SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE

ABSTRACT

Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. This may

involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless (broadband wireless), laser (freespace optics)

or satellite communications. Mobile wireless technologies are going to act as glue towards bringing

together the wired and wireless to share and distribute information seamlessly across each other’s areas

of reference.

The paper firstly introduces the wireless communications and then switches to fourth

generation in wireless communications.

The paper then discusses about High Altitude Airships, the “STRATELLITES” which are actually

unmanned Kelvar balloons filled with helium which are used instead of towers for wireless

communication, each of which replace hundreds of towers and reduce the cost of wireless

communications. They also overcome the disadvantage of simple towers which could not provide

proper coverage in the hilly areas.

1
SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO STRATELLITE
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. This may
involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless (broadband wireless), laser (freespace optics)
or satellite communication systems. Mobile wireless technologies are going to act as glue towards
bringing together the wired and wireless to share and distribute information seamlessly across each
other’s areas of reference.

Since from the beginning of wireless communications, there have been a number of developments in
each generation. Considering the future generation of wireless communication i.e; 4G.

1.2 4TH GENERATION

HAPS have the potential to become the third communications infrastructure after terrestrial
and satellite communications. The platforms keep their positions at about 20 km high in the
stratosphere. By optical intercommunication links, they make a mesh-like network in the sky. A
broadband access link is the link between the platform station and the user station.

The typical bit rate of the access link is 25 Mb/s for most fixed and portable terminals, while a
several hundred megabits per second link is available for limited fixed terminals with antennas larger
than the typical ones. Because of using millimeter-wave bands, a small antenna with high gain is
feasible. For example, a bit rate of 144 kb/s can be provided for vehicles by only a 5 cm dish antenna
with 20 dB gain

1.3 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Some of the systems for future mobile communications are:

A. Broad-Band Wireless Systems

B. Intelligent Transport Systems
C. High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems.

2
SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE

A. BROAD-BAND WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Wireless networks can feature data rates roughly equivalent to some wired networks, such as that of
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) or a cable modem. Wireless networks can also be symmetrical,
meaning the same rate in both directions (downstream and upstream), which is most commonly
associated with fixed wireless networks. A fixed wireless network link is a stationary terrestrial wireless
connection, which can support higher data rates for the same power as mobile or satellite systems.

Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s; most
broadband wireless access (BWA) services are estimated to have a range of 50 km (31 mi) from a tower.
Technologies used include LMDS and MMDS, as well as heavy use of the ISM bands and one particular
access technology was standardized by IEEE 802.16, with products known as WiMAX.

WiMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United States because cost of
deployment does not meet return on investment figures. In 2005 the Federal Communications
Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650 MHz band for
terrestrial wireless broadband operations

3
SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE

1.3.2 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, EU Directive 2010/40/EU of 7 July 2010 on the
framework for the deployment of intelligent transport systems in the field of road transport and for
interfaces with other modes of transport defines ITS as systems in which information and
communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles
and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other
modes of transport.

Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS – specifically in the United States – is
further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security. Many of the proposed ITS systems also
involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems
comes either directly through homeland security organisations or with their approval. Further, ITS can
play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centres after large casualty events such as a
result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels
the need for homeland security systems.

In the developing world, the migration from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed
differently. Many areas of the developing world have urbanised without significant motorisation and the
formation of suburbs. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but the automobiles
greatly increase congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They also produce considerable
of air pollution, pose a significant safety risk, and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society. High-
population density could be supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation,
motorcycles, buses, and trains

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management

systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable
message signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, such as
security CCTV systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from a
number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; weather information;
bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being
developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these
technologies are described in the following sections.

4
SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE

C. HIGH ALTITUDE STRATOSPHERIC PLATFORM STATION SYSTEMS (HAPS)

HAPS has the potential to become the third communications infrastructure after
terrestrial and satellite communications. The platforms keep their positions at about 20 km high in the
stratosphere. By optical intercommunication links, they make a mesh-like network in the sky. A
broadband access link is the link between the platform station and the user station.

The typical bit rate of the access link is 25 Mb/s for most fixed and portable terminals,
while a several hundred megabits per second link is available for limited fixed terminals with antennas
larger than the typical ones. Because of using millimeter-wave bands, a small antenna with high gain is
feasible. For example, a bit rate of 144 kb/s can be provided for vehicles by only a 5 cm dish antenna
with 20 dB gain.

Figure 1.1 HAPS System

5
SEMINAR REPORT STRATELLITE