)
x 1
3 5 ⋅ 2! 7 ⋅ 3! 9 ⋅ 4! = n
x 2 n+1
1 n=0
(2 n + 1)(2 n + 1)!
− x 11 + K
11 ⋅ 5! sin t
b. Ratio for is
b. t
t 2 n+2 (2 n + 1)!
y
f (x ) L = lim ⋅
1 n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)! t 2n
x
1
1 = t 2 lim = t2 ⋅ 0
S5 n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 )
= x ⋅1 ⋅ 0
2 Because ln is a continuous function,
∴ L < 1 for all values of x. ln L = ln ( lim n n ) = lim ln n n
n→∞ n→∞
Series for Si x converges for all values of x. 1 ln n ln x ∞
The radii of convergence for both series are = lim ln n = lim = lim →
n→∞ n n→∞ n x →∞ x ∞
infinite. 1/ x
= lim by l’Hospital’s rule
c. The third partial sum is S2(x). x →∞ 1
1 1 =0
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 − (0.6)3 + (0.6)5 ∴ L = e0 = 1, Q .E.D .
3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5!
∞
= 0.5881296 (–1) n+1
Si 0.6 = 0.5881288…
23. ln x = ∑
n =1
n
( x – 1) n
The answers are quite close!
( x – 1) n
d. L = lim n |tn | = lim n
n→∞ n→∞ n
| x – 1| | x – 1|
Tenth
y
= n
= = | x − 1|
Partial Sum
1 lim n 1
n→∞
x L < 1 ⇔ |x − 1| < 1 ⇔ 0 < x < 2
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
Open interval of convergence is (0, 2).
−1
∞
∑n
1
Si (x) 24. n xn
n=1
|x n | | x|
S9(x) is reasonably close to Si x for L = lim n = lim = | x | ⋅ 0
−3 π < x < 3π . n→∞ nn n→∞ n
∑ n = 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
converges. 1 1 1 1 1
4. a. S5 =
If the convergent series were not absolutely n =1
convergent, it would be called “conditionally 17
convergent.” =2 = 2.2833…
60
e. When you show absolute convergence, you p = 1, a harmonic series.
find the partial sums of |tn|. The partial sums ∞
∑ n = 6 + 7 + 8 + L . The
1 1 1 1
must be increasing because |tn| is positive. b. Tail = R5 =
|tn| is decreasing because the series is n=6
∫
5
(1/ x ) dx = lim (ln b – ln 6) = ∞
∑
1 1 1 1 1
3. a. S5 = 2 = 1+ + + + 6 b→∞
n 4 9 16 25
n =1 ∴ the series diverges because a lower bound is
1669 infinite.
=1 = 1.463611…
3600 c. Graphing the rectangles to the left of the
∞
n-values leads to R5 < ∞, which does not
∑n
1 11 1
b. Tail = R5 = + 2 += +L
36 49 64 imply that the tail is finite.
n=6
n +1 n +1
The graph shows the tail bounded above by
∞ d. Sn > 1000 if ∫ (1/ x ) dx > 1000 ⇔ ln x =
∫5
(1/ x 2 ) dx = 0.2. 1
∫
d. The terms are strictly alternating in sign, the
b. (1/ x ) dx = lim (ln b – ln 1) = ∞
1 b→∞ terms are strictly decreasing in absolute value,
∞
and the terms approach zero for a limit as
Τhe series ∑ |t | diverges, so the given series
n=1
n n → ∞. Thus, the series converges by the
alternating series test.
does not converge absolutely.
Or:
c. S1000 = 0.692647… , S1001 = 0.693646… ,
| Rn | < |tn+1 | for all n ≥ 1, as shown by example
ln 2 = 0.693147… in part c.
| S 1000 − ln 2| = 0.0004997… , |S 1001 − ln 2| = 0
lim |tn+1 | = 0 because it takes the form .
0.0004992… , |t1001| = 1/1001 = n→∞ ∞
0.00009900… ∴ lim | Rn | = 0, and thus the series converges.
n→∞
∴ both partial sums are within |t1001| of ln 2.
Or: Use the ratio technique.
d. No term is left out. No term appears more
than once. 0.6 2 n+3 (2 n + 1)!
L = lim ⋅
1 1 1 1 1 1 n→∞ (2 n + 3)! 0.6 2 n+1
Series is − + − + − + K
2 4 6 8 10 12 1
= 0.36 lim =0
= 1 – + – + K .
1 1 1 1 n→∞ (2 n + 3)(2 n + 2)
2 2 3 4
1 Because L < 1, the series converges.
∴ the series converges to ln 2.
2 8. The sequence converges because lim tn = 2, a
n→∞
Conditional convergence means that whether (finite) real number.
the series converges, and, if so, what value it The series does not converge because lim tn ≠ 0.
converges to, depends on the condition that n→∞
∑ n! 0.6
1
1 1 b. S4 = n
= 1.8214
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 − 0.6 3 + 0.6 5 = 0.564648
3! 5! n=0
e0.6 = 1.8221188…
c. R 1 = sin 0.6 − S1(0.6) = 0.0006424…
S4 differs from e0.6 by 0.00071880… , which
R 2 = sin 0.6 − S2(0.6) = −0.0000055266…
is greater than t5 = 0.000648, but not much
|R1| = 0.0006424…
greater. The difference is greater than t5
|t2| = 0.000648
because all subsequent terms are added, not
∴ |R 1| < |t2|
subtracted. It is not much greater than t5
|R2| = 0.0000055266…
because the subsequent terms are very small.
|t3| = 0.0000055542…
∴ |R 2| < |t3|
∑4
Thus, the geometric series forms an upper 3 3 3 3 K
17. = 3+ + + +
bound for the tail of the e0.6 series after n
4 16 64
n=0
term t6.
Converges because it is a geometric series with
d. Geometric series converges to common ratio 1/4, which is less than 1 in
1
0.0000648 ⋅ = 0.000072. absolute value
1 – 0.1
∞
3n
∑
3 9 27
n = 1+ + + +L
e. The tail of the series after t6 is bounded by 18.
0.000072. n=0
4 4 16 64
The entire series is bounded by Converges because it is a geometric series with
S6(0.6) + 0.000072 = 1.8221128 + 0.000072 common ratio 3/4, which is less than 1 in
= 1.8221848. absolute value
e0.6 = 1.8221188… ∞
∑ (2n + 1)! = 1! + 3! + 5! + 7! + K
So the upper bound is just above e0.6 , Q .E .D . 1 1 1 1 1
19.
1 2 3 4 5 K n=0
11. a. + + + + +
1 1 1
1 1 2 6 24 + = 1+
+ +K
n + 1 (n – 1)! n +1 1
= lim
6 120 5040
L = lim ⋅ ⋅ =0
n→∞ n! n n→∞ n n Converges by comparison with geometric
∴ the series converges because L < 1. series with t0 = 1 and r = 1/6
1 2 3 4 K 1 1 ∞
+ + + + = 1+1+ + + K
∑ (–3)
b. 1 1 1 1 K
1 2 6 24 2! 3! 20. n = 1− + − +
n=0
3 9 27
This is the Maclaurin series that converges
to e1. Converges by the alternating series test. (Terms
n/(n – 1)! n! are strictly alternating. Terms are strictly
c. L = lim = lim decreasing in absolute value. tn approaches zero
n→∞ n/n! n→∞ (n – 1)!
as n approaches infinity.)
= lim n = ∞
n→∞ ∞
n3
∑n
∴ the test fails because the limit of the ratio 8 27 64 125 K
21. =
4 + + + +
is infinite. n=2
– 1 15 80 255 624
2 4 8 16 K Diverges. Use the integral test.
12. a. U: + + + + b
4 10 28 82 ∞ x3
∫
1
2 4 8 16 K dx = lim ln | x 4 − 1|
G: + + + + 2
4
x –1 b→∞ 4
2
3 9 27 81
= lim ln (b 4 − 1) − 0 = ∞
2 4 8 16 K 1
V: + + + +
2 8 26 80 b→∞ 4
The terms of U are bounded above by the Or: Compare with a harmonic series.
∞ ∞
corresponding terms of G, and so U converges n3
∑ ∑
1
by the direct comparison test. 4 > →∞
n=2
n – 1 n=2 n
∑ ln (n + 2) n +1
(–1) ( x – 6)
40. = | x | lim ⋅ lim
n= 4
n ⋅ 2n n→∞ ln (n + 1) n→∞ n + 2
( x – 6) n+1 n ⋅ 2n 1/(n + 2) n +1
L = lim = | x | lim ⋅ lim
n +1 ⋅ n→∞ 1/( n + 1) n→∞ n + 2
n→∞ (n + 1) ⋅ 2 ( x – 6) n
1 n 1 (by l’Hospital’s rule)
= | x − 6 | lim = | x − 6| ⋅1 n +1 n +1
2 n→∞ n +1 2 = | x | lim ⋅ lim = | x | ⋅1⋅1
1 n→∞ n + 2 n→∞ n + 2
L < 1 ⇔ | x − 6| < 1 ⇔ 4 < x < 8
2 L < 1 ⇔ | x | < 1 ⇔ −1 < x < 1
1 1 1 1 At x = −1 the series is
At x = 4 the series is + + + + K ,
4 5 6 7 ln 1 ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 K
− + − + .
which is a divergent harmonic series (p-series 1 2 3 4
with p = 1). By l’Hospital’s rule,
1 1 1 1
At x = 8 the series is − + − + K , ln (n) 1/n
4 5 6 7 lim = lim = 0.
n→∞ n n→∞ 1
which is a convergent alternating series.
Interval of convergence is (4, 8]. Because the terms decrease in absolute value and
∞ approach zero for a limit, the series converges by
(–1) n+1 ⋅ ( x + 5)2 n
41. ∑
n =1
2n
the alternating series test.
At x = 1 the series is
( x + 5)2 n+2 2n ln 1 ln 2 ln 3 ln 4
L = lim ⋅ + + + +L .
n→∞ 2(n + 1) ( x + 5)2 n 1 2 3 4
n ∞ 1 b
∫
ln ( x )
= ( x + 5)2 lim = ( x + 5)2 ⋅ 1 dx = lim (ln x )2
n→∞ n + 1 x b→∞ 2
1
1
L < 1 ⇔ (x + 5)2 < 1 ⇔ −6 < x < −4
= lim (ln b)2 − 0 = ∞
1
1 1 1 1
At x = −6 the series is − + − + K , b→∞ 2
2 4 6 8
which is a convergent alternating series. Thus, the series diverges by the integral test.
1 1 1 1 Interval of convergence is [−1, 1].
At x = −4 the series is − + − + K , ∞
2 4 6 8
which is a convergent alternating series. 44. ∑ 5( x − 3) n
∞ 5( x – 3) n+1
( x + 1) n L = lim = | x − 3|
42. ∑
n =1
n2
n→∞ 5( x – 3)
n
1
Hn = L , Q .E .D . Proof:
2n
Pick a number ε > 0.
b. The total distance the top (first) block Because L is an upper bound for tn, L + ε is also
overhangs the nth block is H1 + H2 + L + an upper bound.
Hn−1 . So for a pile of n blocks, the top block Because L is the least upper bound for tn,
will project entirely beyond the bottom block L − ε is not an upper bound.
if ∴ there exists an integer D > 0 such that
L < H1 + L + Hn−1 = tD > L − ε .
1 1 1 1 But the values of tn are increasing.
L + L + L +L+ L ∴ tn > tD > L − ε for all n > D.
2 4 6 2(n – 1)
∑ (–1)
n=0 1
n +1
S5 ( 4) = 27.2699118K 4. a. ln x = ⋅ ( x – 1) n
n =1
n
f ( 2.5+2 ) (c) 2⋅5+2 S8(0.7) = −0.356671944…
b. R5 ( 4) = ⋅4
(2 ⋅ 5 + 2)! f ( 9 ) (c )
(12 ) b. R8 (0.7) = ⋅ (0.7 − 1)9
f ( x ) = cosh x 9!
1 4 –4 f (9)(x) = 8!x − 9
∴ M = cosh 4 < (3 + 2 ) ∴ M = 8!(0.7)− 9
2
= 40.5312… < 41 8!(0.7) –9 1
| R8 (0.7)| ≤ ⋅ (0.3) 9 = (3/7)9
41 12 9! 9
| R5 ( 4) | ≤ ⋅ 4 = 1.4360 K = 5.4195… × 10− 5
12!
S5(4) is within 2 of cosh 4 in the units digit. S8(0.7) is within 6 units of ln 0.7 in the fifth
decimal place.
c. cosh 4 = 27.3082328…
(Note that for ln x, the Lagrange form of the
S5(4) = 27.2699118…
remainder simplifies to
cosh 4 − S5(4) = 0.0383… , which is well n +1
within the 1.4360… upper bound found by 1 | x – 1|
| Rn ( x )| ≤ ⋅
Lagrange form. n +1 x
∞ For x < 0.5, the fraction |x − 1|/x is greater
∑ (2n + 1)! x
1 2 n +1
2. a. sinh x = than 1.
n=0 The Lagrange form of the remainder becomes
S9(5) = 74.2032007… infinite as n → ∞ and is thus not useful.)
f ( 2⋅9+3) (c) 2⋅9+3 c. ln 0.7 = −0.356674943…
b. R9 (5) = ⋅5
(2 ⋅ 9 + 3)! S8(0.7) = −0.356671944…
f (21)(x) = cosh x |ln 0.7 − S8(0.3)| = 2.9998 × 10− 6, which is
within the 5.4195… × 10− 5 found by
1
∴ M = cosh 5 < (35 + 2 –5 ) Lagrange form.
2
= 121.5156… < 122 5. For sinh 2, all derivatives are bounded by cosh 2.
1
| R9 (5)| ≤
122 21
⋅ 5 = 0.001138K cosh 2 < (32 + 2 –2 ) = 4.625
21! 2
1
S9(5) is within 2 units of sinh 5 in the third The general term is tn = ⋅ 2 2 n+1.
decimal place. (2 n + 1)!
∑n
1
R4 (2) = ⋅2 = cosh c ⋅ 13. a. S10 = = 1.19753198…
(2 ⋅ 4 + 2)! 10! 3
n =1
∞
210
∫x −3 dx = lim –0.5 x –2 10 =
b
∴ cosh c ⋅ = 0.000290929K R10 <
10! 10 b →∞
∑ n! ⋅ 2
1
lower bounds of Rn. 17. e 2 = n
100 n=0
∑n
1
14. a. S100 = 1.05 = 4.698244 … From Example 1, S10 = 7.38899470… .
n =1
∞
By Lagrange form, | R 10 | < 0.0004617… .
x −1.05 dx = lim –20 x –0.05 100 =
∫
b
R100 < Use a geometric series as an upper bound.
100 b→∞
1 11 1
20(100− 0.05 ) = 15.886564… t11 = ⋅ 2 and t12 = ⋅ 212
∞ 11! 12!
x −1.05 dx = lim –20 x –0.05 101 =
∫
b
R100 > t 1
101 b→∞
Common ratio r = 12 =
20(101− 0.05 ) = 15.878662… t11 6
R100 ≈ 0.5(15.886564… + 15.878662…) = 1 11 1
15.882613… ∴ | R10 | < ⋅2 ⋅ = 0.00006156 …
11! 1
S ≈ 4.698244… + 15.882613… = 1–
6
20.580858… The geometric series gives a better estimate of
Error < 0.5(15.886564… − 15.878662…) = the remainder than does the Lagrange form.
0.003950… (about two decimal places)
∞
∞
∑ (–1)
∞
1 n
b. Error < 0.5 x 1.05 dx − ∫ ∫ 18. e −2 = ⋅2 n
x 1.05 dx
n n +1 n=0
n!
= 20n− 0.05 − 20(n + 1)− 0.05 S10 = 0.135379188…
Solve 20n− 0.05 − 20(n + 1)− 0. 05 = 0.000005 to 211
get n = 111840.2309… . | R10 | < |t11 | = = 0.000051306 …
11!
Use 111,841 terms.
With a value of p such as 1.05, which is This number appears to be a better estimate of
the error. However, it represents an error of ≈
closer to 1 than 3 is, it takes more terms
| R 10 |/S(10) = 0.03789…%.
because the terms approach zero more slowly.
e2 ≈ 1/S10 = 7.38665971…
10
∑n
1 A 0.037…% error for this value would be
15. a. S10 = = 1.9817928…
n=0
2
+1 0.002799… , which is a worse estimate of the
The series converges because the terms of the error than that by Lagrange or by geometric
tail starting at t1 are bounded above by the series.
(In general, an error of ε% in1/f (x) gives a
convergent p-series with p = 2.
ε
b maximum error of in the value of f (x).
∫ dx = lim tan –1 x 10 =
1 b
b. R10 < 1 – ε /100
10 x + 1
2
b →∞
So an error of 0.03789…% in 1/e2 means an
π /2 − tan− 110 = 0.0996686… 0.03789K
b error of = 0.03788K% in e 2 .)
∫ dx = lim tan –1 x 11 =
1 b
R10 > 1 – 0.0003789K
11 x + 1
2
b→∞
The value of b can be calculated efficiently Then compare the values with ln (0.5 ·10− 10).
using the fraction part command. For a So you would need to use 349 terms.
typical grapher, b = f Part(250/(2π))2π. Unfortunately, even this procedure would not
be practical because the terms themselves
b. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the value
would have to be calculated to ten or more
of c is one cycle back from the value of b.
decimal places, and they are so large that each
c = b − 2π = −1.32741228…
term overflows most computers’ capacities.
Check:
sin c = −0.970528019… e. The program will have the following steps.
sin 250 = −0.970528019… (Checks.) The particular commands will depend on the
In general: grapher or computer used.
If b is in [0, π/2], then c = b. • Put in a value of x.
If b is in (π /2, 3π /2], then c = π − b. • Find b, as shown in part a.
If b is in (3π /2, 2π ], then c = 2π − b.
• Find c, as shown in part b.
c. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the
• Find d, as shown in part c.
value of d is a quarter-cycle ahead of the value
of c. The value of the sine is the opposite of • Choose the function and sign, as shown
the corresponding value of cos d. in part c.
π • Calculate and display the answer.
d = + c = 0.243384039K
2 1
Check: 20. For sin 1, | Rn (1)| < | tn+1 | = ⋅ 12 n+3 =
(2 n + 3)!
−cos d = −0.970528019… 1
sin 250 = −0.970528019… (Checks.) .
(2 n + 3)!
In general:
1
π π π < 0.5 × 10 −23.
c ∈ − , − : d = + c and sin x = − cos d Set
(2 n + 3)!
2 4 2
π This inequality is first true for n = 11.
c ∈ − , 0 : d = − c and sin x = − sin d Use at least 12 terms (n = 11).
4 Using the technique in Problem 19,
π
c ∈ 0, : d = c and sin x = sin d 1
4 | Rn (1)| < (π /4)2 n+2 < 0.5 ⋅ 10 −23.
(2 n + 2)!
π π π
c ∈ , : d = − c and sin x = cos d
4 2 2 The second inequality is first true for n = 10.
You would save only one term by the method of
d. For x in [0, π/4], both the sine and cosine
Problem 19.
series meet the hypotheses of the alternating
series test. Thus, the error in S5(x) is bounded 21. a. Apply the mean value theorem to f ′(x) on
by | t6 |, the first term of the tail. | t6 | is greater [a, x]. There is a number x = c in (x, a) such
for the cosine series than for the sine series. that
The maximum of | t6 | in the interval is at f ′( x ) – f ′( a )
f ′′(c) =
x = π /4. x–a
1 ⇒ f ′(x) = f ′(a) + f ″(c)(x − a), Q.E.D.
∴ | R5 ( x )| < | t6 (π /4)| = (π /4)2⋅6+2
∑
2 1 n
ex = x + Rk ( x ), where
+ f ′( a) − f ′′( a)a n!
1 n=0
f ′( x ) = f ′( a) + f ′′( a)( x − a) + f ′′′(c)( x − a) 2 f ( k +1) (c) k +1
2 Rk ( x ) = x and c is between 0 and x.
( k + 1)!
Integrate again to get f(x).
M
| Rk ( x )| ≤ | x |k +1
∫ f ′( x ) dx = ∫ f ′(a) dx + ∫ f ′′(a)( x − a) dx ( k + 1)!
Because all derivatives of e x equal e x, the value of
+ ∫ f ′′′(c)( x − a) dx
1 2
2 M for any particular value of x is also e x, which
is less than 3x, if x ≥ 0; or 1, if x < 0.
1
f ( x ) = f ′( a ) x + f ′′( a)( x − a) 2 3x
2 lim | Rk ( x )| < lim | x |k +1
k →∞ k →∞ ( k + 1)!
1
+ f ′′′(c)( x − a)3 + C which approaches 0 as k → ∞ by the ratio
6
Use (a, f ″(a)) as an initial condition. technique.
1 1 Because the remainder approaches zero as n
f ( a) = f ′( a)a + f ′′( a)(0) + f ′′′(c)(0) + C approaches infinity, ex is given exactly by
2 6 ∞
∑
⇒ C = f ( a ) − f ′( a ) a 1 n
ex = x , Q.E.D.
1 n=0
n !
f ( x ) = f ′( a) x + f ′′( a)( x − a) 2
2!
1
+ f ′′′(c)( x − a)3 + f ( a) − f ′( a)a Problem Set 12-9
3!
1 Review Problems
f ( x ) = f ( a) + f ′( a)( x − a) + f ′′( a)( x − a) 2 R0. Answers will vary.
2!
1 9
+ f ′′′(c)( x − a) , Q .E.D .
3 R1. f ( x ) = and P( x ) = 9 + 9 x + 9 x 2 + 9 x 3 + L
3! 1– x
d. The technique is mathematical induction. y
P6
e – x –2 , if x ≠ 0
22. a. f ( x ) = f
20
0, if x = 0 x
1
It is given that f (n)(0) = 0 for all n > 0.
P5
c0 = f (0) = 0
c1 = f ′(0) = 0
∫ ∫
1 1
and common ratio 1.1− 1. e.
0 0 2! 4!
1 – 1.1–19
S19 = 0.5(1.1−1 ) ⋅ = 4.182460045…
= t – t 5 + t 9 – t 13 + L dt
x
∫
1 1 1
1 – 1.1–1
They must invest $4,182,460.05 now to 0 2! 4! 6!
make all 19 payments. 1 2 1 6 1 1
= x − x + x 10 − x 14 + L
R3. P(x) = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 + L 2 6 ⋅ 2! 10 ⋅ 4! 14 ⋅ 6!
f (x) = 7e3x ⇒ f (0) = 7 ⇒ c0 = 7 (Note that the series can be transformed to
f ′(x) = 21e3x ⇒ f ′(0) = 21 ⇒ c1 = 21
= x 2 − ( x 2 )3 + ( x 2 )5 − ( x 2 ) 7 + L
1 1 1 1
f ″(x) = 63e3x ⇒ f ″(0) = 63 ⇒ 2!c2 = 63 ⇒ 2 3! 5! 7!
c2 = 31.5 x
∫
1 1
f ′′′( x ) = 189e 3 x ⇒ f ′′′(0) = 189 ⇒ = sin x 2 , and t cos t 2 dt = sin x 2. )
2 0 2
c3 = 189/3! = 31.5
∫ [1 − t
sums give answers, but there are no real
= 2
+ (t 2 )2 − (t 2 )3 + (t 2 ) 4 − L ] dt
0 values for ln x.
(| t | ≤ 1)
1 – 0.810
1 1 1 1 R7. a. S10 = 1000 ⋅ = 4463.129088 (exactly)
= x − x3 + x5 − x7 + x9 − L 1 – 0.8
3 5 7 9 ∞
∑ 0.8
g. f(3) = 5 ⇒ c0 = 5 1000
b. S = 1000 n
= = 5000
f ′(3) = 7 ⇒ c1 = 7 n=0
1 – 0. 8
f ″(3) = −6 ⇒ c2 = −6/2! = −3 S − S10 = 536.870912, which differs from the
f ′′′(3) = 0.9 ⇒ c3 = 0.9 / 3! = 0.15 limit by about 10.7%.
∴ f (x) = 5 + 7(x − 3) − 3(x − 3)2 + c. “Tail”
0.15(x − 3)3 + L d. “Remainder”
∞
∑ = (−3)
∞
R10 < x −3 dx = lim − b −2 + (10 –2 )
∫
R6. a. −n
( x − 5) n 1 1
e.
n =1 10 b→∞ 2 2
1 1 1 = 0.005
= − ( x – 5) + ( x – 5)2 − ( x – 5)3 + L ∞
R10 > x −3 dx = lim − b −2 + (11–2 )
∫
3 9 27 1 1
(–3) –( n+1) ( x – 5) n+1 1 11 b→∞ 2 2
b. L = lim = | x − 5| = 0.004132…
n→∞ (–3) – n ( x – 5) n 3
Series converges because the tail is bounded
L < 1 ⇔ |x − 5| < 3 ⇔ 2 < x < 8 above by 0.005.
Open interval of convergence is (2, 8). S = S 10 + R 10 ≈ 1.197531… + 0.5(0.005 +
Radius of convergence = 3 0.004132…) = 1.202098…
∞
R10 is approximately 0.5(0.005 − 0.004132…)
∑ (2n)! x
1
c. cosh x = 2n
= 0.0004338… , so S10 is correct to about
n=0
three decimal places.
x 2 n+2 (2 n)!
L = lim ⋅ 2n 1 1 1 1
n→∞ ( 2 n + 2 )! x f. − + + + +L
4 3 22 59
1
= x 2 lim = x2 ⋅ 0 1/(n 3 – 5) n3
n→∞ ( 2 n + 2 )(2 n + 1) L = lim = lim 3 =1
3
n→∞ 1/n n→∞ n – 5
L < 1 for all x.
Series converges for all x, Q.E.D. (Apply l’Hospital’s rule three times.)
∴ the series converges because L is a positive
1 1
d. e1.2 = 1 + 1.2 + (1.2)2 + (1.2)3 real number.
2! 3! The terms of the F series begin
1
+ (1.2) + L 4
1 1 1 1
4! + + + +L .
S4(1.2) = 3.2944 (the fifth partial sum) 1 8 27 64
e1.2 = 3.32011692… Although the F series converges, its terms
Error = e1.2 − S4(1.2) = 0.02571692… (after t1) are less, not greater, than the
1 corresponding terms of the S series, so
The first term of the tail is t5 = (1.2)5 =
5! the comparison test is inconclusive.
0.020736. g. 2/1! + 4/2! + 8/3! + 16/4! + 32/5! + L
The error is greater than t5, but not much = 2 + 2 + 1.3333… + 0.6666…
greater. ∞
e. + 0.2666 … + L = ∑ 2 /n!
n =1
n
y S11
The terms are decreasing starting at t2, which
ln
1 can be seen numerically, above, or
x
algebraically by the fact that the next term is
1 2
S10
formed by multiplying the numerator by 2
and the denominator by more than 2.
R1 is bounded by the geometric series with
first term 2 and common ratio
The open interval of convergence is (0, 2).
1.3333…/2 = 2/3.
Both partial sums fit ln well within this
∑ n! = 10 + 10 + 5 + 1.6666K
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 k. i.
− + − + − +L
2 4 6 8 10 12 n=0
+ 0.4166 K + L
= – + – + – + L
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 The tail after S0 is bounded above by the
convergent geometric series with first
The series in parentheses is the original series term 10 and common ratio 0.5. Thus, the
that converges to ln 2. So the series as series converges.
rearranged converges to 0.5 ln 2, Q.E.D.
(Other justifications are possible.)
i. |R 10000| < |t10001| = 1/10001
∞
= 0.0000999900…
Upper bound is 1/10001.
ii. ∑ (n
n =1
–3
+ 5 –1 ) = 1.2 + 0.325 + 0.2370… +
∑ (–1)
| R3 (2)| ≤ ⋅ 2 = 0.02936 K n +1 1
8! e. ln x = ( x – 1) n
n =1
n
Error is less than 0.03. | Rn(1.3) | < | tn+ 1 |
∞
∑ n! ⋅ 3
1 For 20-place accuracy, make
b. e 3 = n
1
n=0 (1.3 – 1) n+1 < 0.5 × 10 −20.
n +1
All derivatives of ex are equal to ex, so all
This inequality is first true for n = 35.
derivatives are bounded by e3 < 33 = 27.
Use at least 35 terms.
For 20-place accuracy,
50
∑n
27 1
| Rn (3)| ≤ ⋅ 3n+1 < 0.5 × 10 −20. f. S50 = = 1.08232064 K
(n + 1)! n =1
4
∫ x −4 dx = lim −(1/3) x −3 =
b
Use at least 34 terms (n = 33). R50 <
50 b→∞ 50
∫ x −4 dx = lim −(1/3) x −3 51 =
b
k R50 >
∑
1 b→∞
cosh 4 = ⋅ 4 2 n + Rk ( 4), where 51
n=0
(2 n)! (1/3)(51− 3) = 0.000002512…
f ( 2 k + 2 ) (c ) 2 k + 2 The series converges because the sequence of
Rk ( 4) = ⋅4 and c is between partial sums is increasing, and the tail after
(2 k + 2)!
0 and 4. S50 is bounded above by 0.000002512… .
R50 ≈ 0.5(0.000002666… + 0.000002512…)
M
| Rk ( 4)| ≤ ⋅ 4 2 k +2 = 0.000002589…
(2 k + 2)! S ≈ 1.082232064… + 0.000002589…
Because all even derivatives of cosh x equal = 1.082323235…
cosh x, for any value of x between 0 and 4 we Error < 0.5(0.000002666… − 0.000002512…)
can use cosh 4 for M, and cosh 4 is less than = 0.0000000769… (about seven decimal
1 4 –4 places)
(3 + 2 ) = 40.53125.
2
Use M = 41.
41 Concept Problems
lim | Rk ( 4)| < lim ⋅ 4 2 k +2
k →∞ k →∞ ( 2 k + 2 )!
C1. Recall that i = –1, i 2 = −1, i 3 = −i, i 4 = 1,
4 2 k +2
= 41 lim =0 so i4n = 1 and i4n+ 2 = −1 for all n.
k →∞ ( 2 k + 2 )!
1 1 1
By the ratio technique, this fraction a. cos ix = 1 − (ix )2 + (ix ) 4 − (ix )6
2! 4! 6!
approaches zero as k approaches infinity. 1
Therefore, because the remainder approaches + (ix )8 − L
8!
zero as k approaches infinity, cosh 4 is given
i2 i4 i6 i8
∞ = 1 − x2 + x 4 − x6 + x8 − L
∑
1
exactly by cosh 4 = ⋅ 4 2 n , Q .E .D . 2! 4! 6! 8!
n=0
( 2 n )! –1 2 1 4 –1 6 1 8
= 1− x + x − x + x −L
∞ 2! 4! 6! 8!
∑ (2n + 1)! ⋅ 0.6
1 2n +1
d. sinh 0.6 = 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8
n=0
= 1+ x + x + x + x +L
2! 4! 6! 8!
S3(0.6) = 0.636653554… = cosh x, Q .E .D .
sinh 0.6 = 0.636653582…
10 1
c6 = (–9)(–7.5) = 2.25
and tan 2 ⋅ 2 tan −1 1
= 12 120 30
2 =
5 d. y = 5 + 7x + 0x 2 − 7.5x 3 − 5.25x 4 + 0x 5
1–
5 119
12 + 2.25 x 6 + L
S6(0.3) = 5 + 7(0.3) − 7.5(0.3)3 − 5.25(0.3)4
+ 2.25(0.3)6 = 6.85661525
∫
1
6! c T11. f ( x ) = 2 dt
0 1+ t
1 1 1
sin ( x 2 ) = x 2 − ( x 2 )3 + ( x 2 )5 − ( x 2 ) 7 + L
x
T5.
3! 5! 7! = ∫ (1 – t 2
+ t 4 – t 6 + L) dt
0
1 6 1 10 1 14
= x − x + x − x +L
2
1 1 1
3! 5! 7! = x − x3 + x5 − x7 + L
∞ 3 5 7
∑
1
= (–1) n x 4 n+2 ∞
∑ (–1)
+ 1
n=0
( 2 n 1)! = n
x 2 n+1
T6. The alternating harmonic series n=0
2n + 1
1 1 1
1 − + − + L converges conditionally, but (The same as tan− 1 x)
2 3 4
x 2 n +3 2 n + 1
not absolutely. The condition is that the terms T12. L = lim ⋅
remain in the order presented and not be n→∞ 2 n + 3 x 2 n+1
rearranged. 2n + 1
T7. f(x) = ln x, f(1) = 0, c 0 = 0 = x 2 lim = x2 ⋅1
2n + 3
n→∞
f ′(x) = x − 1 , f ′(1) = 1, c1 = 1 L < 1 ⇔ x 2 < 1 ⇔ −1 < x < 1
∑
1
= x 2n d. Convergence of a series: A series converges
n=0
(2 n)! if and only if the sequence of partial sums
T18. All even derivatives of cosh x equal cosh x. converges.
Derivatives are bounded by e. Natural logarithm: See Section 3-9.
1 1 f. Exponential: ax = ex ln a
cosh 3 = (e 3 + e –3 ) < (33 + 2 –3 ) = 13.5625 = M.
2 2 3. a. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
For ten-place accuracy, b. Intermediate value theorem: See Section 2-6.
13.5625 2 n+2 c. Squeeze theorem: See Section 3-8.
| Rn (3)| ≤ ⋅3 < 0.5 × 10 −10.
(2 n + 2)! d. Uniqueness theorem for derivatives: See
The second inequality is first true for n = 11. Section 6-3.
Use at least 12 terms (n = 11). e. Limit of a product property: See Section 2-3.
T19. a. p-series, with p = 1.5 f. Integration by parts formula: See Section 9-2.
∞
b. ∫1
x −1.5 dx = lim [ −2 b −0.5 + 2(1−0.5 )] = 2
b→∞
g. Fundamental theorem of calculus: See
Section 5-6.
∴ the series converges because the integral h. Lagrange form of the remainder: See
converges, Q.E.D. Section 12-8.
(As additional information, this calculation
i. Parametric chain rule: See Section 4-7.
also proves that R1 is bounded above by 2
and thus that S is bounded above by 3.) j. Polar differential of arc length: See
Section 8-7.
c. S100 = 2.41287409…
x
d. R100 < ∫
100
∞
x −1.5
dx 4. a. f ( x ) = ∫
3
1 + sech t dt ⇒
∫
2 2
e 6x + cos 3x A= 2(10 y)1/2 dy =
⋅ (10 y)3/2
1 0 10 3 0
6e 6x 3 sin 3x
= 3200/3 = 1066.6666… yd
– 2
1
36e 6x +
– 9 cos 3x (Or: Area = 2/3 of circumscribed rectangle =
(2/3)(1600) = 3200/3, etc.)
1 2
= e 6 x sin 3 x + e 6 x cos 3 x c. dF = p dA = k(40 − y) ⋅ 2(10y)1/2 dy
3 3
40
∫
− 4 e cos 3 x dx
6x F= ∫ 0
dF = 17066.6 … k lb (exactly
∫
256,000k/15)
5 e 6 x cos 3 x dx
d. dM = y dF = y ⋅ k(40 − y) ⋅ 2(10y)1/2 dy
1 2 40
= e 6 x sin 3 x + e 6 x cos 3 x + C1
3 3 M= ∫ 0
dM = 292, 571.4 … k lb-yd
∫
6x
e cos 3 x dx (exactly 10,240,000k/35)
1 6x 2 M 10240000 k/35 1
= e sin 3 x + e 6x cos 3 x + C e. F ⋅ y = M , y = = = 17 yd
15 15 F 256000 k/15 7
By symmetry, x = 0.
∫
1
f. cosh 5 x sinh x dx = cosh 6 x + C
Center of pressure is at 0, 17 .
6 1
7
∫ sec
3
g. x dx
7. a. z = 30 − 0.5y
1 1 b. For a cross section,
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2 A = 2xz = 2(10y)1/2(30 − 0.5y).
A = 101/2(60y 1/2 − y 3/2)
∫
−1 1
h. (sin 5 x ) cos 5 x dx = ln | sin 5 x | + C A′ = 101/ 2(30y− 1/ 2 − 1.5y1/ 2)
5
cos 7 x – 1 –7 sin 7 x = (101/ 2)(y− 1/ 2)(30 − 1.5y)
i. lim = lim A′ = 0 ⇔ 30 − 1.5y = 0 ⇔ y = 20
x→0 13 x 2 x→0 26 x
A′ is infinite ⇔ y = 0.
–49 cos 7 x 49
= lim =− A(0) = 0
x→0 26 26 A(20) = 565.6854… (exactly 400 2 )
j. L = lim (1 – x )3/ x A(40) = 400
x→0
3 ln (1 – x ) –3 Maximum at y = 20; minimum at y = 0
ln L = lim = lim = −3
x→0 x x→0 1 – x c. dV = 2xz dy = 101/2(60y 1/2 − y 3/2) dy
L = e− 3 = 0.0497… 40
5. a.
dy
= 0.2 x − 0.3 y + 0.3, (1, 8)
V= ∫ 0
dV = 19200 (exactly)
dx Use 19200/5 = 3840 truckloads.
10 y d. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.04 x 2 dx
20
L= ∫dL = 92.9356 … ≈ 92.9 yd
−20
r r r
8. r = (100 cos 0.03t )i + (50 sin 0.03t ) j
r r r
v = ( −3 sin 0.03t )i + (1.5 cos 0.03t ) j
r
Speed = | v | = (–3 sin 1.5)2 + (1.5 cos 1.5) 2
x
10
= 2.9943… ≈ 2.99 ft/s
t sin u
1
u – u + L du
graph. t
∫ u u – 3! u
1 1 5 1 7
= 3
+
6. a. p = k(40 − y) 0 5! 7!
b. y = 0.1x 2 ⇒ x = (10y)1/2 u – u + L du
t
∫ 1 – 3! u
1 1 4 1 6
dA = 2x dy = 2(10y)1/2 dy = 2
+
0 5! 7!
t 2 n +3 (2 n + 1)(2 n + 1)! 1 1
L = lim ⋅ = x cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x + C
n→∞ (2 n + 3)(2 n + 3)! t 2 n+1 2 4
3 x + 14
dx =
4
∫ ∫
(2 n + 1) –1
= t 2 lim = t2 ⋅ 0 7. + dx
n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x – 2) x + 3 x – 2
∴ L < 1 for all values of t, and the series = −ln | x + 3 | + 4 ln | x − 2 | + C
1
x + x 3 + x 5 + x 7 + L dx
converges for all values of t.
∫ ∫
sinh x 1 1 1
8. dx =
Third partial sum is x x 3! 5! 7!
1 1
= 1 + x 2 + x 5 + x 6 + K dx
∫
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 − (0.6 3 ) + (0.6 5 ) 1 1 1
3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5! 3! 5! 7!
= 0.5881296 1 3 1 5 1 7 …
= x+ x + x + x + +C
| R2 | < | t3 | =
1
(0.6 7 ) = 0.0000007934 … 3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5! 7 ⋅ 7!
7 ⋅ 7! ∞
n( x − 5) n
The answer is correct to within ±1 in the sixth
decimal place.
9. ∑
n =1
3n
0.6 sin u
(n + 1)( x – 5) n+1 3n
Si 0.6 =
0 ∫ u
du ≈ 0.588128809… L = lim
n→∞ 3n+1
⋅
n( x – 5) n
Note that this answer agrees with the third partial
1 n +1 1 1
sum to within 1 in the sixth decimal place. = | x − 5 | lim = | x − 5| ⋅ 1 = | x − 5|
3 n→∞ n 3 3
10. r = 5 + 4 cos θ
1
1 L < 1 ⇔ | x − 5| < 1 ⇔ − 3 < x − 5 < 3
dA = (5 + 4 cos θ )2 dθ 3
2 Open interval of convergence is 2 < x < 8.
2π
A= ∫ dA ≈ 103.6725… ≈ 103.7 ft 2 (exactly 33π )
1 1
∫x ∫x
−0.998 −0.998
0
10. dx = lim+ dx
0 a→ 0 a
dV dV
11. = kV ⇒ = k dt 1 1
dt V = lim+ x 0.002
a→ 0 0.002
ln | V | = kt + C a
60 9–3 3 6 3
∴ V = 300e− ( 1 / 6 0 ) t 12. f ( x) = x 2
At t = 10, V = 300e− 1/6 = 253.9445… ≈ f ( 4) = 16
253.9 million gal. f ( 3.99) = 15.9201, which is within 0.08 unit
of 16.
f ( 4.01) = 16.0801, which is not within 0.08
Cumulative Review Number 2 unit of 16.
1. Derivative: See Sections 3-2 and 3-4. Thus, δ = 0.01 is not small enough to keep
f (x) within 0.08 unit of 4.
2. Definite integral: See Section 5-4. 10
3. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
x
13. V = ∫
2
A dx
4. f ( x ) = ∫ 3
g(t ) dt ⇒ f ′( x ) = g( x ) 2
≈ [153 + 4(217) + 2(285) + 4(319) + 343]
3
∫ tanh
1
5. 5
x sech 2 x dx = tanh 6 x + C = 2140 ft3
6
≈ 4.48 ft
There is a point of inflection at x ≈ 4.48 ft t
∫ sin
−1 u dv
L 12. x dx
sin –1 x + 1
L–ε 1 –
x
x √1 – x 2
c – δ c c+δ
∫
derivative. 1
= x sin −1 x + (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 ( −2 x dx )
Graphical meaning: slope of tangent line 2
Physical meaning: instantaneous rate of change
= x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
3. g( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx if and only if g′( x ) = f ( x ). 13. Fundamental theorem of calculus
s See Section 5-6 for statement.
4. ∫r
f (t ) dt = lim Ln = lim Un , where Ln and Un are
∆t →0 ∆t →0 14. See Figure 5-5b.
lower and upper Riemann sums, respectively, x
∫ dL ≈ 2.3516K
Chain rule
L=
7. y = (5x − 3)(2x + 7)4(x − 9) 0
ln y = ln (5x − 3) + 4 ln (2x + 7) + ln (x − 9) 16 16
y′ = y
5
+
8
+
1
18. a. ∫ 0
x −3/4 dx = lim+ 4 x 1/4
a→0 a
5x – 3 2 x + 7 x – 9
= lim+ (8 – 4 a1/4 ) = 8
a→ 0
8. y = tan x −1
tan y = x, sec2 y y′ = 1 8 1
b. Average value = =
1 1 16 – 0 2
y′ = =
sec y 1 + tan –1 y
2
19. r = 10 cos θ
1 dA = 50 cos2 θ dθ
y′ = 1
1+ x2 A= ∫ 50 cos 2 θ dθ ≈ 13.3478…
∫
1 0.5
9. sin 7 x cos x dx = sin 8 x + C (exactly 12.5(1 + sin 2 − sin 1))
8 r r
r
20. r = t 2 i + 3t −1 j
10. ∫ x 2 + 9 dx x = 3 tan θ r r
v = 2ti − 3t −2 j
r
dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ r r r
v (1) = 2i − 3 j
x 2 + 9 = 3 sec θ
Speed = 13 = 3.6055…
∫
= 9 sec 3 θ dθ r
Distance from origin is |r | = t 4 + 9t –2 .
9 9 r
= sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C1 d |r | 1 4
2 2 = (t + 9t –2 ) −1/2 ( 4t 3 − 18t −3 )
9 x2 + 9 x 9 dt 2
x2 + 9 x
= ⋅ + ln + + C1 = −7/ 10 at t = 1
2 3 3 2 3 3
Distance is decreasing at 2.2135… .
1 9
= x x 2 + 9 + ln x2 + 9 + x + C
2 2
∫ e − t dt
2
f ( x) =
0
t
= 1 – t 2 + t 4 – t 6 + t 8 – L dt
x
∫
1 1 1 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
0 2! 3! 4!
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
= x− x + x − x + x −L 1
3 5 ⋅ 2! 7 ⋅ 3! 9 ⋅ 4! 9. Distance ≈ (0.3)[7 + 4(9) + 2(13) + 4(12) +
3
∞
2(10) + 4(8) + 5] = 17.4, which agrees with
∑ (–1)
1
b. f ( x ) = n
x 2 n+1 Problem 8.
n=0
(2 n + 1)n!
10. v(t) = te− t
x 2 n +3 (2 n + 1)n!
L = lim ⋅ Distance ≈ 0.4[v(0.2) + v(0.6) + v(1) + v(1.4) +
n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)( n + 1)! x 2 n+1 v(1.8)] = 0.601474…
(2 n + 1)
= x 2 lim = x2 ⋅ 0 2 2
n→∞ ( 2 n + 3)( n + 1)
∫ te
−t
11. Distance = dt = −te − t − e − t
L < 1 for all values of x, and thus the series 0 0
(x, y )
2 −1/3 8
f ′( c ) =
c =1⇔ c =
3 27
Tangent at x = 8/27 is parallel to secant. x
2
f (x )
1
18. Height at any point in the slice is essentially the
same as at the sample point.
y
4
x
8/27 1 (x, y)
∫ ( x – 2)( x + 3) dx
5x – 3 x
14. a. Example: 2
1 4
= ∫ x – 2 + x + 3 dx 19. dM y = x dA = x(4 − x2) dx
2
= ln | x − 2 | + 4 ln | x + 3 | + C
My = ∫ 0
x ( 4 − x 2 ) dx = 4
2
∫ (4 – x
16
∫ A= ) dx =
2
b. Example: 9 – x 2 dx
0 3
x = 3 sin θ 4 3
xA = M y ⇒ x = =
dx = 3 cos θ dθ 16/3 4
9 – x 2 = 3 cos θ 20. Let H = number of calories added.
dH = C dT = (10 + 0.3T1/2) dT
∫ ∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
9
= 9 cos 2 θ dθ = 900
9 9
2 H= ∫ 100
(10 + 0.3T 1/2 ) dT = 13, 200 cal
= θ + sin 2θ + C x
∫
2 4 sin u sin x
21. a. Si x = du ⇒ Si ′ x =
9 9 u
0 x
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C
b. Si x = 1 – u 2 + u 4 – u 6 + K du
t
∫
2 2 1 1 1
9 x 1 0 3! 5! 7!
= sin −1 + x 9 – x 2 + C
2 3 2 1 3 1 5 1 7 K
=t− t + t − t +
3 ⋅ 3! 5 ⋅ 5! 7 ⋅ 7!
∫ sec
3 u dv
15. x dx 1
sec x + sec 2 x c. Si 0.7 ≈ S1 (0.7) = 0.7 − (0.73 ) =
sec x tan x –
tan x 3 ⋅ 3!
0.68094444…
∫
= sec x tan x − sec x tan 2 x dx 1
d. | R1 (0.7)| < | t2 (0.7)| = (0.75 ) =
5 ⋅ 5!
= sec x tan x − ∫ sec x dx + ∫ sec x dx
3 0.0002801…
S1(0.7) equals Si 0.7 correct to three decimal
places and is within ±0.3 in the fourth
2 ∫ sec x dx = sec x tan x + ∫ sec x dx
3
decimal place.
e. See Cumulative Review Number 1,
∫ sec
1 1
3
x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C Problem 9.
2 2 r r r
22. r = (t 3 )i + (t 2 ) j
r r r r r
∫ ∫
dy dy r
16. = ky ⇒ = k dx ⇒ ln | y | = kx + C ⇒ v = (3t 2 )i + (2t ) j ⇒ v (0.5) = 0.75i + 1 j
dx y r r r r r r
| y | = ekx+ C = ekxeC ⇒ y = C1ekx a = (6t )i + (2) j ⇒ a (0.5) = 3i + 2 j
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