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Annotated Physics Data Booklet 2016
Annotated Physics Data Booklet 2016
Annotated by Boaz V.
Diploma Programme
Physics data booklet
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Unit conversions
180°
1 radian (rad) ≡
π
Temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273
cell battery
ac supply switch
voltmeter V ammeter A
lamp potentiometer
light-dependent
thermistor
resistor (LDR)
diode capacitor
Sub-topic 1.2 – Uncertainties and errors Sub-topic 1.3 – Vectors and scalars
If: y = a ± b Adding/subtracting quantities:
uncertainty in result will be sum A
AV
then: ∆y = ∆a + ∆b of uncertainties of quantities.
y = Result. AH = Horizontal
component.
a, b, c = Quantities. Multiplying/dividing quantities: %
ab uncertainties of quantities are added AV = Vertical
If: y together to obtain % uncertainty in result.
Δ = Uncertainty. c component.
∆y ∆a ∆b ∆c
then: = + +
y a b c
AH
Powers of quantities: % uncertainty of
If: y an quantity is multiplied by power to obtain
AH = A cos θ Trigonometric rules of triangles are
applied when taking components of
% uncertainty in result.
∆y ∆a vector quantities.
then: = n A V = A sin θ
y a
F = Resultant force.
t = Time elapsed. (v + u ) t
s= Ff = Frictional force.
2
R = Normal reaction
Sub-topic 2.3 – Work, energy Sub-topic 2.4 – Momentum force.
W = Work done.
and power and impulse
F = Force. W = Fs cos θ Work done. p mv Momentum.
s = Displacement. 1 ∆p
p = Momentum.
EK mv 2 Kinetic energy.
2 F= Resultant force due to momentum.
EK = Kinetic energy. ∆t m = Mass.
1
Ep = k ∆ x 2 Elastic potential energy (in a spring).
p2 v = Velocity.
m = Mass. 2 EK Kinetic energy.
2m
v = Velocity. ∆Ep = mg ∆h Gravitational potential energy. F = Force.
F = Force.
A = Area.
T = Temperature.
3 3 R Average kinetic energy per
EK kBT T
2 2 NA molecule of a gas. EK = Kinetic energy.
kb = Boltzmann’s
constant.
T = Period. Sub-topic 4.1 – Oscillations Sub-topic 4.4 – Wave behaviour
n1 sin θ 2 v 2 Refraction when a wave crosses a
f = Frequency. 1 Period (time taken to complete 1
T oscillation).
= = boundary between 2 media n1/n2 = Index of
f n2 sin θ1 v1 (Snell’s law). refraction.
θ = Angle of
c = Velocity. Sub-topic 4.2 – Travelling waves λD
s= Fringe spacing in double slit diffraction. incidence/refraction.
f = Frequency. d
c = fλ Speed of a wave.
v = Wave velocity.
λ = Wavelength. Constructive interference:
Sub-topic 4.3 – Wave characteristics path difference = nλ
s = Fringe spacing.
Maxima/minima on
I = Intensity. I A2 Intensity of a wave vs. amplitude. screen in double slit λ = Wavelength.
Destructive interference: diffraction.
Intensity of a wave’s radiation at a certain
A = Amplitude. I ∝ x −2 distance from the source. ⎛ 1⎞ D = Distance to
path difference = ⎜ n + ⎟ λ screen.
Transmitted intensity of light incident 2
⎝ ⎠
x = Distance from I = I 0 cos2 on a polariser (Malus’s law).
source. d = Slit spacing.
q = Charge.
t = Time.
Sub-topic 5.2 – Heating effect of
F = Force. Sub-topic 5.1 – Electric fields electric currents V = Potential.
n = Number of 1 1 1
charges per unit I nAvq Current in a wire. = + + ... Total resistance of resistors
Rtotal R1 R2 in parallel.
volume.
RA
A = X-sectional area. ρ= Resistivity of material of a wire.
L F = Force.
v = Drift velocity. Sub-topic 5.4 – Magnetic effects of
Sub-topic 5.3 – Electric cells q = Charge.
electric currents
ε = Emf. v = Velocity of charge.
Force on a charge moving through a
ε = I (R + r ) Emf of a cell. F = qvB sin θ
magnetic field.
I = Current. B = Magnitude of
Force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.
R = Resistance. F = B IL sin θ magnetic field.
θ = Angle with field.
r = Internal resistance.
Sub-topic 6.2 – Newton’s law of
Sub-topic 6.1 – Circular motion F = Force.
v = Velocity. gravitation
G = Gravitational
ω = Angular velocity. v = ωr Velocity of body travelling in circle. Mm Force experienced by 2 masses
F G (Newton’s law of gravitation). constant.
r2
r = Radius of circle. M = Mass of body.
v 2 4 π2 r Centripetal acceleration. F Field strength as experienced by a
a = Acceleration. a= = 2 g mass in the field.
r T m m = Mass of body (in
a field).
T = Period of Field strength at a certain
mv 2 M
rotation. F= = mω 2 r Centripetal force. g G distance from body. r = Separation
r r2 distance of bodies.
F = Force.
g = Gravitational
m = Mass. field strength
Ve = Electric
Sub-topic 10.1 – Describing fields Sub-topic 10.2 – Fields at work
potential.
W = Work done.
W = q ∆Ve GM kQ G = Gravitational
q = Charge. Work done moving a charge
Potential. Vg = − Ve constant.
r r
between 2 points in a field.
Ve = Electric k = Coulomb
potential. W = m∆Vg Field strength.
∆Vg ∆Ve
g=− E=− constant.
Work done moving a mass ∆r ∆r
m = Mass. between 2 points in a field. M = Mass.
GMm kQq
Vg = Gravitational Potential energy. Ep = mVg = − Ep qVe Q = Charge.
potential.
r r
r = Separation
GMm kQq
Force. Fg Fe distance.
r2 r2
g = Gravitational
field strength.
2GM Escape velocity of a planet.
v esc E = Electric field
r
strength.
m = Mass.
q = Charge.
Fg = Gravitational
force.
Fe = Electric force.
V(esc) = Escape
velocity.
V(orbit) = velocity of
orbit.
V0 = Maximum pd.
2
q0 = Original charge.
t
V0 Vrms q = q0 e
−
τ Exponential decrease of charge
R = Resistance R Resistance.
stored for a discharging capacitor. t = Time elapsed.
I0 Irms
P(max) = Maximum t I = Current.
power dissipated. − Exponential decrease of current for a
Pmax I 0V0 Maximum power dissipated. I = I0e τ
discharging capacitor. I0 = Initial maximum
P = Power dissipated. current.
1 Average power dissipated.
P I 0V0 −
t Exponential decrease of potential
ε = Emf. 2 V = V0 e τ
difference for a discharging capacitor. V0 = Initial maximum
potential difference.
N = Number of turns. ε p Np I s Ratios of emf, turns and current in a
= =
p/s = Primary/ ε s Ns I p transformer.
secondary.
R = Nuclear radius.
E = Energy. Sub-topic 12.1 – The interaction of
Sub-topic 12.2 – Nuclear physics
matter with radiation R0 = Fermi radius
h = Planck’s constant.
1 (constant).
E hf Energy of a photon.
R R0 A 3
f = Frequency. Nuclear radius of an element. A = Atomic mass
Kinetic energy of freed electron number.
Φ = Work function. Emax = h f − Φ (photoelectric effect) (= e × N = N0 e − λt Number of nuclei left in a radioactive
sample.
stopping voltage). N = Number of
n = State of atom. 13.6 nuclei.
E = − 2 eV Quantised energy of electron in the A = λ N0 e − λt
Activity of a radioactive sample.
m = Mass. n hydrogen atom.
N0 = Original
θ = Angle of first
V = Volume. h Uncertainty in momentum and
∆ x∆p ≥ minimum.
4π position of a particle (Heisenberg).
x = Position. λ = De Broglie
h wavelength.
p = Momentum. ∆E ∆t ≥ Uncertainty in energy and lifetime of the state of a particle (Heisenberg).
4π
D = Diameter of
t = Time. circular object.
⎛v ⎞ ⎛ vx ⎞ ⎛ v∆x ⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ t′ = γ ⎜t − ; ∆t ′ = γ ⎜ ∆t − c 2 ⎟
⎝c⎠ ⎝ c 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ ⎠
u −v
u′ =
uv
1− 2
c
∆t = γ ∆t0
L0
L=
γ
I = ∑ mr 2 3
U nRT
2
Γ = Iα
∆Q
ω = 2πf ∆S =
T
ωf = ωi + α t 5
pV 3 constant (for monatomic gases)
ω f2 = ω 2i + 2αθ
W = p∆V
1
θ = ωi t + α t 2
2 useful work done
η=
L = Iω energy input
1 2 Tcold
EKrot = Iω ηCarnot = 1 −
2 Thot
Sub-topic B.3 – Fluids and fluid Sub-topic B.4 – Forced vibrations and
dynamics (HL only) resonance (HL only)
energy stored
B = ρ fVf g Q = 2π
energy dissipated per cycle
energy stored
P = P0 + ρ f gd Q = 2π × resonant frequency ×
power loss
Av constant
1 2
ρv + ρ gz + p = constant
2
FD = 6πη rv
vr ρ
R=
η
I = I0e − µ x
µ x 1 = In2
d = Distance from 2
Earth to a star.
Z = ρc
p = Parallax angle.
H(0) = Hubble
constant.