Haridwar Solar City Master Plan PDF

Draft Report
Project Code: 2012RT06
Master plan to develop

Haridwar and Rishikesh as a
“Solar City”
Prepared for
Nagar Nigam, Haridwar
Uttrakhand
Master plan to develop Haridwar and Rishikesh as a “Solar City”
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2014
Suggested format for citation
T E R I. 2014
Master plan to develop Haridwar and Rishikesh as a ―Solar City‖
New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.
[Project Report No.2012RT06]
For more information

Project Monitoring Cell
TERI Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
Darbari Seth Block E-mail pmc@teri.res.in
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org
India India +91 • Delhi (0)11
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Contents
A CKN OWLED GEMEN TS ................................................................................................................ XI
PROJECT TEAM ............................................................................................................................... 1
LIST OF A BBREVIATION S .............................................................................................................. 1
1. IN TROD UCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1
Haridwar city .......................................................................................................................... 1
Rishikesh city .......................................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 2
Baseline determination ........................................................................................ 2
Energy planning .................................................................................................. 2
Master plan ......................................................................................................... 3
2. REVIEW OF GLOBAL „S OLAR CITY‟ PROJECTS ....................................................................... 5
Introduction............................................................................................................................. 5
Institutions involved globally on the development of Solar Cities ................................. 5
International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI) ............................................................ 5
European Solar Cities Initiatives (ESCI) .............................................................. 5
Solar city task force ............................................................................................. 6
Solar America cities ............................................................................................. 6
European solar cities projects .............................................................................. 7
Energie-Cités Association.................................................................................... 8
ICLEI-local governments for sustainability ........................................................... 8
Programme on solar cities ..................................................................................................... 9
Australia National Solar Cities Program ............................................................... 9
‗Solar Cities‘ programme in India ......................................................................... 9
Case studies ........................................................................................................................... 10
Solar city: Adelaide, Australia ............................................................................ 10
Solar city, Barcelona, Spain............................................................................... 11
Solar city, Linz, Austria ...................................................................................... 11
Solar city, Daegu, Korea .................................................................................... 12
Solar city, Oxford, UK ........................................................................................ 12
Solar city, Freiburg, Germany ............................................................................ 13
Solar city, Gelsenkirchen, Germany .................................................................. 13
Solar city, Goteborg, Sweden ............................................................................ 13
Gwangju, Korea................................................................................................. 14
The Hague, Netherlands ................................................................................... 14
Minneapolis, USA .............................................................................................. 14
Portland, USA.................................................................................................... 15
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Qingdao, China ................................................................................................. 15

Santa Monica, USA ........................................................................................... 15
Sapporo, Japan ................................................................................................. 16
3. N ATION AL AN D IN TERN ATION AL PRACTICES ................................................................... 19
Energy conservation in buildings ...................................................................................... 19
Achieving energy efficient buildings ................................................................... 19
Energy conservation regulations........................................................................ 19
Lighting.............................................................................................................. 22
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems .............................. 25
Service hot water and pumping ......................................................................... 28
Building envelope .............................................................................................. 30
Electric power .................................................................................................... 30
Policy review ......................................................................................................................... 30
Energy conservation and efficiency ................................................................... 33
‗Solar Cities‘ scheme of MNRE .......................................................................... 33
‗GRIHA‘ green building rating scheme ............................................................... 34
Renewable energy schemes ............................................................................. 35
Special area development scheme of MNRE..................................................... 36
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) ....................................................... 39
JNNURM ............................................................................................................................... 40
4. EN ERGY BASELIN E OF H ARID WAR AN D RISHIKESH .......................................................... 43
About Haridwar ................................................................................................................... 44
About Rishikesh.................................................................................................................... 44
Development area................................................................................................................. 44
Geography ............................................................................................................................. 45
Climate ................................................................................................................................... 45
Population ............................................................................................................................. 46
Floating population .............................................................................................................. 49
Electricity consumption scenario ....................................................................................... 49
Baseline .................................................................................................................................. 50
GHG emissions ..................................................................................................................... 53
5. EN ERGY PLAN N I N G OF H ARI D WAR AN D RI SH I KESH ........................................................ 57
Projected population ............................................................................................................ 57
Electricity demand forecast up to 2018.............................................................................. 59
Electricity scenario in domestic sector ............................................................... 59
Electricity scenario of non-domestic sector ........................................................ 60
Electricity scenario of municipal services ........................................................... 60
6. REN EWABLE EN ERGY RESOURCES........................................................................................ 69
Biomass .................................................................................................................................. 69
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Municipal solid waste......................................................................................... 69

Solar energy ........................................................................................................................... 72
Wind energy ...................................................................................................... 74
7. EN ERGY OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY ....................................................................................... 77
Supply side options based on renewable energy............................................................. 77
Generation of electricity from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Rishikesh ........... 77
Kitchen waste based Biogas plants for energy generation in Residential Societies79
Biomass gasifier based Crematorium ................................................................ 80
Solar PV based Smart Mini Grids ...................................................................... 80
Solar water heating systems.............................................................................. 82
Solar thermal steam generating systems ........................................................... 85
Rooftop solar PV ............................................................................................... 86
Off-grid SPV plants ............................................................................................ 89
Large grid connected solar PV power plants ..................................................... 90
List of suggested new Bye-laws......................................................................... 92
Energy efficiency/Demand Side Management (DSM) options ...................................... 93
Domestic sector................................................................................................. 93
Non Domestic sector ......................................................................................... 94
Recommendations for DSM/energy efficiency actions in domestic and non-domestic
sector........................................................................................................... 95
Plug-in Hybrid Transportation ............................................................................ 99
Municipal services ........................................................................................... 100
Street lighting .................................................................................................. 100
Overall scenario of Haridwar and Rishikesh together as a Solar City .............. 103
8. A CTI ON PLAN ....................................................................................................................... 107
Implementation plan .......................................................................................................... 107
Budget estimation for Solar City initiative ..................................................................... 111
CASE STUD IES ............................................................................................................................. 115
1. CCR Building .................................................................................................................. 115
2. Hotel Rahi ........................................................................................................................ 116
3. Blood Bank Building ...................................................................................................... 117
4. Mela Hospital .................................................................................................................. 118
5. Harmilap Mission Government Hospital ................................................................... 119
6. Police Station ................................................................................................................... 120
7. GMVN Ganga Resort ..................................................................................................... 121
8. Omkarananda Ashram .................................................................................................. 122
9. Hotel Narayana Palace .................................................................................................. 123
10. Jai Ram Ashram ............................................................................................................ 124
11. SPV power plant atop Pantdweep Parking area ...................................................... 125
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12. Canal top Solar PV power project .............................................................................. 126

A N N EXURES ................................................................................................................................ 127
A N N EXURE 1: ELECTRICITY CON SUMPTION D ATA IN H ARID WAR ....................................... 129
A N N EXURE 2: ELECTRICITY CON SUMPTION D ATA IN RISHIKESH ........................................ 131
A N N EXURE 3: D ETAILS OF STREET LIGHTS IN RISHIKESH REGION TILL 2012-13................ 133
A N N EXURE 4: TECHN ICAL D ETAILS OF STREET LIGHTIN G IN H ARID WAR .......................... 135
A N N EXURE 5: S TATEMEN T OF MAIN TEN AN CE OF CITY D RIN KIN G WATER SCHEMES ........ 137
A N N EXURE 6: D ETAILS OF SEWAGE PUMPIN G STATION S & STP AT H ARID WAR AN D
RISHIKESH ............................................................................................................................ 139
A N N EXURE 7: „TREN D AN ALYSIS ‟ – M ETHOD OLOGY AD OPTED FOR PROJECTION ............. 141
A N N EXURE 8: EN ERGY EFFICIEN T SCHEMES OF BEE „BACHAT LAMP YOJAN A ‟ OF BUREAU OF
EN ERGY EFFICIEN CY............................................................................................................ 143
A N N EXURE 9: EN ERGY EFFICIEN CY MEASURES FOR AIR CON D ITION IN G ............................ 147
A N N EXURE 10: LIST OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS IN STALLED IN H ARID WAR ...................... 151
A N N EXURE 11: LIST OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS IN STALLED IN RISHIKESH ....................... 155
A N N EXURE 12: LIST OF EN ERGY SERVICE COMPAN IES (ESCO) ............................................ 157
A N N EXURE 13: A N ALYSIS FOR LED BASED STREET LIGHTIN G ............................................. 159
A N N EXURE 14: TECHN ICAL SPECIFICATION S OF LED BASED SOLAR STREET LIGHTIN G ... 163
A N N EXURE 15: M IN IMUM TECHN ICAL SPECIFICATION S OF VARIOUS COMPON EN TS OF FPC
BASED SOLAR WATER HEATIN G SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 167
A N N EXURE 16: M IN IMUM TECHN ICAL SPECIFICATION S OF VARIOUS COMPON EN TS OF ETC.

BASED SOLAR WATER HEATIN G SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 173
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List of tables
Table 2.1 Checklist of parameters and initiatives taken up .................................................. 16
Table 3.1 Suggested energy efficiency measures for commercial buildings ........................ 23
Table 3.2 Alternative technologies to improve energy efficiency of HVAC systems ............. 26
Table 3.3 Potential technologies for water heating .............................................................. 29
Table 3.4 Central Financial Assistance on solar water heaters ............................................ 30
Table 4.1 Constituents of Haridwar Development Authority (HAD) ...................................... 45
Table 4.2a Meteorological Parameters of Haridwar ............................................................. 45
Table 4.2b Meteorological Parameters of Rishikesh ........................................................... 46
Table 4.3 Population Statistics of Rishikesh ........................................................................ 48
Table 5.1 Types of street lights used in Haridwar ................................................................ 61
Table 5.2 Types of street lights used in Rishikesh ............................................................... 61
Table 5.3 Water supply zones in Haridwar .......................................................................... 62
Table 5.4 Water supply zones in Rishikesh ......................................................................... 63
Table 5.5 Sewerage zones and sectors falling within each zone in Haridwar ...................... 63
Table 5.6 Details of ST and Sewage Pumping stations at Rishikesh ................................... 64
Table 6.1 Waste generation from Rishikesh ........................................................................ 71
Table 6.2 Daily and monthly pattern of solar radiation over Haridwar and Rishikesh ........... 74
Table 7.1 Financial incentives from MNRE under JNNSM ................................................... 83
Table 7.2 Costing of solar thermal steam generating system at Shantikunj, Haridwar ........ 86
Table 7.3 Performance of proposed Roof Top SPV systems in Haridwar and Rishikesh
(separately) ................................................................................................................. 89
Table 7.4 Performance of proposed 2MWp SPV systems in Haridwar & Rishikesh ............. 90
Table 7.5 Details of the benchmark cost of SPV power plants by MNRE ............................. 91
Table 7.6 Details of Identified solar PV plants for promotion of rooftop SPV projects under
solar city program ........................................................................................................ 91
Table 7.7 Energy consumption pattern for domestic sector in Rishikesh ............................. 94
Table 7.8 LED based Solar powered energy efficient street lighting project identified for
implementation under the solar city project ............................................................... 102
Table 7.9 Microprocessor controller based energy efficient street lighting project identified for
implementation under the solar city project ............................................................... 103
Table 7.10 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU and solar city scenario in Haridwar
.................................................................................................................................. 103
Table 7.11 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU and solar city scenario in Rishikesh
.................................................................................................................................. 103
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Table 7.12 Overall scenario of Haridwar as solar city ........................................................ 104

Table 8.1 Targets for energy conservation generation and greenhouse gas emission
reduction ................................................................................................................... 107
Table 8.2 Budget estimated for implementation of different activities for making Haridwar &
Rishikesh together a Solar City ................................................................................. 111
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List of figures
Figure 4.1 Maps – Haridwar and Rishikesh ......................................................................... 43

Figure 4.2 Uttarakhand population and decadal growth rate................................................ 47
Figure 4.3 Haridwar population and decadal growth rate..................................................... 47
Figure 4.4 Rishikesh population and decadal growth rate ................................................... 48
Figure 4.5 Recent trends in peak demand and peak demand met in Uttarakhand ............... 49
Figure 4.6 Installed capacity (at the end of 11th plan) in Uttarakhand .................................. 50
Figure 4.7 Sector wise annual electricity consumption in Haridwar...................................... 51
Figure 4.8 Sector wise annual electricity consumption in Rishikesh .................................... 51
Figure 4.9 Sector wise percentage of electricity consumption in Haridwar for FY 2011-12 .. 52
Figure 4.10 Sector wise percentage of electricity consumption in Rishikesh for FY 2011-12 52
Figure 4.11 Annual electricity consumption in Haridwar (MU) without HT ............................ 53
Figure 4.12 Annual electricity consumption in Rishikesh (MU) without HT ........................... 53
Figure 4.13 (a) GHG emissions based on electricity consumption of Haridwar .................... 54
Figure 4.13(b) GHG emissions based on electricity consumption of Rishikesh ................... 54
Figure 4.14(a) Sector wise GHG emissions of Haridwar ...................................................... 55
Figure 4.14(b) Sector wise GHG emissions of Rishikesh..................................................... 55
Figure 5.1 Projected permanent population growths in Haridwar ......................................... 57
Figure 5.2 Projected permanent population growths in Rishikesh ....................................... 58
Figure 5.3 Tourist population growths ................................................................................. 58
Figure 5.4 Total population growth ...................................................................................... 59
Figure 5.5 Annual electricity consumption projections (MU) in Domestic sector for Haridwar
and Rishikesh.............................................................................................................. 60
Figure 5.6 Annual electricity consumption of Non-domestic Sector in Haridwar & Rishikesh 60
Figure 5.7 Annual electricity consumption of street lights in Haridwar & Rishikesh .............. 62
Figure 5.8 Annual electricity consumption of PWW & GIS in Haridwar & Rishikesh ............ 65
Figure 5.9 Annual electricity consumption in Municipal services in Haridwar & Rishikesh ... 65
Figure 5.10 Consolidated annual electricity consumption by different sectors in Haridwar ... 66
Figure 5.11 Consolidated annual electricity consumption by different sectors in Rishikesh . 66
Figure 5.12 GHG emissions projection for Haridwar ............................................................ 67
Figure 5.13 GHG emissions projection for Rishikesh ........................................................... 67
Figure 5.14 Sector wise GHG emissions projection for Haridwar ......................................... 68
Figure 5.15 Sector wise GHG emissions projection for Rishikesh........................................ 68
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Figure 6.1 Waste dumping facility at Khadri Khadakmaf, Rishikesh .................................... 70

Figure 6.2 Projected Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Haridwar ................................... 71
Figure 6.3 Solar Radiation pattern of Haridwar .................................................................... 72
Figure 6.4 Solar Radiation pattern of Rishikesh................................................................... 73
Figure 6.5 Sun path diagram of Haridwar & Rishikesh (ECOTECH) .................................... 73
Figure 6.6 Wind speed over Haridwar & Rishikesh .............................................................. 75
Figure 7.1 Schematic process diagram and MSW power Plant ........................................... 78
Figure 7.2 Solar PV based Smart mini grid (TERI) .............................................................. 81
Figure 7.3 Solar water heating systems in residential and commercial sectors.................... 82
Figure 7.4 Solar water heating options under BAU and solar city scenarios ........................ 84
Figure 7.5: The Solar steam cooking system at Shantikunj, Hardwar .................................. 85
Figure 7.6 Shantikunj rooftop .............................................................................................. 85
Figure 7.7 Schematic of a roof top grid connected solar PV system .................................... 86
Figure 7.8 Satellite view of few potential sites in Rishikesh for roof top SPV (a) Shri Bharat
Mandir Intermediate College, (b) Nirikshan Bhawan (PWD), Haridwar road. ............... 88
Figure 7.9 Satellite view of few potential sectors in Haridwar for roof top SPV (a) High Court
Guest House, (b) Panna Lal Bhalla Municipal Inter College, Haridwar ........................ 88
Figure 7.10 Electricity generation pattern of roof top SPV in Haridwar & Rishikesh ............. 90
Figure 7.11 Implementation strategies of 2 MWp SPV power plants (each) in Haridwar &
Rishikesh .................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 7.12 Comparison of BAU and proposed Solar City scenario of Haridwar and
Rishikesh .................................................................................................................. 104
Figure 7.13 Overall Solar City scenarios in Haridwar and Rishikesh.................................. 105
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A ck n o w l e d g e m e n ts
The project team gratefully acknowledges the financial support received from Nagar Nigam,
Haridwar that made it possible to carry out this exercise. In particular, the valuable guidance
and support received from Nagar Nigam, Haridwar; Nagar Nigam, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) and other government bodies, is
gratefully acknowledged.
The inputs given by the Haridwar and Rishikesh administration officials are also appreciated.
TERI team is also thankful to officials for their continuous interest and support in the project.
The project team wishes to thank Ms Rita Grover and Ms Nirmal, TERI for their efficient
secretarial support.
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Pro je ct te am
Team m em bers
Lovedeep Mann (Research A ssociate, Energy Environment Technology A pplications, TERI)
Ankit Narula (Research A ssociate, Energy Environment Technology A pplications, TERI)
Ashish John George (Research A ssociate, Energy Environment Technology A pplications, TERI)
Alok Kumar Jindal (Fellow, Energy Environment Technology A pplications, TERI)
Project ad visor
Amit Kumar (Director and Senior Fellow, Energy Environment Technology A pplications, TERI)
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Li s t o f A b b re v i ati o n s
AC Air Conditioning
ADB Asian Development Bank
ARR Annual Revenue Requirement
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers
BAU Business as Usual
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BU Billion Units
CDP City Development Plan
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CFA Central Financial Assistance
CFL Compact Florescent Lamp
CV Calorific Value
DISCOM Distribution Companies
DPR Detailed Project Report

DSM Demand Side Management
EA Electricity Act
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Codes
EMC Energy Management Centre
ESCO Energy Service Companies
ETC Evacuated Tube Collector
FPC Flat Plate Collector
FY Financial Year
GEDA Goa Energy Development Agency
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas Emission
GIS Government Irrigation System
GOI Government of India
GRIHA Green rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
GWh Gigawatt Hour
HDA Haridwar Development Authority
HPMV High Pressure Mercury Lamp
1
HPSV High Pressure Sodium Lamp

HT High Tension
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning
ICB Incandescent Bulbs
IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Codes
IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
JNNSM Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
KSEB Kerala State Electricity Board
kVA Kilovolt Amperes
kW Kilowatts
kWh Kilowatt Hour
LED Light Emitting Diode
LPD Litres Per Day
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LT Low Tension
LU Lakh Units
M Meters
MLD Million Litres Per Day
MM Millimetres
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MSL Mean Sea Level
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
MT Million Tonnes
MU Million Units
MW Megawatts
MWp Megawatt Peak
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NBC National Building Codes
NEP National Electricity Policy
NEWNE North-Eastern regional grids
NGO Non-government Organization
PPP Public Private Partnership
PWD Public Works Department
PTW Private Tube wells
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List of Abbreviations
PV Photovoltaic
PWW Public Water Works
RE Renewable Energy
RES Renewable Energy Sources
RPO Renewable Purchase Obligations
RUE Rational Use of Energy
RWA Resident Welfare Association
SAVE Serve as a Volunteer for Energy program
SC Solar City
SDA State Designated Agency
SECF State Energy Conservation Fund
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SIDCUL State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited
SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
SMG Smart Mini Grid
SPV Solar Photovoltaic
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWHS Solar Water Heating Systems
tCO₂ Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide
TERI The Energy and Resources Institute
TPA Tonnes Per Annum
TPD Tonnes Per Day
TV Television
ULB Urban Local Bodies
UPCL Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited
UREDA Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency
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1. In tro d u cti o n
Climate change and fossil fuel depletion are the two major concerns of the current
millennium. The fundamental problems pertain to an excessive dependence on fossil fuels to
meet increasingly, energy-intensive life styles. There is a large difference in ‗energy
consumption pattern‘ between the urban and the rural areas. Indeed, the urbanization
coupled with the rising income levels leads to higher energy requirements. It has been
observed that the household energy accounts for about half of India's total energy
consumption. Every year there is an increase of 20-30% in energy requirement in the
residential sector and 10-15% increase in commercial sector.
Uttarakhand, the 27th state of India was created on 9th Nov., 2000 as the 10th Himalayan
State of the country blessed with the natural and mineral resources in abundance and
poised to be a 20,000 MW hydro power hub of India in the future. The projected power supply
position during the Fiscal Y ear 2013-14 for Uttarakhand envisages a resultant energy gap of 3,649
GW h with an un-restricted energy demand of 12,601 GW h against the net energy availability of
8,952 GW h. The energy deficit is met by Energy Procurement & Un-scheduled Interchange of
electricity with partial emergency rostering. The state government is also encouraging
investments from the private sector for capacity generation, improvement in operational
efficiency and extension of distribution network.
Haridw ar city
As per Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), the maximum electricity demand of
the city has been reported as 217 MW in FY 2011-12; which is pre-dominantly by the
residential sector (around 52 %) followed by the industrial sector (around 16 %). In the near
future, State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) area will
also be added in the boundaries of the Nagar Nigam which will increase the electricity
demand of industrial sector in Haridwar at an exponential rate. The total electricity
consumption has been reported as 5,030 lac units (LU) during FY 2011-12 in the city.
Rishikesh city
As per UPCL, the maximum electricity demand of the city has been reported as 126 MW in
FY 2011-12; which is pre-dominantly by the residential sector (around 58%) followed by the
industrial sector (around 14 %). The total electricity consumption has been reported as 2820
Lacs units (LU) during FY 2011-12 in the city.
In addition the transmission and distribution losses have been reported 32.74% in Haridwar
city and 30.24 % in Rishikesh by UPCL.
However, it is obvious that this trend is not sustainable in the long run. Therefore, measures
such as reducing energy demands and switching from fossil fuel to renewable energy
technologies to complement the conventional energy sources have become imperative.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India took the initiative to
develop 60 cities of India as solar city. Nagar Nigam, Haridwar has been given the mandate
to prepare and implement the plan to achieve this objective for Haridwar and Rishikesh.
This Master Plan for Solar City is a dynamic document meant to change with time,
experience, and need. The development of master plan has benefited from the active
participation of Nagar Nigam Haridwar, Nagar Palika Rishikesh, Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan,
1
Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited,

Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency and other agencies with energy-
related responsibilities.
The philosophy behind Master Plan is to ensure that Haridwar and Rishikesh‘s energy
demands are met in affordable, technologically advanced, and environmental friendly
manner. It means that after cost-effective efficiency and demand response, the city relies on
renewable sources of power and distributed generation, to the extent possible.
Methodology
The Master Plan for making Haridwar along with Rishikesh a solar city has been a
collaborative endeavour of TERI, UREDA, Nagar Palika, Rishikesh and Nagar Nigam,
Haridwar along with all the other major stakeholders in the state. Developing the city, as a
solar city requires an integrated urban planning approach, which simultaneously involves
reducing reliance on fossil fuels by the application of energy conservation and efficiency
measures and by replacing/complementing the conventional energy generation with the
renewable energy. As decided in the beginning, this exercise did not include the industrial
and transportation sectors. The key components of the study comprised;
Baseline determination
Energy planning including renewable energy resource assessment, and
Developing a Master Plan
Baseline d eterm ination

In this initial phase, all the information has been collected to prepare the energy base line for
Haridwar and Rishikesh.
General information on infrastructure, population and its distribution, household income,
education, employment etc.
Energy demand: Data on sectoral energy demand in domestic, non-domestic, municipal
services sectors
Interaction with various government officials of Haridwar and Rishikesh administration
has been carried out to understand the demand in various sectors.
Visit has been carried out of the following municipal services
- Street lighting and
- Water pumping and sewerage
Resource assessment for solar, wind, biomass including municipal solid waste
Review of renewable energy and energy efficiency programs and policies
Energy planning
Using energy planning tools like RETScreen and LEAP software packages, different
scenarios were developed and analysed in order to explore the opportunities of
Reducing the demand based on energy conservation and energy efficiency measures
and
Meeting the energy requirements through renewable energy based systems.
2
1. Introduction
This is followed by a techno-economic evaluation of various energy conservation and

renewable energy options; and finally, setting up targets for energy consumption and GHG
emissions for both the cities.
Master plan
The Master Plan has been developed on the basis of different energy saving and renewable
energy options, along with those technological options that are feasible in long term only.
3
2. Re v i e w o f g l o b al „S o l ar Ci ty ‟ p ro je cts
Introduction
Solar cities in a broader term include several initiatives, activities and technologies, which
includes renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transport options, architectural
innovations etc. The term “Solar cities” defined by several initiatives such as International
Solar cities Initiatives and European Solar cities initiatives also include a "climate -
stabilization" aspect, w hereby cities responsibly set per-capital targets for future
greenhouse-gas emissions at levels consistent w ith stabilizing future levels of
atmospheric carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gases and also includes introduction of
greenhouse gas emissions reduction over long term time frame. The constituent elements
of a Solar City are diverse. They include: political leadership, legislation, regulation, solar
rights laws, fiscal incentives at local regional and national levels, planning programmes and
legislation, industrial and market incentives stimulating supply and demand, local community
incentives and movements and a range of other drivers and barriers. Feeding and driving
this movement is a huge range of established and emerging solar products.
Institutions involved globally on the development of Solar

Cities
Several institutions working on solar cities are given below:
International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI)
European Solar cities Initiatives (ESCI)
Solar city task force
Solar America Cities
International Solar Energy Society (ISES), European solar cities projects
European Green Cities Network
Energie Cites Association
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The following section discusses briefly about the initiatives and activities undertaken by
these institutions.
International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI)

International solar cities initiative is the group who had organized the first International solar
Cities Congress in Daegu, Korea in 2004.The primary focus of ISCI is to set up the target for
introduction of renewable energy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on a longer
term.
Eu ropean Solar Cities Initiatives (ESCI)

The aim of the initiative is to support the European energy and climate policy by stimulating
the interests of European "high performance" cities and surrounding regions (prospective
5
"Solar Cities"), the European research community and the European sustainable energy
industry.
The Initiative will mobilise a critical mass of participants to find efficient and rapid ways to
implement (Renewable Energy Systems) RES and Rational Use of Energy (RUE) in
European cities through research, development, demonstration and information
dissemination activities and through stakeholder participation (citizen and others). The goal
is to speed up the transformation of the European cities into Solar Cities.
A working definition of a Solar City is a city that aims at reducing the level of greenhouse gas
emissions through a holistic strategy for the introduction of RES and RUE to a climate stable
and thus sustainable level in the year 2050.
The scientific and technical objectives are:
To better understand the energy needs of cities for different energy qualities and for
different European regions,
To better understand the potential of different forms of RES for and for RUE in cities in
different European regions,
To identify or develop optimal strategies for rapid integration of RES and RUE in the
energy systems of cities for different regions in Europe,
To identify RES and RUE best suited for different categories of urban areas and different
city surface uses,
To optimise the performance of RES and RUE for city applications,
To find ways of improving the adoption of RES and REU technology by small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
To identify the different actors in a community and identify their needs, possibilities and
limitations
Solar city task force

Solar city task force is an advisory service to assist towns, cities etc. integrating renewable
energy technologies, and energy conservation and efficiency measures in order to reduce
the greenhouse gas emissions. A general methodology has been developed based on the
experiences and best practices adopted by different institutions internationally for providing
such services.
Solar Am erica cities

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has named 25 U.S. cities as Solar America Cities for
adoption of solar technology at the local level. The cities selected are prepared to take a
comprehensive, city-wide approach to solar technology that facilitates its mainstream
adoption.
The Solar America Cities receive a combined $4.9 million in federal financial assistance.
DOE provides additional value in the form of on-site technical and policy expert assistance to
help cities with their most pressing needs. Technical assistance is provided by DOE, its
national laboratories, and other experts in areas such as city planning, technology selection,
project financing, building codes, architecture, and community outreach.
Solar technologies promoted by Solar America Cities include photovoltaic and concentrating
solar power (both produce solar electricity) as well as solar water and air heating.
6
2. Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
The desired outcomes of the Solar America Cities are:

Development of a comprehensive city-wide approach that lays the foundation for a viable
solar market that includes key stakeholders such as municipal, county, and state
agencies, non-profit organizations, and utilities, as well as private partners such as
developers and solar companies
Integration of solar energy technologies into city energy and climate planning
Increased installation of solar energy technologies on city facilities
Removal of market barriers to solar energy development that exist in urban planning
charters, zoning regulations, building codes, permitting, and inspections
Creation of city-level solar incentives (e.g., solar rebates, financial assistance, tax
credits, property tax abatements, and tax incentives to solar manufacturers that are
located in the city)
Increased public awareness of solar energy among residents and local businesses,
achieved through outreach, curriculum development, incentive programs, and other
innovative approaches
A widespread increase in the adoption of solar energy technologies across the city—in
the residential, commercial, and public building sectors, and at the utility
Lessons learned that are of value to other communities, cities, and counties looking to
increase their use of solar energy technologies.
Eu ropean solar cities projects

The European Solar Cities Project (EU Solar Cities) aim at promoting the wider and large-
scale use of renewable energy (RE) within the context of long-term planning for sustainable
urban development. It is basically a study that addresses the planning and application of
technologies for utilizing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Rational Use of Energy
(RUE) (in other words adopting Energy efficiency measures) in an urban context and their
relevance for reducing CO2 emissions.
Solar city is seen as a city that has made firm commitments in order to reduce greenhouse
gas emission targets while incorporating renewable energy technologies.
Within the scope of this project several activities were conducted:
The collection and assessment of information about different activities and programmes
of selected European cities and city networks, with a description on their implementation
and an assessment of their impact.
The examination of these activities assisted in the development of two guide books for
city actors, namely:
- Good Practice Guide
- Guide on CO2 Reduction Potential in Cities
The results encompass a range of informative materials, with recommendations for
replication to city actors and local governments.
The Good Practice Guide is useful for city actors that require ideas and information for
planning their own activities and strategies to implement clean energy sources and promote
the reduction of harmful emissions. A set of generic good practices have been identified,
7
which represent a good starting point for cities that require an introduction to the concept of
implementing RES and RUE strategies and activities.
The CO2 Reduction Potential Assessment and Issues Impacting on CO2 balances, is a
comprehensive report that addresses reduction targets and baseline studies. This is
particularly useful for guiding cities interested in implementing a strategy, with basic steps
identified to assist this process.
It has to be noted that there are many different approaches that are, and can be, used by
cities, with different baselines and varied ways of presenting emissions reduction results.
Although scientists are not unanimous in agreeing to the best way to measure emissions, or
the most effective way to calculate emissions reduction, the project team has the view that a
delay in implementing strategies and activities that will adequately reduce harmful emissions
is in itself the most damaging approach.
Under this study, eight cities were identified. Cities were selected from Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany and Italy. Sixty-three city good practices from seven cities and
one housing association have been identified. Every city needs to consider the result of its
actions in terms of energy used and the effect it has on the environment.
A range of good practices recommended for replication have been identified, and present a
guide to urban actions that contribute to sustainability in cities, and actions that strengthen
networks.
63 city good practices
22 city network good practices
Energie-Cités Association
Energie-Cités was established as an association of European local authorities in 1990 in
order to implement the following at the local level.
Reducing energy consumption while reducing local emissions and effluents,
Stimulate local growth by making use of locally available resources,
Developing innovative town or city
Energie-Cités builds European projects for helping its members to develop a local
sustainable energy policy.
With over 140 members in 24 countries and representing more than 500 towns and cities,
Energie-Cités is the association of European local authorities for the promotion of local
sustainable energy policies.
ICLEI-local governm ents for su stainability

ICLEI is a democratically governed membership association of cities, towns, counties,
metropolitan governments, and local government associations. Its mission is to "build and
serve a worldwide movement of local governments to achieve tangible improvements in
global sustainability with special focus on environmental conditions through cumulative local
actions." Within ICLEI the Cities for Climate Protection campaign, a "performance-oriented
campaign that offers a framework for local governments to develop a strategic agenda to
reduce global warming and air pollution emissions." That campaign now has over 500 local
government participants representing 8% of global carbon-dioxide emissions.
8
Programme on solar cities

Au stralia N ational Solar Cities Program
Australia National Solar Cities Program was launched in 2004, providing 75 million
Australian dollars in funding over eight years for solar city related projects at least in four
Australian cities. The solar cities programme will run from 2004-05 to 2012/13, with the focus
on programme design and site selection in the first year. The programme aims to support at
least four solar city projects in grid-connected urban centres across Australia. Three cities
have already been identified (i.e. Adelaide, Townsville, Blacktown) Solar cities will be
implemented by the Department of the Environment and Heritage in an purpose of
demonstrating that how solar power, smart meters, energy efficiency and new approaches to
electricity pricing can combine to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations
throughout Australia.
‘Solar Cities’ program m e in Ind ia

India‘s first initiative towards solar city was undertaken by the Government of Gujarat, which
decided to make its capital city ‗Gandhi Nagar‘ as a Solar City. The Master Plan for the same
was prepared by TERI in 2007.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India announced a
program for development of solar cities. A total of 60 cities or towns are proposed to develop
as solar city. MNRE has given in-principle, approval for 48 cities to be developed as Solar
Cities. Sanctions have been given to 31 cities which have received in-principle approvals
and have engaged Consultants for preparation of master plan. Out of which 8 Master Plans
have been approved by MNRE for implementation.
Under the Solar City Scheme, MNRE is providing following financial support
Up to of Rs 50 lakh for each city is provided; for preparation of the Master Plan (up to Rs
10 lakh), setting up of Solar City Cell and its functioning for three years in the City (up to
Rs 10 lakh), oversight of its implementation during three years (up to `10 lakh) and
capacity building and organizing other promotional activities for three years (up to Rs 20
lakh).
Apart from 60 Solar Cities, 50 new Small townships/Campuses duly notified/permitted by
the concerned Authorities being developed by the promoters/builders, SEZs/ industrial
towns, Institutional campus etc. will be developed as Solar Township/Solar Campus. The
financial support up to 10.00 lakh will be provided for each new small
townships/campuses for preparation of Master-Plan/DPR including the action plan for
renewable energy installations, green campus development, awareness generation and
trainings etc.
TERI has prepared the ‗Master Plan to Develop Chandigarh as Solar City‘ with Chandigarh
Renewable Energy Promotion Society (CREST) of Department of Science and Technology,
Chandigarh Administration under the ‗Solar City‘ scheme of Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy1. Chandigarh has been identified to be developed as ‗Modern Solar City‘ by MNRE.
So far, an amount of Rs.19.23 crore has been sanctioned for preparation of Master Plans,
Solar City Cells and Promotional Activities for 41 cities, out of which Rs. 4.22 crore has been
released. Further, an amount of Rs.11.98 crore has been sanctioned for execution of
1 http:/ / w w w .ind ianexpress.com / new s/ chand igarh -solar-city-plan-read y/ 486526/
9
renewable energy projects in 5 cities, out of which Rs.3.87 crore has been released for
utilization by the concerned State Nodal Agencies/ Municipal Corporations. Recently another
Rs 16.25 has been allocated to Chandigarh for implementing the programme. The criteria
set by the Ministry for the identification of cities include a city population between 50,000 to
50 lakh (with relaxation given to special category States including North-East States),
initiatives and regulatory measures already taken along with a high level of commitment in
promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy.
So far, the Master Plans for 8 cities namely Agra, Moradabad from Uttar Pradesh, Thane &
Kalyan-Dombivli from Maharashtra, Indore from Madhya Pradesh, Kohima from Nagaland,
Aizawl from Mizoram and Chandigarh have been finalized and the development of projects
is in progress.
Case studies 1
Solar city: Ad elaid e, Au stralia
In August 2006, Australian Prime Minister John Howard announced that the Adelaide Solar
Citizens Consortium was the successful bidder for the Adelaide Solar City Program. The
location was primarily chosen as a Solar City due to the high proportion of sunny days, peak
electricity supply challenges and relatively high electricity costs. The Program commenced in
October 2007 and runs until 30th June 2013.
Consortium involvement in the Program is based on the following objectives:
demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of implementing sustainable
energy products and smart meter technology
obtain comprehensive data on the impact of the products and technologies on consumer
behaviour
understand the barriers to take up of sustainable energy products in the residential and
commercial sectors
maintain an on-going consumer engagement with the program, and
test new sustainable energy products that can be replicated on a national scale.
The trial area incorporates approximately 130,000 households with a wide range of socio-
demographic profiles, including households on low incomes through to highly affluent
households. The Program includes a market trial of commercial and residential solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems, cost reflective pricing, smart meter technology, energy efficiency
products, low income energy assistance programs and community engagement initiatives.
A key program initiative is a Demand Management trial with around 1,900 participants
trialling innovative electricity pricing products combined with smart meters and an interactive
communication platform. The initiative includes sending pricing signals to encourage
participants to reduce energy consumption and the provision of timely energy usage
information through In Home Displays and a web portal.
The achievements of the program are listed below:
1 Case stud ies are taken from Renew able Energy Inform ation on Markets, policy, investm ent and future
pathw ays by Eric Martinot from follow ing references;
http:/ / w w w .m artinot.info/ solarcities, w w w .solarcity.com /
10
7 innovative iconic solar PV installations, one of which powers the world‘s first solar
electric bus
500 residential solar PV systems installed
880 households and 19 businesses participating in energy efficiency trials
260 households recruited for a residential control group
21,000 energy efficiency packs distributed to improve household energy efficiency
140 energy audits conducted with new arrivals to Australia
160 audits provided to families in need of help to manage their energy bills
21,500 households have taken up a Green Power product.
Solar city, Barcelona, Spain

Solar city concept in Barcelona was started with the ―Barcelona solar thermal ordinance‖
which represents a major milestone in Urban Energy Policy. The ordinance is a part of
―energy improvement plan to the year 2010 for renewable energy and energy efficiency‖. As
per the ordinance, at least 60% of the domestic hot water energy demand and 100% of
swimming pool heating of all new buildings above a certain size (292MJ/day of hot water
energy consumption) has to be met through solar thermal collectors.
Before the ordinance, Barcelona had 1650 m2 of solar thermal collectors installed or 1.1
m2/1000 people and with the enactment of the ordinance and by 2004, it had increased to
21,500 m2 or 16.5 m2/people. The city‘s objective is to install 96,000 m2 of solar hot water
system by 2010.
Besides Barcelona, other cities in Spain such as Madrid, Burgos, Sevilla, Onil etc. had also
adopted solar thermal ordinance. Although the current ordinance takes care of solar hot
water system only, it is expected that future revision might take place with incorporation of
other renewable energy applications as well.
Solar city, Linz, Austria

It is an integrated solar village for 1300 households on the outskirts of Linz. The city
administration and 12 separate building contractors jointly developed the village design.
This solar village consists of 2-4 storey buildings with south facing facades, passive solar
heating while ensuring energy efficient constructions. It also includes installation of solar PV
systems for electricity generation.
The total construction cost of the project is 200 million euros.
Solar city, Cape Town, South Africa
A solar city initiative in Cape Town was started with its Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Policy (IMEP), which envisages several targets, vision statements etc.
The following 4 primary targets are set in order to realize the vision for Cape Town in 2020:
1. 10% contribution from renewable energy sources by 2020
2. 10% households have solar water heater by 2010
3. 90% of households have CFL by 2010
4. 5% reduction in local government electricity consumption by 2010
11
It was found that transport sector contributes half of the total energy consumption of the city
and the most significant greenhouse gas emissions from city and public facilities were from
landfill gas, streetlights and city government buildings and vehicles. Hence initial projects
have focused on landfill sites, city government buildings and vehicles.
In Cape Town pilot projects and full-scale implementation are planned in various sectors
such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport etc.
Solar city, Daegu , Korea

The Solar City Daegu 2050 Project (SCD 2050) represents a comprehensive model for
shaping the future of this city of 2.5 million residents with a mixed industrial and services
economic base. Its specific aims are as follows: realization of a carbon footprint consistent
with standards of global sustainability and equity; the development of a renewable-energy -
based urban community and economy; and the pursuit of economic development that meets
the needs of Daegu‘s citizens in a manner that is culturally and ecologically sound. At the
same time, 50-year planning enables the citizens of Daegu to envision their city‘s
intergenerational future. In 2002, the centre for solar city Daegu was established by the city
and Kyungpook National University for research, planning, financial sourcing, linking local
policy with national policy etc.
Solar city programme includes installation of following:
Construction of 61MW solar photovoltaic power generation facilities in idle terrace lands
on Nakdong River by 2016. The project requires 165 billion won and it will be invested by
private companies by linking with the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) system. Idle
terrace lands on the River created by the project of restoring 4 major rivers are estimated
to have potentiality of generating 2GW of solar photovoltaic power, equivalent to output
of 2 nuclear power reactors.
Solar hot water system: About 3400m2 have been installed since 2002 in public facilities
like orphanages and nursing homes.
Solar photovoltaic system: 635kWp of SPV have been installed in schools, parks, and
other public buildings.
About 550 out of 1700 buses are already run through CNG and the target is to convert all
buses to CNG-fuelled by 2016.
Wind, small hydro, and landfill gas projects are planned. A "green village" is planned,
along with a "solar campus" program to apply solar technologies to schools and
universities.
Solar city, Oxford , UK

The Oxford Solar Initiative was started in 2002 as a partnership between the city, Oxford
Brooks University, and the local community. The primary target of the initiative is to convert
10% of all homes in the city to have solar energy by 2010. Some short-term targets such as
installation of energy efficiency measures, solar hot water system, reduction of CO2
emission, capacity building for the local government are also included in the initiatives.
The oxford solar city initiatives have three primary goals as mentioned below.
1. To add a sustainable energy element to urban planning strategies;
2. To set targets, conduct baseline studies, and develop long-term scenarios; and
12
3. To develop sustainable urban energy technologies

As part of the initiative, Oxford has been conducting analyses of the CO 2 emissions of its
built environment using geographic information systems (GIS) to predict baseline energy use
for each house.
Oxford has also introduced the concept of ―solar street" in which all the homes on one street
have solar hot water and solar power. These solar power systems are connected to the
electric grid via a "power gate" that allows the community to obtain Renewables Obligation
Certificates (ROC) from the utility for the power generated.
As far as the availability of financial assistance to homeowners is concerned, following two
types of assistance are available.
1. For energy efficiency improvements, the grants cover typically 60% - 100% of the full
cost of wall and loft insulation, hot water tank insulation, condensing boilers, heating
controls, and efficient light bulbs (which are provided free of charge).
2. For renewable energy, the grants cover up to 50% of the full cost of solar electric
systems and up to £500 for solar hot water systems.
Solar city, Freibu rg, Germ any

In 1996, a greenhouse gas emissions target was set, at 25% below 1992 levels by 2010 in
Freiburg. In 2002, the city council set another target, 10% of all electricity from renewables
by 2010 (in 2002 the level was 3.7%). The policy measures include city-financed solar
projects, other demonstration projects, leasing of roof surfaces to solar power generators,
research, subsidies, zoning, urban planning, and education. There are 3.5MW of PV and
8700m2 of SHW in the city currently.
Solar city, Gelsenkirchen, Germ any

The city of Gelsenkirchen itself is a coal-and-steel industrial city that advocates are hoping to
transform into an "energy city." The city has begun to incorporate solar into housing plans
and conduct information and marketing campaigns and training programs, as well as
assisting local businesses.
The Gelsenkirchen Science Park was home in 1995 to the largest roof-mounted solar PV
plant, 210 kW that existed at the time. Since then, the park is being transformed into a base
for local production and R&D for clean energy technologies.
Solar city, Goteborg, Sw ed en

Göteborg city has a long-term commitment to sustainable energy, including energy-efficient
buildings, renewable energy, energy-efficient urban planning, and ultimately "energy storage
in a hydrogen society." The project Göteborg 2050 is developing long-term visions of a
future city and region.
The project is a collaborative effort between universities, the city government, and the city's
energy utility; which includes research, scenario development, support for strategic planning,
dialogue with the public, and demonstration projects. The project calls its methodology
"backcasting", in which one starts with a description of the present situation and trends, then
considers alternative scenarios for the future that are considered more sustainable, and then
works backwards to consider processes for changing current trends, strategic planning, and
Master Plan‘s that will lead along pathways to the alternative scenarios. The city has also
13
pioneered the design and construction of a number of demonstration homes that use only
solar energy for heating and hot water, even in the winter.
Gw angju , Korea
Gwangju receives the most sunlight of any Korean city. The city anticipates solar heating
and power will be key technologies. Collective-heat systems and other innovations in energy
supply will accompany the demand-side and renewables investments. There are also public
education programs, research on energy efficiency improvements, and technology R&D
programs to develop the city's own industry towards solar and other clean energy. The
policies promoting the use of solar energy were adopted in 2004. The city of Gwangju has a
target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020. Intermediate goals are an 8%
reduction in energy demand by 2011 [baseline not stated], and renewable energy targets for
1% of energy supply by 2011 and 2% by 2020; while the share of renewables, in 2004, was
0.5%.
The H agu e, N etherland s

The Hague commissioned a profile of the carbon dioxide emissions from the city in 2001. It
found that for the 220,000 homes, residential emissions were 1.1 Mt/year, or about
5tons/home. Transport emissions were 0.4 Mt, or about 2 tons/home and the combined
emissions of industry, commercial, and public sectors were 1.0 Mt/year. The Hague
published an environmental policy planed in 2001. The basic objectives are to make the
municipal government "CO2-neutral" by 2006 and the entire city CO2-neutral in the longer-
term. "CO2-neutral" means that all CO2 emissions are either eliminated or offset by
emissions reductions elsewhere.
The city is currently trying to learn the lessons from the 15 demonstration projects that have
been described in a "sustainable projects construction book" issued in September 2004. It
envisions future visions, policies, grant schemes, and oversight of both the overall process
and individual projects implemented by the private sector. The city has allocated budget for
sustainability, and has one million euros to spend from 2004-2008. One project moving
ahead is a district-heating supply plant utilizing seawater heat pumps. The city's approach is
to lead but to allow the private sector to do the bulk of the work. As the Vice Mayor wrote,
"When the municipality takes on the role of lead player, it is surprising to see how many
organizations in the community and how many private companies are willing to join in efforts
towards sustainable development". Households in The Hague are already significant
consumers of green power; 30% of all households are buying green power.
Minneapolis, USA
The city currently purchases 10% of its municipal power as green power from renewable
energy. It has a renewable energy development fund of $8.5 million annually. With this, the
city plans to encourage development of small-scale renewable energy projects in the future,
including use of renewables in schools, libraries, and parks. It would like to create a
distributed generation grid that can be islanded from the main utility system when necessary.
The city sees the benefits of renewables in terms of public safety (backup for emergencies),
lower costs for some public works, and a tool for community development. The city is also
developing two pilot biomass projects using wood and agricultural wastes. Local power
utilities are required to invest 2% of the revenue from power sales into energy conservation
programs.
14
Portland , USA
Portland has an extensive history of land-use and transportation planning, based on its
urban growth boundary, created some 30 years ago. The boundary has concentrated growth
and allowed greater use of public transit, bicycles, and walking, reducing energy
consumption in transport. Zoning codes provide incentives for building along transit corridors
and parking limits for new construction.
Portland adopted a local energy policy back in the late 1970s, the first of its kind in the
United States. Portland's first greenhouse gas reduction plan was adopted in 1993, also the
first local plan in the United States. The plan was updated in 2001 with a goal of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions to 10% below 1990 levels by 2010. The plan also includes a
target of supplying 100% of the municipal government's electricity needs from renewable
energy by 2010 (the level was 10% in 2004).
From 1990 to 2003, Portland's per-capita greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 13%.
Total emissions are only slightly above 1990 levels, despite a 16% increase in population.
Gasoline use fell by 8% per capita. Electricity use for households fell by 10%.
Incentives for renewable energy include a 25% residential energy tax credit, a 35%
commercial business tax credit, and funds from the Energy Trust of Oregon. The Energy
Trust of Oregon collects a 3% "public purpose" tax on utility bills, about $60 million/year. $10
million/year of that goes to renewable energy projects. Other funding comes from carbon
offsets, green certificates, and municipal bonds.
Portland's "green building" program integrates energy and water conservation with recycled
building materials and other environmental strategies. The city requires all new city facilities
to meet LEED, the standard of the US Green Building Council. Any private construction
project that uses city funding for affordable housing or major commercial development must
also satisfy the LEED standard. Portland now has more LEED-certified buildings finished or
underway than any other city in the United States.
Qingd ao, China

Qingdao is promoting four types of renewable energy:
Solar hot water and power: The use of solar hot water in Qingdao has been growing at
15% per year, and there are now 150,000m2 area installed (equal to roughly
0.03m2/person).
Seawater heat pumps: The first pilot project is being developed.
Wind power: There are now 16 MW installed.
Biomass gasification: There are 15 biomass gasification plants operating, utilizing waste
crop stalks and supplying gas to 3000 households.
Santa Monica, USA

In 1994, Santa Monica adopted a Sustainable City Plan which includes goals for greenhouse
gas emissions reductions. Since then, the city has increased renewable energy generation
and purchases, improved energy efficiency, and fostered alternative fuel vehicles. The city
now purchases 100% of municipal electricity needs from green power suppliers. In addition,
the city has 300kW of solar PV installed. There are green building guidelines and a mandate
for green buildings for new city facilities. The city has converted its fleet of garbage trucks
and buses to run on natural gas. Other city vehicles are natural gas fuelled or electric/gas
15
hybrids. Electric vehicle charging stations exist around the city. Together, the above
measures by 2000 had reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below 1990 levels. For
the future, a new Community Energy Independence Initiative proposes to generate 100% of
the city's energy needs within city borders, based on cogeneration and renewable energy.
Sapporo, Japan
The city of Sapporo has a stated goal of a 10% reduction in CO2 emissions per capita by
2012 (relative to 1990 levels). This is consistent with Japan's overall 6% emissions reduction
target under the Kyoto Protocol. However, Sapporo's emissions in 2000 were 16% above
1990 levels, meaning a substantial reduction will be required in the future (a situation typical
of virtually all Kyoto Protocol signatories). The city groups its activities into four categories:
public awareness (called "sense of crisis"), measures aimed at stimulating citizen initiative
(called "movement"), incentives (called "propagation to citizens and business operators"),
and city-sponsored activities (called "initiatives of the city government").
The city has purchased 55 low-emissions vehicles for its use, including 34 natural-gas cars
and garbage trucks. There are 5 solar power demonstration projects in schools (typically
10kW size, providing 7-8% of school's power consumption), as well as other public facilities
like the zoo. As for private development, one suburban residential complex with 500 homes
to be constructed by 2008 is expected to have 1500kW SPV (3kW per home). In the future,
the city plans to use snow in wintertime to displace cooling energy demand and continue
R&D on fuel cells and hydrogen, including hydrogen transport and storage and efficient
natural gas reforming.
To summarize, Table 2.1 gives a checklist of parameters/activities, which have been
included in different case studies.
Table 2.1 Checklist of parameters and initiatives taken up

City RE CO 2 SHW Solar Transport Buildings Planning D emos
goals goals PV
Adelaide, Australia √ √ √ √ √
Cape Town, South √ √ √
Africa
Daegu, Korea √ √ √ √ √ √
Linz, Austria √
Oxford, UK √ √ √ √ √ √
Freiburg, Germany √ √ √ √ √
Gelsenkirchen, √ √
Germany
Goteborg, Sweden √ √
Gwangju, Korea √ √ √
The Hague, √
Netherlands
Minneapolis, USA √ √
Portland, USA √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Qingdao, China √ √
Santa Monica, USA √ √ √ √
Sapporo, Japan √ √ √
16
Param eters
RE goals Targets or goals set for the future share of energy from renewable
energy.
CO 2 goals Future CO2 emissions targets set, usually on a city-wide or per-capita
basis, and often referenced to the emissions of a base year
(like 1990 or 2000).
SHW Policies and/or incentives for solar hot water enacted.
Solar PV Policies and/or incentives for solar power enacted.
Transport Policies and/or urban planning approaches for sustainable transport
enacted/being used.
Buildings Energy-efficient building codes, standards, and/or incentives enacted.
Planning Overall urban planning approaches with consideration for future
energy consumption and sources.
D emonstration Specific projects subsidized by public funds or otherwise financed as
one-time demonstrations or limited-scale investments in any of the
above categories.
17
3. N ati o n al an d i n te rn ati o n al p racti ce s
Energy conservation in buildings
Residential, public and commercial buildings consume a large amount of energy mostly for
lighting, appliances, space heating and water heating. In order to improve energy efficiency
and conserve energy through the concept of ‗solar city‘, existing buildings and new buildings
must evolve to incorporate energy efficiency and energy conservation measures.
To encourage global best practices in Haridwar and Rishikesh, this section considers how
energy efficiency is incorporated into building codes in Australia, Canada, the U.S.A and
India, and how building practices are managed internationally and in India. These countries
are considered as they are some of the world‘s leaders in energy efficient building design
and also have a similar climate to India.
Strategies to achieve energy efficient buildings according to international practice will be
discussed here for the main components of a building in order to achieve energy efficiency
and conservation in the developing ‗Haridwar along with Rishikesh a solar city‘. Information
on technologies and energy saving methods outlined in this chapter aim to assist Nagar
Nigam, Haridwar and Nagar Palika, Rishikesh in going beyond basic energy efficiency
strategies and to provide more the tools for innovative designs for new and retrofit buildings.
Achieving energy efficient bu ild ings

As Haridwar and Rishikesh lies in the temperate climate1, any energy efficient building
system must be designed according to this climate. This should also be a major
consideration when looking at international practices that /are suitable to follow.
Energy conservation regu lations

Australia
Building controls and regulations in Australia are the responsibility of the States and
Territories. The BCA provides a nationally uniform code for technical requirements in
buildings. The BCA 1996 (the current BCA) is a performance-based code subject to State
and Territory variations. Local councils and private certifiers are responsible for
administering the BCA and some local councils use planning legislation to enforce energy
efficiency measures for buildings in their region.
In Australia there exists the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA), which considers
best practice for building energy. They have a Memorandum of Understanding with Building
Construction Interchange and they have ensured that energy efficiency is incorporated into
their Building Codes of Australia (BCA). They promote sustainable buildings by recognising
them through the Green Star rating system, which ranks buildings according to certain
ecological and environmental criteria2. It is based on the British BREEAM (Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) and America‘s LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design). This system was created for the property industry to
encourage green building design and create awareness of the benefits. Not only can they
1 accord ing to ECBC 2006 clim ate zone m ap of Ind ia

2 http:/ / w w w .gbcaus.org/ gbc.asp?sectionid =15&d ocid =881#a
19
market green buildings to consumers on the basis of cost savings, but also green buildings
have an attached sense of leadership in the property industry at present.
Currently the system of rating is for office buildings, followed by health centres and
educational facilities. Soon it will also be developed for some multi-unit residential
complexes but has yet to be developed for housing.
The main reason that commercial buildings have been targeted first is due to their huge
contribution to emissions in Australia. They contribute 8.8% (particularly offices and
hospitals) to total emissions and this must be reduced in order for Australia to meet their
international emissions obligations1. For residential buildings it is suitable to refer to
guidelines by the Australian Greenhouse Office2.
The GBCA also works closely with the Canadian Green Building Council (CaGBC) but have
not developed sustainable practices as far as the Canadian Council.
Canad a
In Canada there exists the National Building Code of Canada 2005 (NBC 2005). This is for
use by officials, educators and construction professionals. However this code does not
directly deal with energy conservation and hence there is a separate Model National Energy
Code for Houses 1997 (MNECH) and Model National Energy Code for Buildings 1997
(MNECB). The MNECH allows designers the freedom to choose the level of energy
efficiency they wish to achieve for a given climate and type of fuel used in the home. This
code is applicable to residential buildings up to three storeys high and additions to buildings
up to 10m2. The MNECB considers minimum requirements for building features, which
dictate energy efficiency. It considers regional construction costs, regional heating fuel types
and costs, and regional climatic differences. This code considers the building envelope,
water heating, lighting, HVAC systems, and electrical power.
For best practice in Canada for residential buildings there is the Energy Guide offered by the
government and also R-2000 houses scheme. Both these offer buildings that are achieve
best practices in energy efficiency and builders who engage with these schemes will do so to
provide high quality housing for buyers and a reduction in energy costs for the buyer.
Several provinces/territories are currently considering incorporating the MNECB in their
building regulations. If adopted by a province, territory or municipality, the provisions of the
MNECB will become law in that region. The same is the case for MNECH. These energy
efficiency codes are to be used alongside the NBC 2005.
Some of the Canadian provinces and the Government have energy efficiency acts and the
MNECB and MNECH refer to these and give minimum energy requirements. If local
legislation exists then this is followed. If it does not exist at federal or province level then the
MNECB/MNECH is followed. However the codes are not mandatory unless stated in local
legislation.
The CaGBC have chapters across Canada that works to promote green building concepts in
their respective local areas. They use the LEED rating system for Canada and help local
property developers understand how to make buildings more energy efficient. The CaGBC
also aims to take building practice beyond the MNECB and MNECH.
1 http:/ / w w w .gbcaus.org/ gbc.asp?sectionid =90&d ocid =954

2
http:/ / hia.com .au/ hia/ channel/ Build er/ region/ N ational/ classification/ Greensm art/ Resources/ Passive%20D
esign.aspx
20
3. National and international practices
U.S.A
In the U.S.A building codes vary across the country from State to State. There are three tiers
of National, State and Local level all of which can have legislation that applies to buildings in
a specific region. Depending on the State, building codes can apply directly to green building
design or can incorporate features such as energy efficiency without directly referring to
green building design. Some states (earlier Washington offered subsidies) subsidise the use
of renewable energy in buildings to encourage people to invest.
In the US there exists International Energy Codes (IEC) and the American National
Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers standards (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1) requirements. There has been
a Building Energy Codes program, which encourages the adoption of building energy codes
by state governments1.
Ind ia
In India, there exist the National Building Codes 2005 (NBC 2005) and the new Energy
Conservation of Buildings Codes 2007 (ECBC 2007). The national building codes only
consider regulations in building construction primarily for the purposes of regulating
administration, health and safety, materials and construction requirements and building and
plumbing services whereas the ECBC 2007 consider energy conservation and energy
efficiency in buildings ‗to provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design and
construction of buildings.‘ The NBC 2005 refers to a wide variety of building type and
ownership (government, non-government etc.) whereas ECBC 2005 only refers to
commercial buildings and some building complexes.
The purpose of the code is to provide minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and
construction of buildings in Uttarakhand falling under climatic zone: cold and/ composite,
using ECBC – 2007. The code is applicable to commercial buildings or buildings complexes
that have a connected load of 500kW or greater or a contract demand of 600kVA or greater.
Generally buildings or complexes having conditioned area of 1000m2 or more will fall under
this category. But looking into the geo-climatic conditions of Uttarakhand, the scope of
ECBC-Uttarakhand is changed to connected load of 250 kW or greater or a contract
demand of 300 kVA or greater. Generally, buildings or complexes having conditioned area
of 500m2 will fall under codal provisions.
At present the Energy Conservation Act 2001 empowers the state governments to adjust the
codes according to local conditions. This encourages inconsistency in building practices
across to country and can lead to huge deviations from the existing codes. There are
currently state designated agencies for implementation of this code for example in
Uttarakhand, the Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) is the
state nodal agency for implementing the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and hence ECBC
2007. The regulating authority is different for each state and is responsible for enforcing the
adapted building codes for that state. Experts (architects and engineers) check the plans for
new buildings or changes to existing buildings and permit the builder to carry out
construction if the designs meet code requirements. They are rejected and sent for alteration
if they do not meet requirements. After the building is built it must again be certified as
complete by the state designated agency before it is used.
1 http:/ / w w w .energycod es.gov/ im plem ent/ pd fs/ ta_com .p d f
21
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is working on certifying Energy Auditing Agencies in order
to evaluate building‘s energy use, which will enable better regulation of energy conservation
in buildings.
In order to encourage green rating practices of buildings, The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) has developed the TERI-GRIHA rating.
Points are given for different criterion at the site planning, building planning and construction,
and the building operation and maintenance stages of the building life cycle.
All buildings, except for industrial complexes and housing colonies, which are in the design
stage, are eligible for certification under the TERI system. Buildings include offices, retail
spaces, institutional buildings, hotels, hospital buildings, healthcare facilities, residences,
and multi-family high-rise buildings.
Buildings are evaluated and rated in a three-tier process. The preliminary evaluation is done
to estimate the number of points the project is likely to get. Then relevant documents will be
submitted for each criterion (format provided by TERI-GRIHA). Then the documents will be
evaluated and re-evaluated after adjustment by the TERI evaluation committee. The
evaluation committee awards the final score for the project, which is then presented to an
advisory committee. The final rating is valid for a period of 5 years from the date of
commissioning of the building.
Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. The system is a 100-point system
consisting of some core points, which are mandatory (or partly mandatory) and the rest are
optional. There is then a one to five star certification system to finally rate the building1.
In India, as has been the case with the introduction of wide-scale introduction of renewable
energy technologies for a variety of applications Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
announced the scheme ‗Development of Solar Cities‘ under which an indicative target of 60
cities/towns with at least one in each State has been set for the 11th Plan period. The
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) proposed to develop 60 such cities during
the Plan period (2007-12). The targets will be achieved by providing support for preparation
of a Master Plan for their city; setting up of a ‗Solar City Cell‘ in the Council/Administration,
organizing training programmes/ workshops/ business meets for various stakeholders such
as elected representatives of the municipal bodies, municipal officials, architects/engineers,
builders and developers, financial institutions, NGOs, technical institutions, manufactures
and suppliers, RWAs etc. and on creation of public information and awareness.
Lighting
Lighting is a component of buildings that contributes up to 20% of buildings electricity
consumption in an air-conditioned building. In a non-air-conditioned building it is the most
significant source of energy consumption.
While designing a lighting system, the critical factors according to U.S.A based Energy
Design Resources are as follows.
Design according to lighting demand and distribute any glare that is present.
Maximise use of natural daylight but avoid direct sunlight and install appropriate controls
for lights.
Use high-efficiency fluorescent systems for commercial spaces.
1 reference TERI-GRIH A d ocu m ent
22
For further lighting requirements (e.g. atmospheric) use incandescent and compact
fluorescence sources.
Make use of high intensity discharge systems such as pulse start metal halide for
outdoor systems, and ceramic metal halide if colour quality is a concern (such as in retail
outlets)1.
TERI-GRIHA rating system contains a set of basic requirements in order to optimise the
building‘s design for reducing energy demand from lighting. The main aim is to apply passive
solar techniques to buildings to enhance the use of natural sunlight in order reduce energy
consumption from lighting.
The criteria commitments outlined in the TERI-GRIHA are as shown in the box below:
Criteria for lighting
12.1.1 Arrange spaces w ith respect to favourable orientations

12.1.2. Shad e the east-w est w alls using shad ing d evices
12.1.3. Do solar path analysis to arrive at an appropriate size of shad ing d evice for each orientation
or, use shad ing norm s prescribed in SP 41: 1987 – Functional requirement of buildings. Also ad here to
Solar H eat Gain Coefficient as per ECBC 2006.
12.1.4. Perform d aylight sim ulation and ensure th at all living spaces shall have a m inim um of 75%
area w ith d aylight factor as prescribed in Bureau of Ind ian Stand ard s (SP41:1987 Functional
requirement of buildings) und er overcast cond itions.
12.1.5. Perform lighting sim ulation to d em onstrate that the lighting levels in ind oor spaces are
m aintained as recom m end ed in N ational Building Code 2005, Bureau of Indian Standards, Part-8
building services, Section 1, Lighting and ventilation, Table 8.
Source: TERI-GRIH A
The majority of these practices refer more to commercial buildings because lighting systems
in households are less complex. For the residential sector the largest saving potential is by
replacing all incandescent lights with compact fluorescent lighting (CFL)2, which produces a
saving of approximately 75%-85%. Those commercial buildings that have already made this
switch and must incorporate better-designed lighting systems according to the information
outlined in this section in order to improve efficiency and maximise use of natural sunlight.
The Canadian organisation, Natural Resources Canada offers advice for energy efficient
measures that are summarised in the table below. These are suitable for the Haridwar and
Rishikesh‘s temperate climate and also those that directly have an effect on energy
consumption.
Table 3.1 Suggested energy efficiency measures for commercial buildings

Technology D escription Building use and type Benefit and limitations
External Incorporated in building High rise office; low rise Reduces cooling loads but
Shading Device façade to limit internal heat office; low rise apartment; does increase capital costs
gain from solar radiation. retail; food service; and maintenance.
Often in the form of institutional; arena; used
horizontal sunshades for new and existing
attached above windows on buildings
south facing walls. Vertical
louvers for east and west
facing windows are also
effective
1 http:/ / w w w .energyd esignresources.com / d ocs/ d b-01-lighting.pd f

2 Sustainable Build ing Design Manual, Volum e 2, Published by TERI
23
Technology D escription Building use and type Benefit and limitations
Shading with Deciduous vegetation High rise office; low rise Reduces air conditioning
Vegetation planted primarily on office; high rise needs and creates a cooler
southwest and west side of apartment; low rise building climate. Reduces
building to block sun. apartment; retail; food heat loss from wind also.
service; institutional; However plants must be
arena chosen to adapt to local
climate. It requires
maintenance also and it
needs space available for
planting.
High Intensity Produce light by striking an High rise office; Increases energy efficiency of
Discharge electrical arc across institutional; retail; arena; lighting. Initial cost is higher
(HID) Lamps tungsten electrodes housed parking garage; food than conventional lamps but
inside a specially designed service; warehouse and energy saving is 15 to 25%
inner glass tube. Typically industry; residential; used for these energy saving
used when large amount of in new and existing lamps.
light for large area is buildings
required.
Dimmable Dimming results in lower High rise office; low rise Lowers energy consumption
Compact energy usage office; low rise apartment; and has longer lamp life.
Fluorescent arena; institutional; retail; However, higher cost and
lamps (CFL‘s) food service; used in new larger fixtures required.
and electronic and existing buildings
dimmable
ballasts
Day-lighting Controls that respond to High rise office; low rise High costs and rapid change
controls levels of natural light by office; retail; food service; in lighting can be disturbing.
dimming or turning off institutional; used in new However it reduces electricity
electric light and retrofit buildings. use.
T8 fluorescent 16mm diameter high- High rise office; low rise Increases energy efficiency
lamps efficiency fluorescent lamp office; low rise apartment; and lower operating costs.
produced in metric sizes. retail; food service; However may increase glare.
institutional; arena; used
in new and existing
buildings.
Indirect lighting Direct indoor lighting to High rise office; low rise Eliminates glare and
systems floors and ceilings where it office; retail; food service; shadows, reduces electricity
is reflected back to room institutional; used in new use and cooling loads, and
and existing buildings reduces required light levels.
However, requires high
ceiling height and perhaps
higher initial costs.
24
Information can be adapted from Canadian strategies for commercial buildings1 and
Sustainable Building Design Manual2 (a collaboration of UK, Spain and Indian expertise in
energy efficiency).
Support m echanism s
The US government offers a federal tax deduction for reduction in energy use in lighting
systems that go beyond the ASHRAE guidelines. This incentive allows energy efficient
lighting to be a cost effective measure3. Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development
Agency (UREDA) currently offers subsidies for indoors and outdoors solar lighting devices
for community and individual users. This should be further promoted in the ‗solar city‘ to
encourage people to adopt these energy efficient technologies.
H eating, Ventilation, and Air-Cond itioning (H VAC) system s

There is a huge potential for energy saving through more energy efficient HVAC systems, as
they are known to contribute 40-50% of a building‘s electricity consumption if the building is
air-conditioned4.
Natural ventilation, a certain minimum equipment efficiencies, HVAC controls, piping and
ductwork, condensers and solar water heating in new (or addition to existing) commercial
air-conditioned buildings should all comply with guidelines in ECBC 2006 and NBC 2005.
NBC 2005 specifies ventilation requirements for household spaces and hence it is
recommended that these be used as the standard for the ‗solar city‘.
Criteria for HVAC systems
13.1.1. Follow m and atory compliance m easures as recom m end ed in ECBC 2006.
13.1.2. Show that energy consum ption in energy systems in a build ing und er a
specified category is less than the benchm arked energy consum ption figure, through a
sim ulation exercise. The energy system s includ e air cond itioning, ind oor lighting
system s, w ater heating, air heating and circulation d evices w ithin the build ing.
13.1.3. The annual energy consum ption of energy system s in a fully non -air
cond itioned build ing for d ay use should not exceed 26 kWh/ m 2.
13.1.6. Quantify energy usage for all electrical, m echanical, and therm al system s for
w hich either electrical or therm al energy is being used and w hich are (w ater and air),
and air circulation. To convert therm al energy to electrical energy the follow ing table
should be used
Energy unit Conversion factor for kWh

Litres of light diesel oil 8.3
Litres of high speed diesel 8.5
Kg of liquefied petroleum gas 13.9
Standard cubic metres of Pipe Natural Gas 7.0
13.1.7. Perform hourly calculations to show that in non -air cond itioned areas, the
therm al com fort cond itions as specified in N BC 2005, Part 8 Building services; section 1 –
lighting and ventilation; Desirable wind speeds m/s for thermal comfort conditions, Table 9 and
10 are m et for 9% of all occupied hours.
13.1.8. Perform hourly calculation to show that in air cond itioned areas the therm al
com fort cond itions as specified in the N BC 2005, part 8 Building services; section 3- A ir
conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilation, section 4.4.3 inside design conditions are
m et for 100% of all occupied hours.
Source: TERI-GRIH A
1 w w w .ad vanced build ings.org

2 Sustainable Build ing Design Manual, Volum e 2, Published by TERI
3 http:/ / w w w .ad vanced build ings.net/ lighting.htm
4 Milli Majum d ar, Energy Efficiency in Green Build ings – An Integrated Approach to Build ing Design, Published
in Green Business Directory.
25
The guidelines for alterations to heating, ventilation and air conditioning in existing buildings
are given in ECBC 2006, Section 6.1.1.3. This is particularly important for Haridwar and
Rishikesh, where existing infrastructure must be improved upon to achieve the concept of
the ‗solar city‘. The criteria are shown in the box below that relate to HVAC systems.
Aside from these criteria for the TERI-GRIHA rating scheme and building code commitments
there are a variety of technologies that can be implemented to achieve energy efficiency
over and above the minimum Indian standards.
The Australian Greenhouse Office offers suggestions for improving the efficiency of HVAC
systems in existing buildings at no cost such as:
Keep heating and cooling off when not in use
Keep doors and windows closed in air conditioned spaces
Turn off equipment when not in use
Adjust thermostats to a higher temperature setting (ACs)
Allow free airflow
Use a zoning system (not all areas of building have to be cooled and/or heated)1
These measures require users of buildings to maintain the building and help achieve energy
efficiency.
Natural Resources Canada and Sustainable Building Design Manual offer further solutions
to improve energy conservation in HVAC systems by more energy efficient systems and
technologies. These are outlined in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Alternative technologies to improve energy efficiency of HVAC systems

Technology D escription Building type and use Benefits and limitations
Radiant heating Heating and cooling High rise office; low rise Lower parasitic energy
and cooling system relying primarily office; high rise apartment; consumption (for pumps and
on radiation heat transfer. low rise apartment; fans). Improved thermal
Typically heated or chilled residential; institutional; efficiency in comparison to
water is circulated retail; used in new and conventional plants. However
through ceiling and floor existing buildings. may need additional air
panels to condition the conditioning system to
space prevent condensation on
cooling panels and higher
cost than air-based systems.
Requires air tight and energy
efficient building envelope.
Low NOx burners Natural gas burners with Low rise office; high rise Increased energy efficiency
improved efficiency and office; low rise apartment; and less polluting although it
less nitrous oxide high rise apartment; retail; has higher cost and requires
emissions food service; institutional; more maintenance than
used in new and existing conventional systems.
buildings
Passive solar Use of sun‘s energy to Low rise office; low rise Reduces space heating costs
1 http:/ / w w w .greenhouse.gov.au/ ch allenge/ publications/ factsheets/ fs2.htm l
26

heating meet building heating apartment; retail; arena; and provides natural lighting
demands used for new and existing but restricted to buildings with
buildings low internal heat gains and
can cause high night time
heat loss. Not advised for
buildings with large internal
heat gains.
Gas Engine- An air-conditioning chiller High rise office; high rise Lower peak electricity
driven chillers powered by a natural gas apartment; retail; demand, lower cooling costs,
engine institutional; used in new and free heat recovery
and existing buildings however uses refrigerants
and requires greater
maintenance.
Alternative Refrigerants that do not High rise office; low rise Conserves atmospheric
refrigerants destroy the earth‘s ozone office; high rise apartment; ozone and lowers
layer low rise apartment; retail; greenhouse gas emissions
food service; arena; but may be less efficient and
institutional; used in new less stable.
and existing buildings
Gas fired A natural-gas powered High rise office; high rise Eliminates the use of ozone-
chiller/heater mechanical appliance that apartment; retail; food depleting refrigerants and
supplies chilled water for service; institutional; used reduces air conditioning
air-conditioning or for for new and existing costs. However, it has a
process cooling, as well buildings higher initial cost and there
as hot water for space are physical constraints when
heating installing in existing buildings.
Desiccant Use of chemical or High rise office; low rise Reduces energy required to
Cooling/ physical absorption of office; high rise apartment; dehumidify and cool
Dehumidification water vapour to arena; used in new and ventilation air and reduces
dehumidify air and reduce existing buildings. condensation. Improves
the latent cooling load in efficiency of refrigeration
a building HVAC system equipment by operating at
higher evaporator
temperatures and higher
Coefficient of Performance.
Also allows alternative AC
approaches. However it has
high initial cost and most
effective in large building with
centralised HVAC equipment.
Enthalpy heat Transfers sensible and High rise office; low rise Conserves sensible and
exchangers latent heat between two office; high rise apartment; latent heat. Reduces cooling
air streams. low rise apartment; retail; load during summer and
27

food service; institutional; doesn‘t require heat for
arena; used for new and regeneration. However it has
existing buildings. a large and bulky
configuration.
Energy recovery Device providing High rise office; low rise Improves internal air quality,
ventilators ventilation for dilution or office; high rise apartment; energy efficiency and lowers
source-control low rise apartment; food peak energy demand.
applications. service; arena;
institutional; retail; used in
new and existing
buildings.
Natural Use of outdoor airflow High rise office; low rise Provides ventilation without
ventilation and into buildings to provide office; high rise apartment; using fans and free cooling
cooling ventilation and space low rise apartment; retail; without mechanical systems.
cooling. food service; institutional; Reduces construction and
industrial; only for new operating costs of building
buildings and no fan noise. However
less easy to control and larger
temperature fluctuations.
Occupants must adjust
windows to encourage the
effect.
Most of these systems are suitable for commercial buildings. Due to the temperate climate of
Haridwar and Rishikesh, it is important to prioritise the avoidance of passive heating in
buildings and installing energy efficient cooling equipment.
Haridwar and Rishikesh do not currently offer subsidies for most energy efficient HVAC
systems. Various states in the U.S.A, such as California1, offer financial incentives for more
energy efficient HVAC systems. This encourages their use in new buildings and when
retrofitting existing buildings.
Service hot w ater and pu m ping

In terms of energy consumption, water heating accounts for approximately 20% of residential
energy use and about 7% of commercial energy use2. The use of energy by systems in a
building can be reduced by using more energy efficient hot water heating and pumping
systems as well as better maintenance of existing systems so that they are only in use when
required.
ECBC 2007 gives minimum equipment efficiencies, and piping insulation criteria to
encourage energy efficiency in service hot water and pumping systems for new and existing
commercial buildings.
1 http:/ / w w w .green.ca.gov/ EnergyProgram s/ Rebates.htm #hvac

2 http:/ / w w w .ad vanced build ings.org/ _fram es/ fr_t_heat_w ater_loop.htm
28
It is particularly important to note ECBC‟s requirement that 1/5th of the design capacity
for w ater heating in residential facilities, hotels, and hospitals w ith centralised heating
systems, should be provided by solar w ater heating systems.
According to the new regulations w hich came in January, 2011, after reconsideration on
earlier regulation for mandatory solar w ater heating system for all the building; due to
insufficient shadow -free roof area available in many cases, the new regulation gives the
new capacity norms for buildings w hich have stories more than ground plus four floors.
To go beyond basic equipment energy efficiency requirements in building codes and
regulations, one can look further to international standards.
The Australian Greenhouse Office gives no cost suggestions to save energy in water heating
and pumping,
Reduce thermostat settings so it is not unnecessarily high.
Turn water heaters off when not required in building.
If using a circulating pump then this should be turned off outside of usage hours.
Only switch on extra water heaters when needed for the specific tasks that they are
installed for rather than continuously running them1.
The Sustainable Building Design Manual and Natural Resources Canada website offer
solutions to saving energy using more energy efficient technologies in water heating and
pumping. Potential technologies are given in Table 3.3 below.
Table 3.3 Potential technologies for water heating

Direct contact This is a water heating High rise apartment; Increased efficiency and
water heaters device without a heat food service; institution; reduced NOx and CO2
exchanger and in used in new and existing emissions. However it has
which flue gases are buildings a higher cost and is less
in direct contact with effective in closed loop
the water applications.
Ground source Extracts heat stored in Low rise office; low rise Can reduce energy for
heat pumps the upper layers of the apartment; retail; food space heating, cooling and
(geothermal earth. service; institutional; water heating in large
heating) used in new and existing buildings by as much as
buildings. 50%. Require less
mechanical room space,
and has reduced operation
and maintenance costs.
However initial and design
costs are higher. Requires
additional site coordination
and supervision.
Solar water The use of the sun‘s Residential; high rise At minimum operational
heating energy to heat water office; low rise office; costs it can provide most of
rather than gas or high rise apartment; low the building‘s hot water
1 http:/ / w w w .greenhouse.gov.au/ challenge/ publications/ factsheets/ fs8.htm l
29

electricity. rise apartment; retail; requirements. Reduces use
food service; of electricity and/or fossil
institutional; arena; used fuels. However will need a
in new and existing conventional back up
buildings. system to boost
temperature.
The savings will mostly be in commercial buildings because the cost of implementing these
technologies in each residence will be costly.
Uttarakhand falls under special category states and for this category financial incentives
from MNRE is given below:
Table 3.4 Central Financial Assistance on solar water heaters1

S. Solar Collector Type Categories State
N o. Subsidy
(Rs/Sq.m.)
1 Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) Domestic and Non commercial 6000
Commercial 3000
2 Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) with liquid Domestic and Non commercial 6600
as the working fluid Commercial 3300
Apart from above subsidy, the State Govt. is giving rebate of Rs. 100/- pm in the electricity
bill against installation of minimum 100LPD Capacity of Solar Water heater.
Bu ild ing envelope

The building envelope includes fenestration (including vertical fenestration and glazing),
opaque construction, building envelope sealing (affects air leakage), roofs, walls and
skylights (for commercial buildings).
The Sustainable Building Design Manual recommends that the ECBC 2006, which is mostly
based on the ASHRAE codes of the U.S.A, should be used for insulation values and SHGC
values in the building envelope in particular.
Electric pow er
Some savings in energy can also be achieved through improving electric power systems of
buildings. ECBC 2006 suggests suitable maximum transformer power losses for air-
conditioned commercial buildings in India and encourages the use of energy efficient motors.
Policy review
1
UREDA Annual Report 2011-12
30
In the context of developing Haridwar and Rishikesh as a Solar City, an exercise has been
undertaken to review the pertinent policies, legislations, and regulations that have bearing on
the planning and implementation processes. Essentially this review has been carried out to
give a sense of the measures already in place that could be used for (a) facilitation, (b)
enforcement, and (c) implementation of solar city plans. The main areas of the focus were
policies and legislation that promote energy conservation and renewable energy utilization.
The following section describes key features of such measures as applicable to Haridwar
and Rishikesh.
The Electricity Act, 2003

With the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003 on 2nd June 2003 (Act No 36 of 2003) made
effective from 10th June 2003; all the previous laws relating to electricity were repealed. The
EA 2003 brought in a paradigm shift in the functioning of the electricity sector. The preamble
to the EA 2003 clearly outlines the central theme of the Act:
―An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution,
trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to
development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest
of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalisation of electricity tariff,
ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and
environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority,
Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto‖
The Electricity Act 2003 provided enabling provisions for promotion of generation from
renewables and mandated promotion of renewables by SERC‘s. The various provisions of
the EA, 2003 for promotion of renewables are enumerated below:
i) Section 86(1) (e) provides for promotion of cogeneration and generation of electricity
from renewable sources of energy.
ii) The National Electricity Policy (NEP) to be formulated by the central government, in
consultation with the state governments for development of the power system based
on optimal utilization of resources including renewable sources of energy (Sec. 3(1)).
iii) The Central Government to prepare a national policy, in consultation with the state
governments, permitting standalone systems (including those based on renewable
sources of energy and other nonconventional sources of energy) for rural areas
(Section 4).
Policies of Central Governm ent

The Electricity Act, 2003 provided for development of National Electricity Policy, Tariff Policy,
Rural Electrification Policy, Renewable Energy Policy, etc.
N ational Electricity Policy 2005

The National Electricity Policy 2005 framed under the EA, 2003 stipulates that such
percentage of purchase of power from non-conventional sources as mandated by the SERC.
Further, the share of electricity from nonconventional sources would need to be increased
progressively. The NEP, 2005 requires that purchase of electricity from renewables by
distribution companies should be through competitive bidding process.
31
Tariff Policy 2006

The Tariff Policy 2006 mandates that SERCs purchase a minimum percentage of energy
from renewable sources, taking into account the availability of such resources in the region
and its impact on retail tariffs.
The N ew and Renew able Energy Policy, 2005 and the Rural Electrification Policy,
2006
The New and Renewable Energy Policy, 2005, promotes utilization of sustainable,
renewable energy sources, and accelerated deployment of renewables through indigenous
design, development and manufacture. The Rural Electrification Policy, 2006, promotes
renewable energy technologies where grid connectivity is not possible or cost-effective.
Ind ian Electricity Grid Cod e‐2010

Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010 (IEGC) has incorporated special provisions of connection,
operations, forecasting, scheduling and commercial settlement for wind and solar generating
plants.
N ational Action Plan on Clim ate Change

In order to combat and mitigate the effect of climate change, National Action Plan on Climate
Change has been formulated. The NAPCC recommends the following enhancements in the
regulatory/tariffs regime to help mainstream renewables based sources in the national power
system:
i) A dynamic minimum renewables purchase standard (DMRPS) may be set, with
escalation each year till a pre-defined level is reached, at which time the
requirements may be revisited. It has suggested that starting 2009-10, the national
renewables standard (excluding hydropower with storage capacity in excess of daily
peaking capacity, or based on agriculture based renewables sources that are used
for human food) may be set at 5% of total grids purchase, to increase by 1% each
year for 10 years. SERCs may set higher percentages than this minimum at each
point in time.
ii) Central and state governments may set up a verification mechanism to ensure that
the renewables based power is actually procured as per the applicable standard
(DMRPS or SERC specified). Appropriate authorities may also issue certificates that
procure renewables based power in excess of the national standard. Such
certificates may be tradable to enable utilities falling short to meet their renewables
standard obligations. In the event of some utilities still falling short, penalties as may
be allowed under the Electricity Act 2003 and rules thereunder may be considered.
iii) Procurement of renewables based power by the SEBs/other power utilities should, in
so far as the applicable renewables standard (DMRPS or SERC specified) is
concerned, be based on competitive bidding, without regard to scheduling, or the
tariffs of conventional power (however determined). Further, renewables based
power may, over and above the applicable renewables standard, be enabled to
compete with conventional generation on equal basis (whether bid tariffs or cost-plus
tariffs), without regard to scheduling (i.e. renewables based power supply above the
renewables standard should be considered as displacing the marginal conventional
peaking capacity). All else being equal, in such cases, the renewables based power
should be preferred to the competing conventional power.
32
Energy conservation and efficiency

As per Energy Conservation Act 2001, the state government is empowered with a number of
enforcing powers such as:
The State Government may, by notification, in consultation with the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) amend the energy conservation building codes to suit the local climatic
conditions specify and notify energy conservation building codes with respect to use of
energy in the buildings.
Direct every owner or occupier of a building or building complex to comply with the
provisions of the energy conservation building codes.
Direct, if considered necessary for efficient use of energy and its conservation, any
consumer referred to get energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor
Take all measures necessary to create awareness and disseminate information for
efficient use of energy and its conservation.
Arrange and organise training of personnel and specialists in the energy conservation
techniques for efficient use of energy and its conservation.
Take steps to encourage preferential treatment for use of energy efficient equipment or
appliances.
Besides, the EC Act 2001 mandates the State Government to constitute the State Energy
Conservation Fund for the purposes of promotion of efficient use of energy and its
conservation within the State.
‘Solar Cities’ scheme of MN RE

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of India recently announced a program for
‗Development of solar cities‘. A total of 60 cities/towns covering all parts of the country are
proposed to be developed as solar cities during the 11th five year plan period of MNRE. A
criterion has also been developed in the scheme for selection of the cities. The major
activities of the programme are
Preparation of master plan
Setting up of ‗Solar City Cell‘ in the city
Organize training programme /workshops/business meets/awareness camps etc.
Preparation of proposals for carbon financing and
Organizing publicity and awareness campaign through media.
The indicative guidelines for preparation of master plan are given as following;
a. Projection for energy demand and supply for 10 years
Sector wise, including hotels, school and colleges, hospitals etc.
Total
b. baseline of energy utilization & GHG emissions
Residential
Commercial / industrial
Institutional
33
Municipal Services
GHG Emission
c. Energy Planning (Sector wise)
Resources
Option for energy saving & demand reduction
Supply side option based on renewables
Techno-economics of energy conservation & measures
d. Year wise goals of saving in conservation energy through demand side management &
supply side measures based on renewables
e. Master Plan for achieving the set goals and expected GHG abatements
f. Budget estimates and potential sources of funding from respective sources (both public
and private)
‘GRIH A’ green bu ild ing rating schem e

GRIHA is an indigenous green building rating system developed for the Indian construction
scenario. It was developed by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and has now
been adopted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) as the National Green
Building Rating System for India. GRIHA incorporates within itself various other building
codes and guidelines like the National Building Code, Energy Conservation Building Code,
Ministry of Environment and Forests clearance for construction, Pollution Control guidelines
by the Central Pollution Control Board etc.
GRIHA is a rating system which assesses the environmental performance of buildings on a
scale of 0-104 points with a minimum of 50 points required for a building to be certified a
GRIHA building. On the basis of number of points scored, a building can be rated between 1
& 5 stars, I star being the lowest and 5 star being the highest level of environmental
performance. GRIHA evaluates green building performance on the basis of various aspects
like water and waste management, energy, site preservation, indoor comfort and air quality
and innovation points. The maximum weight is given on the points for energy, 43 out of a
total of 104 points are dedicated towards energy. There are three broad aspects within
energy which are tackled in GRIHA namely:
1. Embodied Energy: This is the energy which goes into the construction of the building and
building materials. This usually forms almost 20% of the total energy consumed by
buildings over their complete life cycle. Thus using low energy materials which are locally
available for construction and have low embodied energy leads to energy savings.
2. Operational Energy: This constitutes almost 80% of the total energy consumed by
buildings over their entire life. At present most of the initiatives being taken up by various
stakeholders are dedicated towards reducing the operational energy requirement of
buildings by adopting various energy efficiency measures. Various features like solar
passive building design and mechanical systems with high energy efficiency can help in
reducing the amount of energy required during the operation of the building.
3. Renewable Energy: After reducing the energy requirement of the building, the next step
is to ensure that this energy has least possible carbon footprint. Renewable sources of
energy like solar power, wind power etc. assist in providing energy to buildings and
34
reduce the amount of energy required from conventional sources, thereby further
reducing their carbon footprint and GHG emissions.
Site preservation and reduction the negative impacts of site interventions form the next most
important aspect of GRIHA. The process of constructing buildings has a negative impact on
the site and its surrounding habitat. Construction of buildings leads to destruction of habitat,
loss of fertile soil, felling of trees etc. There are various criteria within GRIHA dedicated
towards ensuring that the impact of constructing the building on a particular site is
minimized. Various aspects like site selection, top soil preservation, air pollution control, tree
plantation, reduction of heat island effect are taken into consideration.
GRIHA also covers aspects of green buildings like waste and water management. There are
various standards to follow in order to reduce building water consumption while
simultaneously recycling water and recharging ground aquifers. GRIHA lays emphasis on
the various national water quality standards as well. Waste is required to be managed,
recycled, reused and appropriately and sensitively disposed. A green building which is
unable to provide good comfort levels to its users and creates an unhealthy environment for
them is not desirable. Thus GRIHA has criteria dedicated towards maintaining good indoor
comfort levels and air quality.
GRIHA as a rating tool emphasizes upon using traditional construction techniques and
knowledge in order to construct green buildings. This promotes and encourages the
principles of traditional building systems which have been gathered and refined over
centuries. Another unique feature of GRIHA is that it rates non air-conditioned, semi air-
conditioned as well as fully air-conditioned buildings. This promotes the use of natural
ventilation as a design strategy breaks the paradigm that green buildings are necessarily air-
conditioned.
Renew able energy schem es

The policy directives for promotion of renewable energy prescribed by MNRE/UREDA/Nagar
Nigam, Haridwar and Rishikesh are as follows.
Solar photovoltaic system s

New and emerging applications of SPV technology and other applications will be
supported on case-to-case basis.
For the purchase of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems and power plants, soft loans are
offered. The scheme is implemented through IREDA and designated banks.
Streetlight Solar Control Systems: MNRE supports Municipal Corporation to install a
maximum of 20 numbers of `Streetlight Solar Control Systems of 5 Wp SPV module
capacity; with up to 100 streetlights per system, with a grant limited to 25% of the cost
(or Rs.5, 000 per system)
Dusk-to-dawn solar street lighting systems: Solar street lighting systems of 74/75Wp
SPV modules and 11 W/ 18 W CFLs are supported with MNRE grant limited to 50% of
the cost (or Rs.10,000 for 11 W CFL/Rs. 12,000 for 18 W CFL, whichever is less).
Maximum 100 streetlights per Municipal Corporation will be supported.
Solar illuminated hoardings: Solar PV systems up to 1 kWp of SPV module capacity
illuminating a minimum of 2m2 of hoarding area, at least for 6 hours, are supported with
MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or @ Rs. 15,000/100Wp hoarding, whichever is
less). A maximum of 20 such hoardings will be supported per Municipal Corporation.
35
Solar Traffic Signals: Solar traffic systems with minimum 500 Wp SPV modules for four-
road junctions will be supported with MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or Rs.2.5
lakhs whichever is less). A maximum of 5 such systems per state capital will be
supported.
Solar Blinkers: Solar Blinkers with minimum 37 Wp module capacity and 24 hour
operation will be supported with MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or Rs.7,500,
whichever is less). A maximum of 100 solar blinkers will be supported.
Solar w ater heating system s

Soft loan up to 85% of solar water heating system cost is available from the Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) and designated banks, for a
maximum of 5 years duration. The applicable rate of interest is
2% to domestic users
3% to institutional users not availing accelerated depreciation
5% to industrial/commercial users availing depreciation
Capital Subsidy of Rs 825 per sq. m for commercial establishments and Rs 1100 per sq.
m for institutions is available as Central Financial Incentives from MNRE
The Uttarakhand State Govt. is providing a rebate in the electricity bills to the users of
solar water heating systems in the domestic sector @ Rs. 100/- per 100LPD capacity
solar water heating system per month up to 300 LPD capacity. The rebate shall be of
Rs. 1200/- annually for 100 LPD systems, Rs. 2400/- for 200 LPD systems and Rs.
3600/- for 300 LPD systems. This rebate would remain effective for a period of 3 years.
In addition to above state subsidy, the MNRE, GOI capital subsidy at Rs. 3300 per sq.
meter in case of FPC and at Rs. 3000 per sq. meter in case of ETC based system limited
to 30% of the system cost shall also be admissible on installation of SWHS in domestic
sector.
Roof top solar PV system s for d iesel abatem ent

To promote Solar Power Generation, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt.
of India has launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). Under this
mission, besides Solar Power Generation in MW scale, SPV rooftop power plants of
maximum capacities ranging up to 100kWp for the industries, commercial buildings and
individuals households can be promoted under the guidelines of scheme named ―Off grid
Decentralized Solar Applications Programme‖. It is proposed to promote the roof top solar
power plants and solar hybrid inverters for diesel abatement in industrial, commercial and
domestic sectors in the solar cities.
MNRE, provide Central Financial Assistance (CFA) @ Rs. 57/- per watt (without battery
backup) and Rs. 81/- per watt (with battery backup).
The State government will provide Rs. 33/- per watt for both the categories and the
remaining cost shall be borne by the beneficiaries.
Special area d evelopm ent schem e of MN RE

The objective of the programme would be to create publicity of the renewable energy
technologies, systems and also to disseminate information on technological developments
36
and promotional activities taking place in the area of the New and Renewable energy. Under
Special Area Demonstration Project Scheme, additional components has been introduced
on demonstration of Renewable Energy Systems/devices at places of National and
International Importance, at centralized kitchens and at roadside eating joints and
restaurants where large flow of people and tourists takes place every day with an
objective to popularize the renewable energy system and devices to create greater
awareness.
The Special Area Demonstration Project Scheme is proposed to be implemented into two
parts firstly the Modified Energy Park Scheme and secondly the SADP scheme;
Energy park schem e

The main objective of the Renewable Energy Park Scheme is to create awareness, publicity
and provide an opportunity to the students / teachers and rural and urban masses about the
use and benefits of the renewable energy by demonstrating new and renewable energy
systems and devices by demonstrating working systems, cut models, LED models, blow ups
etc.
Two types of Renewable Energy Parks are being supported under this scheme namely
District Level Renewable Energy Parks (DLEP) and State Level Renewable Energy Parks
(SLEP). DLEPs are set up at Educational Institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, and
Registered Consumer Forums and registered NGOs with facilities for Science and
Environment Education and public places where there is large inflow of public. SLEP is set
up in a State at a location where large flow of people and tourists takes place every day.
Dem onstration of renew able energy system s at prom inent places

The Special Area Demonstration Project Scheme of the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy has been introduced with an objective of demonstrating application of various
Renewable Energy systems in a project mode at places of National and international
importance including world heritage sites, heritage monuments, religious locations and
places of public interest to create greater awareness of renewable and to supplement the
energy requirement at such locations.
Renewable energy systems/ devices are being installed at places of national and
international importance World Heritage sites, national parks, tourist and religious places,
zoological parks, Science Museums, Secretariats, and Collectorates etc. The scheme is
being taken up in four categories, depending upon the importance /popularity of the site as
per following details:
Category I: Places of national and international importance including w orld heritage
sites
28 monuments/locations in the country have been inscribed as world heritage sites. In
addition, Raj Ghat, Rashtrapati Bhawan, Presidential Retreat Building, Mashobara, Shimla
and Rashtrapati Nilayam, Bolarum, Hyderabad, Raj Bhawans and Parliament premises are
not only places of nation‘s pride but attract large number of Indian as well as foreign visitors
round the year.
Renewable energy systems and devices will be demonstrated at these places so as to
illuminate these monuments/locations as also to supplement the energy requirement by way
of providing green and clean energy as per the requirement of individual locations. Full
support up to Rs. 100 lakhs per location will be provided by MNRE.
37
Category II: Places of tourists and religious interest and of national importance
There are number of places of tourist‘s interest in the country which are frequented by
large number of tourists (with at least five lakhs and above visitors per year/site). In addition,
there are number of religious places of national importance of various religions in the country
frequented by large number of pilgrims. In addition to these, the State Assembly premises
are also covered.
illuminate these locations/monuments as also to supplement the energy requirement by way
support up to Rs. 50 lakhs per location will be provided by MNRE.
Support to Religious locations w ith visit of devotees of 10 lakh/ annum or above:
A number of proposal for support for various religious locations are being received for
support accordingly the religious locations with more than 10 lakh/year devotees visits will
be considered for 50% support limited to Rs. 25 lakhs per location. Confirmation regarding
devotees‘ visits will be submitted by the State Nodal Agencies as certified by the district
collector.
Support to heritage schools/colleges/institutes:
A number of schools/colleges/ institutes which are Centre of excellence in their field and are
operating and have reached heritage status after completing 100 years since their
establishments. These are instrumental in grooming future policy makers and decision
makers of the country. It will therefore be rather appropriate to create awareness towards
renewable at these pillars of knowledge. Accordingly such institutions will be considered
for 50% support limited to Rs. 25lakhs/institution.
Category III: Places of tourists and religious interest and of national importance:
There are number of places of national repute including places of tourist interest (with at
least one lakhs and below five lakh visitors per year/site) where it would be important to
demonstrate the renewable energy technologies for creating demonstration effect as also to
create awareness amongst large visiting community. The Secretariats in various States/UTs
are also covered under this category.
illuminate these locations/monuments as also to supplement the energy requirement by way
support up to Rs. 25 lakhs per location will be provided by the Ministry.
Category IV: N ational Parks, Zoological Gardens, Government Science Museums/Science
Cities, Collectorates:
This category covers National Parks, Zoological Gardens, Government Science
Museums/Science Cities and Collectorates. CFA up to 75% cost limited to Rs. 7.5lakhs for
National Parks, Zoological Gardens, Government Science Museums/Science Cities and
50% of cost up to Rs. 5 lakhs for collectorates.
In addition, Renewable Energy Systems, primarily biomass based/ solar cooking system,
recovery and use of biogas from kitchen waste/effluent treatment plant, solar hot water
systems is also being demonstrated at 50 such short listed locations. CFA up to 50% is
available for government establishments and up to 25% for private sector.
38
The scheme also covers Renewable Energy Systems, primarily biomass based/ solar
cooking system, recovery and use of biogas from kitchen waste/effluent treatment plant,
solar hot water systems will be demonstrated in roadside eating joints, canteens at industrial
establishments/institutions, dhabas and restaurants. CFA up to 50% is available for
government establishments and up to 25% for private sector.
Jaw aharlal N ehru N ational Solar Mission (JN N SM)

The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State
Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India‘s energy
security challenge. It also constitutes a major contribution by India to the global effort to meet
the challenges of climate change.
The objective of the National Solar Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar
energy, by creating the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country as quickly as
possible. The Mission adopts a 3-phase approach, spanning approx. 2 years of the 11th
Plan and first year of the 12th Plan (up to 2012-13) as Phase 1, the remaining 4 years of the
12th Plan (2013-17) as Phase 2 and the 13th Plan (2017-22) as Phase 3.
At the end of each plan, and midterm during the 12th and 13th Plans, there will be an
evaluation of progress, review of capacity and targets for subsequent phases, based on
emerging cost and technology trends, both domestic and global. The aim would be to protect
Government from subsidy exposure in case expected cost reduction does not materialize or
is more rapid than expected. The immediate aim of the Mission is to focus on setting up an
enabling environment for solar technology penetration in the country both at a centralized
and decentralized level.
The first phase (up to 2013) had focused on capturing of the low-hanging options in solar
thermal; on promoting off-grid systems to serve populations without access to commercial
energy and modest capacity addition in grid-based systems. In the second phase, after
taking into account the experience of the initial years, capacity will be aggressively ramped
up to create conditions for up scaled and competitive solar energy penetration in the country.
The Mission targets are:
To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power
by 2022.
To ramp up capacity of grid-connected solar power generation to 1000 MW within three
years – by 2013; an additional 3000 MW by 2017 through the mandatory use of the
Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) by utilities backed with a preferential tariff. This
capacity can be more than doubled – reaching 10,000MW installed power by 2017 or
more, based on the enhanced and enabled international finance and technology transfer.
The ambitious target for 2022 of 20,000 MW or more, will be dependent on the ‗learning‘
of the first two phases, which if successful, could lead to conditions of grid-competitive
solar power. The transition could be appropriately up scaled, based on availability of
international finance and technology.
To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability, particularly solar
thermal for indigenous production and market leadership.
To promote programmes for off grid applications, reaching 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000
MW by 2022.
39
To achieve 15 million sq. meters solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20 million by
2022.
To deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022.
JN N URM
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is a project of the central
government. Through this project, the central government will fund cities for developing
urban infrastructure and services. The cities will have to carry out mandated reforms in
return. The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified
cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms,
community participation, and accountability of ULBs / Parastatal agencies towards citizens.
The mission will last for a period of seven years starting December 2005. The total central
government funding will be Rs. 50,000 crores. Adding the contribution of states and
municipalities, the amount will go up to Rs. 1, 25,000 crores over the seven year period. The
objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector;
a. Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered
under the Mission
b. Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a
slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability
c. Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services
d. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation
e. Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to the urban poor
f. Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion
The JNNURM is designated to support;

a. Water supply including setting up of desalination plants
b. Sewerage and sanitation
c. Solid waste management including hospital waste management
d. Construction and improvement of drains and storm-water drainage system
e. Road network
f. Urban transport
g. Construction and development of bus and truck terminals
h. Renewal and re-development of inner city areas
i. Development of heritage areas
j. Preservation of water bodies
k. Integrated development of slums
l. Provision of basic services to the urban poor &
m. Street lighting
Thus, it is clear that there exist many provisions that empower Nagar Nigam, Haridwar and
Nagar Palika, Rishikesh, to translate solar city integrated plan in to action. This is further
40
facilitated by the existing policy directives for the promotion of energy conservation and
renewable energy.
41
4. En e rg y b as e l i n e o f H ari d w ar an d Ri s h i k e s h
Energy baseline for this study is essentially the amount of energy that would be consumed
annually without the implementation of energy conservation measures. It is based on the
historical metered data, engineering calculations, sub metering of buildings or energy
consuming systems, building load simulation models, statistical regression analysis, or some
combination of these methods. Baseline study is essential to study the energy conservation
measures in a city based on the profile of energy consumption under Business as Usual
(BAU) scenario.
The aim is to provide reliable data that gives the cities a solid foundation for managing the
community‘s long-term energy future. This chapter focuses on the present energy
consumption in domestic, commercial and industrial sector with its overall energy
consumption scenario for Haridwar and Rishikesh.
Figure 4.1 Maps – Haridwar and Rishikesh
43
About Haridw ar
Haridwar is an important pilgrimage city in India. H aridwar
Haridwar which is one of the important municipalities
in Uttarakhand is one of the seven holiest places and
is known for temples and Kumbh mela. Haridwar town
is the headquarters of Haridwar District. Haridwar
district comprises of three tehsils namely Roorkee,
Haridwar and Laskar.
Apart from spiritual prominence, Haridwar district is
also rapidly being developed as an important
Industrial Township in Uttarakhand since development
of State Industrial Development Corporation of
Uttarakhand Limited better known as SIDCUL. With
its advent in 2002, SIDCUL has set up the integrated
industrial estate in the Haridwar district which has
attracted many important industrial houses for setting
up manufacturing facilities in that area1. The estate
which is located at just 3 km from the Delhi-Haridwar
National Highway is established over 2034 Acres of
area. SIDCUL has allotted industrial estates to 680
industrial houses in this area2.
Rishikesh
About Rishikesh
Situated 15 miles upstream from Haridwar, at the
confluence of the Chandrabhaga and Ganga,
Rishikesh has long been a spiritual centre. Rishikesh,
a small town in Dehradun district is known for
Dharmshala‘s and is often claimed as the `Yoga
Capital of the World'. Millions of tourists and pilgrims
flock to Rishikesh from India and other parts of the
world every year for spiritual reasons. Rishikesh thus
has a considerable floating population. As per
statistics issued by tourism department of
Uttarakhand, estimated average duration of stay of
tourist in Rishikesh is around 6.3 days as compared to
Uttarakhand average of 3.95 days. The tourists
majorly stay in numerous Ashrams or in hotels.
D evelopment area
Haridwar city area is a part of Haridwar Development Authority Area (HDA). The HDA area
includes parts of four present districts of Uttarakhand – Dehradun, Haridwar, Tehri and
Pauri-Garhwal. Table 4.1 shows the constituents of HDA.
1 Source: http:/ / en.w ikiped ia.org/ w iki/ H arid w ar ; last view ed on 3.13.2013
2 Source: http:/ / w w w .sid cul.com / Portals/ 0/ attachm ents/ LOA_IIEH arid w ar.pd f; last view ed on 3.13.2013
44
4. Energy baseline of Haridwar and Rishikesh
Table 4.1 Constituents of Haridwar Development Authority (HAD)

S. Area Total Area %H D
No (Sq. km) A
1 Part A 43.44 74.52
2 Haridwar Nagar Nigam 11.9 20.42
3 Part B 14.85 25.48
4 Rishikesh Nagar Palika 7.13 12.23
Total H D A Planning area 58.29 100
Source: H arid w ar City Developm ent Plan 1
The total HDA area is divided into two parts: (i) Part A covers the Haridwar Nagar Nigam
area and surrounding villages; and (ii) Part B covers Rishikesh Nagar Palika Parishad area
and surrounding villages. The scope of this study is limited to boundaries of Haridw ar
N agar N igam and Rishikesh N agar Palika.
Geography
Haridwar is situated at 29.956⁰N, 78.17⁰E on Delhi-Haridwar national highway whereas
Rishikesh is situated at 30.107⁰N, 78.299⁰E. River Ganga flows through the boundary of
these cities which exists at an altitude of 314 msl and 372 msl respectively.
Climate
Both Haridwar as well as Rishikesh comes under Composite climate2 range in India. Climate
is hot during summers whereas cold during winters and warm and humid during monsoon.
The maximum temperature ranges between 300C to 42⁰C, whereas winter temperature
ranges between 4⁰C to 14⁰C. Precipitation in the region vary from 55mm to 599mm. Rainfall
is predominant during the monsoon season spreads mid-June till September.
Tables 4.2a & b present the monthly pattern of meteorological parameters in Haridwar and
Rishikesh.
Table 4.2a Meteorological Parameters of Haridwar

Haridw ar Air Temp Relative Wind Speed
(˚C) Humidity (%) at 50m (m/s)
January 10.7 46.6 3.27
February 10.2 45.6 3.48
March 10.7 37.4 3.64
April 10.4 34.1 4
May 9.35 42.9 4.49
June 7.18 60.1 4.7
July 5.28 79.7 4.3
August 5.24 83.4 3.86
September 6.86 76.5 3.68
October 10.3 56.4 3.05
November 12 42.6 2.79
December 11.7 42.2 3.09
1http:/ / gangaped ia.iitk.ac.in/ sites/ d efault/ files/ CDP_H ARIDWAR.pd f; last accessed on 3-18-2013.
2 Source: http:/ / w w w .new -learn.info/ packages/ clear/ therm al/ clim ate/ d iversity/ ind ia/ ind ex.htm l; last
accessed on 3-25-2013
45
Table 4.2b Meteorological Parameters of Rishikesh

Rishikesh Air Temp Relative Wind Speed
(˚C) Humidity (%) at 50m (m/s)
January 10.4 52.7 4.57
February 10.1 54.9 4.67
March 10.1 47.9 4.65
April 9.93 41.8 4.82
May 9.52 46.6 5.32
June 7.72 * 63.2 5.41
July 5.28 82.9 4.79
August 5.23 85.8 4.4
September 7.12 77.9 4.43
October 10 58.2 4.41
November 10.7 44.8 4.38
December 10.4 43.9 4.59
Source: N ASA Surface m eteorology and Solar Energy 1
In order to identify the energy conservation potential in Haridwar and Rishikesh, it is

important to understand the profile of energy consumption under the Business As Usual
(BAU) scenario. Further, chapter focuses on the present energy consumption in residential,
commercial, and municipal sectors of the city with its overall energy consumption scenario.
Population
As per Census of India 2011 (Provisional population totals, Uttarakhand series), the
population of Uttarakhand is estimated to be 1,01,16,752 with 51,54,178 males and
49,62,574 females. Since 1901, the growth rate in Uttarakhand was rising till 2001, and the
last decadal (2001-2011) growth rate is estimated to be approximately 19.17% as compared
to the growth rate in the previous decade (1991-2001) which was 20.41 %(refer Figure 4.2).
This rate is also higher compared to an all India average population growth rate of 17.64%.
1 Source: N ASA; available at http:/ / eosw eb.larc.nasa.gov/ cgi-

bin/ sse/ grid .cgi?&num =259121&lat=30.107&hgt=100&su bm it=Subm it&veg=17&sitelev=&em ail=ankit.narula@t
eri.res.in&p=grid _id &step=2&lon=78.299; d ate accessed : 26-03-2013.
46
Figure 4.2 Uttarakhand population and decadal growth rate

Source: Provisional estim ates from Census 2011 1
The population of Haridwar has been reported as 19,27,029 as per census 2011
(provisional). Haridwar holds 19.04% of Uttarakhand population, which is highest amongst
other districts. Figure 4.3 graphically presents the cumulative population of Haridwar up to
2011, which shows gradual increase in trend of population.
Figure 4.3 Haridwar population and decadal growth rate2

Source: City Developm ent Plan: H arid w ar 3
1 Source: Ind ia Census d ata; available at: http:/ / w w w .censusind ia.gov.in/ 2011-prov-
results/ d ata_files/ uttarakhand / ppt_figures_press_rel.pd f; d ate accessed 26-03-2013
2 Source: http:/ / w w w 2.ad b.org/ Docum ents/ Reports/ Consultant/ 38272-IN D/ 38272-03-IN D-TACR.pd f; last
3 http:/ / gangaped ia.iitk.ac.in/ sites/ d efault/ files/ CDP_H ARIDWAR.pd f; last accessed on 03-26-2013
47
The population of Rishikesh, an urban agglomeration, having its boundary towards Tehri,
Pauri and Dehradun, has been reported as 1,02,158 as per census 2011 (provisional) as
compared to 78,805 as per census 20011. On reaching these figures, Rishikesh may now
transit from the category of Class II – having its population below 1 Lakh in census 2001 – to
Class I as per provisional figures of census, 2011. Furthermore, Rishikesh holds 1% of total
Uttarakhand population and 6% that of Dehradun district.
Table 4.3 shows Rishikesh population data and corresponding growth rate (for the time
period up to which data was available).
Table 4.3 Population Statistics of Rishikesh

Year Population Grow th rate (%)
1961 61.522
1971 64.9112
1981 29,1453 63.7
1991 444874 52.64
2001 66,1895 48.78
2011 1021586 54.34
Based on table 4.3, the graphical representation of trend of population and its growth is
presented in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.4 Rishikesh population and decadal growth rate7
It is observed that the population Haridwar is increasing at a modest rate of 20% per decade,
whereas the population of Rishikesh is increasing at around 55%.
1 Source: Ind ia Census d ata; available at: http:/ / w w w .censusind ia.gov.in/ tow ns/ utt_tow ns.pd f; d ate accessed
on 26-03-2013
2 Source: Google books; available at: http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id =PYprM-
Wp8qAC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&d q=census+1981+rishikesh&source=bl&ots=UyVH IsH BeQ&sig=8WXMd f-
cw 14s7ktieD7e4IKLRCY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LeFTUc-
KD8OUrgeA94CYDw &ved =0CFgQ6AEw CDgU#v=onep age&q=census%201981%20rishikesh&f=false ; d ate
3 Source: Uttarakhand tourism w ebsite; available at http:/ / w w w .uttaratourism .com / rishikesh.htm ; d ate
4 Available at http:/ / w w w .citypopulation.d e/ php/ ind ia-uttarakhand .php?cityid =0540512000; d ate accessed on
28-03-2013
5 Available at: http:/ / d es.uk.gov.in/ files/ pd f/ up.pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
6 Source: Ind ia Census d ata; available at http:/ / w w w .censusind ia.gov.in/ 2011-prov-
results/ paper2/ d ata_files/ Ind ia2/ Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and _Above.pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
7 Source: ADB report; available at http:/ / w w w 2.ad b.org/ Docum ents/ Reports/ Consultant/ 38272-IN D/ 38272-
02-IN D-TACR.pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
48
Floating population
There is a large ‗floating population‘ due to tourism in both Haridwar as well as in Rishikesh.
The number of tourists in Haridwar increased from 56.2 lakhs in 2003 to 73.5 lakhs in 20051.
Similarly, the number of tourists – domestic and foreign – reaching Rishikesh in 2010 was
around 8.74 Lakhs2. The average duration of stay for tourists in Rishikesh is 6.3 days3
whereas for Haridwar it is 2.4 days. Hence, while evaluating resource requirement or energy
consumption the tourist population is also to be considered. The floating population is
seasonal in nature and stays in various ashrams and hotels built in these two locations.
Electricity consumption scenario

The past year‘s electricity data for Haridwar and Rishikesh was collected from the electricity
department, UPCL, Dehradun and further analysis was carried out based on the data.
The electricity demand in Uttarakhand is growing with peak energy requirement shooting up
to 1025 MU in 2012-13. During this period, Uttarakhand electricity deficit has been within a
range of 1.87 to 61 MU. In spite of very good hydro power resource, Uttarakhand still has to
face peak deficits, with industrial and domestic sectors being the worst hit. Historically, the
power demand in Uttarakhand has been rising. Figure 4.5 shows the pattern of power
demand with years.
Figure 4.5 Recent trends in peak demand and peak demand met in Uttarakhand
Source: Pow er Scenario at a Glance, CEA 4
Uttarakhand has faced major power deficit of 13.5% in 2005-06 as compared to the national
average of 12% in that particular year.
Figure 4.6 shows the energy generation mix in the state. As shown in the figure, the major
source of in-house generation is hydro power whereas there is no thermal power generation
1 Source: CDP, H arid w ar; available at http:/ / w w w 2.ad b.org/ Docum ents/ Reports/ Consultant/ 38272-
IN D/ 38272-03-IN D-TACR.pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
2 Available at:
http:/ / tourism .gov.in/ w riteread d ata/ CMSPagePicture/ file/ m arketresearch/ Tentavely%20Id entified %20circuit
%20for%20various%20states/ new / Uttarakhand .pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
3 Available at: http:/ / u ttarakhand tourism .gov.in/ files/ 17th%20sept/ 3.pd f; d ate accessed on 28-03-2013
4Source: CEA; available at http:/ / w w w .cea.nic.in/ reports/ planning/ pow er_scenario.pd f; Date view ed on 27-
03-2013
49
in the state. Moreover, central generation capacity installed in the state is around 26% which
comprise of almost equal proportion of hydro and thermal based power.
Figure 4.6 Installed capacity (at the end of 11th plan) in Uttarakhand
Source: Pow er at a Glance, CEA (N ovem ber, 2012)
Baseline
Haridwar is divided into two divisions‘ viz. Haridwar Urban and Haridwar Rural. For the
purpose of this study, only Haridwar Urban is considered. As mentioned earlier the electricity
demand in the region is catered by UPCL. This is further divided into types of consumers viz.
Domestic, Non-domestic, Industrial (LT&HT), Public Water Works (PWW) etc. In case of
Haridwar, the electricity supplied to Railways is not accounted. Similarly in Rishikesh, the
distribution is handled by UPCL which similarly categorises the business based on type of
user. It was observed that both in case of Haridwar as well as Rishikesh, the electricity
system is not bound by the municipal boundaries. The data collected from UPCL covers the
electricity usage beyond the municipal limits. Figure 4.7 & 4.8 depicts user category wise
unit (kWh) consumption of electricity in Haridwar and Rishikesh.
50
Annual Electricity Consumption (MU) in 160

140
120
100
80 2008-09
Haridwar
60
2009-10
40
20 2010-11
0 2011-12
Sector
Figure 4.7 Sector wise annual electricity consumption in Haridwar

Source: UPCL
90
Annaul Electricity Consumption (MU) in
80
70
60
50 2007-08
Rishikesh
40
2008-09
30
20 2009-10
10 2010-11
0 2011-12
Year
Figure 4.8 Sector wise annual electricity consumption in Rishikesh

Source: UPCL
From the figures above, the HT & LT consumers of Haridwar and Rishikesh are the major
electricity consumer. The industrial sector (HT & LT) consumes around 45% and 39% (FY
2011-12) of the total electricity consumption in Haridwar and Rishikesh respectively as per
UPCL. Further, the residential and commercial sectors consume around 29% & 19%, and
34% & 16% of the electricity in Haridwar and Rishikesh respectively.
Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10 present the sector-wise electricity consumption pattern of
Haridwar and Rishikesh in 2011-12.
51
Figure 4.9 Sector wise percentage of electricity consumption in Haridwar for FY 2011-12
Source: UPCL
Figure 4.10 Sector wise percentage of electricity consumption in Rishikesh for FY 2011-12
Source: UPCL
In terms of consumption by government and non- government facilities in both Haridwar and
Rishikesh, non-government sector consumes majority of power ranging from 90 to 95%.
Generally, the main consumers of HT & LT power are the ones having industrial units such
as agro-industrial plants, power loom, Arc/Induction furnaces, Rolling/Re-rolling Mills, Mini
Steel plants1. Both in case of Haridwar and Rishikesh, these units are situated beyond the
municipal limits. For example in case of Rishikesh these units are situated mostly in
Dhalwala area which is outside the boundary of Rishikesh municipal authority. According to
1 Source: UERC; available at: http:/ / w w w .uerc.gov.in/ ord erspetitions/ ord ers/ Tariff/ Tariff%20Ord er/ 2013-
14/ UPCL%20MYT%20ord er%2006.05.13.pd f; accessed on 31-12-2013.
52
UPCL data it also covers some connections in Muni-ki-Reti which again does not come
under Rishikesh municipal zone. The large number of hotels and ashrams situated in these
two zones receive electricity under the Non-domestic category. In order to picture the real
consumption of electricity in these two municipal conglomerate HT & LT connections should
be separated. Hence, in the subsequent sections the evaluation is carried out w hile
excluding HT&LT connections.
Figure 4.11 and 4.12 shows the annual electricity consumption of Haridwar and Rishikesh.
The total electricity consumption has been reported as 231.74 MU & 134.81 MU respectively
for both the cities during 2011-12.
Total Electricity Consumption (MU)
250.00
200.00
in Haridwar
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Year
Figure 4.11 Annual electricity consumption in Haridwar (MU) without HT

Source: UPCL
Total Electricity Consumption
140
120
(MU) in Rishikesh
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Year
Figure 4.12 Annual electricity consumption in Rishikesh (MU) without HT

Source: UPCL
GHG emissions
Indian electricity system is divided into two main grids, namely New Integrated Northern,
Eastern, Western, and North-Eastern regional grids (NEWNE) and the Southern Grid. UPCL
is under the NEWNE so both Haridwar and Rishikesh; receive electricity from the NEWNE
53
Grid. The average specific emission factor for NEWNE grid has been reported as
0.78tCO2/MWh as per Central Electricity Authority1.
The GHG emission has been estimated based on total electricity consumption in the cities
from 2007-08 up to 2011-12. It has been estimated that the total GHG emission through
electricity consumption in Haridwar and Rishikesh was 180754 tCO2 and 105152 tCO2 in
2011-2012 respectively; which is mainly by major energy consuming sectors namely
domestic and commercial. The GHG emission in Haridwar and Rishikesh city from 2007-08
to 2011-12 has been presented in Figure 4.14. In addition the sector wise GHG emission
pattern is presented in Figure 4.15.
2011-12
2010-11
Years
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
0 50000 100000 150000 200000

GHG Emissions (tCO2) in Haridwar
Figure 4.13 (a) GHG emissions based on electricity consumption of Haridwar
2011-12
2010-11
Years
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

GHG Emissions (tCO2) in Rishikesh
Figure 4.13(b) GHG emissions based on electricity consumption of Rishikesh
1 Source: CEA; available at: http:/ / w w w .cea.nic.in/ reports/ planning/ cd m _co2/ user_guid e_ver8.pd f; d ate
accessed on 05-05-2013.
54
2011-12
2010-11
Years
2009-10 Municipal
Non-domestic
2008-09 Domestic
2007-08
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

GHG Emissions (tCO2) of Haridwar
Figure 4.14(a) Sector wise GHG emissions of Haridwar
2011-12
2010-11
Years
2009-10 Municipal
Non-domestic
2008-09 Domestic
2007-08
0 20000 40000 60000

GHG Emissions (tCO2) 0f Rishikesh
Figure 4.14(b) Sector wise GHG emissions of Rishikesh
55
5. Energy planning of H aridwar and Rishikesh
Energy planning is essentially a process of developing long-range policies to help guide the
future of a local, national, regional or even the global energy system. It is the most important
step towards ensuring sustainable energy supply. A solar city should encompass all the
measures to use the natural resources available and also to reduce the energy demand.
This is possible only through intelligent planning and diligent implementation.
This chapter looks into the energy conservation measures necessary to reduce energy
demand and assess the renewable energy resources available using which energy could be
generated while reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
The energy planning of Haridwar and Rishikesh city has been developed based on three
building block approaches as following;
Energy Demand Forecast up to 2018
Renewable Energy Resource Availability
Energy Efficiency: Options for energy savings and demand reduction
It has been observed from the energy baseline study of Haridwar and Rishikesh that the
energy demand of the city is increasing rapidly due to (a) increasing population (b) rise in
tourist/ travellers/floating population (c) increasing GDP and (d) increasing standard of living.
The energy demand projections have been made by taking into account these factors.
Projected population
As mentioned in chapter 4 the population of Haridwar and Rishikesh has been reported as
19, 27, 029 and 1, 02, 158 as per census 2011. In order to do population projections till
2018, the base data from the year 1991 has been used.
Population of 20.8 lacs and 22.3 lacs is projected till 2015 and 2018 for Haridwar (refer
figure 5.1). For Rishikesh the projections carried out for the year 2015 and 2018 shows the
population will rise from 1.02 lacs in 2011 to 1.19 lacs and 1.35 lacs in 2015 and 2018
respectively (refer figure 5.2).
250
Projected Permanent Population
200
in Haridwar ('0000)
150
100
50
0
1991 2001 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Years
Figure 5.1 Projected permanent population growths in Haridwar
57
Projected Permanent Population in 16

14
12
Rishikesh ('0000)
10
8
6
4
2
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Years
Figure 5.2 Projected permanent population growths in Rishikesh
As explained earlier, Haridwar and Rishikesh are among the most important tourist spots in
Uttarakhand and therefore it is vital to account for the tourist population. The estimations
have been done using data from 2003 as the base year, and a conservative growth rate of
12% per annum (as taken in the CDP: Haridwar) is assumed. This way floating population
projections has been made as shown in Figure 5.3. No data was available for Rishikesh;
hence tourist load was not accounted for.
2500
Tourist population in Haridwar ('0000)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Years
Figure 5.3 Tourist population growths
Thus, to account for the energy usage it is essential to account the total population i.e.
tourist as well as permanent population. Figure 4.7 shows total population projections for
Haridwar and Rishikesh according to which the total population projections for the year 2015
and 2018 are 195 lacs and 227 lacs.
58
5. Energy planning of Haridwar and Rishikesh
Total Population of Haridwar ('0000) 2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Figure 5.4 Total population growth
Electricity demand forecast up to 2018

Haridwar and Rishikesh are two cities, which receive a large number of tourists each year.
Looking at the numbers cited in the preceding sections, the tourist population is six to seven
times more than the permanent population. All this floating population use various resources
including energy and water. They stay in Hotels and Ashrams situated in large number in
these two cities. The energy consumption due to this becomes significant, and this has been
factored into the energy demand projections in the commercial sector.
The energy demand forecast for Haridwar and Rishikesh has been carried out using time
series data of previous years. Trend analysis statistical methodology has been adopted for
projections. Statistically the projections are assumed as of best reliability if the correlation
coefficient (R2) is more than 0.95. In the present activity, projections showing correlation
coefficient of more than 0.95 and up to 1.0 have been considered. In the subsequent
sections the energy consumption projections in domestic, non-domestic, and municipal
sectors have been discussed.
Electricity scenario in d om estic sector

The time series forecasting has been made on basis of the data of electricity consumption in
domestic sector from 2007-08 to 2011-12. It is estimated that the total electricity
consumption in domestic sector for Haridwar will increase up to 143MU by 2015-16 and
164MU in 2018-19. In Rishikesh the consumption in Domestic sector will go up to 91MU and
105MU for same period. Figure 5.6 presents the projection of electricity demand in domestic
sector up to 2018-19.
59
Consumption in Domestic 200 120
Consumption in Domestic
Sector in Rishikesh (MU)
Sector in Haridwar (MU) R² = 0.9945 100 R² = 0.9811
150
Annual Electricity
Annual Electricity
80
100 60
40
50
20
0 0
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Years Years
Figure 5.5 Annual electricity consumption projections (MU) in Domestic sector for Haridwar
and Rishikesh
Electricity scenario of non -d om estic sector

Due to large travellers coming to these stations an extensive commercial activities are
prevalent. The sector is the second largest consumer of electricity in both the cities after
Domestic sector. Taking past data as baseline, projections have been made till 2018-19.
According to the evaluation results, for Haridwar the non-domestic sector consumption will
shoot up to 100 MU in 2015-16 and 121MU till 2018-19. Whereas for Rishikesh the electrical
consumption will escalate up to 49 MU till 2015-16 and 58 MU till the end of 2018-19. Figure
5.7 presents the projection of electricity demand in non-domestic sector up to 2018-19.
140 70
Consumption in Non-domestic
Consumption in Non-domestic
120 R² = 0.9978 60 R² = 0.997

sector in Rishikesh (MU)
Sector in haridwar (MU)
100 50
Annual electricity
Annual Electricity
80 40
60 30
40 20
20 10
0 0
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Years Years
Figure 5.6 Annual electricity consumption of Non-domestic Sector in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Electricity scenario of mu nicipal services

Municipal services refer to basic services that residents of a city expect the city government
to provide in exchange for the taxes which citizens pay. Basic city services may include
sanitation, water supply, street lights, schools, food inspection and other health department
issues and transportation. In Haridwar and Rishikesh Municipal services are the third largest
consumer of electricity. With the increasing population and urbanisation both the cities have
expanded which needs more development of water supply, sewerage pumping and street
light infrastructure. In this study following municipal services are covered under the study;
Street lighting
60
Water pumping
Sewerage treatment
N ote: in case of Rishikesh the d ata received from the electricity d epartm ent for m unicipal services w as irregular;
hence, Com pound Annual Grow th Rate of electricity consum ption for the previous years w as taken as the basis
for projecting electricity d em and in the future, till 2018-19.
Municipal sector consumes around 7% of the total electricity supplied to Haridwar (without
HT) whereas it is 8% in case of Rishikesh.
Street lighting
It has been noticed that the provision and maintenance of streetlights is an obligatory
function of Municipal Corporation; while it is also responsible for installation, replacement,
repairs, maintenance of streetlights in the city.
Currently, there are about 7568 street lights installed by Nagar Nigam, Haridwar with
different types of electrical fixtures. These streetlights are operated manually and switched
on in the evening between 6-7 PM and switched-off in the morning between 6-7 AM. Table
below presents specifications of street lighting systems installed by Nagar Nigam, Haridwar;
Table 5.1 Types of street lights used in Haridwar

S. N o. Specifications Wattage N umber
1 Tube lights (T12) 40W 2690
2 Sodium Vapour Lamp 70 W 1964
5 High Mast 400 W 12
6 HPMV 250 W 6
Total 7568
Source: N agar N igam , H arid w ar
In case of Rishikesh there are about 2801 street lights installed by Nagar Palika, Rishikesh
with different types of electrical fixtures. Details of the street lights, along with their
specifications are shown in the table below:
Table 5.2 Types of street lights used in Rishikesh

S. N o. Specifications Wattage N umber
1 Tube lights (T12) 40W 268
3 Sodium Vapour Lamp 150W 666
4 Sodium Vapour Lamp 250W 1368
5 High Mast 400W 6
6 CFL 72W 21
Total 2801
Source: N agar Palika, Rishikesh
The electricity consumption of street lighting has been reported as 5 MU in 2011-12 in

Haridwar where as in Rishikesh it is around 2.5 MU. It has been projected that the electricity
consumption of street lights will increase to 6.7 MU by 2015-16 and 8.4 MU in 2018-19.
61
Whereas in Rishikesh the electricity consumption will scale up and goes to 2.8 MU by 2015-
16 and 3.04 MU by 2018-19, as shown in the graphs below:
9 4
Annual Electricity Consumption in

Annual Electricity Consumption of
Street Lights for Haridwar (MU)
8 3.5
Street lights in Rishikesh (MU)

R² = 0.9706
7 3
6 2.5
5 2
4
1.5
3
1
2
1 0.5
0 0
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Years Years
Figure 5.7 Annual electricity consumption of street lights in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Water p um ping
The water supply of Haridwar & Rishikesh is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal
Sansthan (UJS), an institution working under Department of Drinking Water, Government of
Uttarakhand (GoU), which also undertakes some low capital works. Large capital works and
overall planning are carried out by another institution, Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam (UPJN),
which also falls under working Department of Drinking Water. Nagar Nigam, Haridwar and
Nagar Palika, Rishikesh are not involved in the planning, design, construction, operation,
maintenance and service delivery of water supply1.
Both Haridwar & Rishikesh are situated on the bank of river Ganga, the largest perennial
river in India. The towns therefore enjoy water of this river as source infiltrated through soil
and collected in large diameter wells. However, availability of this water is limited to the
areas close to the river. For the areas little away from the river the infiltration becomes
ineffective due to increase in the width of natural soil media in between and ground water is
proven to be the most techno-economically suitable source. Both these sources are in
abundance in Haridwar. Situated by the side of a large river, and recipient of plenty of
rainfall, the region possesses large potential for ground water recharge.
The quality of water from the sources is quite good and does not need sedimentation or
filtration. As such, it is directly pumped to the distribution system after disinfection by liquid
sodium hypo chloride or gaseous chlorine.
For ease of operation and rational distribution of water, Haridwar town has been divided into
six water supply zones on the basis of area, population, nature of requirement and ground
elevations. The zones and the areas served are given in table below:
Table 5.3 Water supply zones in Haridwar

S. N o. Zone Area Served
1 A Bhopa Wala
1 Source: CDP, H arid w ar.
62
S. N o. Zone Area Served

2 B Bhim Goda and Har ki Pauri area
3 C Mayapur
4 D Kankhal
5 E1 Jawalapur (Part-I)
6 E2 Jawalapur (Part-II)
Har- Ki- Pauri area is a surplus water supply zone by virtue of it being low lying and also due
to the special care taken due to its religious importance. Availability of water in this zone is
almost 24 hours.
Presently, there are more than 79 deep tube wells located in the various parts of Haridwar.
There are 12 Over Head Tanks (OHT)/Clear Water Reservoirs (CWR). Out of which 11 OHT
serve the area within the municipal limits. One CWR is not functioning for want of feeder
main. The combined storage capacity of these OHT and CWRs is 14,030kL against a total
supply of 60MLD i.e. about 23% of the total supply which is insufficient.
In Rishikesh region, there are around 30 tube wells 1 located in the various parts of the town.
The total installed capacity of the tube wells is 45.41MLD. The city is utilizing the entire
installed capacity to cater to the demands of the residential, commercial and industrial areas.
Rishikesh town has been divided into three water supply zones on the basis of area,
population, nature of requirement and ground elevations. The zones and the areas served
are given in table below:
Table 5.4 Water supply zones in Rishikesh

S.N o. Zone
1 Rishikesh (Urban)
2 Shyampur (Rural)
3 Muni Ki Reti
Sew erage
Sewage system is considered under the head of Public Water Works by the electricity
department and thus requires diagnosis to calculate the electricity consumption. Sewerage
system was introduced in Haridwar in 1938. Since then it has been extended to various parts
of the town. At present, more than 80% of the population is covered with sewerage system.
Presently, one 18MLD and another 8MLD STP are taking care of treatment of collected
sewage.
Based on the topography of the town and the need of STP‘s, city is divided into 3 sewerage
zones:
Zone I: Bhopatwala zone (lies on the northern side of Haridwar).
Zone II: Haridwar, New Haridwar and Kankhal.
Zone III: Jwalapur Zone
Table 5.5 Sewerage zones and sectors falling within each zone in Haridwar
S.N o. Zone Area Served
1 Source: N agar Palika, Rishikesh
63
S.N o. Zone Area Served

1 Bhopa Wala zone Bhopatwala, Sapt Sarovar, Uttam Basti, Satyam Vihar,
Shanti Kunj, Narmal School, Agrawal Dharamshalal,
Durga Nagar, Satyam Vihar, Rly Station MotiChur,
Bharat Mata Mandir
2 Haridwar, New Nai Basti, Basant Gali, Kunj Gali, Krishna Gali, Moti
Haridwar and Bazar, Maya Devi temple, Kotwali, Hospital, Nirmal
Kankhal Chawni, Mayapur, Nagar Palika, Industrial Area, Naya
Haridwar and Kankhal.
3 Jawalapur zone Jawalapur area
In Rishikesh, there are 6 sewerage pumping stations and a 0.32 MLD STP taking care of
treatment of collected sewerage.
Table 5.6 Details of ST and Sewage Pumping stations at Rishikesh1

S. N o. N ame of Pumping station / STP
1 0.32 MLD STP Swarg Ashram
2 Lakkarghat Pumping station, STP
(oxidation ponds)
3 Mayakund (MPS)
4 Muni-ki-Reti (IPS)
5 Bengali Basti (IPS)
6 SPS Chotiwal
7 SPS Taxi Stand
The analysis of electricity consumption in the municipal sector is done based on the
electricity data supplied by UPCL which includes street lights, Public Water Works (PWW)
and Government Irrigation System (GIS).
N OTE: In case of Rishikesh, because the electricity data had some irregularity, Compound Annual
Growth Rate was considered for performing forecasting by using the electricity demand in year 2011-12.
The electricity consumption of PWW & GIS has been reported as 22 MU in 2011-12 in
Haridwar whereas in Rishikesh it was around 16 MU. It has been projected that the
electricity consumption of PWW & GIS will increase to 39 MU by 2015-16 and 51.67 MU in
2018-19 in Haridwar. Whereas as in Rishikesh the electricity consumption will scale up and
go to 27.64 MU by 2015-16 and 41.53 MU by 2018-19, as shown in graphs below:.
1 Source: N agar Palika Parishad , Rishikesh
64
60 45
Public Water Works & Government

Public Water Works and Government
Irrigation System (MU) in Rishikesh

Irrigation System in Haridwar (MU)
R² = 0.995 40
50
35
40 30
25
30
20
20 15
10
10
5
0 0
2018-19
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
Years Years
Figure 5.8 Annual electricity consumption of PWW & GIS in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Overall m unicipal electricity consum ption

While looking at the consolidated pictures, the consumption of electrical energy utilized by
different municipal services it is estimated that the overall electricity consumption in Haridwar
will jump from reported 26.9 MU in 2011-12 to 45.72 MU by 2015-16 and 60 MU by 2018-19.
In Rishikesh, the consumption will scale up from the existing 18.54 MU to 30.4 MU in 2015-
16 and 44.5 MU by 2018-19, as shown in the graph below:
70 50
Consumption in Rishikesh (MU)
60 R² = 0.9961 45
Municipal Sector in Haridwar
Total Municipal Electricity
40
50 35
40 30
25
30 20
(MU)
20 15
10
10
5
0 0
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Years Years
Figure 5.9 Annual electricity consumption in Municipal services in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Total electricity consu m ption projection in H arid w ar and Rishikesh

On the basis of time series data of last five years the total electricity consumption in
Haridwar and Rishikesh (which includes the electricity consumptions in domestic, non-
domestic, & municipal) has been projected over the period till 2018. The total electricity
65
consumption has been reported as 232MU in Haridwar and 135MU in Rishikesh during
2011-12 (Without HT&LT). It has been estimated that the total electricity consumption in
Haridwar will increase up to 288MU by 2015 and 345MU by 2018 (See figure 5.9); and in
Rishikesh it is likely to reach up to 175MU by 2015 and 220MU by 2018 (See figure 5.10). If
excluded, the Domestic sector is the major electricity consumer in both Haridwar as well as
in Rishikesh, while consuming approximately 28% and 34% of total electricity (2011-12).
This is followed by commercial sector and then municipal sector. In terms of consumption by
government and non- government utilities in both Haridwar and Rishikesh, non-government
sector consumes majority of power ranging from 90 to 95%.
Based on the above evaluation, the below given bar graph depicts the overall picture of
electricity consumption projections in these two cities.
Figure 5.10 Consolidated annual electricity consumption by different sectors in Haridwar
200
Consumption in Rishikesh (MU)
Consolidated Annual Electricity
180
160
140
120
100 Total
80
60 Domestic
40 Non-Domestic
20
0 Municipal
2010-11
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Years
Figure 5.11 Consolidated annual electricity consumption by different sectors in Rishikesh
GH G em ission
As the power is drawn from the NEWNE Grid in both Haridwar & Rishikesh the average
specific emission factor for NEWNE grid (i.e. 0.78tCO2/MWh) has been considered for
estimation of GHG emission projection. The GHG emission projections by 2018 for Haridwar
66
& Rishikesh have been presented in Figures 5.12 and Figure 5.13 respectively. Sector wise
GHG emissions projection for Haridwar and Rishikesh have also been presented in Figures
5.14 and Figure 5.15 respectively.
300000
GHG Emissions (tCO2) of Haridwar
R² = 1
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
Years
Figure 5.12 GHG emissions projection for Haridwar
Figure 5.13 GHG emissions projection for Rishikesh
67
Figure 5.14 Sector wise GHG emissions projection for Haridwar
Figure 5.15 Sector wise GHG emissions projection for Rishikesh
68
6. Renewable energy resources
Biomass
Biomass as a source of energy is gaining importance as a renewable source that is
additionally strengthened as the country‘s agriculture sector is one of the prime players in
the Indian economy. Based upon the ―Study on potential of power generation from various
renewable sources‖ by UREDA, the quantum of surplus biomass in Haridwar district is
158.23 TPA and power generation potential is 16.48MWh. However, Haridwar and Rishikesh
have a forest cover which is classified as reserve forest and hence the biomass of the forest
cannot be used for any application.
Mu nicipal solid w aste

Rapid urbanisation, increasing commercial and industrial activities and changing lifestyles in
Haridwar and Rishikesh are leading to a steady increase in the generation of solid waste.
Nagar Nigam, Haridwar and Nagar Palika, Rishikesh are responsible for the collection,
transportation and disposal of all solid waste generated in their respective cities, except the
untreated bio-medical waste and hazardous industrial waste, which is taken care of by the
respective generators. Both the municipal bodies organize the collection and transportation
of the waste through a team of its own conservancy workers and a fleet of vehicles and
dumper-placers. Waste is generated from the following sources:
Residential
Street sweeping
Hotels (270 in Haridwar and 25 in Rishikesh)
Restaurants (250 in Haridwar)
Ashrams & Dharmshalas (280 in Haridwar and 31 in Rishikesh)
Special markets (e.g. veg market, mandies) – 3 in Haridwar
Commercial establishment (including office, institutions)
Horticulture waste etc.
The waste collected in Haridwar is disposed at Municipal solid Waste (MSW) plant. Whereas
in case of Rishikesh it is disposed-off at the dumping yards without any treatment. Rishikesh
doesn‘t have an organized dumping facility and most of the waste is disposed-off at Khadri
Khadakmaf (as shown in pictures below) which is outside the town and approximately 10
kms away from Nagar Palika Parishad office; however the collection efficiency is better.
69
Figure 6.1 Waste dumping facility at Khadri Khadakmaf, Rishikesh
Municipal solid waste includes predominantly household or domestic waste with sometime
the addition of commercial wastes; which are in either solid or semisolid form. The collected
municipal waste is still to be separated out or reprocessed. Essentially the MSW is divided
into following categories;
Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste and paper
Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, and certain plastics
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks and debris
Composite waste: waste clothing, tetra packs and plastic and
Domestic hazardous water and toxic waste: medicines, paints, chemicals etc.
The major sources of MSW generation of the cities are domestic, shops and commercial
establishments, hotels, restaurants, dharamsalas and fruit and vegetable markets. Number
of registered hotels, restaurants and dharamsalas in Haridwar are 270, 250 and 280
respectively. In addition there are 3 fruit and vegetable markets. In Rishikesh, there are
approx. 25 hotels and 31 dharamshalas.
Variation in the quantity of waste generated in both the cities is observed during the tourist
seasons and on some religious occasions especially in Haridwar.
At present there is practically no primary collection system in the city except in few localities
where the Mohalla Swachhata Samities (MSS) recently have started door-to-door primary
collection by engaging private sweepers. Waste is mostly collected through community
bins/containers and road sweeping. HNPP sweepers and sanitary workers engaged by the
MSS sweep the streets. They accumulate the collected waste into small heaps and
subsequently loaded manually or mechanically onto the community containers/bins or
directly loaded onto the solid waste transportation vehicles for onward transportation to the
disposal site.
In Rishikesh, the waste generated in Nagar Palika Parishad municipal limits to 360MT per
month which is approximately 3.501 grams per capita per day. There is no facility to treat the
1 N agar Palika, Rishikesh
70
6. Renewable energy resource
waste by composting viz aerobic, anerobic or vermin composting in Rishikesh. The collected
waste is deposited in a land fill site at Govindnagar.
The per capita MSW generation in Haridwar1 has been estimated as 442 grams per day.
The challenges of solid waste management in Haridwar and Rishikesh will increase in next
ten years on account of rapid growth of the city and its peri urban areas as well as per capita
increase in waste generation.
900
800
700
MSW Generation (TPD)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Figure 6.2 Projected Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Haridwar

In Rishikesh, the municipal waste is collected through garbage bins placed in public places
and public streets. The collected wastes are being transported to the unscientific landfill site
and dumped there in gross violation of MSW rules 2000. The Nagar Palika Parishad,
Rishikesh does not have any facility to treat the waste by composting viz. aerobic, anerobic
or vermin composting. The waste generated in Nagar Palika Parishad Municipal limits is 15
MT/day which is approximately 3.50 grams per capita per day.
Nagar Palika Parishad, Rishikesh have prepared a city sanitation plan aiming at facilitating
civic sanitation in the Muni-ki-Reti area to prevent solid waste and sewage from being
dumped into the Ganga. For the ease of operations of collection of municipal wastes, the
town is divided into 8 zones.
Table 6.1 Waste generation from Rishikesh

S. Category Quantity
N o.
1 Residential 180MT/Month
2 Street Sweeping 90MT/Month
3 Hotels & Restaurants 60MT/Month
4 Spl mkts (e.g. Veg Market, Mandies) 120MT/Month
5 Commercial Establishment (including, office, 30MT/Month
institutions)
6 Horticulture Waste etc. 30MT/Month
1 As per Integrated Solid w aste m anagem ent stud y by IPE for N agar N igam , H arid w ar
71
S. Category Quantity
N o.
7 C&D waste (Construction and Demolition waste) 30MT/Month
8 Other 90MT/Month
Total 630MT/Month
The total waste generation is 12 MT/day out of which organic part is around 9 MT/day and
inorganic part is 3 MT/day. This waste is collected from sources as mentioned in Table 6.1
with monthly collection values.
As per the discussions at the stakeholder‘s consultation workshop at Haridwar, it was
suggested to have a common land-fill site for Haridwar & Rishikesh waste management
which was acknowledged by all the stakeholders. For developing a proper sanitary landfill
site for disposal of solid wastes of Haridwar & Rishikesh, over 147 acres of land would be
required to cater to the needs of the growing population. It is proposed that each institution,
hospitals, hotels and other commercial establishments be promoted to use their kitchen
waste for biogas generation and hence for the utilisation of energy generated from this.
Solar energy
Both Haridwar and Rishikesh are located on the sunny belt of the country receiving a good
amount of solar radiation over the year. It has been observed that the annual average global
solar radiation over the Haridwar1 is 5.4kWh/m²/day; annual average global solar radiation
over the inclined surface2 (at latitude) is estimated as 5.95kWh/m²/day. Similarly, annual
average global solar radiation over Rishikesh is 5.32kWh/m²/day; annual average global
solar radiation over the inclined surface3 (at latitude) is estimated as 5.90kWh/m²/day. Figure
5.18 & 5.19 presents the monthly average values of solar radiation on horizontal and inclined
surface in Haridwar & Rishikesh.
Figure 6.3 Solar Radiation pattern of Haridwar4
1 http:/ / eosw eb.larc.nasa.gov/ sse/ RETScreen/

2 The solar rad iation on inclined surface (latitud e) is estim ated as m axim um solar collectors/ PV m od ules are
installed as inclined .
3 The solar rad iation on inclined surface (latitud e) is estim ated as m axim um solar collectors/ PV m od ules are
installed as inclined .
4 Source: N asa Satellite d ata
72
Figure 6.4 Solar Radiation pattern of Rishikesh1
The performance of solar systems essentially depends upon the solar radiation availability
and the number of sunshine hours over the location. Figure 6.5 shows a typical sun-path
diagram at Haridwar & Rishikesh plotted in ECOTECH software.
Figure 6.5 Sun path diagram of Haridwar & Rishikesh (ECOTECH)
1 Sou rce: N asa Satellite d ata
73
The month-wise pattern of solar radiation received over Haridwar & Rishikesh on horizontal
and inclined surface are summarized in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Daily and monthly pattern of solar radiation over Haridwar and Rishikesh
Haridw ar Rishikesh
Global Solar Global Solar Global Solar Global Solar Haridw ar &
Radiation Radiation on Radiation Radiation on Rishikesh
(kWh/m²/day) Latitude (kWh/m²/day) Latitude Sunshine/day
Months (kWh/m²/day) (kWh/m²/day) light hours
Jan 3.72 5.2 3.75 5.35 10.4
Feb 4.76 6.2 4.5 5.82 11.1
Mar 5.96 6.77 5.64 6.38 11.9
Apr 7.05 7.02 6.76 6.7 12.9
May 7.59 6.91 7.42 6.73 13.6
Jun 6.84 6.04 6.73 5.91 14
Jul 5.49 4.99 5.36 4.85 13.8
Aug 4.82 4.62 4.83 4.62 13.2
Sep 5.22 5.5 5.25 5.54 12.3
Oct 5.28 6.6 5.42 6.87 11.4
Nov 4.47 6.26 4.49 6.4 10.6
Dec 3.64 5.38 3.69 5.6 10.2
Annual 5.4 5.95 5.32 5.9 12.1
Avg.
Wind energy
Both Haridwar & Rishikesh do not have sufficient wind resource from the point of view of
wind power generation. According to NASA satellite weather database, the monthly average
wind speed over Haridwar & Rishikesh1 varies from 2.2 m/s (Nov-Dec) to 3.71 m/s (May-
June), and 3.47 m/s (Nov-Dec) to 4.26 m/s (May-June) respectively. The annual average
wind speed (10 year average) in Haridwar & Rishikesh is 2.92 m/s & 3.71 m/s. Figure 6.6
show the wind speed pattern over Haridwar & Rishikesh.
1 http:/ / eosw eb.larc.nasa.gov/ sse/ RETScreen/
74
Monthly Averaged Wind Speed at 10 m
5
4
3
2
(m/s)
1 Haridwar
0 Rishikesh
Avg.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Months
Figure 6.6 Wind speed over Haridwar & Rishikesh
75
7. En e rg y o p ti m i z ati o n s trate g y
Supply side options based on renew able energy
Based on renewable energy resources as mentioned in previous chapter; thermal (heating)
applications as well as power generation were analysed under the Solar City scenario.
Following potential renewable energy based technologies have been identified for Haridwar
and Rishikesh towns;
Power plant based on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Sewage to biogas plant for energy generation
Electricity generation from cow dung in Gaushalas
Biomass gasifier based Crematorium
Solar water heaters
Solar PV based power plants
SPV based LED street lights
Solar thermal steam generation for cooking
Generation of electricity from mu nicipal solid w aste (MSW) in Rishikesh

The current practise of solid waste management in Rishikesh is through unsegregated waste
collection through sweeping, collection at source etc. and transfer to community bins. The
mixed waste is then disposed off at a landfill without treatment.
This organic fraction of the municipal solid waste can be used for electricity generation. The
biogas generation potential of MSW is approximately 20 m³/ton under optimal conditions.
The calorific value of the biogas generated from MSW is in the range of 5000 kcal/m³.
The total energy/heat value of the biogas is usually estimated by multiplying the amount of
gas by its calorific value. The resultant value of heat is then converted to electricity
equivalent (in kWh) by dividing with 860 (i.e. CV of Electricity). The efficiency of the
electricity generator in terms of conversion of input energy to output electricity is considered
to be 30%. So the actual electricity generation will be 30% (as the efficiency of conversion
system) of equivalent electricity. For Example in case of Rishikesh, the power generation
from 4 TPD of waste (mostly organic) generated from special Mandis will be:
Total biogas generation = 4*20
= 80 m³/day
Total heat value = 80*5000
= 400000 kcal
Electricity equivalent = 400000/860
= 465 kWh
Actual electricity generation = 465*0.3
= 139 kWh
The performance of this plant will be directly governed by MSW collection efficiency and
organic content. Since MSW capacity is on the rise in Rishikesh; the capacity of the plant
may further increase. Figure 7.1 presents the process flow diagram and layout of an MSW
based plant.
77
Figure 7.1 Schematic process diagram and MSW power Plant

Power plant based on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be done via following options:
– Landfill gas
– Incineration
– Anaerobic digestion
– Small scale digesters for Ashams, colonies and institutions
– Compact bio gas digesters for hotels and restaurants
• For Rishikesh: MSW to energy from Landfill. Total Potential of approximately 18,000
kWh/month
• For Haridwar:
– Based on survey: average kitchen waste from houses is 2-2.5 kg.
Biodegradable component in the waste ranges from 1.2-1.5 kg.
– Colonies with many houses generate 750 – 1000 kg per day biodegradable
waste.
– Anaerobic digestion can yield 87kWh/day which can be used for community
lighting etc.
78
7. Energy optimization strategy
Kitchen w aste based Biogas plants for energy generation in Resid ential
Societies
As in other developing cities, Haridwar and Rishikesh have newly incorporated urban areas
within the municipality which are built in the form of colonies having occupancy of 70 - 80
households and each household having 4 to 5 family members, which generate about 1.2 to
1.5 kg of kitchen waste every day. As per survey, typically around 5-6 colonies generate
kitchen waste of approximately 750 Kg to 1000 kg per day.
It is well established now that the anaerobic digestion of food wastes can generate about 50
to 150 m³ of biogas per tonne of waste depending upon the characteristics of waste, digester
design and operating conditions etc. The calorific value of this generated biogas is in the
range of 5000 to 6000 kcal/m3. By using proper digester design and optimum digestion
conditions, the food wastes (750 kg/day) in a complex can generate about 80 m³/day of
biogas. And the 30% conversion efficiency of gas based electricity generation plant, it is
estimated that for each colony approximately 15kW capacity power plant may be installed as
per following estimations:
Quantity of kitchen waste = 750 kg/day
Total biogas generation = 50 m³/day
Total heat value = 50*5000 kcal
= 250000 kcal
Electricity equivalent = 250000/860
= 291 kWh
Actual electricity generation = 291*0.3 kWh
= 87.3 kWh
The estimated amount of electricity that can be generated on daily bases is 87 kWh, which
can be used for the campus lighting etc. The plant shall also generate about 750 kg dry
organic fertilizer every day which shall be utilized for the gardening.
Moreover, on the basis of survey conducted elsewhere i.e. in hostels, institutions, hotels,
hospitals, and restaurants, followings results have been obtained,
a. In restaurants, it has been found that although they produce a large quantity of waste,
the problem exists regarding space for installation of the biogas unit.
A compact biogas plant manufactured and installed by organizations like Arti and Syntex
may also be considered, however, there are concerns regarding the connection of plant
to the usage point, aesthetics and especially space.
b. Many hostels were found to be buying food from outside instead of having their own
mess. Therefore, the total organic waste being produced was very less in those hostels.
However some large institutions having hostels with mess facilities need to be promoted
for adoption of kitchen waste based plant for effective waste management and its
utilisation.
c. With regard to hospitals and Ashrams, space and organic waste was available, however,
the interest amongst the owners was found to be very low in case of Hospitals which is
due to a perceived undesirable aesthetic impact. .
Hence, there is a need to have more awareness generation and motivational workshops to
generate the interest among the people to adopt the state-of-art technologies.
79
Electricity generation from cow d u ng in Gaushalas

Many Ashrams in Haridwar and Rishikesh have Gaushalas
Gaushalas like in Ramanand Sant Ashram, Aham Brahmasmi Yoga Alliance, Patanjali
Yogpeeth etc. have 100-300 cows
The electricity generation potential exists between 600 – 1300 kWh per day from each
Gaushala
Gas generated can be used for cooking or power generation
o Biogas power plant may contain:
 Pre-treatment system
 Biogas generation system
 Biogas Storage system
 Biogas purification system
 Biogas bottling system (if required)
 Slurry handling system etc.
Biom ass gasifier based Crem atoriu m

In Haridwar a large number of people come to cremate the bodies of their relatives.
Estimated wood consumption of about 400 to 600 kg per cremation in the form of whole
logs is required to completely burn the body in about 10 hours.
Other cremation technique are based on improved wood fired crematorium, solar based,
electric, diesel/gas fired available.
These have high capital and operating cost.
Biomass based crematorium use conventional fuel and has high efficiency.
Average wood consumption ranges 180 – 220 kg and the process gets completes in
around 90 – 120 minutes.
Benefits: Low payback – as low as 2 years depending upon utility
Low fixed (capital) and operating fuel cost per cremation
Potentially high social/religious acceptability
Solar PV based Smart Mini Grid s

A mini-grid system can be operated through a combination of energy resources, both
renewables such as solar, wind and biomass, and conventional sources such as diesel .If a
mini-grid is powered solely from renewable energy sources, however, the intermittent nature
of these renewable generators does not always provide the flexibility of utilizing the power as
per the requirement of the industry or community. This means that periods of high
renewable energy generation might not coincide with high demand, and similarly in the case
of non-availability of renewables. This will result in an undesired mismatch between
resources and loads (usage), loss of extra power when available, and requirement of
expensive conventional power sources during other times.
80
Hence, for a urban, peri-urban segment, where the requirement of availability of reliable ,
quality power over cost is more important, the more appropriate solution is a Smart Mini-
Grid (SMG) system which can optimally, and intelligently manage the load (usage) and
distributed generation resources. A Smart Mini-Grid system thus utilizes digital information
technology to intelligently balance multiple and varied energy supply resources against the
dynamically varying and complex loads of the system. The SMG communicates within itself
and with external networks, seamlessly resolving problems and delivering uninterrupted
energy service. In addition, an SMG not only increases the overall efficiency, but also helps
improve the overall power quality of the system.
Figure 7.2 Solar PV based Smart mini grid (TERI)
SMG controlled distributed energy sources can then be added to increment generation
capacity, whenever and wherever required. These systems can not only deliver power to the
local areas (such as campuses, complexes, etc.) more efficiently and reliably, but can also
feed excess power into the utility grid.
Institutions, campuses, localities applying an SMG for secure power availability can ensure
the maximum utilization of renewable energy (RE) resources through careful coordination
between energy demands and the electricity production. This enables a relatively lower
installed RE capacity- and in conjunction possibly decreased battery sizes-which result in
reduced upfront capital costs. The SMG system also helps minimize the use of any fossil
fuel based generation by an intelligent management of loads through smart controls and
techniques. This allows for reduced on-going operating costs while simultaneously improving
power quality, efficiency, and flexibility of the overall system.
SMGs are applicable for reliable energy requirements of campuses such as office
complexes, factories, residences, hospitals, hospitality institutions, shopping complexes, and
even suburban neighbourhoods.
81
Solar w ater heating systems

Solar water heaters are a commercialized technology in India. A 100 litre capacity SWH can
replace an electric geyser for residential use and saves 1500 units of electricity annually.
The same can be used in hospitals, Ashrams, and hotels. The use of 1000 SWHs of 100
litres capacity each can contribute to a peak load shaving of 1 MW. A SWH of 100 litres
capacity can prevent emission of 1.5 tonnes of carbon-dioxide per year1. Figure 7.3 presents
the schematic and photographs of typical ETC based solar water heating systems.
Figure 7.3 Solar water heating systems in residential and commercial sectors
Many states including Uttarakhand have taken initiative and made use of solar water heating
systems in industries, hospitals, hotels, motels, large canteens, commercial buildings,
Ashrams etc. mandatory. During the year 2011-12 a total of 3,16,575 LPD capacity solar
water heating systems were installed in various districts of Uttarakhand. The total capacity of
SWH systems installed reached 12, 94,200 LPD. A particular ashram visited in Rishikesh,
called the Omkarananda Ashram has installed SWH systems of 20,000 LPD capacities.
Survey was conducted in Haridwar and Rishikesh in establishments like houses, residential
complexes, hotels and Ashrams. Since Haridwar and Rishikesh is located in a composite
climatic zone2, the requirement of water heating stays for around six months, mainly in
winters (from October to March).
1http:/ / m nre.gov.in/ sw hs-features.htm

2 There are six m ajor clim atic zones in Ind ia nam ely Com posite (N ew Delhi), hot & d ry (Jodhpur), cold & cloudy
(Shim la), cold & sunny (Leh), w arm & hum id (Mum bai) and m od erate (Pune).
82
SWH has already been made mandatory in domestic and commercial sectors. The
implementation of the policy should be focused on, so that more deployment of SWH can be
achieved.
Box: M andatory use of SWH S
In exercise of the powers conferred by section 18 of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (52 of 2001), the
Governor of Uttarakhand made the following directions for efficient use of energy and its conservation in the
state of Uttarakhand, Energy and Renewable Energy Department, Order No.800/I/2013-01(13/17/05, dated
the 21st M ay 2013.
M andatory use of Solar Water Heating Systems in the following category of buildings:
a) Industries where hot water is required for processing
b) Semi-governmental and Private Hospitals and Nursing homes with Government Hospitals
c) Hotels, M otels and Banquet Halls
d) Jail Barracks, Canteens
e) Housing Complexes established by group housing Societies/ Housing Boards
f) All residential buildings built on a plot of size 500 sq. yards and above falling within the limits
of M unicipal bodies of the State
g) All government buildings, residential schools, Educational Colleges, Hostels, Technical/
Vocational Education Institutions, Direct Institutes of Education and Training, Tourism
Complexes and Universities etc.
UPCL provides rebate in the electricity bills to the users of solar water heating systems @
Rs.100/- PM against installation of minimum 100 LPD capacity1 of solar water heating
system. Financial incentives from MNRE under JNNSM for solar water heating systems are
as under.
Table 7.1 Financial incentives from MNRE under JNNSM

S. Type of System Category N ew benchmark cost Capital subsidy/
N o. Per Sq.m. for 2013-14 Collector area
(Rs./Sq.m. ) (Rs./Sq.m.)
1. Evacuated Tube Domestic and Non 8500 6000
Collectors (ETC) commercial
Commercial 8000 3000
2. Flat Plate Domestic and Non 11000 6600
Collectors (FPC) commercial
Commercial 10000 3300
As per survey, water heating application consumes approximately 21% of total energy in
residential sector. Based on this, the current electricity consumption for water heating
application in Haridwar and Rishikesh is estimated at around 31.6 MU and 77 MU (BAU
1
Source: https:/ / w w w .upcl.org/ w ss/ d ow nload s/ TariffMay_2564.pd f; last accessed on 23-01-2013
83
scenario - 2012). In the Solar City Scenario it is assumed that 5% of these electrically driven
water heaters can be replaced with SWHS by 2016-17 (Mid-term) and 9% by 2018-19 (long-
term). The assumption is made based on successful implementation of the technology which
will accelerate the use of SWHs. The estimated potential of energy savings in Haridwar in
medium term and long term is, therefore, estimated at 0.93 MU and 5.7 MU respectively.
Similarly, the estimated potential of energy savings in Rishikesh in medium term and long
term is estimated at 0.6 MU and 3.6 MU respectively, as shown in Figure 7.4.
Figure 7.4 Solar water heating options under BAU and solar city scenarios
Other opportunities of application of SWH

Apart from residential sector, opportunities of application and use of SWH in other areas
were examined. It has been found that SWH can be installed in dharamshalas, commercial
kitchens, laundries, car washing, hotels, hostels, restaurants, hospitals and societies. The
rationale behind the possibility of use in these areas is based on the requirement of hot
water.
Based on the survey conducted to validate SWHS potential applications, the following is
observed:
a. In terms of available space for installation of SWH, dharamshalas, hostels and
institutions are the ones having maximum available roof area in proportion to the hot
water demand. This is followed by hotels, hospitals, societies and restaurants, where
roof area is available but less and in proportion to the hot water demand.
b. In case of restaurants, it has been found that in most of the cases the roof ownership is
not available with the restaurant owner. Therefore???
c. Hotel sector has a lot of potential for use of SWH due to continuous and large demand.
Furthermore, it has been found that many hotel owners know about SWHS, but only
handful had actually gone forward for installation.
d. In hospitals the places of hot water consumption are kitchen and laundry. Most of the
hospitals did have boilers for producing steam which is used during laundry, dry-
cleaning, and for other purposes. However, most of the hospitals did not want to couple
it with any renewable energy mechanics due to criticality of the application as well as
because of a notion related to uncertainty of resource and non-continuous supply.
e. In societies, albeit substantial requirement/demand of hot water, the interest within the
members was found less. The reason being the hot water requirement in proportion to
the available area where SWHS can be installed, in very less, and therefore, there shall
84
be disparity regarding allocation of the resource. This part was well understood by the
society members and that‘s why not many steps have been taken in this regard.
f. In some Ashrams, SWHS have been installed, but in many no action or knowledge is
known to the operators. Hence, a large potential lies in these kinds of establishments.
Solar therm al steam generating system s

Solar Thermal Steam Generating System is installed by UREDA at Sri Ved Mata Gayatri
Trust Shanti Kunj, Haridwar. It has the capacity to prepare meal for 1000 devotees at the
ashram from solar energy.
Figure 7.5: The Solar steam cooking system at Shantikunj, Hardwar
Figure 7.6 Shantikunj rooftop

Source: http:/ / ahec.org.in/ internship/ Solarification/ Solar_Steam _Cooking_System .pd f
85
This Solar Thermal Steam Generating System is based on static concentrators/reflecting/

concentrating solar rays with central tracking system to track the sun automatically. This
system has a total collector area of 160 m2. The costing of the system is shown below:
Table 7.2 Costing of solar thermal steam generating system at Shantikunj, Haridwar
Sl. N o. Particulars Cost in (Rs)
1 Solar Thermal Generating System 20,50,000.00
2 Laying of pipe lines & insulation of pipelines 2,00,000.00
3 Cost of cooking utensils 1,00,000.00
4 Annual Maintenance Contract of 5 years 4,00,000.00
Total 27,50,000.00
This system saves 6 LPG cylinders per day providing an annual saving of Rs. 8, 10,000/-
making the payback period of the system around 3 years1.
With large subsidies being provided by various governmental agencies such as MNRE and
good savings possible, the system is highly feasible. Such systems have a huge scope in
canteens, hospitals, hospitality institutions, ashrams, dharamshalas etc.
Rooftop solar PV
With decreasing prices of solar PV and increasing applications, the utility and potential of
SPV in Haridwar and Rishikesh is high.
Figure 7.7 Schematic of a roof top grid connected solar PV system
With the advent of technology, there are now tools available which can suggest the usability of
a particular roof and the capacity of solar plant which can be installed. In one of such exercise
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is developing first-of-kind cloud based open-source
Web-GIS Tool for estimating Rooftop Solar Power potential for Indian Solar Cities. A solar PV
mapping tool visually represents a specific site and calculates PV system size and projected
electricity production. Visual, web-based solar PV mapping products are increasing in
prevalence. These tools quantify the potential for solar PV at a specific location to educate the
user about the benefits of solar PV and its associated costs and savings1.
Based on solar resource available, as mentioned in previous sections the utility of solar PV
technologies is apparent indicating to the potential of roof top solar PV based grid connected
1
Source: http:/ / w w w .ured a.uk.gov.in/ pages/ d isplay/ 137-solar-steam -cooking; last accessed on 24-01-2014
86
SPV systems in these cities. Moreover, during the survey it has been observed that
individual houses, housing societies, commercial building, institutional buildings,
Government buildings, markets etc. have available roof areas which can be used to install
solar PV plants. In fact grid connected solar PV systems of 10kW to 500 kW capacities are
technically feasible in commercial buildings, ashrams and institutions, whereas capacities up
to 300W to 10 kW might be feasible in residential sector.
Haridwar and Rishikesh towns have a number of dharamshalas, commercial, institutional
and government office etc. Figures below represent satellite images of few potential sectors
of Haridwar and Rishikesh cities where roof top SPV could be installed.
Box 7.3: Scheme for Grid I nteracted Rooftop and Small SPV Power Plants in Uttarakhand
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. of India has been implementing a
programme on ―Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Applications‖ for the first phase of the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). The programme has been amended time
to time and with the recent amendment a provision on this ongoing scheme has been made
to connect the small SPV Plants with grid to export excess power. MNRE may provide one
time subsidy up to 30% of the benchmark cost of the project as follows (current rate):
S.N o. Type of system Benchmark cost (Rs./Wp)

1. Solar Power plants/Packs 210
(with battery bank with 6 hours autonomy) 190
>300 Wp to 1 kWp 170
>1 kWp to 10 kWp
>10 kWp to 100 kWp
2. Solar Power plants/Packs(without battery) 100
Up to 100 kWp 90
>100 kWp to 500 kWp
In Uttarakhand, grid interactive rooftop or small SPV systems will be supported under this
scheme. The generated power from such SPV system/project will be utilized fully by powering
captive loads during the day time and excess power will be fed into the grid as long as grid is
available.
The feed in tariff for the power generated from the Solar Power Plant will be decided by
Hon‘ble Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission (UERC) in such a manner that it
provides a safeguard to all stakeholders including DISCOMs. The availability of electricity grid
near the solar installation is an essential component which needs to be provided by the
concerned agencies i.e. UPCL/PTCUL.
All the individuals, residential/commercial/Institutional/Govt. building owners, Industrial units

are eligible to set up Solar Power Plant within the prescribed capacity limit. Eligible capacity
limit under the scheme will be as under:-
a) Project capacity with battery backup – 300 Watt to 100 KW.
b) Project capacity without battery backup – up to 500 KW.
The projects of total capacity 5 MW is proposed for 2013-15, this scheme announced by
MNRE vide No. 5/23/2009-P&C dated 8th July, 2010.
Source: w w w .ureda.uk.gov.in
87
Figure 7.8 Satellite view of few potential sites in Rishikesh for roof top SPV (a) Shri Bharat
Mandir Intermediate College, (b) Nirikshan Bhawan (PWD), Haridwar road.
Figure 7.9 Satellite view of few potential sectors in Haridwar for roof top SPV (a) High Court
Guest House, (b) Panna Lal Bhalla Municipal Inter College, Haridwar
Based on TERI‘s site visits, implementation of following rooftop SPV systems may be
planned in different sectors
Residential buildings (up to 10 kW systems) like the government employees quarters for
the demonstration purpose and then recommend the same for the private households
Commercial buildings (5 to 100 kW systems) like Market complexes of all sectors
Government office and other buildings (5 to 100 kW systems) like
i. CCR Building, Mela Niantran Bhawan, Har ki Paudi, Haridwar
88
ii. Blood Bank, Bilkeshwar Road, Haridwar

iii. Mela Hospital, Bilkeshwar Road, Haridwar
iv. Harmilap Mission Government Hospital, Near HarkiPauri, Haridwar
v. Police Station, Kotwali Nagar, Haridwar
vi. Dam Kothi Guest House, Haridwar
vii. Rahi Motel, Haridwar
viii. GMVN Ganga Resort, Inter College Road, Rishikesh
ix. Nagar Parishad office, Rishikesh
x. Other government buildings, colleges, schools Hospitals etc. in Haridwar and
Rishikesh
Off-grid SPV plants

As a supply side measure, a capacity of 1 MWp each has been suggested for Haridwar and
Rishikesh in off-grid mode, distributed in various establishments like government buildings,
etc. This total capacity could be installed by 2018. A cumulative capacity of 200 kWp has
been suggested by 2015-16; while the additional capacity of 400 kWp is fixed by 2016-17.
Table below presents the results obtained from RETScreen for the adopted methodology.
Table 7.3 Performance of proposed Roof Top SPV systems in Haridwar and Rishikesh
(separately)
Year Capacity (kWp ) Output MWh
2014-15 200 0.315

2016-17 400 1.260
2018-19 1000 3.470
Based on the proposal to install 1 MWp SPV plants in Haridwar, it has been estimated that
up to 2018 the total electricity generation from the plant will around 3.5 MU, which
represents a share of 0.23% from the total demand in Haridwar. Similarly, the plant in
Rishikesh will produce a similar amount of energy, representing a share of 0.38% from the
total demand in Rishikesh. This means around 5,410 tCO2 is saved annually from these two
cities.
89
Figure 7.10 Electricity generation pattern of roof top SPV in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Large grid connected solar PV pow er plants

Larger grid connected solar PV based power plants is another renewable energy based
option for Haridwar and Rishikesh. A grid connected power plant of the capacity of 2 MWp
each has been recommended for both the cities. The Municipal bodies of Haridwar and
Rishikesh can provide the land for setting up of these grid connected plants or the land can
be purchased from the private land owners. Based on climate pattern and solar radiation
conditions in Haridwar and Rishikesh, the total land requirement shall be 22,378 m 2 area
based on the best available solar cell technology. This project can be installed in public
private partnership (PPP) mode. Table 7.4 presents the electricity generation through SPV
power plant.
Table 7.4 Performance of proposed 2MWp SPV systems in Haridwar & Rishikesh
Year Plant PV Module Area Total Area Annual Electricity
Capacity Required (m 2) Required (m 2) Generation (MU) w hat is
MU?
2014-15 0.5 3496.5 5594.5 0.7465
2016-17 1 6993 11189 1.493
2018-19 2 13986 22378 2.986
The electricity generated from these SPV plants with a combined effect after installation will
eventually reduce the electricity consumption up to 0.49% in Haridwar and 0.82% in
Rishikesh, lowering the requirement from conventional coal based power plants and finally
offsetting carbon dioxide by 11,645 tCO₂ in the atmosphere that would have been emitted as
in case of BAU scenario.
Figure 7.11 Implementation strategies of 2 MWp SPV power plants (each) in Haridwar &
Rishikesh
90
Large grid connected SPV based power plants can be installed at:
1. Mela Ground (4 MW),
2. Ganga Canal Top (5 MW)
In addition to the above interventions solar energy technologies can also be used for various
other applications such as:
i Solar powered street lights
ii SPV based common area lighting at public places, dharamshalas, gardens, parks
and tourist spots in the city
iii SPV based lighting at religious places like Har-ki-Pauri and all tourist spots
iv All the traffic signals in Haridwar and Rishikesh may be made ‗solar‘.
v Use of solar blinkers on roads might be an effective approach towards highlighting
the ‗solar city‘ concept within the city and energy saving.
vi As the city is well planned hence solar cookers might have good potential in the city.
Box type solar cookers are best suited for domestic sector while Parabolic
concentrating solar cookers (SK-14) might find feasibility in institutional segments of
the city. Steam solar cookers might find the good place in institutional sector of the
city.
vii Solar powered, LED Display Boards could be set up at the strategic locations in the
City. These boards would not only display the fact that Haridwar & Rishikesh together
is a ‗Solar City‘ but also display pollution levels, temperatures updates, and
messages useful to general public.
MNRE benchmark cost of the different SPV power plants as follows (current rate):
Table 7.5 Details of the benchmark cost of SPV power plants by MNRE
S. N o. Type of system Benchmark cost (Rs./Wp)
1 Solar Power plants/Packs 210
(with battery bank with 6 hours autonomy) 190
>300 Wp to 1 kWp 170
>1 kWp to 10 kWp What is price for this configuration
>10 kWp to 100 kWp What is price for this configuration
2 Solar Power plants/Packs(without battery) 100
Up to 100 kWp 90
>100 kWp to 500 kWp
Table 7.6 Details of Identified solar PV plants for promotion of rooftop SPV projects under
solar city program
Sr. Systems D escription Capacity of Qty. MN RE/GOI User D eptt. / Total
N o. each CFA Agency / Pvt. Cost
system (Rs Lakh) Sector share (Rs
(Rs Lakh) Lakh)
1 100 KW Grid Solar PV 100 KW 5 1.35 3.15 4.5
Roof Top without
Battery Backup System
91
Sr. Systems D escription Capacity of Qty. MN RE/GOI User D eptt. / Total

N o.
2 10 KW Off Grid SPV each
10 KW 15 CFA
4.5 Agency
10.5/ Pvt. Cost
15
roof top without Battery system (Rs Lakh) Sector share (Rs
Backup. (Rs Lakh) Lakh)
3 2 KW off Grid Solar PV 2 KW 50 28.5 66.5 95
Roof Top system with
Battery Bank
4 1 KW off Grid Solar PV 1 KW 90 51.3 119.7 171
Roof Top System with
Battery backup.
5 300 watt Small Solar 300W 200 126 294 420
Power Pack with 600
VA hybrid inverter &
battery backup.
6 500 watt Small Solar 500W 200 126 294 420
Power Pack with 1200
VA hybrid inverter &
battery backup.
337.65 787.85 1125.5
List of su ggested new Bye-law s

It has been recommended that the municipal bodies should include other bye-laws in the list
of the existing ones to amplify the deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency
measures. Moreover, all the line departments like Town and Country Planning Department,
Urban Development Department, Public Works Department (Building and Roads), Housing
Board, Public Health Department and Architecture Department etc. will designate a nodal
officer to monitor and report the progress of enforcement of decisions to the Solar City cell
which in turn share the information with the municipal corporation, on quarterly basis in a set
format.
Below is the list of suggestions to the municipal bodies in this regard:
a. The solar city unit which has been formed under solar city program can act as an
approving agency/source for supply and installation of solar water heating systems to
ensure the installation of optimally designed quality systems as per the specifications.
b. The use of incandescent lamps in all new buildings/institutions constructed in
Government sector/Government aided sector/Board and Corporation/ Autonomous
bodies shall be banned and should be replaced with the Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFLs) and LEDs. It shall be made mandatory in the existing buildings the defective
incandescent lamps when replaced would be replaced by only compact fluorescent
lamps (CFL) or LEDs.
c. The use of 40 watt conventional tube lights with blast in all new buildings/institutions
constructed in Government sector/Government aided sector/Boards and
Corporations/Autonomous Bodies shall be is restricted. These shall use only true
light/TLD Super/T-5 or any energy efficient tube light of other brands having lumen
output of 80 lm/w or more (5 star rated). Additionally, It shall be made mandatory that in
existing buildings, the defective 40 watt conventional tube lights with blast, when
92
replaced, would be replaced by only true light/TLD Super/T-5 or any energy efficient tube
light of other brands having lumen output of 80 lm/w or more (5 star rated).
d. It shall be made mandatory that in existing building using conventional fluorescent tubes
fitted with wire wound ballasts (chokes) to replace these ballasts with electronic ballasts.
e. The use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and /or T-5 (28 watt) energy efficient
tube lights and/or Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps shall be mandatory for all electricity
consumers in industrial, commercial and institutional sectors having connected load of
30 kW or above. This shall also be followed in all Central Government Offices and
Central Public Sector Undertaking Institutions/establishments
f. Mandatory use of ISI marked Motor pump sets, Power capacitor, Foot/Reflex valves in
Agriculture Sector. For all new tube well connections, the use of ISI marked pump sets
and accessories will be mandatory.
g. All the new buildings to be constructed in the Government/Government Aided Sector will
incorporate energy efficient building design incorporating Renewable Energy
Technologies.
h. The Architecture Department will ensure the incorporation of energy efficient building
design concepts in all buildings to be constructed in future in the
Government/Government Aided Sector. A committee shall be formed in the Architecture
Department to examine all new building plans/drawings to be constructed in the
Government/Government Aided sector to ensure that all the features of the energy
efficient building design concepts, have been incorporated.
i. All such buildings should have GRIHA rating. GRIHA is an indigenous and green rating
system for buildings and is promoted by MNRE.
j. It shall be made mandatory that the street lighting in all existing and new sectors and
elsewhere including in Residential sectors, Industrial estates, housing complexes,
colonies and townships developed by private/semi government/autonomous institutions
shall use energy efficient street lighting fixtures using T-5 tube lights/Light Emitting Diode
(LED) Lamps/High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) only.
Energy efficiency/D emand Side Management (D SM) options

Increasing electricity supply is an option to meet growing needs for power but inadequate
capacity additions in the past and associated environmental concerns merit promotion of
energy efficiency/Demand Side Management (DSM) as an important strategy..
DSM is the implementation of measures designed to facilitate efficient utilization of electricity
at the consumer end. It aims to modify consumer behaviour and enable adoption of energy
efficient technologies
As per the Integrated Energy Policy of the Planning Commission of India, the electricity
demand saving potential of DSM measures is about 15% of the total electricity demand.
Based on this, the following paragraphs describe the energy efficiency/DSM potential in both
Haridwar and Rishikesh in various sectors.
Dom estic sector
93
The domestic sector in Haridwar & Rishikesh is one of the major consumers of electricity.
The current share of electricity consumption (year 2011-12) in Domestic sector in Haridwar
is around 28% (48% when excluding HT consumption) and in Rishikesh it constitutes around
34% (56% when excluding HT consumption) of the total electricity consumption. The share
of the residential sector in the total connected load and consumption is continuously growing
as shown in previous chapter.
The domestic sector electricity consumption varies significantly with respect to climatic and
seasonal variations. The typical energy consumption pattern as per survey conducted for
domestic sector in Rishikesh is shown below:
Table 7.7 Energy consumption pattern for domestic sector in Rishikesh

S. N o. Appliances Energy Consumption in %
1 AC & Refrigeration 38
2 Lights & Fans 28
3 Heaters, TV's, Washing Machines etc. 32
4 Others 2
The energy use in air conditioners also varies significantly with seasons and climatic
conditions.
As per BAU projections, the electricity consumption of domestic sector in Haridwar &
Rishikesh is projected at 164 MU & 104.5 MU respectively by 2018.
The overall electricity saving which can be achieved by implementing measures (elaborated
in subsequent sections) would be between 20-25% of the total consumption1. The savings
are strategized in step by step manner such that they can be achieved realistically. Based on
this, the expected electricity savings in Haridwar by 2016-17 and 2018-19 would be around
3.5 MU and 10.26 MU, respectively. Similarly, the expected savings in Rishikesh by 2016-17
and 2018-19 would be around 2.2 MU and 6.5 MU, respectively.
N on Dom estic sector

The commercial sector constitutes government & private establishments, hospitals, hotels,
restaurants, educational institutions, malls, Ashrams etc. The sector is second largest
consumer of electricity (if HT & LT is excluded) with the share of 31% in Haridwar and 26%
in Rishikesh out of overall electricity consumption.
Energy efficiency in the commercial sector plays a very important role in managing a city‘s
electrical energy demand. Energy systems in commercial sector mainly include lighting and
space cooling system (fans, air conditioners etc.). Many studies indicate that not much
attention has been paid towards energy efficiency in the design of these energy systems.
Such wastages also occur due to poor efficiency, poor operating practices, and lack of
appropriate controls also adds to the energy wastage.
As per BAU projections, the electricity consumption of commercial sector in Haridwar &
Rishikesh is projected as 121MU & 58 MU respectively by 2018. Various studies reveal that
energy savings potential in commercial buildings varies from 20-30%2. Besides, on the basis
of measures (mentioned in the next section) the expected electricity savings in Haridwar by
1
Source: http:/ / w w w .em t-ind ia.net/ eca2009/ 14Dec2009/ Com bined Sum m aryReport.pd f; last accessed on 22-
01-2014.
2
Source: http:/ / w w w .em t-ind ia.net/ eca2009/ 14Dec2009/ Com bined Sum m aryReport.pd f; last accessed on 22-
01-2014.
94
2016-17 and 2018-19 would be around 2.5 MU and 7.4 MU respectively. Similarly, the
expected savings in Rishikesh by 2016-17 and 2018-19 would be around 1.1 MU and 3.4
MU, respectively.
A complete 100% replacement of these devices would be practically difficult due to resource
constraints. However, these could be attempted through an Energy Services Company
(ESCO) mode where the ESCO would make the investment for energy conservation
measures and recover the investment through energy savings. The ESCO route could be
tried in the office complex initially for ease of implementation. Further, in addition to ESCO
mode, the use of energy efficient devices should be promoted through public private
partnership. A list of ESCO, providing financing, leasing etc.; and list of BIS approved
manufacturers/ suppliers/ dealers of SWH is attached in Annexure1.
In addition to above measures there is a possibility of energy saving in air conditioning units.
These are mainly ‗behavioural‘ practices than technical interventions.
Recom m end ations for DSM/ energy efficiency actions in d om estic and
non-d om estic sector
Based on the analysis carried out an action plan for the implementation of DSM in Haridwar
and Rishikesh has been formulated. Following sections further elaborate on the actions plan
points,
Aggressive prom otion of energy efficient appliances

Improvement in the efficiency of various electrical appliances used in domestic and
commercial sector can lead to significant reduction in overall electricity and peak
requirements. However, lack of awareness and high initial cost of energy efficient appliances
are some of the major barriers hindering their penetration. The key loads that need to be
focused on are space cooling, refrigeration, lighting and water heating.
Space cooling and refrigeration: Promotion of BEE star rated energy efficient A Cs, refrigerators and
ceiling fans in the residential sector
As per NSSO‘s 66th round data, ceiling fans have a high penetration level across Haridwar
and Rishikesh, while penetration of air conditioners is showing an increasing trend. Further,
as per discussions with UPCL, residential load pattern in Haridwar and Rishikesh also
highlights high load of ACs leading to gradual increase in demand during late evening hours
and sustained high load/demand during night hours. Refrigerators also have high
penetration level in the state and are used throughout out the day for the whole year.
Therefore, it is required to replace old inefficient ceiling fans, refrigerators and ACs with the
efficient ones.
Lighting: Promotion of CFL, T5 in residential sector and LEDs in commercial sector
The appliances used for lighting in a typical household encompasses (a) incandescent bulbs
(b) fluorescent tube-lights and in some cases (c) compact fluorescent lamps. Most of the
households have multiple lighting points and use a combination of the above three lighting
devices, with the usage of bulbs and tube-lights being the most common. Replacement of
bulbs with CFLs lead to considerable energy savings as CFLs consumes ¼th of energy and
replacement of conventional tube lights (40W) used generally with copper chokes (15 W)
with energy efficient tube lights (28 W), known as T5 used with electronic chokes (3W) lead
to a saving potential of 43%.
An emerging lighting option is light emitting diodes (LEDs), which are solid state
semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy directly into light. LEDs are one of the
1
http:/ / w w w .ureda.uk.gov.in/
95
most efficient sources of lighting. However, cost still remains a barrier in case of application
of LEDs in residential sector. Therefore, focus should be to increase penetration of LEDs in
the commercial sector due to high usage hour.
‘Bachat Lamp Yojana’ of BEE
Bachat Lamp Yojana, which is a CDM based CFL scheme is an innovative initiative put in place by the
Central Government to enhance lighting efficiency in the Indian household sector by making Compact
Fluorescent Lamps available at prices comparable to that of Incandescent Lamps. The scheme seeks to
leverage the high cost of the CFLs through the CERs generated out of the project.
This is a public-private partnership between the Government of India, Private sector CFL Manufactures
/Traders (Project Developers) and State level Electricity Distribution Companies to provide the
framework to distribute high quality CFLs at about Rs.15 per piece to the households of the country.
Under the scheme only 60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent Lamps have to be replaced with 11to15
Watt and 20 -25 Watt CFLs respectively.
The Government would develop a programmatic approach (PoA) within which, individual CFL supplier
would develop CDM projects. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), being the statutory body set up
under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 by the Government of India, will coordinate the Small-Scale
Programme of Activities (SSC-PoA) and will facilitate implementation of the programme in various
States through their respective Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) with the assistance of the
CFL suppliers. The development of the SSC-PoA is a voluntary action on the part of BEE and it would not seek
any commercial revenues from the SSC-PoA. On the other hand, it will on behalf of the Government of India
take the responsibility of monitoring of all project areas after the DISCOMs and the CFL suppliers have
entered into a tripartite agreement (TPA) with BEE.
Source: http:/ / w w w .beeindia.in/ schemes/ schemes.php?id=1
W ater heating: Promotion of solar water heaters in Domestic and commercial sector
Residential consumers with rooftop space as well as large commercial consumers (hotels,
govt. buildings, malls, hospitals, hostels, Ashrams and educational institutions) are a
potential market for SWHS. Further, strong sales of electric geysers indicate good demand
of hot water in households1.
To capitalize on this opportunity, the promotion of SWHS needs to be undertaken in a
targeted manner for each sector- commercial and domestic.
W ater pumping in commercial and domestic sector: Promotion of energy efficient pump sets
Many houses and commercial establishments use inefficient electric pump sets which
consume more electricity and deliver less output. In many cases pumps are re-winded which
reduce their efficiency. The mere replacement of energy inefficient pump sets with energy
efficient pump sets can lead to significant electricity savings.
Prom otion of energy efficiency in new com m ercial build ings

The building sector accounts for significant electricity consumption in India. By making
buildings Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) complaint significant savings can be
1Source: MN RE 2010, Solar w ater heaters in Ind ia: Market assessm ent stud ies and surveys for d ifferent sectors
and d em and segm ents
96
achieved vis-à-vis conventional buildings. ECBC was launched by the Government of India
on 27th May 2007. The ECBC sets minimum energy standards for new commercial buildings
having a connected load of 100 kW or contract demand of 120 kVA as per the Energy
Conservation (Amendment) Act, 20101.
It is suggested that state government in exercise of its power under section 15 (a) of Energy
Conservation Act 2001 amend the ECBC to suit regional/local climatic conditions and notify
the same in the state. Further, to ensure smooth implementation the Sate Designated
Authority should undertake capacity building/training programs for architects, designers,
builders, contractor and town planning authorities. In this context the schedules and
specifications to buildings that is followed in PWD and other construction agencies in the
state needs to be modified to incorporate ECBC which can be done through adopting GRIHA
(Green rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment). GRIHA is India‘s National rating System
for Green buildings and has been developed by TERI and is endorsed by the MNRE.
Ed ucation and aw areness

One of the most effective areas for promotion of energy efficiency is the creation of public
awareness about the costs and benefis of energy efficiency. Major energy savings can only
be achieved through changes in people‘s behaviour by informing them about what options
exist.
Box 2 Awareness programmes in Kerala
Energy Clinic programme of EMC, Kerala has resulted in mass consumer movements led by women
towards adoption of energy efficient appliances. It is a demonstration and awareness programme
implemented through women volunteers who are selected from all districts in Kerala and are given
one day training by the EMC. The women volunteers train rural housewives and spread awareness on
various energy conservation activities in the households.
Serve as a Volunteer for Energy programme (SAVE) is a large scale awareness creation programme
targeted towards motivating school children wherein simple tips for energy conservation were
published in the newspaper, which youngsters had to implement in their households and participants
with significant energy savings were rewarded. This initiative by Malayalam Manorama newspaper
along with KSEB and EMC bagged the international award ―WAN- INFRA‖ in 2009 for creating the
awareness towards efficient appliances. It is reported that 217 million kWh of electricity saving were
achieved through this programme the programme has successfully completed four years and EMC is
planning to re-launch the program.
Aw areness program in Kerala through television media-Many well-known Malayalam actors like
Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Dileep etc. actively take part to promote the importance of energy
conservation through television media in the form of advertisements.
Aw areness through Panchayat libraries- In every Panchayat library EMC Kerala displays all the
brochures and text material regarding the importance of energy conservation. Along with this EMC
provide one CFL lamp to every Panchayat library to promote energy conservation among the public.
Energy efficiency in governm ent build ings

In order to promote energy conservation in government buildings, administration in Haridwar
and Rishikesh should ban the usage of Incandescent Bulbs in all government departments
and related bodies. Further, there exists a substantial potential for energy conservation
through promotion of energy efficient lighting (such as T5), space conditioning (BEE star
rated ACs and ceiling fans) and refrigeration (BEE star rated refrigerators).
1 Source: MoP, 2011, Annual Report 2010-11. Ministry of Pow er, Governm ent of Ind ia, N ew Delhi
97
Other energy saving measures includes:

a. Cool roofs: Traditional dark-colored roofing materials absorb sunlight, making them
warm in the sun and increasing the need for air conditioning. White or special ―cool color‖
roofs absorb less sunlight, stay cooler in the sun and transmit less heat into the building.
This reduces the need for air conditioning by lowering interior building temperatures.1
Potential of cool roofs
Reduce the annual air-conditioning energy use of a single-story building by up to 15%.

Cool interior spaces in buildings that do not have air conditioning, making occupants more
comfortable.
Reduce carbon emissions by lowering the need for fossil fuel-generated electricity to run air
conditioners.
Potentially slow climate change by cooling the atmosphere.
Cool roofing also reduces peak demand for electricity, helping to lower costs and avoid
power outages.
Cool roof products dominate the commercial roofing marketplace in warm and hot climates.
Solar reflective roofs, solar reflective pavements, and vegetation could lower urban air
temperatures, saving additional energy and improving air quality.
b. Proper glazing: Selecting appropriate glazing elements (i.e. windows) is crucial to

energy efficiency. Selecting glass with the proper balance between insulation value (U-
value) and the window‘s ability to transmit solar heat, also known as the solar heat gain
coefficient (SHGC), is the key. Transmittance of solar heat into the home when the sun is
shining (heat gain) can be negated if that heat is subsequently conducted outward by
poorly insulated (high U-value) windows2.
c. Shading: When using passive solar design, properly sized shading elements are crucial
to preventing overheating during the summer months. The size of the overhang will
dictate where the shadow line is generated. These measures help in reducing cooling
demand and, hence reduce the electricity consumption.
1
Source: http:/ / energy.gov/ sites/ prod / files/ guid e_to_cool_roofs.pd f
2
Source:
http:/ / w w w .epa.gov/ brow nfield s/ sustain_plts/ factsheets/ anvil_m ountain_brow nfield s_report_final.pd f
98
Box: M andatory use of CFL in industrial and commercial sector

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 18 of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (52 of
2001), the Governor of Uttarakhand made the following directions for efficient use of energy and its
conservation in the state of Uttarakhand, Energy and Renewable Energy Department, Order
st
No.800/I/2013-01(13/17/05, dated the 21 May 2013.
Mandatory use of Solar Water Heating Systems in the following category of buildings:
a) Industries where hot water is required for processing
b) Semi-governmental and Private Hospitals and Nursing homes with Government
Hospitals
c) Hotels, Motels and Banquet Halls
d) Jail Barracks, Canteens
e) Housing Complexes established by group housing Societies/ Housing Boards
f) All residential buildings built on a plot of size 500 sq. yards and above falling within the
limits of Municipal bodies of the State
g) All government buildings, residential schools, Educational Colleges, Hostels, Technical/
Vocational Education Institutions, Direct Institutes of Education and Training, Tourism
Complexes and Universities etc.
Mandatory use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), energy efficient tube light system/
retrofit assembly in government buildings/ government aided institutions/ boards/
Corporations.
Mandatory use of Star Labeled motor pump sets, Power capacitor, Foot/ Reflex valves in
Agriculture sector
Promotion of Energy Efficient Building Design using Energy Conservation Building Codes
(ECBC)
Mandatory Use of Energy Efficient Streetlights
Plu g-in H ybrid Transportation

The transport sector is one of the largest consumers of energy, next only to industry.
The growth in energy consumption in road transport has tripled since 1981.
The passenger transport system in Haridwar & Rishikesh can broadly be classified
into following:
o City bus services
o Sub-urban bus transport services
o Inter-city bus services (especially and Haridwar)
o Autos (predominant in both Haridwar & Rishikesh)
In Haridwar and Rishikesh, the public transport hinges on diesel based busses and
autos which besides being polluted, are also very inefficient.
99
PHEV can play a very important role; extend beyond the clean transport attributes,
towards playing an important role in management of variability in the power grid.
Different kinds of PHEVs: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Fuel Cell Electrics Vehicles
(FCEVs)
Solar city Transport From To

Haridwar Hybrid autos Bus stand/Railway station Har-ki-Paudi
Haridwar Bus Bus stand/Railway station Towards Motichur
Haridwar Bus/hybrid autos Bus stand/Railway station Towards SIDCUL
Rishikesh Hybrid autos Bus stand Lakshman Jhula
Rishikesh Bus Bus stand Muni ki Reti
Rishikesh Bus/hybrid autos Ram Jhula Seema Dental
College & Hospital
Mu nicipal services
Water and sew age pum ping
While doing a brief walk-through-audit in water supply utilities and sewage pumping stations
and after discussions with municipality officials it was noted that many pump-sets used are
old and have been re-wound many times, especially in tube-wells. These inefficient electric
pump sets consume more electricity and deliver less output. Details of water supply pumps
and sewage pumps have been attached in the annexures.
This means a large energy saving potential exist in replacing these pumps. The
recommendation given is to replace these pump-sets and those that are installed before the
year 2000. This has been proposed for both water as well as sewage pumping.
Measures which help in saving water pumping efficiency include:
Use of motor controls and soft start technology
Demand management program, including training and education of the water utility
personnel
New, more efficient pumps and pump components and properly-sized pumps for their
applications, including impellers.
Power Factor improvement
Use of VFD for pumps installed
Suitably sizing of pumps
Defining operation schedule
Based on these measures, the energy savings potential for water works & sewage pumping
stations in municipalities is assessed to be 20%. This translates that energy savings that can
be achieved in Haridwar is approximately 1.6 MU by 2016-17 and 5 MU by 2018-19.
Similarly, savings that can be achieved in Rishikesh is approximately 1.2 MU by 2016-17
and 3.8 MU by 2018-19.
Street lighting
100
Based on a brief walk-through-audit in both Haridwar as well as in Rishikesh it has been

observed that the street lighting design is based on the rule of thumb. It has been revealed
that the roads are classified as:
i) highway road
ii) commercial area road
iii) residential area road and
iv) service road
Presently inefficient fixtures with conventional ballasts have been installed in most of the
roads of the cities. Mostly High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) and High Pressure
Mercury Vapour (HPMV) lamp were used. In addition there is no automatic control strategy
installed in the feeder pillar(s). Further, poles used at many locations have height not
optimized with the width of road and based on other criteria. Details of street lights in
Rishikesh and Haridwar are attached in the annexures.
As most roads in the city have similar street lighting schemes hence the illumination levels
are not standardized as per the IS: 1944. In these locations, HPSV/HPMV lamps can be
replaced by LED lamps and Induction lamps. The energy efficient street lights improve the
illumination levels along with the less energy consumption.
The recommendations for energy saving in street lighting given are:
a. Replacing existing ballast w ith energy saving m ulti-tab ballast w ith astronom ical
sw itch
During the walk-through-audit it has been observed that the operating load remains same
throughout the night. Keeping this in mind it is suggested to install the multi tab ballast which
varies the load of the lamp according to the traffic load during the night. Multi tab ballast
comes with a facility of setting the time for which the lamp will run up to its full capacity. So,
during the evening operating hours the timer is set for the full loading of lamp and during
midnight onwards it will be set for 50% loading of the lamp. Astronomical timer switch will
help in reducing the wastage of lighting consumption as due to seasonal variation the
operating hours of street lighting does change. So, the switch doesn‘t allow street light to get
on before the dusk and after the dawn.
b. Use of LED based street lights

Although a little more expensive, the Light Emitting Diode (LED) based street lighting
systems can be one of the major potential sources for the energy saving in street lighting
systems. Life of the LED fixtures is more than 100,000 hours as compared to conventional
fixtures besides these consume 50% less power with conventional fixtures. Based on the
capacity and the specific luminaries requirements the LED street light systems can save
about 30 to 50% of energy. Further if the LED based solar powered street lights would be
used then the almost zero carbon emission in street lighting can be achieved.
101
Box3 Mandatory use of energy efficient Street Lights in Uttarakhand

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 18 of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (52 of 2001), the
Governor of Uttarakhand made the following directions for efficient use of energy and its conservation in the
state of Uttarakhand, Energy and Renewable Energy Department, Order No.800/I/2013-01(13/17/05, dated the
21st May 2013.
It shall be mandatory that the street lighting in all existing and new colonies and urban areas notified by the
Urban Development Department, Residential sectors, Industrial estates, housing complexes, colonies and
townships developed by private / semi government/ autonomous institutions shall use energy efficient street
lighting fixtures using T-5 tube lights/ Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps. The above said organizations
responsible for street lighting systems shall have to replace the conventional street lights and install energy
efficient street lights on or before 31st March, 2014 at their own cost.
Source: http://www.ureda.uk.gov.in/upload/downloads/Download-10.pdf
Based on sample studies, and as per above mentioned walk-through-audit, the energy
savings potential for street lighting in municipalities & corporations is assessed to be 25%.
This translates that energy savings that can be achieved in Haridwar is approximately 1.38
MU by 2016-17 and 4.24 MU by 2018-19. Similarly, savings that can be achieved in
Rishikesh is approximately 0.56 MU by 2016-17 and 1.61 MU by 2018-19.
As a pilot project for demonstration, following two street lighting projects have been identified
to be implemented under Haridwar program by the year 2014-15:
1. Energy Efficiency in municipal street lighting through renew able energy
It is proposed to replace 100 existing conventional street lights with LED based Solar Lights
of 120 watt that operate with three centrally installed solar power plants of 8 KW capacities.
Presently LED lamps with efficacy of 100-120 lumens per watt are available in the market.
Besides LED lamps provide directional light and better colour rendering index (CRI) and no
light pollution. LED lamp also has no mercury content.
To install 100 LED based Solar Lights of 120 watt capacities operational with three centrally
installed solar power plants of 8 KW capacities in Haridwar, the MNRE/GOI financial
assistance may be sought as under-
Table 7.8 LED based Solar powered energy efficient street lighting project identified for
implementation under the solar city project
Sr. D escription (capacity) Capacity Total cost MN RE/GOI Municipality
N o. (Rs lakh) share. @ Rs. expenditure
81/ w att (Rs lakh)
1. Energy Efficiency in Municipal 3x 8 KW 99.00 19.44 79.56
Street Lights (100 nos LED capacity
Based Solar Lights of 120 watt centrally solar
power plants
2. Energy conservation in municipal street lighting through installation of

LED /Induction arc lamps w ith automatic controllers in Rishikesh.
It is proposed to replace existing conventional inefficient street lights fixtures in Rishikesh
with 120 watt LED lights / 80 watt Induction Arc Lamps with Microprocessor controlled
ON/OFF timer.
102
To install 200 LED / Induction Arc Lamps with the MNRE/GOI and BEE/ GOI financial
assistance may be sought as under:-
Table 7.9 Microprocessor controller based energy efficient street lighting project identified for
implementation under the solar city project
MN RE/GOI Municipality
Sr. Total cost share. @ Rs. expenditure (Rs
N o. D escription Capacity (Rs lakh) 81/ w att lakh)
1. Energy Efficiency in Municipal 120 Watt 30.00 15.00 15.00
Street Lighting through LED / LED / 80
Induction Arc fixtures (Qty Watt
200 nos) with Microprocessor Induction
controlled ON/OFF timer. Arc
Lamps.
From the above energy efficiency and conservation measures it is estimated that the
electricity consumption can be reduced by 11.63 % in Haridwar and 11.24 % in Rishikesh,
out of the total annual electricity consumption by 2018. Table 7.11 & 7.12 presents the
summary of electricity consumption under BAU and solar city scenarios.
Table 7.10 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU and solar city scenario in Haridwar
Year Scenario(s) D omestic sector Commercial Street Water pumping
(MU) Sector (MU) lighting (MU)
(MU)
BAU SC BAU SC BAU SC BAU SC
2016- Medium term 149.7 147.6 107.1 105.6 7.29 6.56 43.22 42.27
17
2018 Long term 163.7 159.8 121.3 118.4 8.41 6.73 51.68 49.82
Table 7.11 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU and solar city scenario in Rishikesh
Year Scenario(s) D omestic sector Commercial Street Water pumping
(MU) Sector (MU) lighting (MU)
(MU)
BAU SC BAU SC BAU SC BAU SC
2016- Medium term 95.3 93.9 49.0 48.3 2.87 2.58 31.7 31.0
17
2018 Long term 104.5 102.0 55.1 53.8 3.04 2.44 41.5 40.0
Overall scenario of H arid w ar and Rishikesh together as a Solar City

According to ‗Solar City Scheme‘ from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
which mentions a goal of minimum 10% reduction in projected total demand of conventional
energy at the end of five years through energy efficiency/DSM and/or generation from
renewable energy. The numerical figures of energy savings/generation as per
recommendation are summarized in Table 7.13.
103
Table 7.12 Overall scenario of Haridwar as solar city

Haridw ar Rishikesh
Medium Long Term Medium Long Term
Term 2016- 2018-19 Term 2016- 2018-19
17 (MU) (MU) 17 (MU) (MU)
Energy Efficiency Residential sector 3.51 10.26 2.23 6.54
(EE)
Commercial Sector 2.48 7.45 1.14 3.40
Street lighting 1.38 4.24 0.56 1.62
Water pumping 1.64 4.93 1.19 3.77
RE Sources based Solar Water 0.93 5.67 0.59 3.61
Energy Generation Heaters
Roof Top SPV 1.26 3.47 1.26 3.47
Grid connected 2.99 7.47 2.99 7.47
SPV
Total Energy Saving/Generation 14.19 43.48 9.96 29.87
BAU 307.25 345.09 181.88 207.23
% reduction 4.62 12.60 5.48 14.41
30.73 34.51 18.19 20.72
Figure 7.12 presents a graphical view of BAU and Solar City scenario for Haridwar and
Rishikesh.
Figure 7.12 Comparison of BAU and proposed Solar City scenario of Haridwar and
Rishikesh
104
Figure 7.13 presents the dimensions of overall solar city scenario in Haridwar and Rishikesh.
Figure 7.13 Overall Solar City scenarios in Haridwar and Rishikesh
105
8. Action plan
In order to meet the growing energy needs and to optimize per capita electricity consumption
in Haridwar and Rishikesh, it is important to apply energy conservation and renewable
energy generation measures. This would also minimize the need additional capacity addition
from conventional power plants, along with reduction in GHG emissions. Moreover, it
enables a cleaner environment with reduced greenhouse gases and other pollutants,
thereby addressing the environmental concerns.
As a matter of priority, in order to develop Haridwar and Rishikesh together as a Solar City,
the principal government agencies should be committed to:
Discussing critical energy issues jointly through open meetings and on-going informal
communication.
Sharing of information and analyses to minimize duplication, maximize a common
understanding and ensure a broad basis for decision-making.
Continue progress in meeting the environmental goals and standards, including
minimizing the energy sector‘s impact on local and global environment.
Based on the analysis of energy efficiency/demand side measures and supply side
augmentation through renewable energy technologies, the following targets are proposed for
Haridwar and Rishikesh in order to develop them as ―Solar Cities‖.
Table 8.1 Targets for energy conservation generation and greenhouse gas emission
reduction
D escription Haridw ar Rishikesh
Medium Term Long Term Medium Term Long Term
(2016-17) (2018-19) (2016-17) (2018-19)
1. Energy Conservation* Reduction in present energy consumption
1.1 Residential sector 0.82% 1.37% 0.82% 1.37%
1.2 Commercial sector 0.83% 1.39% 0.83% 1.39%
1.3 a Municipal sector (Water pumping) 1.41% 2.28% 1% 2.34%
1.4 b Municipal sector (Street lighting) 6.84% 11.63% 6.73% 11.24%
2. Energy Generation** Generation of Electricity/Heat
2.1. Energy savings due to installation of 0.22% 0.76% 0.22% 0.93%
solar water heating systems
2.3. Roof Top solar energy based 400 kW 1.0 MW 0.25% 0.38%
electricity generation
2.4. Large solar energy based electricity 1.0 MW 2.0 MW 0.58% 0.82%
generation
Total Energy Saving & Generation (MU) 14.19 43.48 9.96 29.87
GHG emission reduction (tCO2/annum) 11070.83 33911.78 7767.81 23297.11
*As a percentage of red uction in energy consum ption over projected consum ption in BAU scenario
**As a percentage of energy should be generated through renew able energy technologies
Implementation plan
A “Solar City Cell” may be established within Nagar Nigam, Haridwar. The Solar City
Cell will comprise a) One Project Officer who will take overall responsibility of the solar
city cell functioning i.e. preparing the proposals and plans for the implementation of the
107
measures and activities suggested in Solar City master plan, implementation of the
activities and the monitoring of the projects implemented under the solar city plan b)
Two technical officers who will help the Project officer by preparing the proposals and
plans to be implemented under solar city
For implementation of Solar City project, an empowered committee may be set up to
provide overall guidance under the chairmanship of the Municipal Commissioner.
The Solar City Cell may take advantage of programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM) under the National Action Plan of Climate Change (NAPCC) for
implementation of the master plan.
The Solar City Cell may also seek for financial support (for energy consultancy as well as
incremental cost of building construction for a few buildings) from Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) to design a few pilot energy efficient buildings in the city, in accordance
with Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC). The possibility of availing incentives
provided by the central government for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) rated buildings may also be explored.
The Solar City Cell may work proactively:
- To get ECBC notified immediately
- To ensure that the building bye-laws are changed in accordance with it
- To ensure that all upcoming non-residential buildings are brought under the ambit of
ECBC and incorporate the relevant green buildings elements.
- To ensure that the major new public buildings and commercial complexes including
those for ITES services are ‗GRIHA‘ rated.
Solar City cell may join hands with the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL)
and Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) to distribute the
quality CFLs and LED lamps to its consumers at concessional prices or on easy
payment terms.
Solar City cell in coordination with UREDA, may initiate a dialogue with the power utility
for introducing rebate on electricity tariff for the domestic consumers, which employ solar
devices.
To begin with, the energy conservation measures in the municipal services may be taken
up immediately.
Utilizing central government schemes, Solar City cell may initiate installation of solar-
based LED traffic lights, solar street lights, building integrated solar PV, and other
relevant solar products on a priority basis.
Solar City cell may mount a focused and sustained campaign on ―Solar City‖ covering all
media resources - including print, radio, and television.
In order to showcase Haridwar and Rishikesh together as a Solar City, the following may
be taken up on priority.
- Urja Park: Energy– cum–Science Park may be established in a central location in
Haridwar and Rishikesh as an inviting place for social gatherings and to provide
public education about issues of sustainable energy in a friendly, non-technical
atmosphere.
108
8. Action plan
- Urja Bhaw an: Solar City Cell may be housed in a new building, constructed in
accordance with ECBC and other efficient/green building concepts.
The following projects may be taken up through public-private partnership:
- Setting up solar powered, LED Display Boards at the strategic locations in the City.
These boards would not only display the fact that Haridwar and Rishikesh is together
a `Solar City‘ but also display pollution levels, temperatures updates, and messages
useful to general public.
- Provision of solar powered lights and fountains at the important places like Har-ki-
Pauri in Haridwar, dharamshalas, hotels, guest houses, educational institutions and
prominent public gardens and parks in both the cities.
- Kitchen waste based biogas generation plants in dharamshalas and large housing
societies for the electricity generation
Prominent office complexes may also have solar powered displays as well as battery
operated vehicles for intra-complex transportation.
Solar City cell along with UREDA and UPCL may begin engaging the public through
sustained awareness campaigns about the benefits of energy conservation and
renewable energy; including local elected representatives and school children.
Solar City cell along with UREDA may organise interaction meetings with industries,
institutions, real estate developers etc. to promote the renewable energy options
Solar City cell may involve consultants to prepare specific feasibility studies for
renewable energy projects in different sectors such as kitchen waste based biogas
plants and roof-top SPV systems in dharamshalas, big housing societies,
school/colleges with hostel facilities, hotels, guest houses etc. and also for the Solar PV
based LED street lighting systems.
Solar City cell along with UREDA may start organizing a series of training programme on
`Green buildings‟ for the planners; architects; electrical, Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning (HVAC), and lighting consultants; and engineers involved in the building
sector.
Solar City cell in close cooperation with the BEE and UREDA, may initiate creation of
accredited certifiers who can then be engaged by the house owners/builders/developers
for obtaining the energy conservation compliance certificates.
Solar City cell may initiate public-private partnership (e.g. working closely with the
associations of the local traders and manufacturers) to propagate energy efficient
appliances, which include ‘Energy Star‘ appliances.
Under Solar City endeavour, one of the key action points could be to replace traffic
signals having incandescent lamps with those with energy saving LEDs, along with solar
controllers. Similarly, CFL based streetlights; lights in the parks, gardens, and
roundabouts may be replaced with solar lights.
To encourage adoption of energy conservation, energy efficient equipment/appliances,
as well as renewable energy systems; Solar City cell may introduce specific, time-bound
financial incentives for Haridwar & Rishikesh respectively.
Towards this, the route of Energy Services Company (ESCOs) may also be explored.
109
Solar City cell may assist Engineering and other concerned departments in accessing
capital for energy conservation and efficiency projects at favourable terms. For this
purpose, State Energy Conservation Fund, as prescribed by EC Act 2001, may be
accessed.
Solar City cell may undertake awareness campaign in hotels and dharamshalas in Haridwar
and Rishikesh for energy conservation. This can be undertaken in partnership with the local
hotel associations and UREDA. Capacity building and awareness generation may include:
In order to inculcate energy conservation techniques in the common architecture. It is
essential that all the practitioners be properly trained in energy-efficient or ―Green‖
architecture. Solar City cell in association with UREDA may, therefore, organize a series
of training programme for the planners; architects; electrical, HVAC, and lighting
consultants; and engineers involved in the building sector, These courses, tailor-made to
suit different levels, would have to be imparted to all the professionals, in public as well
as in private sector – on a regular basis.
Suitable training modules, including the regular updates, may have to be developed and
delivered for
- Accreditation of professionals for building certification and
- For the quality improvement of the accredited certifiers.
Of particular importance is the training for front-line workers and technicians regarding
energy conservation and efficiency, this would not only ensure successful
implementation of such measures but also their sustainability and replication.
Specific training programmes are required for those in the supervisory role, for effective
monitoring of energy demand, enabling them to take preventive/corrective actions in
time.
The public awareness and education being central to successful changeover to solar
city, it is imperative for Solar City cell to engage the public through sustained awareness
campaigns and communicate the benefits of energy conservation and renewable energy
to different user-groups; including local elected representatives.
Solar City cell along with UREDA may mount a focused and sustained campaign on
―Solar City‖ and its features encompassing all media resources - including print, radio,
and television. Apart from specific recommendations, such campaigns must inform public
about the places from energy efficient/renewable energy devices and services can be
procured.
A key component of the awareness creation campaign would be to capture school
children‘s attention towards energy-efficiency and clean future. Thus, the campaign for
the school children will include the following elements:
- Inter-school essay and drawing competitions
- Inter-school quizzes
- Workshops and seminars
- Exhibitions and demonstrations
- Field trips
110
8. Action plan
The information propagation can be achieved in a way that power utilities have taken up, by
putting advertisements and information on back of the monthly bills that were sent to the
consumers. In the same way, mount a public campaign on energy conservation utilizing
through regular communication could be a way.
Budget estimation for Solar City initiative

The action plan for making Haridwar and Rishikesh has various components and actions
which include implementation of energy conservation in Government buildings, as well as
commercial and residential sectors. Further the action plan also includes activities related to
implementation of different renewable energy technologies for different applications. These
actions are of different types like direct implementation, awareness creation, providing
subsidy and other promotional measures. Based on the different activities/ initiatives
suggested in the action plan a tentative budget for undertaking these activities has been
prepared for medium term (2016-17) and long term (2018-19). The budget estimated for
making Haridwar & Rishikesh together a solar city is given in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2 Budget estimated for implementation of different activities for making Haridwar &
Rishikesh together a Solar City
Sector (s) Proposed Targets Solar City cell 2016-17 2018-19 Source of
Measures task (Medium (Long Funding
term) (Lakh Term)
Rs) (Lakh Rs)
Residential Solar w ater 700,100 lit per 1. Prom otion and 88 408 Jaw aharlal
heating d ay capacity aw areness N ehru
system s system s in creation N ational
2015-16. Solar Mission
Increase up to 2. Provid ing (JN N SM),
9-10% i.e. 3000+ subsid y support MN RE,
system s by in initial phase UREDA
2018-19 through UREDA
and MN RE(first
100,000 lit
capacity system s
Prom ote use of 400 kWp by Subsid y support 415 1015 JN N SM
roof top solar 2016-17, and for first 1 MWp
PV system s 1000 kWp by capacity system s
2018-19 of up to 100kWp
capacity as per
MN RE guid elines
Prom ote Increased use of Aw areness 10 35 BEE/ state
energy efficient these d evices in creation, specific energy
d evices (CFL, the city. support schem es conservation
air Distribution of for CFL and Air fund
cond itioners, CFLs, LED cond itioners.
m icrow aves, based lam ps Distribution of
w ashing and tube lights 20,000 CFLs by
m achines, TV, at subsid ized 2016-17 and 80,
etc.) rates. 000 CFLs by 2018-
19, in subsid ized
rates.
111
term) (Lakh Term)
Rs) (Lakh Rs)
Commercial Prom otion of Achieve 10% Prom otional 2.5 1.5 BEE/ state
energy share of energy schem es and energy
efficiency efficient d evices aw areness conservation
through in the city creation fund
aw areness
creation
Prom otion of 100000 lit per Subsid y and 40 80 MN RE-GEF
solar w ater d ay capacity aw areness SWH S
heating system s in three creation , program m e,
system s in years provid ing soft JN N SM
ind ustries, loans / red uction
hotels, hostels in electricity bills/
etc. cess for others
Prom otion of At least 50% of Im plem entation 50 50 MN RE/
energy efficient the new of Schem es UREDA &
green build ing are through Private
build ings certified und er facilitation and investm ent
GRIH A or cost sharing
sim ilar rating schem es
system s
Prom otion of 400 kWp by Subsid y support 415 1015 JN N SM
roof top 2016-17, and for first 1 MWp
system s in 1000 kWp by capacity system s
com m ercial 2018-19 of up to 100kWp
/ governm ent, capacity as per
institutional MN RE guid elines
and ind ustrial
build ings
Municipal Replacem ent of Replacem ent of Prom otional 40 51.2 Jaw aharlal
Sector existing ballasts schem es and N ehru
(Street ballasts by aw areness N ational
Lighting efficient creation Urban
and Water ballasts in all Renew al
Pumping) street lights Mission
(JN N URM)/
BEE
Energy Aud its Prom ote energy Prom otional 20 35 JN N URM/ BE
aud its in schem es and E/ N agar
m unicipal aw areness N igam / N aga
w ater pum ping creation r Palika
and sew age
pum ping
Pow er MSW Pow er MW scale Subsid y support / ---- ---- MN RE/
generation Plant pow er plant Capital UREDA
based on investm ents /
Municipal Solid preferential tariff
Waste / Soft loans
112
8. Action plan
term) (Lakh Term)
Rs) (Lakh Rs)
Solar PV 2X2 MWp Subsid y support / ----- ----- JN N SM/ Priv
pow er plant pow er plants in Capital ate investor
phased m anner investm ents /
preferential tariff
/ Soft loans
Prom otion of At least 3 plant Aw areness 10 25 MN RE/
kitchen w aste by year 2016-17, creation, UREDA/
based biogas 5 plants by feasibility and USER
plants for 2018-19 each. subsid y supports SOCIETY
energy through
generation in MN RE/ state
housing governm ent
societies
Aw areness Establishm ent To set up Solar Fund ing , creation 7 3 MN RE/
creation and of 'Solar City City Cell to and establishm ent UREDA/
study for Cell' d evelop, of the cell and N agar
solar city im plem ent and m onitor its N igam ,
plan m onitor various w orking H arid w ar
implementa schem es, to and N agar
tion coord inate the Palika,
d evelopm ent of Rishikesh
H arid w ar and und er Solar
Rishikesh as a City Schem e
Mod el Solar
City
Interaction One interaction Make MN RE/
m eet w ith m eet to arrangem ents for UREDA/
stakehold ers appraise the the m eetings N agar
that includ e stakehold ers N igam ,
ind ustry, abou t the solar H arid w ar
institutions , city schem e and and N agar
hospitals and various projects Palika,
real estate to be Rishikesh
sector im plem ented und er Solar
City Schem e
To id entify the Stud y on solar Selection of MN RE/
scope of Solar therm al and PV ind ustry and the UREDA/
Therm al & PV application in at consultant in N agar
system least coord ination w ith N igam ,
application in Electroplating, UREDA for the H arid w ar
ind ustries and d ying and preparation of and N agar
prepare textile units get d etailed stud y Palika,
feasibility for com pleted Rishikesh
biogas pow er und er Solar
generation in City Schem e
real estate
societies
113
term) (Lakh Term)
Rs) (Lakh Rs)
Aw areness Aw areness Develop and fund MN RE/
creation for all creation aw areness UREDA/
schem es, creation/ prom oti N agar
d evelopm ent onal schem es N igam ,
of solar city (includ ed in the H arid w ar
park and above) and N agar
exhibitions Palika,
Rishikesh
und er Solar
City Schem e
Total
1097.5 2668.7
114
Cas e s tu d i e s
1. CCR Building
Central Control Room (CCR) Tower, Haridwar is a monitoring and surveillance room near
Har-ki-Pauri with all modern communication systems for monitoring of crowd and other
arrangements. The building requires continuous electricity supply for powering the
surveillance equipments. A SPV system is required to meet a fraction of the total in-house
lighting requirement of the hospital and act as a back-up source of electricity during power
outage. A minimum of 100kW SPV system is recommended on the rooftop of the CCR
tower to meet the lightening in the corridors, lights at entry gates of the tower, focus lights,
fans etc.
1.1 Establishment details

1.1.1 Name of the establishment CCR Building
1.1.2 Address CCR Building, Mela Niantran
Bhawan, Har ki Paudi, Haridwar
o
1.1.3 GPS coordinates of the establishment N 29 56.530
o
E 78 09.408
1.1.4 Average electricity bill per month (Rs per month) 35000
1.1.5 Electricity bill during some Mela (Rs. per month) 1,25,000
1.1.6 Total site area (Carpet Area) (Sq. mt.) 4552
1.1.7 Available roof area (Sq. mt.) 1138
1.2 Type of technology selected
1.2.1 Technology selected Solar Photovoltaic Power plant
1.2.2 Proposed SPV power plant capacity (in kW) 114
1.3 Estimated project cost (in Rs. Lakhs)
1.3.1 A. Capital cost (Rs) Rs. 20,484,000
1.4 Estimation of load demand
1.4.1 Establishment load Lightening in the corridors, Lights at
entry gates, Focus lights, Fans etc.
115
Master plan to develop Haridwar and Rishikesh as “Solar Cities”
2. Hotel Rahi
The place (run by GMVNL, a Govt. Tourism organisation) is just opp. Haridwar Rly Station
Godown, and steps away from the Main Bus Stand of Haridwar which is a very good location
for the traveller. It is a 3 story building with 24 guest rooms and 8 bed halls. The hotel also
has a restaurant with seating capacity of 40 people. There is a continuous requirement of hot
water for various needs. A Solar Water Heating System is required to meet a fraction of the
total hot water requirement of the hotel. A Solar Water Heating System delivering 16700
LPD‘s hot water is recommended on the rooftop of the hotel.

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Hotel Rahi
1.1.2 Address Opposite Haridwar Rly Station, Haridwar
1.1.3 GPS coordinates of the establishment 29°56'40"N
78°9'8"E
1.2.1 Technology selected Solar Water Heater System
2
1.2.2 No. of FPC of 2 m area 167
1.2.3 Water quantity (LPD's) 16700
1.3 Estimated Project Cost (in Rs. Lakhs)
1.3.1 Capital cost (Rs) Rs. 2,839,000
116
Case studies
3. Blood Bank Building

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Blood Bank Building
1.1.2 Address Blood Bank, Bilkeshwar Road, Haridwar
o
o
E 78 09.453
1.1.4 Average electricity bill per month (Rs per 20000
month)
1.2.2 Proposed SPV power plant capacity (kW) 9
1.4 Estimation of Load D emand:
1.4.1 Establishment load Lightening, Fans etc.
117
4. Mela Hospital

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Mela Hospital
1.1.2 Address Mela Hospital, Bilkeshwar Road, Haridwar
o
o
E 78 09.453
1.1.4 Average electricity bill per month (Rs per month) 80,000
118
Case studies
5. Harmilap Mission Government Hospital

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Harmilap Mission Government Hospital
1.1.2 Address Harmilap Mission Government Hospital,
Near Har ki Pauri, Haridwar
o
o
E 78 09.713
1.1.4 Average electricity bill per month (Rs. per month) 100,000
1.3.1 A. Capital cost (Rs) Rs.7,200,000
119
6. Police Station

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Police Station
1.1.2 Address Police Station, Kotwali Nagar,
Haridwar
o
o
E 78 09.775
120
Case studies
7. GMVN Ganga Resort
The place (run by GMVNL, a Govt. Tourism organisation) is situated at the banks of Ganga
river in Rishikesh. It is a 3 story building with 24 guest rooms and 8 bed halls. The hotel also
has a restaurant with seating capacity of 40 people. There is a continuous requirement of hot
water for various needs. A Solar Water Heating System is required to meet a fraction of the
total hot water requirement of the hotel. A Solar Water Heating System delivering 37500
LPD‘s hot water is recommended on the rooftop of the hotel.

1.1.1 Name of the establishment GMVN Ganga Resort
1.1.2 Address Inter College Road, Rishikesh
1.1.3 GPS coordinates of the establishment N 30.11392
E 78.3073
1.2.1 Technology selected Solar Water Heater System
2
1.2.2 No. of FPC of 2 m area 375
1.2.3 Water quantity (LPD's) 37500
1.3.1 Capital cost (Rs) Rs. 6,375,000
121
8. Omkarananda Ashram
Omkarananda Ashram is an institution dedicated to the dissemination of timeless human

and divine values located in Rishikesh. Various activities in the fields of cultural, social,
religious and educational fields are carried out in the ashram. The ashram also hosts a
kindergarten and a school, where classic Indian music and dance classes are also
conducted. Cooking of food is done daily, due to which there is some organic waste daily.
The waste can be used to for production of biogas through a biogas plant. Around 60kg of
organic waste is produced per day which is sufficient for a 4 cubic meter biogas plant.
Biogas produced can be used for the daily cooking purposes.

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Omkarananda Ashram
1.1.2 Address Rishikesh
1.1.3 Quantity of organic waste (kg/day) 60
1.2.1 Technology selected Biogas plant
1.2.2 Capacity of plant (cubic meter) 4
1.3.1 Capital cost (Rs) Rs. 325,020
122
Case studies
9. Hotel N arayana Palace
The Naryana is located at 270 Km from Delhi on the route to Badrinath National Highway
between Tapovan. It has a total connected load of 50kW and 30 rooms with geysers and
ACs in all rooms. Electricity requirement of the hotel was reported to be about
7000kWh/month translating to energy charges of about Rs. 30,000 each month. The hotel
has an unutilized roof space of around 800mt2. A minimum of 80kW SPV system is
recommended on the rooftop of the hotel to utilize the roof space and provide electricity
which can meet a part of the electricity needs of the hotel.

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Hotel Narayana Palace
1.1.2 Address Badrinath road, Rishikesh,
P.O - Shivananda Nagar
1.4 Estimation of Load Demand:
123
10. Jai Ram Ashram

1.1.1 Name of the establishment Jai Ram Ashram
1.1.2 Address Mayakund, Rishikesh
o
o
E 78 17.866
1.1.4 Average number of LPG cylinder used per 6
day
1.1.5 Savings of cylinder with proposed system 3
1.1.8 Number of people served in kitchen 1000
1.2.1 Technology selected Solar steam cooking (Scheffler technology) for
serving meals of up to 300 men
1.2.2 Number of dishes proposed 4 parabolas of 32 sq. m
1.2.3 Space required (approx.) 200 sq. m
1.4 Pay back 3 years
124
Case studies
11. SPV pow er plant atop Pantdw eep Parking area
Haridwar is an important pilgrimage place

where ―Kumbh mela‖, ―Ardh Kumbh mela‖ &
other festive sans take place in which people
gather to bathe in Ganga River. It is
considered to be largest peaceful gathering in
the world. To accommodate such large crowd,
there is a specified/reserved area called ―Mela
Area‖ which remains barren during normal
days. Part of this reserved area is used for
parking vehicles all major festivals. The
details of the proposed project are as under:
S. N o. D escription
1. Proposed capacity 4 MW
2. Location Atop Pantdweep Parking area
3. Area available for installation 74,000 m²
4. Area considered for installation 60,000 m²
5. Project cost 45 crores including structure, civil work, control room etc.
6. Proposed usage of electricity Partial for captive use i.e. charging batteries for lighting
the Har-ki-Pauri area during night and balance fed to the
grid
In view of this large unused land available during major part of the year, a demonstration
SPV plant of 4MW capacity can be installed on the Pantdweep parking area to meet the
additional electricity demand of the city. The height of the SPV module structure should be
such that there should not be any hindrance for the vehicles during parking.
125
12. Canal top Solar PV pow er project
Taking example from the Narmada canal solar power project in Gujarat, a similar system can
be installed on the Ganga canal flowing through Haridwar. The canal was built and
completed in year 1855 and
provides irrigation facility to
the district Haridwar in
Uttarakhand, and Sharanpur,
Muzaffernager etc. in Uttar
Pradesh. The length of upper
Ganga canal within
Uttarakhand is approximately
51 kms, and out of that SPV
plant can be built on 1 km
stretch starting from Singhwar
chowk towards Roorkee in
Haridwar. The width of this
canal is approximately 200
feet and a solar power project of 5 MW can be built, which can generate around 60,00,000
units a year considering solar resource of 5.9 kWh/m²/day.
Salient features of the project

S. N o. D escription
1. Proposed capacity 5 MW
2. Location Canal top, near Singhdwar chowk
3. Length construction 1 km
4. Width of construction 250 feet
5. Area available for installation 75,000 m²
6. Project cost 65 crores
7. O&M expenditure 3.25 crores/year (Approx.)
126
A n n e xu re s
127
A n n e xu re 1: El e ctri ci ty co n s u m p ti o n d ata i n
H ari d w ar
N ame of D omestic Comm. LT HT Mixed PTW Public PWW GIS Total

division/Circle Load Lamps
FY 2007-08
N o of consum ers 38500 11250 476 14 113 47 68 11 50479
(N os.)
Load (KW) 88457 36107 7454 33149 481 566 2484 480 169178
Units Sold (MU) 124.01 58.00 20.26 183.00 25.21 3.22 12.87 1.46 428.02
FY 2008-09
N o of consum ers 40,112 11,958 14 113 47 68 11 52,804
(N os.) 481
Load (KW) 90,980 36,663 33,149 481 566 2,484 480 172,383
7,580
Units Sold (MU) 90.58 51.79 139.18 0.49 3.20 9.05 1.44 305.21
9.48
FY 2009-10
N o of consum ers 43,062 12,482 15 114 47 69 11 56,289
(N os.) 489
Load (KW) 95,723 43,879 33,400 487 566 2,590 480 183,430
6,305
Units Sold (MU) 104.369 56 134.15 0.77 3.20 9.73 1.44 318.26
8.88
FY 2010-11
N o of consum ers 45,308 12,952 21 - 139 47 87 11 59,078
(N os.) 513
Load (KW) 107,208 45,943 34,394 - 648 742 3,642 418 200,150
7,155
Units Sold (MU) 108.90 62.41 9.66 132.66 - 0.69 3.20 18.01 1.44 336.97
FY 2011-12
N o of consum ers 48730 13727 522 21 3 152 71 86 13 63325
(N os.)
Load (KW) 113340 51388 7592 34572 4585 715 929 3654 494 217269
Units Sold (MU) 112.447 73.294 12.087 158.946 18.409 0.701 5.061 20.328 1.496 402.769
129
A n n e xu re 2: El e ctri ci ty co n s u m p ti o n d ata i n
Ri s h i k e s h
N ame of D omestic Comm LT HT Mixed PTW Public PWW GIS Total

division/Circle Load Lamps
FY 2007-08
N o of consum ers 37800 6514 167 20 166 8 40 27 44742
(N os.)
Load (KW) 50209 16159 2331 14652 785 614 1205 1844 87799
Units Sold (MU) 58.72 24.08 3.98 57.47 1.27 3.61 13.04 5.29 167.46
FY 2008-09
N o of consum ers 40,748 7,011 176 14 1 175 2 42 26 48,195
(N os.)
Load (KW) 53,752 18,091 2,651 15,331 1,020 835 614 1,353 1,825 95,472
Units Sold (MU) 53.63 27.34 4.07 74.61 2.24 1.15 2.70 5.90 5.70 177.33
FY 2009-10
N o of consum ers 43,095 7,339 172 15 1 179 2 48 25 50,876
(N os.)
Load (KW) 58,269 20,152 2,637 16,097 1,020 867 614 1,349 1,769 102,774
Units Sold (MU) 61.582 31 4.652 76.301 3.672 #### #### #### 6 199
FY 2010-11
N o of consum ers 44,219 7,466 179 18 1 185 2 48 26 52,144
(N os.)
Load (KW) 62,754 21,537 2,939 18,991 1,020 910 614 1,349 1,825 111,939
Units Sold (MU) 66.75 35.14 4.57 75.85 3.85 1.77 2.69 4.57 5.00 200.20
FY 2011-12
N o of consum ers 50513 9327 224 16 1 202 2 50 27 60362
(N os.)
Load (KW) 72903 26674 3058 17928 1020 1016 614 1384 1935 126532
Units Sold (MU) 75.100 35.504 4.394 83.026 4.026 1.635 2.479 10.737 5.330 222.231
131
A n n e xu re 3: D e tai l s o f s tre e t l i g h ts i n Ri s h i k e s h
re g i o n ti l l 2012-13
Year 250 W 150 W 70 W 72 W CFL 40 W tube High Mast Total

Year 08 – 09 1220 236 372 - 218 6 2052
Year 09 – 10 - - - - - - -
Year 10 – 11 120 50 - 21 - - -
Year 11 – 12 28 380 100 - 50 - -
Total 1368 666 472 21 268 6 2801
133
A n n e xu re 4: Te ch n i cal d e tai l s o f s tre e t l i g h ti n g
i n H ari d w ar
The technical details of some of the street lights installed in Haridwar by the Nagar Nigam
are as follows.
Ward-w ise details of street lights in Haridw ar
S. N o. Ward N o. 400W 250W 150W 70W 40W
1 1 0 11 70 14 100
2 2 0 8 77 21 69
3 3 0 12 135 8 136
4 4 0 3 98 57 75
5 5 0 13 71 125 67
6 6 0 3 45 46 64
7 7 0 9 47 18 15
8 8 0 1 82 43 124
9 9 0 17 209 83 38
10 10 0 9 40 31 47
11 11 0 5 66 96 91
12 12 0 30 181 419 71
13 13 0 0 17 70 75
14 16 0 5 76 199 51
15 17 12 23 123 19 163
16 19 0 37 166 361 214
17 20 0 14 169 21 21
18 21 0 0 69 30 198
19 22 0 6 103 31 134
20 23 0 5 81 27 105
21 24 0 2 68 9 12
22 25 0 47 178 63 351
23 26 0 4 78 16 21
24 27 0 15 51 17 15
25 28 0 8 84 33 97
26 29 0 0 149 107 102
27 30 0 6 75 18 25
(Source: Nagar Nigam,Haridwar)
135
A n n e xu re 5: S tate m e n t o f m ai n te n an ce o f ci ty
d ri n k i n g w ate r s ch e m e s
Uttarakhand Water Board
D istrict – Haridw ar
Sl. Ward Ward N ame N ame of source Flow (In L.P.M.)
N o. N umber
1 31 Sapt Sarover Tubewell No. 31 1700
2 31 Parmarth Ashram Tubewell No. 27 1650
3 31 Paavan Dhaam Tubewell No. 41 1600
4 31 Bhopat wala Tubewell No. 16 600
5 31 Bhopat wala Tubewell No. 26 1700
6 38 Bheemgauda Tubewell No. 40 1500
7 38 Pantdeep Tubewell No. 18 1200
8 33 Rodiwel wala Tubewell No. 07 1800
11 33 Vansamaadhi Tubewell No. 42 1800
12 33 Vansamaadhi Tubewell No. 43 1800
13 28 Vishnu Ghaat Tubewell No. 44 1600
14 38 Bheemgauda Tubewell No. 50 1550
15 31 Bhopal wala Tubewell No. 1 (New) 1700
19 38 Pantdeep Tubewell No. 1 (New) 1500
20 38 Pantdeep Tubewell No. 2 (New) 1500
21 40 Kharkhari Tubewell (New) 1200
22 32 Gidi Pooram Tubewell (New) 1200
23 33 Laltaro Pul Tubewell No. 17 1800
24 32 Satyam Vihar Mini Tubewell 62 600
25 26 Mayapur Tubewell No. 4 500
26 26 Mayapur (Jalkal) Tubewell No. 5 1650
27 26 Mayapur (Bhalla College) Tubewell No. 6 1000
28 26 Devpura Colony Tubewell No. 38 1200
29 21 Govindpuri Tubewell No. 37 1800
30 33 Tourist Bangla Tubewell No. 21 1400
31 22 Bairagi Camp Tubewell No. 29 1500
32 26 Bhagwantpuram Tubewell No. 39 1600
33 26 Devpura (Bhalla College) Tubewell No. 57 1200
34 30 Vishnu Garden Tubewell (New) 1800
35 30 Gyanlok Tubewell (New) 1800
36 30 I.T.I. Campus Tubewell (New) 1800
37 30 Gangapradushan Niyantran Tubewell (New) 1800
38 30 Rajput Dharamshala Tubewell (New) 1800
39 26 Bhalla College Tubewell (New) 1200
40 29 Arihant Vihar Tubewell No. 48 1800
137
Sl. Ward Ward N ame N ame of source Flow (In L.P.M.)

N o. N umber
41 27 Bairagi Camp Naya Tubewell No. 49 1800
42 27 Mahila Milan Tubewell No. 28 1600
43 5 Ram Nagar Jwalapur Tubewell No. 11 1800
44 24 Aryanagar Tubewell No. 13 1800
45 4 Ambedkar Nagar Tubewell No. 30 1800
46 3 Shastri Nagar Tubewell No. 36 1800
47 22 Gol Gurudwara Tubewell No. 33 600
48 14 Pandewali Tubewell No. 35 1400
49 16 Ramrakhha Park Tubewell No. 22 500
50 6 Tibdi Tubewell No. 12 1750
53 5 Ahbab Nagar Tubewell No. 45 1800
54 5 Tahsil Tubewell No. 47 1800
55 16 Ramrakhha Park Tubewell No. 46 1800
56 2 Kadchh Tubewell No. 20 1000
57 37 Chaaklaan Tubewell No. 34 1000
58 35 Jhanda Chowk Tubewell No. 15 1000
59 35 Ramleela Ground Tubewell No. 54 1800
60 2 Kadchh Tubewell No. 55 1200
61 12 Durgaghaat Tubewell No. 56 1800
62 6 Tibdi Mini Tubewell No. 58 800
63 25 Sharda Nagar Mini Tubewell No. 60 500
64 34 Chowkbazaar Jain Mandir Tubewell No. 59 1800
65 6 Tibdi Tubewell No. 1 (New) 1700
68 19 B.H.E.L. Rehabilitation Tubewell No. 1 (New) 1800
69 19 Model Colony Tubewell (New) 1700
70 19 Meena Enclave Tubewell (New) 1700
71 44 Shaanti Vihar Tubewell (New) 1700
72 44 Nand Vihar Tubewell (New) 1700
73 5 Raj Nagar Tubewell (New) 1600
74 5 Trimurti Nagar Tubewell (New) 1700
75 14 Pandewali Tubewell (New) 1700
76 14 Dheerwali Mini Tubewell No. 51
77 14 Pandewali Mini Tubewell No. 52 600
78 13 Ramrahim Colony Mini Tubewell No. 53
79 33 Mansa Devi Buster Pump -
138
A n n e xu re 6: D e tai l s o f s e w ag e p u m p i n g s tati o n s
& S TP at H ari d w ar an d Ri s h i k e s h
S. N ame of Pumping D etail of E/M w orks Year of

N o. station/STP construction
Haridw ar
1 18.0 MLD STP Kankhal All electrical, mech. Equipments in various units of 1991
(ASP) STP from intake to sludge drying beds including
internal electrification
1 no. 400 KVA Transformer & HT Pannel 2008
2 Main Sewage Pumping 4 number pumps each of 16000 lpm & 75 HP motor 1991
Station, Jagjeetpur & 2 pumps each of 6250 lpm & 40 HP motor and one
number 100 KVA generator including power panels,
etc.
3 Main Pumping station, 2 number pump each of 6820 lpm 15 HP and two 1985
Jwalapur (MPS) pumps each of 2727 lpm 5 HP (installed in 1972 but
repaired & renovated in 1985)
4 Bhopatwala (IPS) 3 number pumps each 7600 lpm 30 m head, 83 HP 2009
and two no. pumps 3400 lpm, 21 mt head, 28 HP 1
no transformer 250 KVA 1 no generator of 380 KVA
5 Bhimgoda Nala (IPS) 2 pumps 1850 lpm 50 HP (1987) and two pumps 400 1985-87
lpm 7.5 HP (1985)
Generator 60 KVA (1987) panel and automation 2006
6 Bhimgoda Old (IPS) 2 pumps 300 1 pm 50 HP 2 pumps 750 lpm 7.5 HP 2003
(installed in 850 but completely renovated in 2003)
generator 62.5 KVA
7 Kangra Mandir (IPS) 2 pumps 300 lpm (v) 7.5 HP and one diesel driven 1985
pump set 300 lpm 7.5 HP
8 Bramhapuri IPS (Zone-C) 3 pumps 3500 lpm 30 HP, 2 pumps 6000 lpm 75 HP 1991
1 generator 100 KVA panel and automation 2006
9 Mayapur (IPS) 4 pumps 4500 lpm 15 HP 1 pump 4825 lpm 12.5 HP 1985
generator 50 KVA (installed in 1938 but completely
renovated in 1985)
1 pump 600 lpm, 10 mt head, 22.5 HP starter & 2010
connected accessories
10 Arya Nagar (SPS) Two pumps 4200 lpm, 15 mt head, 25 HP 3 pumps 1989
6350 lpm. 16.5 mt head, 40 HP and 1 no. 180 KVA 2009
Generator 1 no. transformer 250 KVA
11 Bhairo Mandir (IPS) 1 pump 320 lpm 5 HP 1998
1 pump 350 rmp 5 HP 2001
Automation 2007
1 no. 10 KVA DG set 2007
12 Bairagi Camp (IPS) 3 pump 7500 lpm 40 HP 2004
2 pump 4000 lmp 20 HP
1 nos Generator 75 KVA
13 Vishughat (IPS) 3 pumps 2200 lpm 15 HP 2004
139
S. N ame of Pumping D etail of E/M w orks Year of

N o. station/STP construction
2 pumps 1100 lpm 7.5 HP
1 nos pump D.G. set 40 KVA
14 Ghat Sewer 3 pumps 1000 lpm 10 HP 2004
2 pumps 500 lpm 7.5 HP
1 no. D.G. set 40 KVA
15 Gaughat 3 pumps 300 lpm 7.5 HP 1985
1 diesel pump set 300 lpm 9.5 HP
16 Gol Durudwar 1 pump 3800 lpm 20 m head
2 pumps 1950lpm 20 m head
2 pmps 650 lpm 13 m head 2009
17 27 mld STP Haridwar All electrical equipments in various units of STP from 2009
intake to centriguge.
18 Kankhal (IPS) 3 pumps 4200 lpm 25 HP 2 pumped 3400 lpm 12.5 2003
HP 2 pumps 2050 lpm 7.5 HP
Generator 40 KVA (installed in 1962 but renovated in 1985
1985)
Panel and Automation 2005
1 pump 3400 lpm, 8.5 mt head 15 HP 2010
Rishikesh
1 0.32 MLD STP Swarg All electrical equipments in various units of STP form 2010
Ashram Swarg Ashram intake to centrifugal
(MPS) 3 pumps 2100 lpm, 15 mt head 15 HP
2 pump 1050 lpm, 15 mt head, 10 HP
1 no. Generator 160 KVA
2 Lakkarghat pumping 3 pumps 250 lpm 15 HP and one generator 40 KVA 1985
station Station STP
Lakkarghat (Oxidation
Ponds)
3 Mayakund (MPS) 2 pumps 4500 lpm 50 HP 1985
1 pumps 3000 lpm 30 HP
1 No. DG set 75 KVA
(Renovated in 1985)
4 Muni-ki-Reti (IPS) 2 pumps 1650 lpm 40 HP 1999
One Generator 75 KVA
5 Bengali Basti (IPS) 1 pump 450 lpm 7.5 HP 1998
1 pump 1000 lpm, 25 m 2002
6 SPS Chotiwal 2 No. 4100 lpm, 30 m 2009
3 no. 1000 lpm, 25 m
7 SPS Taxi Stand Lax 2 no. 1100 lpm, 30 m 2009
1 no. 500 lpm, 30 m
140
A n n e xu re 7: „Tre n d an al y s i s ‟ – M e th o d o l o g y
ad o p te d f o r p ro je cti o n
‗Trend analysis‘ is a well-known statistical tool used for projection of time series data. The exercise
is usually carried out in a built in tool box on MS-EXCEL which requires time series data as base
values. A graph of time series data is plotted in which time is selected as X-axis value and the data
which has to be projected is selected as Y-axis value. Higher quantum of input values is
recommended for high level of projection presents a sample of trend analysis.
In the first step the graph of time series is plotted. Further the trend line over the data points is
added which might be linear, polynomial of n degree (n=1,2,3….), logarithmic etc. The reliability
and best fitting of trend line is given on the basis of correlation coefficient (R2); which is essentially
the strength and direction of a mathematical relationship between a set of time series data. The
confidence interval of the projected values found very high if the value of R2 is more than 0.95.
When the correlation coefficient is found suitable for projections that the mathematical equation of
trend line is obtained, which is a function of the values on X and Y axis. Now if one has to project
the ground data for a longer period the value of X-axis parameter is changed and new values
obtained for the pre-specified time/year. Following steps are involved in trend analysis in MS-
EXCEL for time series projection:
1. Selection of data
2. Graph between Two set of value in which X-axis is time dependent
3. Addition of the trend line over the line of graph
4. Estimation of correlation coefficient of trend line
5. Estimation of mathematical equation of trend line
6. projection of value based on trend line equation
141
A n n e xu re 8: En e rg y e f f i ci e n t s ch e m e s o f BEE
„Bach at Lam p Yo jan a‟ o f Bu re au o f En e rg y
Ef f i ci e n cy
Lighting accounts for almost 20% of the total electricity demand in the country, and
contributes almost fully to the peak load as well. The vast amount of lighting in the country is
provided by incandescent bulbs, which are extremely energy inefficient. Only about 5% of
the electricity is converted into light, the rest is lost as heat. In recent years, energy efficient
lamps have been introduced into the Indian market, with the Compact Fluorescent Lamp
(CFL) providing an energy-efficient alternative to the incandescent lamp. A CFL uses only
one-fifth as much electricity as an incandescent lamp to provide the same level of
illumination. CFLs have almost completely penetrated the commercial market, and the sales
of CFLs in India have grown from about 20 million in 2003 to more than 100 million in 2007.
However, penetration into households has been very limited, largely because of the high
price of the CFLs. The price of CFLs is still in the Rs.80-100 price range, whereas the
incandescent bulbs are in the Rs.10-15 price range.
Initiatives to help decrease the price of CFLs to be comparable with that of incandescent
bulbs are therefore necessary in order to enhance the penetration of CFLs in households
and are a policy goal that has been spelt out in the agreed action points in the meeting of all
State Chief Ministers chaired by the Prime Minister of India. It is estimated that about 400
million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs; their replacement by
CFLs would lead to a reduction of over 10,000 MW in electricity demand. This would not only
reduce emissions by way of efficient end use of electricity, but would also result in the
reduction of peak load in the country which currently faces a shortage of upto 15%. The
price barrier, as indicated above, will be overcome by using the CDM revenue stream to
enable faster penetration.
“Bachat Lamp Yojana” seeks to utilize the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the
Kyoto Protocol to bring-down the price of CFLs. This public-private partnership between the
Government of India, Private sector CFL Manufactures /Traders (Project Developers) and
State level Electricity Distribution Companies would provide the framework to distribute high
quality CFLs at about Rs.15 per piece to the households of the country.
Under the scheme only 60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent Lamps have to be replaced with
11to15 Watt and 20 -25 Watt CFLs respectively.
The Government would develop a programmatic approach (PoA) within which individual CFL
supplier would develop CDM projects. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), being the
statutory body set up under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 by the Government of India,
will coordinate the Small-Scale Programme of Activities (SSC-PoA) and will facilitate
implementation of the programme in various States through their respective Electricity
Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) with the assistance of the CFL suppliers. The
development of the SSC-PoA is a voluntary action on the part of BEE and it would not seek any
commercial revenues from the SSC-PoA. On the other hand, it will on behalf of the
Government of India take the responsibility of monitoring of all project areas after the
DISCOMs and the CFL suppliers have entered into a tripartite agreement (TPA) with BEE.
The main roles of the three parties are listed below:
143
CFL manufacturers and traders

Providing CFLs with lumen output +/- 10% of the baseline i.e. (lumen output of 100 Watt
& 60 Watt ) Incandescent Lamps at price comparable to those of Incandescent Lamps
(i.e. Rs 15), in exchange for functioning Incandescent Lamps that are currently being
used in the households. A maximum of 4 CFLs shall be replaced per household. These
CFLs shall be compliant with the existing National Regulations in force.
Free replacement of fused distributed CFLs, within 2 years for 6000 hour CFL and within
3 years for 10000-hour lamps, during the life of the CDM Project.
Collection of fused CFLs through buy-back schemes, and arrangements for their safe
disposal.
Pre-project survey to estimate the annual electricity saving potential and baseline
penetration of CFL in a selected SSC-CPA area.
Distribution of CFLs in association with DISCOM within its customer area.
Securing financing of initial investment for the cost differential (no subsidy form the Govt.
of India towards reducing cost of the CFL lamps).
Preparing CDM Small-Scale Programme Activity Design Documents (SSC-CPA-DD) for
their CDM Small-Scale Programme Activity (SSC-CPA) and submitting it to BEE.
Getting the SSC-CPA–PDD validated by a Designated Operational Entity of CDM
Executive Board.
Getting the SSC-CPA –PDD registered with the UNFCCC (including payment of any fees
to UNFCCC).
D ISCOM in SSC-CPA area

Extend facilities to the SSC-CPA project investor to
Define geographic boundary of customer area of a DISCOM.
Define a residential household based on State level definition and tariff category.
Safe storage of replaced ILBs for independent inspection and safe disposal.
Prepare database of all grid connected residential households to include name of users/
address/ average annual electricity consumption for each SSC-CPA project area
Selection of Baseline Survey Group (BSG), Project sample monitoring group
(PSMG), Project spot-check group (PSCG).
BEE
Extensive awareness and information campaign in association with DISCOMs.
Development of Small-Scale Programme of Activities Design Document (SSC-PoADD).
Registration of the SSC-PoA with UNFCCC CDM Executive Board.
Managing the monitoring of lighting appliance utilization hours within the PSMG
households using the approved small scale methodology of the UNFCCC (EB) and
Analysis of the monitored data.
Supporting the CFL suppliers/ DISCOMs to prepare SSC-CPA-DDs.
Inclusion of SSC-CPAs to the SSC-PoA upon satisfaction of the eligibility criteria
stipulated in the SSC-PoA-DD.
Official communication with the CDM–EB, DOE and Indian DNA.
Allocation of CERs to the SSC-CPA project participant / DISCOMs according to their
share in emissions reductions in a specified period.
144
Decide any transaction cost on SSC-CPA for functioning as managing entity for
SSCCPA
145
A n n e xu re 9: En e rg y e f f i ci e n cy m e as u re s f o r ai r
co n d i ti o n i n g
Energy conservation measures for air conditioners
In addition to the above mentioned energy conservation measures, there are certain
‗Behavioural best Practices‖ which can reduce energy consumption in air conditioners.
These measures are explained below. The analysis in solar city scenario does not consider
energy saving due to these measures as it is difficult to quantify the energy saving that
would be achieved. Further, these measures need awareness creation so that these
measures are adopted by general public, thus an awareness campaign has been suggested
for these measures.
Option-A Changing the set point in w ind ow ACs
The efficiency of window ACs can be enhanced by increasing the temperature of the air
supplied into the room. This is based on the principle that the efficiency of the system
decreases to produce lower air temperatures. Therefore it is recommended to increase the
temperature of the supply air from window AC. It was observed that the thermostat position
in most of the window ACs was in the ‗coolest‘ mode. The reason for the extreme setting is
to achieve cooling in the shortest time. This may lead to excessive cooling and also the AC
runs at a low efficiency in the ‗coolest mode‘. The lesser the temperature difference between
indoors and outdoors, the higher the efficiency of the AC system. So, it is always
recommended to set the thermostat as high as possible so as to achieve comfortable indoor
conditions.
Studies have shown that 3.6 % reduction in energy consumption is achieved for every
degree Centigrade raise in the supply air temperature for a window AC.
The recommended temperature setting, with reference to the inefficient setting is shown in
the Figure A9.1 below.
Figure A9.1 Temperature setting – ‗Coolest‘ (Inefficient)
147
Figure A9.2 Temperature setting – ‗Medium‘ (Efficient)
Split ACs and new window ACs are available with digital display panel where the
temperature which to be maintained in room is generally set and displayed. The users are
generally advised by the manufacturer to set a temperature between 18o to 20o C. However,
the temperature required for adequate comfort conditions in an air conditioned room varies
between 23 ~ 26 o C. Therefore it is recommended that in air conditioned executive offices, a
set point temperature of 26 ~ 27 o C shall be set and the ceiling fan shall be switched on.
This would provide the best comfort at the minimum consumption of energy.
Option-B Changing the operating pattern of w ind ow ACs

When the executive offices in the building are not occupied, heat is accumulated in the
rooms due to heat gains from walls and windows. Therefore, when officers are expected to
arrive in a particular office, the ACs has to be switched on sometime before their arrival so
as to get the room to a comfortable condition. If this duration is too long, it may lead to
wastage of energy and also over-cooling of the room in some cases. This can be prevented
by following the guidelines mentioned below.
The parameters controlling the comfort conditions are temperature, humidity and air
movement. Though temperature and humidity are the most significant, air movement is also
important as it provides a feeling of freshness and increases the effect of cooling. According
to the National Building Code of India 2005, the thermal comfort of a person lies between the
temperature range 25–30o C. Table A9.1 gives the desirable wind speeds for thermal comfort
at different temperature and humidity conditions. For achieving wind speeds greater than
2m/s, mechanical means of ventilation such as fans are required.
148
Annexures
Table 9.1 Desirable wind speeds (m/s) for thermal comfort conditions63
D ry bulb Relative humidity (%)
temperature 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(deg C)
28 * * * * * * *
29 * * * * * 0.06 0.19
30 * * * 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85
31 * 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10
32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 **
33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 ** ** **
34 1.85 2.72 ** ** ** ** **
35 3.20 ** ** ** ** ** **
*N one
** Higher than those acceptable in practice
Figure A9.3 Window AC with Ginie

In the offices, it is recommended that the ACs are switched on about 30 minutes before the
arrival of the officers with the temperature setting in the ‗medium‘ position as shown in the
previous section, and by switching on the ceiling fans. Ceiling fans induce air movement and
result in uniform distribution of cool air inside the room. They also enhance the cooling effect
produced by the ACs and thus help in achieving comfortable indoor conditions for the
guests. This measure results in energy savings (though not quantifiable) and does not
require any investment.
Option-C Installation of energy saving equ ipm ent on w ind ow ACs

A power saving equipment (genie) can be installed on the existing window or split AC to
enhance the performance of the unit. The principle behind the working of this equipment is
that it increases the area of the condenser thereby reducing the condenser temperature.
This results in an increased efficiency of the cooling system. The estimated energy savings
through this equipment is 10 to 20% as per the manufacturer), which is achieved through:
1. Direct fall in amperage
63 Part 8, Section 1, N ational Build ing Code of India 2005
149
2. Fall in grill temperature

One of the manufacturers of such a device (Genie) is given below.
Option-D Location of equ ipm ents near the w ind ow AC

In few offices the official files, boxes, tables etc. are placed very near to the window AC. This
affects the performance of the AC because they obstruct the air flow and the temperature
sensed by the thermostat. Even though the room temperature is uncomfortable, the
temperature sensed by the thermostat is lower and results in the AC running for a shorter
duration than required. The occupant feels that the AC is not performing well and he
immediately changes the set point temperature to lower value which leads to the energy
wastage. So, care has to be taken to ensure that no equipments are placed very near to the
ACs.
150
A n n e xu re 10: Li s t o f s o l ar w ate r h e ate rs i n s tal l e d
i n H ari d w ar
S. D etails Capacity Year

N o. (L/D ay)
1 Shanti Kunj, Haridwar 200 1986-87
2 Jila Adhikari Aawas Roshanbaad, Haridwar 100 1988-89
3 Sadhna Sadan, Haridwar 500 1989-90
4 Hotel Arjun, Haridwar 1000 1989-90
5 Paawan Dhaam, Haridwar 100 1991-92
6 Gujarati Dharamshala, Haridwar 3500 1991-92
7 Jila Adhikari Camp, Haridwar 100 1993-94
8 Yogi Pharmacy, Haridwar 200 1995-96
9 Shri Ram Aashram Shyampur 200 2000-01
10 Heetal Li Ground, Haridwar 200 2000-02
11 BHEL House, Haridwar 300 2000-03
12 Shivalik House, BHEL, Haridwar 1500 2000-04
13 Kaaryarat Mahila Hostel, Haridwar 2000 2000-05
14 Sh. Pradeep Paliwal, H-12, Shivlok Colony, Phase-I, Haridwar 400 2007-08
15 Sh. Pradeep Paliwal, H-12, Shivlok Colony, Phase-I, Haridwar 400 2008-09
16 Hotel Gyaan Heritage, Subhash Ghaat, Haridwar 800 2008-09
17 Dr. Prakash Maalshe, B-73, Shivaling Nagar, Haridwar 100 2008-09
18 Sh. Mahesh Chandra Bhatt, C-101, Shivalik Nagar, BHEL, Haridwar 100 2008-09
19 Haveli Hariganga, (M/s Prasad Heritage Pvt. Ltd.) 21 Pilibhaat House, 2000 2008-09
Ramdhaar, Haridwar
20 Krishna Dhaam, Dharamnath Trust, Bheemgauda, Kadhkadhi, 1000 2008-09
Haridwar
21 Sh. Amal Krishan Majumdaar 200 2008-09
22 Sh. Ajay Kumar Gupta, 44, Gandhi Ashram Colony, Vishnu Garden, 400 2008-09
Kankhal, Haridwar
23 Mahant Brahm Haraj Chela 200 2008-09
24 Sh. R.C. Pandey, Ekta Vihar Phase II, Kusumkhera, Haridwar 200 2009-10
25 Sh. Ashok Kr Aggarwal, Hotel vedie, Brijwasi, Rishikesh 500 2009-10
26 Sh. Madan Lal, 17, Shyam Lok Colony near shantikunj 200 2009-10
27 Sh. Umrao Singh, Bhagrathi bawan Bhagrathi vihar Haridwar 100 2009-10
28 Col. J P R Ismail, Rashid Bagh, P O Garhmirpur, Haridwar 200 2009-10
29 Col. J P R Ismail, Rashid Bagh, P O Garhmirpur, Haridwar 100 2009-10
30 Smt. Sushila Devi, Gopaldham, Devpura, Haridwar 200 2009-10
31 Urmila Sewa Sadan Trust, 30-31, Ganga vihar, Boopatwala, Haridwar 800 2009-10
32 ITC Ltd, Sidcul Haridwar 5000 2009-10
33 Swami Shukdevanand Trust, Sapt Sarovar Road, Bhupatwala, 600 2009-10
Haridwar
34 Lala Kishanal Charitable Trust, Rishikesh Road, Bhupatwala, Haridwar 1000 2009-10
35 Sh. Kachchi Lal Rameshwar Ashram Annakshetra Trust, Sapt Sarovar 500 2009-10
Road, Bhupatwala, Haridwar
36 Jammu Yatri Bhawan Trust, Rishikesh Road, Bhupatwala, Haridwar 2000 2009-10
37 Swami Shri Shivahumisagar ashram, Shri Madhavanand Ashram Daxa 1500 2009-10
151

N o. (L/D ay)
Marg
38 Chairman I H IIT Roorkee 2500 2009-10
39 Patanjali Yogpeeth Trust, Roorkee National Highway, Haridwar 92000 2009-10
40 Golshan Arora, Hotel Mansadevi near Mansadevi Mandir 1000 2009-10
41 Tex Zipper, C-11 & 12, Dev Bhoomi Industrial Estate vill 100 2009-10
42 Hotel Sugandha Deluxe, Bhupatwala Haridwar Uttarakhand 1500 2009-10
43 Sanyas Ashram Trust, Sanyas Road, Kankhal Haridwar 1000 2009-10
44 Dr P P Pathak, Central Bank Lane, Vishnu Garden 200 2010-11
45 Sh. Shanti Prasad Lakhara, 177, Lane no. 5, Khanna Nagar, Jwalapur 100 2010-11
46 Sh. Ravindra Kumar Latta, G-65, Shivalik Nagar 200 2010-11
47 Sh. Anil Kumar Dutta, A-1, Satyam Enclave, Tehri Visthapit 200 2010-11
48 Smt. Arunima Fatak, 40, Civil Line, Roorkee 100 2010-11
49 Sh. Harpreet Singh, L-77, Shivalik Nagar, BHEL 200 2010-11
50 Sh. Devi Prasad Kausik, Kausik Bhawan, Rishikul 150 2010-11
51 Smt. Seema Saini, Opp. Patanjali Yogpeet, Vill. Santarshah 100 2010-11
52 Sh. Anshul Sharma, Ganesh Vatika, Vill. Kangadi 100 2010-11
53 Smt. Chandanbala Jain, Viswa Sadbhavana Mandir, Saptrishi 100 2010-11
54 Sh. Harish Kumar Sahani, 85-A, Satyam Vihar, Bhupatwala 100 2010-11
55 Dr Naveen Agrohi, Kasturi Nursing Home, BSM Chowk, Roorki 200 2010-11
56 College of Engineering, Vardhman Puram, Roorkee 10000 2010-11
57 Nanakpura Asharam, Bhoopatwala 1000 2010-11
58 Noble Christian Educational & Regligious Trust, Vill. Krishnapur, 1000 2010-11
Roorkee
59 Joyoti Labrotries, Plot no. 6 to 8, KIE Industrial 500 2010-11
60 Hotel Turist, Bilkeshwar Road 1000 2010-11
61 Hotel Gangesh Revera, Gayatri Lok, Bypas Road, Kankhal 800 2010-11
62 Hotel The Abovrd, Delhi By-pass Road 1000 2010-11
63 M/s Paar Enterprises, Hotel Swagar Inn, Near Sankaracharya Chowk 800 2010-11
64 Sh. Harigiri, Niranjan Asharam, Sanyas Road, Kankhal 200 2011-12
65 Smt. Bhavna Ben, Plot No - 13, Subhash Nagar, Jwalapur 500 2011-12
66 Sh. Balbir Singh Rawat, Lane-C-8, Subhash Nagar, Jwalapur 100 2011-12
67 Sh. Rohit Bhatnagar, K-153, Shivalik Nagar 300 2011-12
68 Sh. Bhagwan Singh Chauhan, Shiv Shakti, Sattikund, Kankhal 100 2011-12
69 Sh. Shailesh Modi, Mohanji Holidays Pvt. Ltd., Yogivihar 500 2011-12
70 Dr. Kamal Jain, A-83-E, Akashdeep Enclave, Near Col. 600 2011-12
71 Sh. Ashutosh Giri, 73, Bilkeshwar Colony 500 2011-12
72 Sh. Ravi Arora, J-228, Shivalik Nagar, BHEL 200 2011-12
73 Vishwakalyan Atma Jain, Rishikesh Road, Bhupatwala 3000 2011-12
74 Swatantra Puri Dham, Bhupatwala 2000 2011-12
75 Samanvaya Sewa Trust, Sapt Sarovar Marg, Bhupatwala 600 2011-12
76 Samanvaya Sewa Trust, Bharat Mata Mandir, Sapt Sarovar Marg 2400 2011-12
77 Vishwakalyan Atma Jain, Rishikesh Road, Bhupatwala 500 2011-12
78 Prem Nagar Ashram, Jwalapur Road 2000 2011-12
79 Govt. SC/ST Hostel, RishiKut Aurvadic PG. College 2000 2011-12
80 Govt. Ashram Padhati School (Girls) Hostel, Laldhang 300 2011-12
81 Hotel Ganges Rivera, Bypass Road 500 2011-12
82 Ganga Lahari, Near Har Ki Pauri, Gau Ghat 2000 2011-12
152
Annexures

N o. (L/D ay)
83 K R Ganga Crownganga Hotels Pvt. Ltd., Near Shankaracharya 1500 2011-12
Chowk, Delhi
84 Sh. Yogendra Gupta, 1, Bilkeshwar Colony 1100 2011-12
85 Hotel The Rio, Devpura Chowk 1000 2011-12
86 Hotel Drive Inn, Rishikesh, Haridwar Road, Bhupatwala 1000 2011-12
87 Hotel Heritage, 4 Chandracharya Chowk, New Haridwar 1500 2011-12
88 Hotel Sun City, Opp. Central Bank Laltarao 500 2011-12
89 Hotel Parl, Plt 8, Inder Enclave, Bhupatwala 2000 2011-12
90 M/s Sens Udyog P. Ltd. Country Inn & Suits, Motichur, Haripur Kalan 2500 2011-12
91 Hotel Rajmandir, Upper Road 2000 2011-12
92 Sh. M K Goyal, N-71, Shivalik Nagar, BHEL 200 2011-12
153
A n n e xu re 11: Li s t o f s o l ar w ate r h e ate rs i n s tal l e d
i n Ri s h i k e s h

N o. (L/D ay)
1 Laprosy Centre, Brahmpuri Rishikesh 300 1994-95
2 G.M.V.N Guest House, Rishikesh 400 1994-95
3 Gayatri Resort, Rishikesh 800 2003-04
4 Seema Dental College, Rishikesh 4000 2003-04
5 Shri Nandu Bhandari, Rishikesh 500 2005-06
6 Department of Forest, Rishikesh 200 2006-07
7 Hotel Mount View, Rishikesh 600 2006-07
8 Hotel Narain Palace, Rishikesh 600 2006-07
9 Rising Sun Resort, Tapovan, Rishikesh 500 2006-07
10 ONGC Guest House, Rishikesh 1300 2006-07
11 Rawat Guest House, Rishikesh 150 2006-07
12 Trilok Bhandari Guest House, Rishikesh 150 2006-07
13 Sh. Manohar Rawat, Rishikesh 150 2006-07
14 Sh. S.S. Bisht, Rishikesh 100 2006-07
15 Snow Leapord Adventure (P.) Ltd., Rishikesh 200 2006-07
16 Sobhan Bhandari Guest House, Rishikesh 400 2006-07
17 Kanthura Guest House, Rishikesh 200 2006-07
18 Real Adventure, Rishikesh 600 2006-07
19 THDC, Rishikesh 3500 2008-09
20 Sh. Bhavani Shankar Vyas, 9, Mukharji Road, Rishikesh 100 2011-12
21 Smt. Sudershana Devi, 187, Bankhandi, Rishikesh 300 2011-12
22 Sh. Surendra Singh Negi, Tehri Vishthapit Basti, Raiwala, 100 2011-12
Rishikesh
23 Sh. Rakesh Gusain, 230/2, Adarsh Gram, Rishikesh 200 2011-12
24 Yoga Niketan Trust, Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh 2900 2011-12
155
A n n e xu re 12: Li s t o f e n e rg y s e rv i ce co m p an i e s
(ES CO )
157
A n n e xu re 13: A n al y s i s f o r LED b as e d s tre e t
l i g h ti n g
Introduction
Many cities have effectively introduced programmes to make street lighting more efficient
through replacing Mercury vapour lamp to efficient high pressure sodium vapour (HPS). HPS
light uses HPS lights use as little as 50% of the power of MV lights and last up to 6000 hours
longer.
Cities are now beginning to investigate and implement programs to try and make public
lighting more efficient by replacing traditional High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights with more
energy efficient and longer lasting LED (Light Emitting Diodes) Lights.
Although lifetime costs are yet to be established, this update aims to provide cities with an
overview of the technology including advantages and possible challenges. It also outlines
steps which cities can take to evaluate the viability of LED street lighting.
LED technology
An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor light source that generates light at a precise
wavelength when a current is applied; multiple LEDs are networked together in a single
fixture to in combination generate the appropriate light output for each particular application.
Each LED is usually smaller than 0.5 cm2 so hundreds of them are used in an array to
produce enough light for large applications.
In recent years LEDs have begun to penetrate the street and area lighting market; rapid
improvement in the efficacy of white-light LEDs, innovations in fixture design particularly
optical efficiency and thermal management and extended fixture warranties have together
contributed to this market growth. Many modern LED fixtures boast warranty lifetimes of
50,000 hours, or almost 11.5 years when operated 12 hours per night. Unlike all other street
lighting technologies save incandescent, LED fixtures contain no mercury.
Some of the benefits of LED street lights over regular street light fixtures are:
 Use 30-90% less electricity for a similar light output than HPS lights
 Have up to five times the life expectancy
 Light is controllable (dimmable and can be instantly turned on and off)
 Light is highly directional
 Contain no mercury or other hazardous materials
159
LED lighting system

As with the other light source technologies, such as fluorescent and high intensity discharge
lighting system using LEDs having a light source and driver and a luminaire include optical
control and a thermal control.
The centrepiece of a typical LED is a diode that is chip-mounted in a reflector cup and held
in place by a mild steel lead frame connected to a pair of electrical wires. The entire
arrangement is then encapsulated in epoxy. The diode chip is generally about 0.25 mm
square. When current flows across the junction of two different materials, light is produced
from within the solid crystal chip.
The shape, or width, of the emitted light beam is determined by a variety of factors:
 The shape of the reflector cup,
 The size of the LED chip,
 The shape of the epoxy lens
 The distance between the LED chip and the epoxy lens.
The composition of the materials determines the wavelength and color of light. In addition to
visible wavelengths, LEDs are also available in infrared wavelengths, from 830 nm to 940
nm.
The definition of ―life‖ varies from industry to industry. The useful life for a semiconductor is
defined as the calculated time for the light level to decline to 50% of its original value. For the
lighting industry, the average life of a particular lamp type is the point where 50% of the
lamps in a representative group have burned out. The life of an LED depends on its
packaging configuration, drive current and operating environment. A high ambient
temperature greatly shortens an LED's life.
Additionally, LEDs now cover the entire light spectrum, including red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, and white. Although colored light is useful for more creative installations, white light
remains the holy grail of LED technology.
Future potential saving by implementing LED lighting

In both Nagar Nigam Haridwar and Nagar Palika Rishikesh there is a significant saving option can
be available by using LED based street light. The detailed calculation shows that the entire
160
Annexures
life time there is 53% saving can be possible if the municipal corporation installed LED with
respect to sodium lamp. For existing tube lighting replacement there is a 82% saving
potential through LED and by replacing mercury lamp fixture 74% saving can be possible.
Performance Sodium LED T12 LED Mercury LED

fixture fixture fixture fixture fixture fixture
1. Lamp efficacy (lm/W) 120 72 44 72 65 72
2. Luminaire efficiency, 0.595 0.72 0.595 0.7225 0.595 0.7225

-secondary optics efficiency, 0.7 0.85 0.7 0.85 0.7 0.85
-power supply efficiency, 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
-lighting-to-target 0.4 0.85 0.4 0.85 0.4 0.85
effectiveness,
3. Overall lighting efficiency 28.56 44.217 10.472 44.217 15.47 44.217

for brand new luminaire,
(lm/W)
4. Power consumption per 0.035 0.023 0.095 0.023 0.065 0.023

net illuminance to target,
(W/lm)
Lifetime performance
5. luminaire maintenance 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
factor, Lm
6. Lifetime decayed 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7

illuminance,
-lifetime, yr 3 10 3 10 3 10
-lifetime-average light decay, 0.7 0.85 0.7 0.85 0.7 0.85
7. Lifetime-average overall 14.0 30.1 5.1 30.1 7.6 30.1

lighting efficiency, (lm/W)
8. -lifetime-average power 0.0715 0.0333 0.1949 0.0333 0.1319 0.0333

consumption per net
illuminance to target, (W/lm)
9. Lifetime energy saving – 53.46% 82.93% – 74.79%

[p_e(HID) -
p_e(LED)]/p_e(HID)
The figures mentioned in above table are the indicative numbers only; while the energy
saving potential may varies depending upon the LED manufacturer data. The replacements
are possible only Group-B1 and Group-B2 categories road where mounting height are 3 to 5
meters or less. LED replacement for other categories roads like main roads may
compromise illumination levels as compared to high pressure sodium vapour lamp.
161
A n n e xu re 14: Te ch n i cal s p e ci f i cati o n s o f LED
b as e d s o l ar s tre e t l i g h ti n g
SPECIFICATION S OF WHITE-LED (W-LED ) BASED SOLAR STREET LIGHTIN G
SYSTEMS
White Light Emitting Diode (W-LED) is a solid state device which emits light when forward
electric current passes through it. A LED based solar street lighting system consists of a PV
Module, control electronics, battery, and W-LED based Luminaire, all suitably mounted on a
Pole. The battery is charged by electricity generated through the PV module during day time
and the luminaire provides light from dusk to dawn.
BROAD PERFORMAN CE PARAMETERS
Light Source Light Out White Light Emitting D iode (W-LED ) White colour (colour
put temperature 55000-65000K) minimum 15
LUX when measured at the periphery of 4 meter diameter from a
height of 4 meter. The illumination should be uniform without dark
bands or abrupt variations, and soothing to the eye. Higher
light output will be preferred.
Mounting of light Minimum 4 metre pole mounted
PV Module 40 Wp under STC, measured at 16.4 V at load. Module Voc
minimum of 21V
Battery Tubular Lead acid Flooded or Tubular GEL / AGM VRLA , 12 V
40 AH @ C/10, Max DoD 75%
Electronics Efficiency Min 85% total
Duty cycle Dusk to dawn
Autonomy 3 days (Minimum 42 operating hours per permissible discharge
OTHER D ETAILS
D UTY CYCLE
The W-LED solar street lighting system should be designed to operate from dusk to dawn,
under average daily insolation of 5.5 kWh /sq.m. on a horizontal surface.
LIGHT SOURCE
1. The light source will be a white LED type. Single lamp or multiple lamps can be used.
The colour temperature of white LED used in the system should be in the range of
5500oK–6500oK. Use of LEDs which emits ultraviolet light is not permitted.
2. The light output from the white LED light source should be constant throughout the duty
cycle.
3. The lamps should be housed in an assembly suitable for outdoor use. The temperature
of heat sink should not increase more than 20oC above ambient temperature even after
48 hrs of continuous operation. This condition should be complied for the dusk to dawn
operation of the lamp while battery operating at any voltage between the loads
disconnect and the charge regulation set point.
4. The make, model number, country of origin and technical characteristics (including
IESNA LM-80 report) of white LEDs used in the lighting system must be furnished to the
163
Test Centres and to the buyers. In absence of this data the solar street lights may not be
tested by the Test Center.
BATTERY
Lead Acid, Tubular Positive Plate Flooded or Tubular GEL / AGM VRLA, 12 V-40 AH @
C/10 discharge rate. Battery should conform to latest BIS standards. In view of non-
availability of adequate test facilities for testing as per BIS standard in the country, existing
facilities of battery manufacturers will be utilized by way of periodic quality audit by
MNRE/BIS or their representative to ensure conformance of BIS standards.
i. Also initially for a period of six months from the date of the issue of these guidelines
capacity test, Ampere-Hour (Ah) & Watt-Hour (Wh) efficiency test and charge
retention tests per BIS standards may be used to enable the program to continue.
ii. It is also mandatory for the battery manufacturers/ bulk users to comply with batteries
(Management and handling) Rules 2001 of MOEF, as amended.
iii. The manufacturer is required to submit the test report on Ah efficiency WH efficiency
and charge retention test from an NABL accredited Lab whereas the capacity test of
the battery will be conducted by the system testing lab.
iv. At least 75 % of the rated capacity of the battery should be available between fully
charged & load cut off conditions.
ELECTRON ICS
i. The total electronic efficiency should be at least 85%.
ii. Electronics should operate at 12 V and should have temperature compensation for
proper charging of the battery throughout the year.
iii. The light output should remain constant with variations in the battery voltages.
PV MOD ULE
1. The PV module (s) shall containmono/ multicrystalline siliconor thin film solar cells. In
case of crystalline silicon solar cell module it is required to have certificate for the
supplied PV module as per IEC 61215 specifications or equivalent National or
International Standards whereas in case of thin film solar cell module it is required to
have certificate for the supplied Pvmodule as per IEC 61646 specifications or equivalent
National or International Standards. In case of thin film modules for each model the
modules should fulfill the wattage criterion after light soaking degradation.
2. In case the supplied PV module is not a module of regular production of the
manufacturer and does not have certificate as above then the manufacturer should have
the required certification for at least one of the irregular modules. Further, the
manufacturer should certify that the supplied module is also manufactured using same
material design and process similar to that of certified PV module. In case of imported
modules it is mandatory to provide a copy of the international product qualification
certificate to the test centre
164
Annexures
3. The power output of the PV module must be reported under standard test conditions
(STC) at 16.4 Volt loading voltage. I-V curve of the sample module should be submitted
to the test centre at the time of system qualification testing.
4. The open circuit voltage of the PV modules under STC should be at least 21.0 Volts.
5. The terminal box on the module should have a provision for opening for replacing the
cable, if required.
6. Identification and Traceability
Each PV module used in any solar power project must use a RF identification tag. The
following information must be mentioned in the RFID used on each module (This can be
inside or outside the laminate, but must be able to withstand harsh environmental
conditions.)
a) Name of the Manufacturer or distinctive Logo
b) Model or Type No.
c) Serial No.
d) Year of make
ELECTRON IC PROTECTION S
1. The system should have protection against battery overcharge and deep discharge
conditions. The numerical values of the cut off limits must be specified, while submitting
the samples for the testing purposes.
2. Fuse should be provided to protect against short circuit conditions.
3. A blocking diode should be provided as part of the electronics, to prevent reverse flow of
current through the PV module(s). In case such a diode is not provided with the PV
module, full protection against open circuit, accidental short circuit and reverse polarity
should be provided.
4. Electronics should operate at 12V and should have temperature compensation for
proper charging of the battery throughout the year.
MECHAN ICAL COMPON EN TS

(i) Metallic frame structure (with corrosion resistance paint) to be fixed on the Pole to
hold the SPV module. The frame structure should have provision to adjust its angle of
inclination to the horizontal between 0 and 45 degrees, so that it can be installed at the
specified tilt angle.
(ii) It should be possible to mount the light source on a metallic arm attached to the pole. The
metallic arm for holding the light assembly should be extended at least
1.5 metres from the pole and set at a suitable angle to maximize uniform illumination of
desired level over the specified area.
165
(iii) A vented metallic/ plastic box with acid proof corrosion resistance paint for housing the
storage battery outdoors should be provided.
OTHER FEATURES
(i) The system should be provided with two LED indicators: a green light to indicate charging
in progress and a red LED to indicate deep discharge condition of the battery. The green
LED should glow only when the battery is actually being charged.
(ii) There will be a Name Plate on the system body, which will give:
(a) Name of the Manufacturer or Distinctive Logo.
(b) Model Number
(c) Serial Number
(d) Year of manufacture
(iv) Necessary lengths of wires / cables and fuse
166
A n n e xu re 15: M i n i m u m te ch n i cal s p e ci f i cati o n s
o f v ari o u s co m p o n e n ts o f FPC b as e d s o l ar w ate r
h e ati n g s y s te m s
1. ABSORBER MATERIAL Absorber shall be of copper sheet and copper tube.

Thickness of sheet 34 SWG (IS 191)
Riser Diameter : 12.7+0.5mm Thickness : 0.56 mm (IS 2501)
Number : As per BIS
Header Diameter : Minimum 25.4+0.5 mm Thickness : 0.71 mm
Number : 2
Projection out side: 40 mm+0.5 mm Including flanges of
the collector box.
Space between Riser Tubes 120 mm maximum from centre to centre of the riser. The
free edges at the sides not to exceed 60 mm from the
centre of the extreme end riser tube.
For independent fins or joints in the sheet an overlap of
minimum 2 mm shall be provided.
Bonding between Riser & Sheet Full length of all risers shall be welded with the absorber
sheet. In case of brazing/soldering/tig welding of
continuous nature, un-brazed/un-soldered portion should
not exceed more than 10% of the length of the riser. For
brazing/soldering, minimum 60% tin soldier or suitable
brazing material shall be used.
The flux used in soldering shall be mechanically
removed and neutralized with the solution of sodium
carbonate to avoid corrosion after installation. The flux
used should be non greasy and non corrosive.
Coating Selective coating with absorptivity >0.92 and
emissivity<0.2
2. FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR Overall Size Length Width Height A 1860+10 1240+10 100+10 B
Dimensions(mm) 2120±10 1040±10 100±10
Variation in size acceptable providing min. 2 sq.m.
area/collector.
3. COLLECTOR BOX MATERIALS Aluminium extruded sections of size approximately 100
Aluminium mmx25mm channel sections (within the tolerance given
above) and of thickness 1.6 mm for the sides 0.71 mm
aluminium sheet for the bottom (Tolerance 10%).
1.2 mm thick aluminium angle (dimensions
25mmx25mmx1.2mm) retainer for glass
Fabrication of the Box Side channel shall be welded by inert arc or gas
brazing to ensure leak proof continuity of the joints of
the box.
Attachment of Bottom Sheet Bottom sheet may be joined with spot welding or self
threaded nickel plated screws .In case of screw joint
wooden battens shall be provided to secure the
167
screws. The screwed/riveted joint shall be made leak

proof by sealing paste of Zinc Oxide based or rubber
based or silicon rubber based or epoxy based sealing
compounds.
4. TESTIN G OF RISER-HEAD ER It should be tested for leakage and strength at a
ASSEMBLY minimum hydraulic/neumatic pressure of 5 kg/sq.cm.
5. COLLECTOR BOX IN SULATION
Back Insulation Insulation shall be providing at back and sides.
Thermal resistance (R) of insulation material shall be
minimum 0.96 sq.m deg. C/W for back insulation and
minimum 0.48 sq.m deg. C/W for side insulation. This
shall be derived after determining thermal conductivity
(K) value at 100 deg. C mean temperature in
accordance with IS 3346. The thickness of the
insulation material (L) may be derived by the equation
R= L/ K or the insulation materials with following
specifications may be used:
K R Thickness density W/MK sq.m/W (MM) (KG/Cum)
Material name Rock wool Glass wool 0.029 1.67 50 48
Mineral wool 0.03 1.67 65 24
0.028 1.67 50 48
The insulation must with stand a temperature of 250
deg. C. Aluminium foil of thickness 0.015mm to
Side insulation 0.021mm shall be used for covering the back insulation
25 mm thick insulation of specification as mentioned
above.
Aluminium foil of thickness 0.015 mm to 0.021mm shall
be used of covering the side insulation. Glass wool
Resin Bonded/Rockwool/Rigid Polyurethene of
Thickness 25mm, minimum shall be used so as to
achieve R value=0.08 as per IS 3346:1980.
6. FRON T GLAZIN G Single piece glass
Material thickness Transmittance Toughened-4.0+0.2 mm (IS 2553(Part-I) 82% (Minimum)
General appearance of glass
Aperture area Spacing between cover Free from bubbles/rough surface 2.30sq.mt.(approx.)for
plate and Absorber surface size A collector
20 to 40 mm
7. HEAD ER FLAN GES Brass flanges of 62+3 mm diameter and minimum
thickness of 4 mm with provision of four number of GI
plated nuts bolts with diameter of 6mm-8mm shall be
used. Flanges shall be brazed to the header and
brazing tested for leakage at the test pressure of
10kg/sq.cm. In no case crude soldered flanges shall
be used. The assembly of the flanges should be at
right angle to the header area to ensure proper
assembly at the site of installation.
8. GROMMET Suitable sealing between the inlet and outlet of header
and casing of the following materials shall be provided.
Neoprene, EPDM, Silicon rubber or butyle rubber etc.
168
Annexures
The grommet shall be suitable for a temp. upto 125

deg. C and mechanical loading during transportation of
collectors.
Typical size of grommet may be 40 mm outer dia and
25mm inner dia.
9. ASSEMBLY OF COLLECTORS The load of the absorber should not be on the insulation.
It should be taken by the collector box. The air gap
between the glazing and the absorber should be 25mm
(+5mm). Insulation should not be allowed to slide.
Glazing shall be fixed on the collector box by using
EPDM/Neoprene/Synthetic rubber channels. The glass
should be firmly held, without strain taking into account
the expansions of glass. A typical example is by
retaining the glazing with the help of self tapping screws
and aluminium angle retainer of dimensions
25mmx25mmx1.5mm fixed on the top of the box it shall
be ensured that the screws are not touching the glass
edge. Top surface along the edge between the glass
and the aluminium angle shall be caulked with suitable
sealants such as zinc oxide based/rubber based/silicon
rubber based or polysulphide rubber sealants.
10. GASKET FOR FLAN GES 3 mm thick gasket of Neoprene/synthetic rubber gasket
shall be used for sealing the joints between flanges.
11. COLLECTOR SUPPORT FRAME The structure should be in a position of withstand a wind
velocity of 150 kms/hr. shall be made with angle iron of
35 mmx35mmx4mm; will have vertical support at top
and bottom edge of the inclined plane of the collector at
a distance of 1.5 M or less. The vertical support shall be
firmly grouted with the roof. The non corrosive material
or have corrosion resistant protective coating must be
used. They will be strong enough to sustain their
pressure during the lifetime of system.
12. PAIN TIN G OF STAN D S Proper cleaning and degreasing of the surface should be
done with the help of three in one solution before
painting. Two coats of zinc chromate red oxide primer
shall be applied followed by two coats of enamel paint of
suitable colour as per NIT.
13.STORAGE TAN K(HOT WATER) SS 304 or 316 grade min/ MS or any other material with
a)Material b) Thickness anticorrosive coating for hard water with chlorine
contents.
Minimum thickness Tank capacity
20 gauge (0.91mm)for 100 lpd
20 gauge (0.91mm) for 200 lpd
18 gauge (1.2mm)for 1000lpd
14 gauge (2.0mm) for 4000 lpd
For MS minimum thickness
169
will be 1.5 mm.

c) Insulation and installation Minimum 50mm thick with CFC free PUF having density
of 28-32 kg per Cu.mtr. For regions with sub zero
temperatures, it will be doubled. 24 SWG thick
aluminium sheet shall be used for cladding the tank
insulation.
The storage tank shall be properly installed at site using
enameled coated appropriate size angle iron stands,
girder, cement concrete pedestals of 1:2:3 ratio or any
other specific provision suitable to site to ensure the
stability against heavy storm etc. but not less than
1‘x1‘x6‖ dimensions.
External of the tank should be properly insulated so that
hot water temperature does not decrease by more than
5 deg. C in about 16 hrs. Time.
(d). Welding TIG/Seam/ pressurized weld (Open arc weld not
permitted)
14. PIPIN G
Material 1‖ to 2‖ dia Medium class (B class) GI as per IS 1239
shall be used for piping.
Insulation Minimum 50mm thick with CFC free PUF having density
of 28-32 kg per Cu.mtr. For regions with sub zero
temperatures, it will be doubled.
26 SWG thick aluminium sheet shall be used for
cladding the insulated pipe.
The pipe line should be properly supported and fixed
with clamp with the help of suitable size stand/civil
structure (cement concrete ratio 1:4) ISI mark strainer of
standard make should be fitted in the main cold
water supply line before the system/
15.VALVES/N IPPLE/TEES/BEN D S Gun metal valve ISI marked shall be used. Nipple/tees
and bends of ISI marked of medium class GI (B class)
shall be used. Air vents in each row are to be provided.
16. IN STRUMEN TATION Temperature gauge: 1 No. dial type (for Hot Water
Storage Tank/Outlet)
Gun metal stainer: 1 No. (at Cold Water inlet)
Water meter -1 at the inlet of cold water tank. Maximum
2 nos. of chrome plated brass taps for systems upto 200
lpd and thereafter 1 tap per 200 lpd of superior quality
for distribution line. (ISI mark or standard make.
17. COLD WATER TAN K HDPE/LDPE material with Gun metal float valve (ISI
marked) equal to the capacity of Hot water storage tank.
18. MAKE UP TAN K The capacity of makeup tank should be 5 litres up to 500
lpd and 10 litres for 1000 lpd and above made of SS304
minimum 0.8 mm thick. (ISI mark or standard make.
19. STAN D S & PED ESTALS FOR TH The tanks will be mounted on stands made out of angle
TAN KS (hot water tank/ cold E iron frame of 35x35x4mm up to 500 liters, 50x50x6 mm
water tank) up to 2000lpd and 65x65x6mm for capacity above 2000
liters with each leg duly grouted with PCC 1:2:4 of
1‘x1‘x1‘ size. The cold water tanks will be placed over
angle iron frame having 4 cross members in 4 legs with
5mm thick MS sheet for full bottom support fixed of 4
horizontal members based on the size of the cold water
tanks. The non corrosive material or have corrosion
resistant protective coating must be used. They will be
170
Annexures
strong enough to sustain their pressure during the

lifetime of system.
20. SYSTEM LAYOUT & Maximum number of collectors in series should not be
D ESIGN more than ten. Maximum number of collectors in parallel
in one row without the use of any piping connections
should not be more than six. Air venting at appropriate
places without hindrance of a spring leaded valve to
prevent air locking in the system should be provided. For
this purpose, the system shall have, at a suitable point,
atmospheric pressure conditions preferably in the high
temperature zone. System shall have a suitable
expansion/make up tank at a high point in the system to
ensure that collectors run full all the times. Capacity of
this expansion/make up tank should be 1.5% of the
system capacity for all systems.
21. PUMP In case of forced system, pump of suitable size with
DTC/FTC control has to be provided as per site
requirements.
22. HEAT EXCHAN GER (a) Shell- (ISI mark or standard make. Copper for forced systems
in-Tube Type (i) Material only. Shell in tube type heat exchanger may be used if
U-type construction is not employed and if V-type
construction is employed, then minimum 4 Nos. of heat
exchangers will be used in series.
171
A n n e xu re 16: M i n i m u m te ch n i cal s p e ci f i cati o n s
o f v ari o u s co m p o n e n ts o f e tc. b as e d s o l ar w ate r
h e ati n g s y s te m s
Evacuated Tube Collectors/ Heat pipes
Type of tubes : 3 layer solar selective (Inner layer of copper coating should
be visible). Detailed specifications of tubes will be as per the
guidelines laid down by MNRE for empanelment of
Manufacturers of ETC based systems & made available at
MNRE website (MNRE approved manufacturers/suppliers).
N o. of tubes in a system : To have minimum 1 ½ sq. m. of absorber area for 100 liter
tank capacity system. Absorber area will be calculated as
Number of tubes X (exposed surface area of tube in meters
i.e. 3.14 x radius of tube). For example 14 tubes of ID: 47
mm & length: 1500 mm and 10 tubes of ID 58 mm & length:
1800 mm will be required for each 100 lpd system.
Procurement : From reputed supplier (Details of supplier to be provided)

Storage Tanks, Piping, (To be all indigenous & not imported)
Support structure etc.
Inner tank material : SS 304 or 316 grade min/ MS or any other material with anticorrosive
coating for hard water with chlorine contents.
Inner tank thickness : For SS minimum thickness will be 0.5 mm when using argon arc or
metal inert gas for welding and 0.8 mm when using other type of weldng.
For MS minimum thickness will be 1.5 mm. No leakage under any kind
of negative or positive pressure od water will be ensured.
Inner tank w elding : TIG / Seam/ pressurized weld (Open arc weld not permitted)
Storage tank capacity : Not less than system capacity. In case of ETC based system, volume
of tubes & manifold not to be included in tank capacity.
Thermal insulation of : Minimum 50mm thick with CFC free PUF
having density tanks & hot water piping of 28-32 kg per Cu.mtr. For
regions with sub zero temperatures, it will be doubled.
Outer cladding & Frames : Al/SS/FRP or GI powder coated. MS may also be used with special
anti-corrosive protective coatings.
Valves, cold w ater tank, : Of ISI mark or standard make vent pipe, heat exchanger, make up tank
& measuring instruments i) System will be well grouted with collectors
installed atleast 6‖ above the ground. It should be able to sustain the
wind speed of 150 km per hour.
Support structure for : Of non corrosive material or have corrosion resistant protective coating.
collectors, piping, tanks They will be strong enough to sustain their pressure during the lifetime of
etc. system.
173

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Draft Report

Project Code: 2012RT06

Master plan to develop

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Qingdao, China ................................................................................................. 15

Municipal solid waste......................................................................................... 69

12. Canal top Solar PV power project .............................................................................. 126

A N N EXURE 16: M IN IMUM TECHN ICAL SPECIFICATION S OF VARIOUS COMPON EN TS OF ETC.

Table 7.12 Overall scenario of Haridwar as solar city ........................................................ 104

Figure 4.1 Maps – Haridwar and Rishikesh ......................................................................... 43

Figure 6.1 Waste dumping facility at Khadri Khadakmaf, Rishikesh .................................... 70

DPR Detailed Project Report

HPSV High Pressure Sodium Lamp

Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited,

Baseline d eterm ination

This is followed by a techno-economic evaluation of various energy conservation and

Institutions involved globally on the development of Solar

International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI)

Eu ropean Solar Cities Initiatives (ESCI)

Solar city task force

Solar Am erica cities

The desired outcomes of the Solar America Cities are:

Eu ropean solar cities projects

ICLEI-local governm ents for su stainability

Programme on solar cities

‘Solar Cities’ program m e in Ind ia

1 http:/ / w w w .ind ianexpress.com / new s/ chand igarh -solar-city-plan-read y/ 486526/

Solar city, Barcelona, Spain

Solar city, Linz, Austria

Solar city, Daegu , Korea

Solar city, Oxford , UK

3. To develop sustainable urban energy technologies

Solar city, Freibu rg, Germ any

Solar city, Gelsenkirchen, Germ any

Solar city, Goteborg, Sw ed en

The H agu e, N etherland s

Qingd ao, China

Santa Monica, USA

Table 2.1 Checklist of parameters and initiatives taken up

Achieving energy efficient bu ild ings

Energy conservation regu lations

1 accord ing to ECBC 2006 clim ate zone m ap of Ind ia

1 http:/ / w w w .gbcaus.org/ gbc.asp?sectionid =90&d ocid =954

1 http:/ / w w w .energycod es.gov/ im plem ent/ pd fs/ ta_com .p d f

1 reference TERI-GRIH A d ocu m ent

12.1.1 Arrange spaces w ith respect to favourable orientations

Table 3.1 Suggested energy efficiency measures for commercial buildings

1 http:/ / w w w .energyd esignresources.com / d ocs/ d b-01-lighting.pd f

Technology D escription Building use and type Benefit and limitations

H eating, Ventilation, and Air-Cond itioning (H VAC) system s

Energy unit Conversion factor for kWh

1 w w w .ad vanced build ings.org

Table 3.2 Alternative technologies to improve energy efficiency of HVAC systems

1 http:/ / w w w .greenhouse.gov.au/ ch allenge/ publications/ factsheets/ fs2.htm l

Technology D escription Building type and use Benefits and limitations

Technology D escription Building type and use Benefits and limitations

Service hot w ater and pu m ping

1 http:/ / w w w .green.ca.gov/ EnergyProgram s/ Rebates.htm #hvac

Table 3.3 Potential technologies for water heating

1 http:/ / w w w .greenhouse.gov.au/ challenge/ publications/ factsheets/ fs8.htm l

Technology D escription Building type and use Benefits and limitations