Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792151?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
University of San Carlos Publications is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society
22 (1994): 103-140
?Presented at the Fifth Annual Manila Studies Series Conference, Casa Bianca, In
tramuros, Manila, 21 June 1993.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
104 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 105
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
106 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 107
Abbreviations used:
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
108 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 109
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
110 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
the University of Sto. Tomas in around 1870. He apparently enrolled the fol?
lowing year at the newly inaugurated Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of
his alma mater. However, in March 1872, he left for Spain in order to con?
tinue the medical course at the University of Valladolid in his father's native
city. He was the first Filipino medical student to arrive in Europe. As men?
tioned above, he obtained the Licentiate in Medicine in 1877. From Val?
ladolid, he transferred to the College of Medicine of San Carlos of the
University of Madrid, where he graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1878.
The title of his thesis is not known but it must obviously have been the first
medical treatise written by a Filipino/
In the famous clinic of Dr. Louis de Weckert in Paris, Dr. Gonzalez
trained further in ophthalmology. Thus, he was also the first Filipino ophthal?
mologist. (Rizal, who trained in the same center, was the second.) Before
returning to the Philippines, he toured France, Italy, Germany and Switzer?
land observing medifcal practice in those countries.39
Back in the Philippines, he set up a clinic in Binondo and later, in Baliuag,
Bulac?n, his native town. The son of the local Augustinian parish priest, Fray
Fausto Lopez (1845-1866), he belonged to a prominent family of Baliuag
through his mother, Dona Maria Amparo Gonzalez y Angeles. Dr. Gonzalez
himself used "Lopez" as his second surname. It has been customary in Philip?
pine historiography to gloss over this type of family background despite the
fact that it is a principal theme of Rizal's courageous novel, Noli Me Tangere,
published more than a century ago (1887). Although this reticence is under?
standable, especially during the lifetime of the biographee and those of his
children, perhaps it is time that, like Rizal, we lift the taboo on the subject
and deal with it forthrightly as part of the reality of the past. Felipe Calderon
(1868-1908), the author of the first Philippine Constitution, who was also the
grandson of a Franciscan friar, revealed that "Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez was the
son of a friar; the latter has bettered our race... We do not look upon that
(background) as a discredit to a man."40
Dr. Gonzalez married Dona Florencia Sioco y Rodrfquez, a Chinese mes
tiza of Bulac?n and Pampanga in 1884. In the first stage of the Revolution,
Dr. Gonzalez manifested his loyalty to the colonial government by serving in
the Spanish medical corps. In the second stage, however, he emerged as one
of the outstanding figures of the First Philippine Republic. Elected to repre?
sent the province of Pampanga in the Malolos Congress, he participated ac?
tively in the framing of the constitution. Unsuccessfully, he championed the
principle of unity of Church and State. Impressed by his academic creden?
tials, President Emilio Aguinaldo appointed him the first rector of the
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 111
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
112 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
114 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
Dr. Tavera was the first Filipino doctor to publish a medical article in a
professional journal: "La Medicine a Vile de Lugon (Archipel de Philippines) "
Journal de Medicine (Paris, 1884, vol. 6). This was translated into Spanish and
German, respectively, by Pedro de Govantes Azc?rraga, who later became
the Conde de Albay, and Ferdinand Blumentritt: "La Medicina en la Isla de
Luzon" Dos Mundos (Madrid), 1884; and "Die Medicinischen Kenntnisse der
Eingeborenen der Insel Luzon" Globus, 1885, vol. 47. Dr. Tavera was also the
first Filipino doctor to publish a medical book: Contribution ? Vetude de la
Periarthrite du Genou. (Contribution to the Study of Periarthritis of the
Knee.) (Paris: A. Parent, 1886) 108 pages. Further, Dr. Tavera was the first
Filipino doctor to publish scholarly works in a non-medical field beginning
with: Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos.
(Losana, Imprenta de Juanin Hermanos, 1884) 30 pages. This was also trans?
lated into French by Meyners d'Estrey: "Les Anciens Alphabets des Philip?
pines " Annales de VExtreme-Orient, 1885, pp. 204-210 and 232-239.46
The medical author returned to the Philippines for good in 1894. In the
same year, he revalidated his licentiate in medicine at the University of Santo
Tomas. Thereafter, he joined its medical faculty as professor of anatomy and
dissection and embryology. Like Dr. Gonzalez, he became a prominent fig?
ure in the First Philippine Republic. President Aguinaldo made him a mem?
ber of the Malolos Congress representing Ceb? as well as the director of
diplomacy and later, secretary of foreign relations. He also taught
therapeutics at the Universidad Cientifico-Literaria. Together with Dr.
Mariano V. del Rosario, he founded the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de
Filipinas and was elected its first president (1899-1900).47
Also like Gonzalez, Tavera readily acceptd American colonization and
Anglo-Saxon culture. He founded the Federal Party in 1900, which advo?
cated the annexation of the Philippines as a state of the American Union.
The electorate rejected its platform in the first national elections in 1907 in
favor of "immediate, complete and absolute independence" - the slogan of
the Nacionalista Party of the young Osmena and Quezon.48
Dr. Tavera was more influential as a physician and scholar than as a
politician. Besides substantial medical articles, he also published outstanding
studies on Philippine history and culture.49
3. Dr. Enrique Rogers y Matti (1857-1889; M.D. 1883), the Criollo Doctor
as Filipino
A Filipino criollo, who was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, Dr. Rogers was of
British extraction judging from his surname. But he completely identified
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 115
himself with his countrymen who reciprocated with a high and affectionate
regard for him, including Rizal and M. H. del Pilar, the two leaders of the
Propaganda Movement. Rogers studied at the Ateneo Municipal, where he
received the B.A. degree with high honors on 18 March 1875. Traveling to
Europe afterwards, the young linguist stayed for some time in London and
Paris in order to learn their languages in addition to his fluency in Spanish
and Latin. He then enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of
Barcelona, where he finished the licentiate, most probably in 1882. The fol?
lowing year, he received the M.D. degree at the Central University of
Madrid.50
After graduation, he traveled to the United States for further medical
training. Of frail health, he contracted tuberculosis during his voyages and
died at the age of 32 on Christmas Day in Barcelona. He was buried the next
day at the city's new cemetery. His medical colleague, Mariano Ponce, wrote
a moving tribute to him in the last issue (31 December) of La Solidaridad for
the year 1889. "A philosopher by nature and extremely modest," Ponce noted
among other attributes, "he was content to give us only his counsels, which on
all occasions served us as norms of conduct in our campaign for the progress
of the Philippines."51
4. Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho (1859-1932; M.D. 1884), the First
Filipino Doctor-Sculptor
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 117
out to be the last Philippine art scholar (1892-96) and a tragic figure during
the colonial period.53
He started his pensionadoship in Paris in April of 1892. Barely five
months later, he was seriously wounded by the celebrated painter Juan Luna,
who in a fit of jealousy and rage also shot to death his wife and mother-in-law
(Tavera's sister and mother). These were clearly traumatic experiences,
which drove him to emigrate to Buenos Aires, Argentina to finish the last
year of his scholarship and settle there permanently as a naturalized citizen.54
Antonio was the second of the three Paterno brothers who studied in
Spain. His elder brother was the flamboyant Don Pedro, who also graduated
with an LI. D. degree from the Madrid University in 1880. His younger
brother was Maximino, who had an L.M. degree from the same institution in
1888. They were the sons of the affluent couple, Don Maximo Paterno, an
exile of 1872, and Dona Carmen de Vera Ignacio of Sta. Cruz, Manila.55
A B. A. co-graduate of Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera at the Ateneo de Manila
in 1876, Antonio also left for Europe the following year. He enrolled at the
Central University of Madrid and finished the L.M. degree in around 1883.
The following year, he obtained the M.D. degree. As a medical student in
Madrid, he posed for a portrait by Juan Luna in 1881. Inscribed "a mi querido
Antonio" by the great painter, this work of art has survived.56
After the graduation of his brother Maximino in 1888, the two of them
returned to the Philippines. They at once revalidated their respective medical
degrees at the University of Sto. Tomas in 1889: Antonio as M.D. and Maxi?
mino as L.M. Initially, the self-effacing Dr. Antonio served as the municipal
doctor of Marikina, where he met and married Dona Andrea Angeles. In
1893, he established a clinic with Maximino at San Roque no. 7 in Intramuros.
The next year, they moved to Calle Real. However, he died unexpectedly in
1895 not quite 36 years of age. Learning of his death, Rizal, who was then in
exile in Dapitan, wrote a moving letter of condolence to his brother Pedro.
Because of his early demise, Dr. Antonio is one of the least known of the first
Filipino Doctors of Medicine.57
6. Dr. Benito Valdes y Salvador (1860-1935; M.D. 1885), the First Filipino
Doctor Administrator
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
118 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
120 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
Dr. Valdes was the son of Don Basilio Valdes, an official in the Spanish navy,
and Dona Francisca Salvador, a Manilena. He studied in U.S.T., where he
received his B.A. degree in 1878. Embarking for Spain in the same year, he
enrolled at the University of Barcelona, where, six years later, he finished the
Licentiate in Medicine in 1884. He then transferred to the University of
Madrid, which granted him the M.D. degree in 1885. He married a Cubana,
Filomena Pica, whom he had met in Barcelona.58
In the Philippines, he revalidated his M.D. degree at U.S.T., his alma
mater, in 1887. He worked initially as a government physician in Tayabas
province and in the districts of Sta. Ana and Quiapo in Manila. When the
Revolution broke out in 1896, he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for alleged
complicity in it. After his release, he left for Spain to regain his broken health
and this apparently spared him from involvement in the second phase of the
Revolution. In 1899, he taught History of Medicine at U.S.T., which probably
makes him the first Filipino medical historian. A widower of eight years, he
married Rita Legarda in 1904.59
From 1900 to 1919, he served as the director of the San Juan de Di?s
Hospital, then the teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of U.S.T.,
where he continued to teach concurrently. Much sought after for his wise
counsel on medical issues of his time, he uttered hallowed words which con?
tinue to echo into our generation: "This profession should never be commer?
cialized. People who embrace this most noble of human callings should be
possessed of broad human sympathies.... In our country, where there is a con?
tinuous battle between men and disease, the medical men have a great work
before them. They will surely be failing in their mission when they think in
terms of material advantages."60
7. Dr. Salvador Vivencio del Rosario y San Jose (1864-1928; M.D. 1889), a
Pioneer Filipino Doctor in Public Health and Journalism
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 121
8. Dr. Jose Albert y Mayoralgo (1867-1946; M.D. 1889), the First Filipino
Pediatrician
Dr. Albert was the son of Don Mariano Antonio Albert and Dona Ruper
ta Mayoralgo of Binondo, Manila. Their old surname was Antonio but this
was replaced with Albert in 1850 as a result of the Claveria Decree on the sys
tematization of Filipino patronymics in late 1849 65
He graduated from the Ateneo Municipal as a Bachelor of Arts in 1882.
He then studied medicine at the U.S.T. for two years, after which he
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
122 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
124 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
Dr. Santa Maria was born on Christmas Eve to a prominent Chinese mes?
tizo family of Binondo. He entered the Ateneo Municipal in 1876 finishing
with a B.A degree, sobresaliente, in 1884. He took up the first three years of
the medical course at the U.S.T. from 1884 to 1887. He then continued his
studies at the University of Barcelona, where he graduated as a licentiate in
1889. On New Year's Eve of that year, he had been elected secretary of La
Solidaridady the Filipino association in Barcelona. He moved to Madrid,
where the following year, he was granted the M.D. degree by the Central
University. The title of his doctoral thesis was De la Pneumonia Fibrinosa
(On Fibrinous Pneumonia). Because of its "excellent" quality, it was published
in Madrid in the same year, consisting of 46 pages. Simultaneously, he was ap?
pointed associate professor of medicine at the renowned Hospital de la Prin
cesa, the teaching hospital of his alma mater in the Spanish capital.71
The first prolific Filipino medical writer and professor, Santa Maria pub?
lished five books in Madrid within three years after his-graduation as a doctor
(1890-1892). Besides his thesis, the other books were:72^
(1) Lecciones de Clinica Medica del Hospital de la Princesa, con un
pr?logo del Dr. Robert, Catedr?tico de Barcelona (Lectures in Clinical
Medicine at the Princess Hospital, with a prologue by Dr. Robert, Professor
of the University of Barcelona). Consisting of four hundred pages, it is a com?
pilation of his lectures to students and physicians in clinical medicine.
(2) Tratado Clinico y Terapeutico de las Infecciones, Paludismo y Dis
enteria, con un pr?logo del Academico Dr. Fern?ndez-Caro (Treatise on the
Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of the Infectious Diseases, Malaria and
Dysentery, with a prologue by Professor Dr. Fern?ndez-Caro). 140 pages.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 125
10. Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin (1863-1928; M.D. 1891), the First Filipino
Doctor Businessman and Philanthropist
The son of an affluent Chinese mestizo couple of St. Cruz, Manila, Don
Mariano A. Bautista and Dona Teresa Linpingco (which her son shortened
to Lin), Dr. Bautista was successful both as a physician and a businessman.
He studied at the Ateneo Municipal, graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in
1879. He next completed the course for the Licentiate in Medicine in 1885 at
the U.S.T. After a few years of research and data gathering for a thesis, he
sailed to Spain to study for the doctorate, which he successfully obtained from
the Madrid University in 1891. His dissertation was entitled "Consideraciones
acerca de los Abscesos del Higado en los Climas C?lidos" ("Considerations on
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
126 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
the Abscesses of the Liver in the Tropical Region" - referring to the Philip?
pines). It was published in Madrid in the same year. In between his medical
studies, he did his part for the Propaganda Movement.76
Back in the Philippines, he continued to support the movement by joining
the Nilad Lodge of Freemasons, which favored the propagandists. Like Drs.
Albert and Valdes, he was implicated in the Revolutionary turmoil, for which
he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago. In the second phase of the Revolution,
he taught his expertise, clinical medicine and therapeutics, at the Universidad
Cientifico-Literaria and represented Ceb?, together with Dr. T. H. Pardo de
Tavera, at the Malolos Congress. In 1903, he married Petrona Nakpil, sister
of Julio Nakpil, the musician of the Revolution (who had married Gregoria
de Jesus, the widow of Andres Bonifacio.)77
When the Philippine Medical School, which became the College of
Medicine and Surgery of the University of the Philippines, was organized in
1907, he accepted an appointment as professor of clinical medicine. He be?
came the first Filipino head of the department of medicine both in the college
and at the Philippine General Hospital from 1916 up to his death in 1928. He
had succeeded the first head, Dr. William Musgrave, who had resigned from
his dual positions as dean of the college and director of the hospital following
a general strike of nursing students who protested Dr. Musgrave's and the
chief nurse, Mrs. Elsie Gaches', punitive policies. Dr. Bautista was the ideal
replacement of the American administrator because Dr. Bautista was a gentle
physician with simple ways despite his prominence and wealth. He did not
charge poor patients and gave them free medications.78
Besides his inheritance from his parents, Dr. Bautista magnified his family
fortune by founding the Germinal Cigar and Cigarette Co. and working as a
director of the Agricultural Bank, which became the nucleus of the Philippine
National Bank. He became president of the Medical Board of Examiners in
addition to his manifold activities at La Protection de la Infancia, Colegio
M6dico-Farmac?utico and the Philippine Medical Association. A
philanthropist of boundless generosity, he awarded the Annual Germinal
Prize, consisting of a microscope and a complete set of surgical instruments,
to the valedictorian of the graduating class of the U.P. College of Medicine.
He also granted scholarships to brilliant Filipino students to widen their train?
ing abroad in their chosen fields. These included Fabian de la Rosa, now con?
sidered one of the greatest Filipino painters; Ernesto Vallejo, a celebrated
violinist; Juan Nakpil, later National Artist for architecture; and Dr. Elias
Domingo, the first Filipino psychiatrist. Like Dr. Albert, he left his library to
the U.P. College of Medicine.79
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
128 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
11. Dr. Dominador G?mez de Jesus (1866-1930; M.D. 1895), the Pioneer
Filipino Labor Leader
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 129
dealt with severely by the mighty masters. No less than the "United States of
America" was the plaintiff in at least six cases filed against him on such char?
ges as abetting banditry, illegal assembly, incitement to rebellion and embez?
zlement. He was defended by his friend, Rafael del Pan, a Doctor of Laws
graduate of the University of Madrid (1887). Gomez was chosen president of
the Nacionalista Party. But when he was elected as the Manila representative
to the First National Assembly in 1907, he was declared a Spanish citizen and
disqualified. For "aggressive and illegal tactics," he was later thrown into the
Fortress of Corregidor, which was reserved for hardened criminals. Instead of
repressing his spirit, these skirmishes with the colonialists transformed him
into a formidable hero of the masses.85
As a mark of individuality, he wore a cerrada coat and a straw hat and car?
ried an anahaw fan. Though short and plump, he impressed his colleagues
and admirers, including his prisonmates, with his legendary physical strength.
It was said, for instance, that he could lift a boulder with the equivalent power
of "a dozen men."86
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
130 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 131
where they arrived on 2 August 1893 in order for Isidoro to enroll for the
doctorate at the Central University. Because Isidoro was one of the youngest
Filipino students in Madrid, he was called "?7 Joven Telemaco" But he him?
self preferred the alias "Igkis." He became a Doctor of Medicine in 1895.89
No sooner had Isidoro returned to the Philippines in 1896 than the
Revolution broke out and his father, being a prominent supporter of the
nationalist struggle, was incarcerated in Fort Santiago. Don Marcelino was
released at the behest of Dr. Barcelona. Fearing further retribution, the
patriarch packed up with his entire family, including Isidoro, his eldest son,
and went into exile in Singapore. After the outbreak of the Spanish
American War, Aguinaldo, who was then also in exile in Hong Kong, stayed
with the de Santos family during his brief sojourn in Singapore. In this city, it
was Isidoro who accompanied Aguinaldo in his interviews with the American
consul-general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt. The diplomat apparently pledged
American alliance with the Filipino cause but this later proved to be a sham.90
Dr. de Santos specialized in obstetrics and gynecology and taught these
subjects at the Universidad Cientifico-Literaria. Aguinaldo later appointed
him a member of the Comite Central Filipino in Hong Kong, chaired by
another physician, Licentiate Galicano Apacible. There were two other
physician members of this committee: Licentiates Jose Lozada and Mariano
Ponce. This dynamic group formed the nerve center of all revolutionary ac?
tivities outside the archipelago (1896-1903) 91
When the Filipino struggle came to naught, Dr. de Santos tried to work
within the American colonial system. He was subsequently elected as the rep?
resentative of Manila to the Philippine Assembly in 1916. Specializing in
health legislation, he authored a bill establishing the Philippine Institute of
Hygiene. Ahead of his time, Dr. de Santos was disappointed that the impor?
tant bill was not passed because of criticisms of some of its provisions. The In?
stitute of Hygiene finally became a reality in 1927 as part of the University of
the Philippines and its medical center, which includes the College of
Medicine and the Philippine General Hospital.92
A landed baron of Pampanga, Dr. Liongson was the son of Don Emigdio
Leongzon (the old spelling of their surname) and Dona Eulalia Tongco of
Bacolor. He finished the secondary course at the Colegio de San Juan de
Letrdn, and its parent institution, the University of Sto. Tomas, granted him
the title of Bachiller en Artes in 1887. A studious fellow, he initially earned the
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
132 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 133
14. Dr. Baldomero Roxas y Luz (1869-1965; M.D. 1897), "Doctor of the
Revolution"
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
134 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
REFERENCE NOTES
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 135
2G. For6s-Ganzon (GFG), trans. La Solidaridad. (Quez?n City: Univ. of the Phil., 1967) 2
vols. (1889-90). passim.
^Ibid.; John Schumacher. The Propaganda Movement. (Manila: Solidaridad, 1973); Onofre
D. Corpuz. Roots of the Fil. Nation. (Quez?n City, Aklahi, 1989).
4Ibid.
^Ibid.; E. Arsenio Manuel. "Dr. Jos6 Albert." Dictionary of Phil. Biography (DPB). (Quez?n
City: Filipiniana, 1955,1970 & 1986) 3 vols. 3:17-18.
7Personal interview with Dr. Jos6 M. Barcelona, son. San Ju?n, Metro Manila, 14 Aug.
1992; Dr. Santiago Barcelona. Libro de Oro (Memoirs & Clippings) MS.
9Manuel. "Fernando Canon Faustino." DPB 2: 99-102; Gregorio Zaide. "General Fernando
Canon." Great Filipinos in History. (Manila: Verde, 1970) pp. 137-141.
H William Henry Scott. The Union Obrera Democrata. First Fil. Labor Union. (Quez?n
City: New Day, 1992) pp. 51-56; Melinda Trfa Kerkvliet. Manila Workers' Union 1900-1950
(Quez?n City: New Day, 1992) pp. 12-22.
14Personal Interview with Mrs. Lily Icasiano Berberabe, niece. Quez?n City. 25 Aug. 1992;
Dr. Pedro Icasiano. "Mga Pilipinong Marangal. Ram?n Icasiano." (Ama ni dr. Santiago Icasiano
atbp.) Muling Pagsilang. 19 Abril 1908; GFG. La Solidaridad 2: 65, 75 & 796; Corpuz. Roots 2:
149,150 & 317.
15Ibid. 2: 149, 151 & 542; Schumacher. Propaganda, pp. 169-171; Telephone Interview
with Mrs. Milagros Jugo Garcia, granddaughter. Makati, 22 Aug. 1992.
16Telephone Interview with Ms. Lourdes Liongson, daughter. Makati, 24 Aug. 1992; same
with Mr. Ernesto Ventura Santos, nephew & godson. Makati, Aug. & Sept. 1992; Corpuz. Roots
2:149,151,153,158 & 550.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
136 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
^Alfonso Ongpfn. "Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera." Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo
Americana. (EUIEA) (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1907-30) 51:1446-1447.
21 Personal Interviews with Ms. Amelita Paterno, granddaughter. San Juan, Metro Manila,
July 1992; AUST. Facultad de Medicinay Cirugia. 1889.
22 Alfonso Ongpin. "Maximino Paterno y de Vera Ignacio." EUIEA vol. 51; Ponciano
Reyes. Directorio Biogr?fico Filipino. (Manila: Germania, 1908); El Tricentenario de la Univ. de
Sto. Tomas 1611-1911. (Manila: UST, 1911).
28Reyes. Directorio; Sol Gwekoh. "Doctor de la Revolucion." The Manila Times 22 Feb.
1967.
2^M. (Miguel Zaragoza). "D. Manuel Santa Maria y Bustamante, Doctor en Medicina." La
Ilustracion Filipino. 14 Enero 1893. pp. 10-11.
30Personal Interview with Dr. Jose* M. Barcelona, nephew (Note 7); Barcelona. Libro de
Oro.
32M?ximo Viola. "Mis Viajes con El Dr. Rizal." Escritos de Jose Rizal Diarios y Memorias.
Tomo I. (Manila: Comision Nacional del Centenario de Jos6 Rizal, 1961) pp. 310-339;
Telephone Interview with Atty. Rafael Viola, son. Manila, July 1992.
34Ibid.; AUST. Fac. de Med. DG; Artigas y Cuerva. Las Facultades; Isagani Medina.
Filipiniana Materials in The National Library. (Manila: TNL & UP, 1971) # 2433. This entry
refers to Ginard's book, Manual de Medicina Domestica, published in Manila in 1858.
36Ibid.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 137
39Ibid.
^Ibid.; "Testimony of Don Felipe Calder?n to the Philippine Commission. (17 Oct. 1900)"
U.S. Senate Document No. 190 (56th Congress, 2nd Session, 1901) pp. 133, 140 & 150; "Sub?
delegation de Medicfna y Cirugfa." Guia Oficial de las Isias Filipinos para el ano 1881. (Manila,
1880) pp. 50-51. Under "Profesores Espaftoles" is listed Licenciado Don Joaqufn Gonzalez y
L?pez; Rolando Villacorta. Baliuag: Then and Now. (Caloocan City: Phil Graphic Arts, 1970)
pp. 5-6. This book mentions the background of the Gonz?lez family of Baliuag; The National
Archives. "Testamentario de D. Pedro Lloret." Bienes de Difuntos. legajo 89. This contains the
baptismal certificate of Francisco Amparo Gonz?lez, son-in-law of the testator & younger
brother of Dr. Gonz?lez. The child's father was simply identified as "Padre Espaflol."
42Ibid.
43Ibid.
^Manuel. "Joaqufn Pardo de Tavera." & "T.H. Pardo de Tavera." DPB 1:313-347;
Ongpfn. "Joaqufn Pardo de Tavera." & "T.H. Pardo de Tavera." EUIEA 51:1147-1148.
45Ibid.
^Ibid.; Luciano P.R. Santiago. "Philippine Titles of the Spanish Nobility." PQCS 19 (Dec.
1991): 281-287.
^Ibid.
49Ibid.
50Ateneo de Manila (ADM). List of Graduates. (Quez?n City: ADM, 1952); GFG. La
Solidaridad 1:864 & 870.
51Ibid.
52ADM. List of Grads, p. 4; The National Archives. Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (1850
1898). 3 legajos; Luciano P.R. Santiago. "Phil. Acad. Art: The Second Phase." PQCS 17 (March
1989) 67-89; Manuel Blanco. Flora de Filipinos. Gran Edici?n. (Manila: Plana y Ca, 1877-1883)
6 tomos; Santiago. "Painters of Splendor: The Artists of Flora de Filipinas." in Blanco. Flora de
Fit (Manila: Re-issued by San Agustin Convent, 1993) 3 vols. 1:25-44; Ongpfn. "F.P. de
Tavera."
53Ibid.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
138 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
MIbid.; Santiago Pilar. Juan Luna. The Filipino as Painter. (Manila: E. Lopez, 1980); Year
<& place of death were provided by Dr. Mita Pardo de Tavera, grandniece of biographee.
55Ongpfa. "Maximo Paterno;" "Maximino Paterno" & Tedro Paterno." EUIEA. Tomo 51;
Antonio Paterno, Jr. & Felipe Paterno. Paterno Family Tree. MSS.
56ADM. List of Grads, p. 4; AUST. Fac de Med. DG 1889; Personal interview with Ms.
Amelita Paterno (Note 21); Metropolitan Museum of Manila. Unang Pambansang Eksibisyon sa
Paggunita kina Juan Luna at Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. (Manila: Metropolitan Museum of
Manila, 1988) pp. 26-27. This portrait of Antonio Paterno was mislabeled in the caption as that
of Antonio Luna probably because the original dedication on the canvas is as follows: "A mi
querido Antonio (first line) Luna, Madrid, 81." (second line). The portrait does not resemble
Antonio Luna at all. The error was reported by Ms. Amelita Paterno, granddaughter of the sub?
ject, whose family had owned the portrait for almost a century.
57USTAA Graduate Listing; AUST. Fac. de Med. DG 1889; Gula Ofwial de las Isias
Filipinos para elAno 1893; 1894 & 1895. (Manila, 1892,1893 & 1894); Cartas entre Rizaly sus
C?legas de la Propaganda. (Manila: Comisi?n Nacional del Centenario de Jose* Rizal, 1961)
Tomo II, Libro 3.o, Parte 2.a p. 865.
^Ibid.
61Santiago. The First Fil. Lay Doctors;" Santiago. "The First Filipino Doctors of Pharmacy
(1890-93)." PQCS 22 (June 1994); Manuel. "Dr. Mariano V. del Rosario." & "Dr. Salvador V.
del Rosario."
62Ibid.; USTAA Graduate Listing; Sulpicio Guevarra, ed. The Laws of the First Phil
Republic 1898-1899. (Manila: National Historical Commission, 1972) p. 216; Jose* Bantug. A
Short History of Medicine in the Phil during the Spanish Regime. 1565-1898. (Manila: Colegio
Mddico-FarmaceuticodeFil., 1953) pp. 158-159.
^Ibid.; Eugene Stransky. "A Short History of Pediatrics in the Phil." Phil. Journal of
Pediatrics (PJP) 8:99-101; "Pioneers of Pediatrics in the Phil." PJP 2:45; U.P. College of
Medicine (UPCM). Diamond Jubilee Book (1907-1982) (Manila: UPCM, 1982) pp. 72-75 &
108; Phil. Gen. Hospital (PGH). Golden Jubilee Book 1910-1960. (Manila: PGH, 1960) p. 67.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
THE FIRST FILIPINO DOCTORS OF MEDICINE 139
69Ibid.; Carmelo Reyes. "Dr. Gregorio Singi?n de Miranda y Torres - Patrician and
Yeoman." Supplement to The Phil. J. of Surgery & Surgical Specialties 18 (Nov.-Dec. 1963): 16;
Narciso Cordero. To While Away an Idle Hour. (Q.C.: UP, 1971) pp. 48-76 & 142-145.
70Ibid.
71 ADM. List of Grads.; AUST. Fac. de Artes. DG 1884 (Many ADM records after 1863
are also preserved in AUST); Schumacher. Propaganda, p. 119; Zaragoza. "Doctor Santa
Maria."
72Ibid.
74Ibid.; E.B. Rodriguez. "Bibliography on Phil. Scientific Subjects." in Zoilo Galang. En?
cyclopedia of the Phil (Manila: Floro, 1957) 13:78-80; Bantug. Short History, p. 159.
76ADM. List of Grads.; USTAA. Grad. Listing; AUST. Fac. de Med. DG 1885; Arist?n
Bautista Lin. Consideraciones acerca de los abcesos del Hfgado en los climas c?lidos (Filipinas).
Tesis del Doctorado en Medicina, leida y sostenida el dia 30 de Junio de 1891 ante el tribunal de
grados formado del presidente Excmo. Sr. Dr. D. Juli?n Calleja y S?nchez, vocales Dr. Antonio
F. Chac?n, Dr. Jos6 Sanz, Dr. Pedro Izquierdo y Ruiz, Dr. Jose* Grinda Forner, secretario.
(Madrid: D. Arist?n Bautista Lin, 1891) cited in Manuel Artigas y Cuerva. Bibliografla Medico
Farmace'utica (Manila: Morales, 1915) no. 138, p. 95; Manuel. "Dr. Bautista Lin."
78Ibid.; UP CM. Diamond lubilee. pp. 50-53 & 108; PGH. Golden lubilee. pp. 27-50 & 57
58; 77h? Hospital 1910-1985. 75 Years of the UP-PGH Medical Center (Manila: UP-PGH, 1986)
p. xvi.
80Bantug. Short History, pp. 152-153; Luciano P.R. Santiago. "The Last Will of Padre
Mariano Gomes." Phil. Studies 30 (1982) 395-407; "Genealogy of Padre Mariano Gomes." MS
1984.
81 ADM. List of Grads.; Reyes. Directorio Biogr?fico; Bantug. Short History; Scott. Uni?n;
Kerkvliet. Manila Workers.
82Ibid.; Schumacher. Propaganda; GFG. La Solidaridad 1:746 & 865; 2:185,644 & 870.
83Ibid.
84Ibid.
85Ibid.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
140 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
86Ibid.
slTinigng S?linlahi (A Newsletter for the De Santos Family) vol. 1 (1983) no. 1, p. 5 & no.
2, pp. 2-3 & 13-14; Marcelino de Santos Presents Six Colorful Generations (Souvenir Program)
Club Filipino 19 Feb. 1983. n.p.; Marcelino de Santos 1847-1927 (Souvenir Program) Reunion
'92. pp. 7-9.
^Ibid.; ADM. List of Grads.; Interview with Dr. Barcelona (Note 7); Barcelona. Libro de
Oro.
89Ibid.
9?Ibid.; Isidoro de Santos. "Consul Spencer Pratt Celebrates a Fiesta. (Letter of Isidoro de
Santos to Felipe Agoncillo, dated at Singapore 9 June 1898.)" Phil. Soc. Sc. Review 1 (1935): 49
51; Aguinaldo's Odyssey as Told in the Diaries of Col. Simeon Villa & Dr. Santiago Barcelona.
(Manila: Bureau of Public Libraries, 1963) p. 12.
91Ibid.; Manuel DPB 1:200; Esteban de Ocampo. First Fil. Diplomat: Felipe Agoncillo
(1859-1941). (Manila: Nat'l. Historical Institute, 1978) pp. lOln. & 342; Alzona. Apacible. pp.
67-77.
93AUST. Fac. de Artes. DG 1887; USTAA. Grad. Listing; Interviews with Ms. Lourdes
Liongson & Mr. Ernesto Santos (see Note 16); Galang. Encyclopedia of the Phil. 2:367.
9^Ibid.; Manuel. DPB 1:200; John Larkin. The Pampangans. Colonial Society in a Phil.
Province. (Berkeley: Univ. of Calif.; 1972) pp. 95n. & 108-109.
97Ibid.; Interviews with Ms. Liongson & Mr. Santos; Larkin. The Pampangans. pp. 142,
169,189, 190-194,199, 244, 263, 264, 266-267 & 286; Information about "Elon-elon" rice came
from Dr. Isagani Medina, prof, of history, U.P.
100Ibid.; PGH. Golden Jubilee, pp. 27-34 & 61-63; Reyes. "Dr. Singi?n." p. 16; Benjamfn
Barrera. "In Memoriam: Dr. Baldomero Roxas." Acta Med. Phil. Oct.-Dec. 1965. pp. 119-120.
l^Ibid.; "Necrological Services for the late Dr. Baldomero L. Roxas." (Program) 27 Oct.
1965. UP-PGH Science Hall, Manila.
This content downloaded from 122.3.252.178 on Wed, 05 Feb 2020 07:40:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms