Etnicity
 it is a condition in which a social group belongs to a
common national or cultural tradition.
Cultural Identity
 this refers to the identity or feeling of belonging to a
group.
Sex
 it is the biological or physical characteristics of human
whether a male or a female (e.g. having a penis,
vagina, beard, or breasts etc), genes and hormones.
Gender
 it is the personal traits and social roles of the human
either masculine or feminine.
Identity Crisis
 a person who does not accept or understand their
sexuality or unable to understand their status.
Significance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics
 To develops our understanding, knowledge, skills,
values and attitudes to achieving social and cultural
literacy.
To increase our knowledge and understanding and
would give us to impetus to change
To have clear understanding about society, culture and
politics
To equipped with informed and responsible values and
attitudes
Food Taboos
 is a prohibition against consuming foods.
ex. every Holy Week, during and after pregnancy,
menstrual periods or breast feeding
Some Dishes that Filipinos Consider as Taboo
 Any dish that have a dog or cat meat by the virtue of
R.A. no. 8485; the law prohibiting the use of the dog
and cat meat. ex. botcha and pagpag
The Istambay Phenomenon
 A person who does not have work and who usually
hang-outs on street corners.
A person who spends his time unprofitably
Political Dynasty
 refers to families whose members are engaged in
politics have been in the Philippine political structure
since time past
ex. Anti-Dynasty Bill
Philippine Elections
 The President, Vice- President and the senators are
elected on a national or popular elections serves for a
six-year term
- The members of the House of Representatives and
the local government officials are elected for a term of
three years and are eligible for re-elections
Technology
 is altering our society and changing our lives and may
results to a change in the culture.
Text messaging
 or simply texting can be done by composing and
sending electronic messages from one person to
another using mobile phones or fixed or portable
devices over a phone network.
SMS
 Short Message Service
MMS
 Multi-Media Messages
Selfie
 SELF PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPH
Sociology
 deals with the study of society and focused on all kinds
of social interactions, social relationships, social
organization, structure and process.
Anthropology
 describe and explain human variation or the observe
similarities and differences in people through time and
across space.
Political Science
 deals with the study of the state and government as
well as the theory and practice of politics.
Social Organization
 study the social groups, social institutions, social
stratification, mobility, ethnic relations and
bureaucracy.
Social Psychology
 tackles human behavior as a result of group life,
personality formation, social attitude and collective
behaviour.
Social Change
 the study of changes in the society and culture and the
factors resulting from such change.
Social Organization and Disorganization
 study the emergence of societies, their structural
formation and the ways they are strengthened.
Human Ecology
 studies the behavior of a given population and its
relationship to present social institutions.
Population
 concerned with population size, composition, change
and quality and on how they influence the economic,
political and social systems.
Sociological Theory and Method
 is concerned with the application of the results of
sociological studies to solve various human problems.
Cultural Anthropology
 cultural understanding actual experiences or
participant observations of the human population
Physical Anthropology
 deals with the biological and behavioral aspects of
human beings.
Archaeology
 study both the ancient and recent past of humans
through the material remains such as artifacts, fossils
and bone fragments.
Linguistic Anthropology
 studies the relations between language and culture in
relation to human biology, human reasoning and
human language.
Applied Anthropology
 deals with the application of anthropological facts,
perspectives, theories and procedures in identifying,
assessing and solving social problems
Political Theory
 focuses on the ideas of classical thinkers such as
Aristotle, Niccolo Machiavelli, Cicero and Plato among
others.
Comparative Politics
 deals with the incisive evaluation and comparison of
the doctrines of various constitutions, of political actors,
legislature and other allied fields.
Public Administration
 focuses on the implementation of government policies,
and the principles governing civil servants working in
the government.
International Relations
 delve on nation-states interactions including
intergovernmental and transnational organizations
Law
 governs the relationships between individuals and the
government
Political Methodology
 focuses on the quantitative methods used in the study
of politics combining Statistics, Mathematics and
formal theory
Definition of Society
 Is a group of people interacting with each other and
having a common culture; sharing common territory
and having common aspirations.
Plato
 "The Republic"; laid his standards for an ideal society
ruled by philosopher-kings assisted by equally and
intellectually gifted guardians
Aristotle
 "The Politics"; states that man is self-sufficient and that
those who are unable to live in society and have no
needs in life must be either a "beast" or a "gods".
St. Augustine`
 "Tale of the Two Cities"; he describe society's ultimate
pilgrimage towards the kingdom of God which is
closely identified with the church, the community that
worshipped God.
Sir Thomas More
 "Utopia"; refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation
whose political system he described.
Pre-industrial Societies
A.Pre-industrial Societies
B. Industrial Society
C. Post-Industrial Society
D. Modern Societies
A. Pre-industrial Societies
Hunting and Gathering
Pastoral Society
Horticultural Society
Agrarian Society
Feudal Society
 hunting and gathering collection of wild plants and the
hunting of wild animals on a daily basis.
Pastoral Society
 the members of a pastoral society depend on
domesticated herd of animals to meet their need for
food
pastoralist move their herds from one pasture to
another.
Horticultural Society
 they have learned how to raise fruits and vegetables
grown in garden plots that have them their main source
of food.
some groups practice the slash-and-burn method or
the kaingin method they make use of human labor and
simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more
seasons.
Agrarian Society
 they use applied agricultural technological advances to
cultivate crops over a large area.
increases in food supplies creates greater surplus of
food resulted in trading and greater degrees of social
stratification appeared.
Feudal Society
 based on ownership of the land
vassals under feudalism were bound for military
protection in exchange of food, crops, craft, homage,
and other services to the landowners.
Industrial Society
 relies heavily on machines powered by fuel in the
production of goods become dramatically increased
and efficient.
they have been produces a greater surplus before,
hence, the surplus was not just agricultural goods but
also manufactured goods.
Post-Industrial Society
 characterized by mass production of all essential
products
money; as a medium of exchange, trade and
commerce have become more efficient; and money
becomes the most valued entity in these type of
society
Culture
 is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs,
arts, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Culture is learned
 the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and
values that is called enculturation.
Culture is transmitted
 is the process through which cultural elements, are
passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
Culture is adaptive
 adaptation is the process of change in response to a
new environment set by man.
Culture is symbolic
 symbols must be understood by all to be an effective
tool of communication to allow people to develop
complex thoughts and exchange thoughts to others.
material culture
 deals with the physical culture, a tangible and concrete
objects produced by man in the process of social
development.
Ex. technology, artifacts, relics, fossils
Non-Material Culture
 deal with the collective ideas which holds the society
and shape individuals as they interact within society.
Ex. values, norms, beliefs, tradition, customs
Beliefs
 are man's perception about the reality of things and are
sheared ideas about how the world and his
environment operate.
Values
 refer to the broad preferences of person on the
appropriate courses of action or decision he has to
take. A reflection of a person's sense of right and
wrong.
Norms
 are the society's standard of morality, conduct,
propriety, ethics and legality.
Folkways
 are fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is
generally not considered serious within a particular
culture.
Ideas
 comprise man's concepts of his physical, social and
cultural world as manifested in people's beliefs and
values.
Knowledge
 these are the facts and beliefs that people accumulate
over time.
symbolic interactionism
 participants in the organization choose and agree on
the meaning of symbols.
functionalism
 Primarily helps the society to become more meaningful
and productive.
conflict
 This constant competition between groups forms the
basis for the ever-changing nature of society.
Dramaturgical perspective
 is an interactionist perspective that analyses human
behavior in much the same way that a person would
analyse the presentation of a play to the audience.
Ethnomethodology
 is a socio-cultural perspective which emphasizes the
process of interaction that uses interpersonal
techniques to create situational impressions and the
importance of perceptions of consensus among actors.
Social Institution
 a social structure and social mechanism that promotes
social order and cooperation and governs the behavior
of its membera social structure and social mechanism
that promotes social order and cooperation and
governs the behavior of its member
Art
 the expression or application of human creative skill
and imagination and the manifestation of the person's
creative instinct.
Language
 a system of communication used by a particular
society. It is the most important tool of verbal
communication.
Food
 is any substance consumed to provide nutritional
support for the body.
Government
 refers to the aggregate of persons or groups of
persons exercising control and authority in the society.
Costume
 is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group
that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity or
nationality
Religion
 unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things but often contains moral code governing
the proper conduct of human affairs.
Education
 the process of teaching and learning; a social process
wherein an individual is socialized and learns culture
Biological Similarities
 this means that all people in the world have the same
biological needs
Ex. food , clothing, shelter and health care
Necessary Prerequisites for Social Being
 society must fulfil some requirements in order to
function
Ex. replacing members, teaching new members to
participate, the need to have a participation in
production and distribution.
Psychic Unity of Mankind
 all human beings are alike in having similar ranges of
emotion
Ex. love, security, language
Ethnocentrism
 feeling of superiority towards one's own group over
other groups.
This one-sided vision often results in failing to
adequately understand cultures that are different from
one's own and in value judgements of preference and
thought of superiority of one's in-group.
Cultural Relativism
 this is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values and
practices of a culture from the viewpoint of the culture
itself.
It was practiced to avoid cultural bias own culture.
ANTHROPOLOGY
 deals with the study of the origin, evolution, and
development of the of the human species is concerned
with all peoples everywhere, from those alive today,
back to those who lived in the remote past.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 is the branch that deals with the biological origins and
evolution of man and the variations of the human
species and their physical characteristics including the
study of different races.
The Relative Dating
 artifact or human remains that cannot be determined is
measured in comparison with the date of others
determined already
The Absolute Dating
 is when the dating is more precise considering that it
can be narrowed to a bracket of within a few years.
RadioCarbon Dating Method (Wiiliard F. Libby)
 is based on measuring the radioactive carbon or
Carbon 14 (an unstable radioactive isotope of normal
carbon) that absorb daily from environment and
atmosphere.
Potassium Argon K-AR Dating
 is radiometric dating method based on measurement of
the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of
potassium (K40) that breaks into Aron (AR40) a gas.
Uranium-Series Dating
 is the most accurate and reliable procedure at present.
It is done through a Radiogenic Isotope Facility.
Geology
 Is the science that comprises the study of solid Earth,
its rock composition and the processes of changes.
Geologic time tells that the earth began 6 billion years
ago.
Paleontology
 is the scientific study of life in the past Geologic
periods . It deals with the life forms known from fossils
Charles Darwin
 His years of studies pointed out the thought of
evolution of species through change and occurs
through process of natural election.
Origin of Species (1859)
 The Primates (monkeys, apes)
As time passed some of the most primitive primates
have become more developed monkeys, some
became apes, and some developed human-like
features.
Miocene Hominoids
 Was a period of environmental conditions highly
favorable to the arboreal primate, with a mild climate,
moist and wetter than at present.
The Miocene Hominoids
Dryopithecu
 The first of the fossils of the great apes to be
discovered. It has a large brain and could stand like a
chimpanzee.
Pliopithecus
 Its skeleton and teeth suggest that they are the ancient
relatives of the gibbons and also of the siamangas.
Gigantopithecus
 The largest known primate.
Oreopithecus
 Was directly related to Dryophitecus. It was bipedal but
not in the likes of the Australophitecus who were bipeds
also.
Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus)
 It is a genus of extinct primate with fossil remains as old
8.5 t0 12.5 million years and lived in the Miocene.
The Pliocene Hominids
 The hominids close relatives of humans .
The australophithecus is an extinct genus of hominids
that has evolved in eastern Africa aroud 4 million years
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy
 Is an extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9
million yrs.
 The fossil "Lucy" found by Donald Johanson is the most ROLES
complete and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m years old,  functional and dynamic aspect of the status
The oldest hominid found

Australopithecus Africanus Deviance

 It was the South african counterpart of the A. Aferensis
and was given the name, "The south ape of Africa".
Human like posture.
Australopithecus Robustus
 First discovered in 1983 . It is bigger, bulkier, more
muscular and had a larger molar teeth than africanus
Australopithecus Boises
 It is also called as the "Nutracker Man" because its face
and cheek are so massive.
it is considered the first hominid to use stone tools.
Homo Habilis
 Is believed to be the first of the "great Ape"type
creatures to have evelved into "Homo" (Man)
Homo Habilis meaning "Handy Man" because he made
tools.
Homo-Erectus
 Or "Upright man" is believed to be the first creature to
stand fully upright.
He was believed to be the first to use fire.
Their fossils forund in Africa
Homo-Sapiens
 The ability to make use of symbols such as used in
language and writing.
Early Homo-Sapiens used simple technology.
Their tools were in the form of chipped stones which
points were sharpened to be used as simple knives for
cutting.
 is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms.
Deviancy must not be identified or constructed in as
always negative.
Labeling
 The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that
what defines deviance is the action of others or by the
actors themselves.
Value Conflict
 The theory holds that acts are considered criminal or
deviant because they are at variance with a group's
values.
CONFORMIST
 is a person who accepts both the societal goals and the
approved means to reach them.
INNOVATOR
 is a person who seeks to achieve goals by means that
are not approved by the society.
RITUALIST
 is a person who follows the norms to the letter but reject
or abandon the hope of achieving societal goals.
RETREATIST
 is a person who rejects both the societal goals and
institutionalized means to achieve them
REBEL
 is a person who rejects both the societal goals and the
means to achieve them; instead he substitutes them
with new goals and new means to achieve them.

Early Human and their Culture

 Human are cultural beings.
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
 Were nomadic, invented the first simple tools, learn
how to make and use fire, lived in clans and developed
oral language and created "cave art".
Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
 develop agriculture, domesticated animals, used
advanced tools, made pottery and developed weaving
skills.
Bronze Age
 was a combination of copper and tin; more harder and
longer lasting than the stone and copper predecessor.
Democratization
 This refers to a concept that encapsulates the
expansion of a set of related political ideals
ENCULTURATION
 is a process by which individuals acquire the
knowledge, skills, attitude, and value that enable them
to become functioning members of society.
SOCIALIZATION
 a process whereby the individual's behavior is modified
to conform to the expectation of a certain group.
NORMS
 are standards of behavior which tell whether an action
is right or wrong. It also represents the standardized
generalization concerning expected modes of behavior.
SOCIAL VALUES
 principles that are important to you because of the
community in which you live
STATUS
 refers to one's position or place in a social group
ascribed
status that is assigned to an individual from birth.
ACHIEVED
 acquires either by choice or by force or through some
form of competition or individual efforts.