Taking The Journey From Wimax: Presented By: P y

Taking the journey
from
WiMAX to LTE
p
presented by:
y
Michael Lawton
© Copyright 2009 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
1
Goals & Scope of this Webinar
GOALS
• Introduce LTE to an engineer familiar with WiMAX
• Draw parallels to communicate the inherent similarities between LTE and WiMAX
• Provide a read across for key terminology used in both technologies
• Explain key areas of differentiation
SCOPE
• Address key PHY and MAC layer functionality
• WiMAX: References 802.16e specification
• LTE: References 3GPP 36 series Release 8 specifications
• A working knowledge of WiMAX (OFDM & MIMO) is assumed
NOT IN SCOPE
• Detailed comparative analysis of the two technologies
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

September 2009
2
Agenda
• Introduction
• Physical Layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE
• Physical Layer terminology in WiMAX & LTE
• MIMO & Diversity in WiMAX & LTE
• The “switch on” process for both WiMAX and LTE
• L2/L3 Layer terminology in WiMAX and LTE
• Products & Solutions
• Conclusion

September 2009
3
Introduction - What is WiMAX and LTE
WiMAX™
WiMAX™ is based upon the IEEE Initiated in 2004, the Long Term
802.16 standard enabling the Evolution (LTE) project focused on
delivery of wireless broadband enhancing the Universal Terrestrial
services anytime, anywhere. WiMAX Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing
products can accommodate fixed 3GPP’s radio access architecture.
and mobile usage models
models.
Targets were to have average user
Source: WiMAX Forum
throughput of three- to four-times the
Release 6 HSDPA levels in the
Downlink (100Mbps), and two to three
times the HSUPA levels in the Uplink
(50Mbps).
Source: 3GPP org
g
• Both systems are focused on addressing the demand for high speed IP based
wireless services

September 2009
4
Introduction - Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
Attribute Mobile WiMAX 3GPP-LTE
(IEEE 802.16Rev2) (E-UTRAN)
Core Network WiMAX Forum
Forum™ All
All-IP
IP UTRAN moving towards All-
All
network IP Evolved UTRA CN with
IMS
Access Technology: OFDMA OFDMA
Downlink (DL) OFDMA SC-FDMA
Uplink (UL)
Frequency Band 700MHz, 2.3-2.4GHz, 2.496- Existing and new frequency
2.69GHz, 3.3-3.8GHz bands (~2GHz)
Th
Theoretical
i l peall data
d rates:
DL 75 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 172 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx)
UL 25 Mbps 57 Mbps
Channel bandwidth (BW) 5, 8.75, 10, (20) MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz
MIMO:
2 Tx X 2Rx
DL 4 Tx X 2Rx
UL Collaborative SM Multi-user MIMO
• The performance and spectral efficiency of LTE and WiMAX are comparable

September 2009
Page 5
5
Standards bodies and Key Test Specifications
Test Category Mobile WiMAX 3GPP-LTE

(IEEE 802.16Rev2) (E-UTRAN)
Standards setting body IEEE 802.16 working group 3GPP
Certifying body WiMAX Forum GCF & PTCRB
RF conformance test WiMAX Forum mRCT 3GPP 36.521-1/2

specification
Protocol conformance test WiMAX Forum PCT 3GPP 36
36.523-1/2/3
523 1/2/3
TSS&TP specification
Network conformance test WiMAX Forum NCT No Equivalent
TSS&TP specification
Radio Resource Mgt No equivalent 3GPP 36.521-3

September 2009
Page 6
6
Is it going to be WiMAX or LTE?
• Both !
• WiMAX is building a strong foot hold as a wireless alternative for DSL,
especially
i ll iin th
the emerging
i economies i where
h th
the fi
fixed
d liline penetration
t ti iis
low
• LTE (as data overlay over GSM/ WCDMA/ EDGE/ HSPA) for the
developed economies that have 3G networks and have need for high
speed data
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Standards
WiMAX Products
Service Deployment
Standards
LTE Products
WiMAX leads LTE by
Service Deployment
~2 years

September 2009
Page 7
7
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
8
Physical Layer Concepts in Mobile WiMAX & LTE
Spectrum Usage
Procedure WiMAX LTE
Full Duplex FDD provisioned in the Full duplex
p FDD is the focus for most
FDD standard but not yet in use. installations worldwide
Interest around 700MHz band in the Requires paired frequency
US spectrum
Has been added to the spec. Of

Focus for current installations special interest in China
China, but more
TDD worldwide – requires single generally where there are TDD band
frequency band allocations.
Co-existence None. This is the first release of a new LTE will be used in both existing cellular
standard
t d d which
hi h will
ill workk iin new b d (2G
bands (2G, 3G andd C2k) as wellll as
Requirements spectrum potentially new spectrum

September 2009
9
Channel Estimation & Reporting
Procedure WiMAX LTE
Downlink signal includes both a Downlink signal includes Reference
Channel preamble and pilots which the Rx signals (RS) which the Rx uses to
estimation uses to learn about the channel learn about the channel prior to
decoding the data
prior to decoding the data.
/ Training
Uplink DMRS (Demod RS) and SRS
The WiMAX UL signal also includes (sounding reference signal) are also
pilots d
used.
Channel E or PCINR, RSSI and TxP can be CQI (Channel Quality Indicator), RI
(Rank Indication), PMI (Pre-coding
feedback/ sent on the fast feedback channel
within the UL allocations Matrix Indicator) are all sent on the
UL
Reporting

September 2009
10
Channel estimation and training
In WiMAX downlink, initial channel estimation is done by the preamble at the start of the
frame and subsequent estimation and training is done by the pilots that are present for all
symbols
FCH
DL burst #3
UL-MAP
Preamble
DL burst #4
DL-MAP
DL burst #5
DL burst #2
DL burst #6
WiMAX DL
In LTE downlink, channel estimation and channel equalization is done by RS
(reference signals)
One radio frame
slot #0 slot #19
RS every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot, position varies with antenna port,
length of CP

September 2009
11
Exploiting Channel Feedback
Procedure WiMAX LTE
Chase combining and incremental
HARQ redundancy. ACK channel is
Chase combining and incremental
redundancy. (H)ARQ terminates in
operation allocated within the fast feedback eNB
region of the UL.
Use of HARQ with fast ACK/NACK
Use of HARQ with fast ACK/NACK turnaround allows the system to
turnaround allows the system to optimize around a 10% BLER
optimize around a 10% PER
Adaptive Adjust the modulation and coding Adjust the modulation and coding
schemes to support maximizing schemes to support maximizing
Modulation throughput for different levels of throughput for different levels of
& Coding CINR. CINR.

September 2009
12
MIMO Techniques
Procedure WiMAX LTE
Tx Diversity DL STBC (space time block coding) DL SFBC (space frequency block
coding) Alamouti applied with one
Alamouti applied across pairs of
symbols in time. symbol, across different subcarriers.
DL 2x2 MIMO Open Loop (use DL 2x2 MIMO (Single User).

MIMO reciprocity in TDD to estimate Support for both open loop and
channel) closed loop MIMO
Closed loop is in revision 1.5
Beamforming Beamsteering:g Several companies

p
already supporting phased array
Eigen-beamforming
g g suported.
p
This is another name for “closedApr 2009
beam forming with up-to 8 antennas loop” MIMO with a pre-coding

September 2009
13
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
14
PHY Layer Terminology in WiMAX & LTE
Resource Allocation …
WiMAX LTE
subchannel = 48 subcarriers Slot = 7 symbols
y (with
( normal cyclic
y prefix).
p )
Resource Block is a basic scheduling unit.
Slot is smallest quantity of resource Comprises of 1 slot x 12 subcarriers
assignable to an user in time and frequency
domain. A slot is one sub-channel x 1, 2 or 3 Resource element is the smallest unit that
can be allocated
symbols. Structure varies from DL to UL and
the subcarrier permutation One downlink slot, Tslot
(PUSC,AMC,FUSC)
DL
Nsymb OFDM symbols
Resource block x
: DL RB
SLOT Nsymb Nsc
Resource
element
(k, l)
DL RB
x Nsc subcarriers
NRB
RB
Nsc
RB
Nsc
Data Region in OFDMA :
l=0 l= – 1

September 2009
15
PHY layer Terminology in WiMAX & LTE
Resource allocation …
WiMAX LTE
A Zone defines a portion of the frame A resource allocation will typically
that uses common subcarrier to consist of two or more resource
subchannel mapping i.e. PUSC, FUSC, blocks
MIMO, AMC
Bursts (representing users) have One downlink slot, Tslot
different modulation types to meet the

MS data service requirements DL
Nsymb OFDM symbols
Resource block x
: DL
Nsymb
RB
Nsc
Resource
element
(k, l)
DL RB
x Nsc subcarriers
NRB
RB
Nsc
RB
Nsc
l=0 l= – 1
Zone Resource Grid

September 2009
16
PHY layer Terminology in WiMAX & LTE
WiMAX LTE
Pilots are present on every Reference Signals (RS) are
symbol in DL (PUSC) and every present on symbol #0, #04.
other symbol in UL (PUSC)
Pilot subcarriers are not used to
carry data symbols
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
subcarriers
RS
SCH (payload
data)

September 2009
17
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
18
Multiple Antenna Techniques
Open Loop
1 Spatial Multiplexing 6
Receive Diversity
y Multi-user MIMO
3
Beamforming/
beamsteering
5
2 MIMO (4x2)
Transmit Diversity Closed Loop
7
Spatial Multiplexing
Co-operative MIMO
4 Angle, Matrix
Matrix
Diversity to improve Spatial multiplexing to improve Multi-user to increase

robustness user throughput network efficiency

September 2009
19
MIMO Types: WiMAX and LTE
Description WiMAX LTE Feedback
Required
DL Receive Diversity 1 Simple, powerful technique for combating None
the effects of multi
multi-path
path fading
DL Transmit Diversity Provides Rx diversity benefits but adds Matrix A None
(Alamouti STBC) 2 complexity in the base station, rather than
the mobile
Open loop MIMO Supports multiple spatial streams with Matrix B Open Loop MIMO Y/N
3 corresponding increase in capacity.
Requires additional signal to noise.
Closed loop MIMO Pre-coding Matrix improves the MIMO Closed Loop MIMO pre-
channel characteristics and hence the Supported in rev coding Matrix
SNR performance
f 15
1.5 i f
info
4
Requires significant UL bandwidth to
support feedback.
Beamforming/ beamsteering Eigen-beamfroming is a form of closed Beamsteering Pre-coding
loop MIMO using multiple anntenna’s info or angle
5 Beamsteering uses angle of arrival data to Pre-coding in of arrival info
align phased array antenna’s rev 2.0
UL collaborative spatial Two separate transmitting devices send None
multiplexing separate data streams over the same Known as Multi-
6
frequency and time allocations user MIMO
Co-operative MIMO Two separate transmitting devices co- For further
7 ordinate to simultaneously send data to supported in rev Part of LTE study
2.0 advanced

September 2009
20
Precoding in LTE
• Closed loop MIMO is the same as eigen beamforming
•Purpose of the pre-coding is to optimize the composite Channel + pre-coding
matrix for improved MIMO performance.
performance
• The UE measures the DL channel and sends PMI (Precoding Matrix Identifier)
on the UL
•The PMI info represents a selected matrix taken from a limited predefined list
(codebook) – this limits the required UL information
• The Base station uses the codeword for precoding
• Enables closed loop MIMO, which improves the MIMO S/N performance
• Pre-coding is UL bandwidth resource intensive as more reporting is required
CODEW
Modulation
Scrambling
Preccoding
LAYERS
mapper
Layer
WORDS
mapper
Modulation
Scrambling mapper
LTE Physical channel

processing

September 2009
21
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
22
Network Entry (WiMAX) vs Attach (LTE)
Power on Power on
Scan for Scan for

downlink downlink
channels channels
Scan and Synchronise

Synchronize Synchronize
with with
Downlink of D
Downlink
li k off
serving BS serving BS
Obtain Uplink Decode

parameters PDCCH
PRACH
Ranging procedure

September 2009
Page 23
23
Synchronizing with the Base Station
In WiMAX downlink, time and frequency synchronization is accomplished by the
DL preamble located at the start of the time frame.
114 different preamble sequences

Preamble
WiMAX DL
In LTE downlink, time and frequency synchronization is accomplished by P-SS (sub-
frame) and S-SS (frame) in the last two symbols of slot #0 and #10.
slot #0 slot #10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
168 different secondary sync codes
S-SS S-SS
P-SS 3 cell identity groups

P-SS
Apr 2009
3 x 168 = 504 cell id possibilities

September 2009
24
Power on Power on
Scan for Scan for

downlink downlink
channels channels
with with
Downlink of D
Downlink
li k off
Obtain UplinkObtain MAPs info Decode Obtain allocation info

parameters PDCCH
PRACH
Ranging procedure

September 2009
Page 25
25
WiMAX …Obtain MAPs info…decode messages
3
1 Assume synchronised to cell frequency
UL-MAP
FCH
Logical Subchannels
5 Frame n
2 Reading preamble gives preamble index, cell ID.
Preamble
DL Burst for 3 Frame Control Header gives the mobile info on the DL MAPs
CID #17
4 DL MAP gives location of UL MAP and locations of data/control
D
DL-MAP
messages in the rest of the DL frame

6 5 UL MAP gives locations of zones/bursts that can be used in the
2 UL frame.
1 4 DL UL
6 DL burst contains a GMH followed by MAC PDU or MAC Mgt
message
Symbol #
7 MS decodes the data to get the protocol message
Type: Ranging
Length: No. of Bytes

Payload Value: Data
7
Data
or
MAC Mgt Message
Generic MAC Header Payload

(GMH)
9/25/2009
September 2009
Page 26
26
LTE …Decode Allocation info on PDCCH …
1 sub frame Additional step for LTE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sub-Carrier (RB)
4 1 MHz)
Bandwidth (1.4 – 20 M
1 A
Assume synchronised
h i d to
t cell
ll frequency
f
5
2 Decode P-SS and S-SS provide the cell id
2 3 3 Decode the PBCH to decode cell bandwidth and MIB info
4 Decode CFI (control format indicator) on the PCFICH
CFI gives the number of symbols used for the PDCCH/PHICH
6 5 Decode DCI (downlink control info) on PDCCH
DCI gives allocation for PDSCH.
Time (Symbol) DL 6 Decode PDSCH
PDSCH carries the data, for example the SIB information
RS - Reference Signal (Pilot)

WiMAX LTE
P-SS - Primary Synchronization Signal
S-SS - Secondary Synchronization Signal Preamble Primary and secondary sync
(P-SS and S-SS)
PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel
FCH (Frame Control CFI (Control Format
PCFICH – Physical Control Channel Format Indicator Channel header) indicator)
PHICH (Normal)– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel DL & UL MAPs PDCCH (Physical Downlink
Control Channel)
PDCCH (L=1,2 or 3) - Physical Downlink Control Channel
DL Burst PDSCH (Physical Downlink
PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel Shared Channel) allocation

September 2009
Page 27
27
BS does not know
Power on Power on
about the UE
Scan for Scan for

downlink downlink
channels channels
with with
Downlink of D
Downlink
li k off
Obtain Uplink Decode

parameters PDCCH
PRACH Ranging and

Initial Ranging procedure Random Access

September 2009
Page 28
28
Initial Ranging (WiMAX) vs PRACH (LTE)
MS sends initial
Ranging UE sends PRACH
(power, freq, using Zadoff Chu
ranging CDMA code
Sequence
timing
If no response MS If no response UE re-

re-transmits with transmits with higher Ranging &
higher power power Random Access
BS responds addressing
BS responds
MS with the preamble
addressing MS using
identifier and providing an
CDMA code
RA-RNTI
BS sends timing, freq,

BS sends timing
power adjusts until it is
happy
alignment Info provided
in random
access
MS sends bandwidth
request CDMA code Random Access response
BS provides UL
BS provides UL
grant allocation
allocation with CID
using TC-RNTI

September 2009
Page 29
29
Negotiate MS Basic SIB info provides
capabilities capability info
UE/eNB exchange RRC

connection Request/Setup
Authentication
messages
AAA exchanges Authorisation
Accounting
AAA exchanges with MME
Register with
UE/eNB exchange RRC
Network
connection Reconfig/Complete
messages
Obtain IP
Attach
address
complete
Establish Establish Default

Provisional bearer
Connections
Obtain IP
Network Entry address
complete

September 2009
Page 30
30
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
31
L2/L3 Terminology
WiMAX term LTE Term Use/Meaning
Initial Ranging Random Access Process Random access process used for power/freq/timing adjustments,
(using PRACH) Employs CDMA codes in WiMAX and Zadoff Chu sequences in
LTE
Bandwidth Request Scheduling Request Random access process for a UE to request bandwidth.
(Random Access) WiMAX uses a CDMA code. LTE uses RA premable.
FCH (Frame Control CFI (Control Format Provides info required to decode the DL/UL allocation information
Header) Indicator)
DL/UL MAPs PDCCH (Physical Downlink Provide information about the DL and UL bandwidth allocations
Control Channel)
CID ((connection RNTI ((Radio Network Used to address a single
g or ggroupp of UEs when p
providing
g
identifier) Temporary Identifier) bandwidth allocation information
ECNIR CQI Rx feedback providing recommended MCS
Service Flow Radio Bearer A radio connection between the UE and the base station
Network Entry UE Attach Process by which a UE joins a WiMAX or LTE network
Idle mode Idle mode UE has “left” the network but can be periodically paged and asked
to re
re-join:
join: key for standby performance
Sleep mode DRX Connected but the UE negotiates a duty cycle of “ON” and “OFF”
periods of activity: impt for “talk time” performance

September 2009
32
Agenda
• Introduction
• Conclusion

September 2009
33
Comprehensive MIMO Test Solutions
Leading the Evolution in Wireless Comms…
Leader in MIMO Superior Signal Accelerate Protocol

Signal Creation Analysis Capabilities Development &
Single and multi-channel
Conformance
Best ACPR performance for
amplifier test measurements
Real-time LTE and WiMAX
Synchronized & phase coherent base station emulation for
signals for MIMO receiver test mobile development
N5182A MXG Infiniium

Tx
0
Tx E6620A
1
89600 VSA
software E6651A
N5106A PXB N9020A MXA
MIMO Receiver Tester

September 2009
Page 34
34
N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
The flexibility of the PXB is used to verify receiver performance
throughout the design cycle, at baseband or RF
Signal Inputs Signal Creation Tools Signal Outputs

Analog I/Q
- Direct from PXB
- Connect to any DUT or RF
vector signal generator
with analog I/Q inputs
Real World RF Digital I/Q

N5102A
RF
Page 35
MXA(s) PXB ESG or MXG

September 2009
35
E6620A Integrated Mobile Test Platform (LTE)
Scripted testcases
Scalable single box base station emulator
Protocol Processor • 2G/3G/3.9G (LTE) capable
• LTE L1-L2
L1 L2 signaling
i li stack
t k + scripting
i ti API
• Standalone BSE application
PDCP A • 20MHz BW
• Data rates up to 100 Mbps DL / 50 Mbps UL
RLC • 2x2 MIMO
MAC P • Built-in Fading
• RF Parametric Measurements
DSP Engine I
digital I/O L1 PHY
RF I/O
SISO RF I/O
UP/DOWN CONV.
MIMO RF I/O* 20MHz B/W RF
(2x2 DL)
*Optional 2nd Source/Receiver for 2x2 MIMO

September 2009
Page 36
36
Summary
• Both WiMAX and LTE target high data rate applications,

seeking to reduce latency and increase capacity/spectral
efficiency
• There are may similarities (OFDMA, MIMO, AMC,
Reporting, IP focus …)
• Knowledge of WiMAX provides a head start to those
expanding their development work to LTE
• Agilent solutions such as Signal Studio and vector signal
analysis software shorten the learning cycle when moving
from WiMAX to LTE

September 2009
37
Additional Resources
www.agilent.com/find/wimax
www.agilent.com/find/lte
www.agilent.com/find/mimo

September 2009
38

Taking The Journey From Wimax: Presented By: P y

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Taking The Journey From Wimax: Presented By: P y

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Taking The Journey From Wimax: Presented By: P y

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Taking the journey

© Copyright 2009 Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Test Category Mobile WiMAX 3GPP-LTE

RF conformance test WiMAX Forum mRCT 3GPP 36.521-1/2

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Has been added to the spec. Of

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

DL 2x2 MIMO Open Loop (use DL 2x2 MIMO (Single User).

Beamforming Beamsteering:g Several companies

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Data Region in OFDMA :

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

different modulation types to meet the

Zone Resource Grid

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Diversity to improve Spatial multiplexing to improve Multi-user to increase

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

LTE Physical channel

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Scan for Scan for

Scan and Synchronise

Obtain Uplink Decode

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

114 different preamble sequences

slot #0 slot #10

P-SS 3 cell identity groups

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Scan for Scan for

Obtain UplinkObtain MAPs info Decode Obtain allocation info

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

messages in the rest of the DL frame

Length: No. of Bytes

Generic MAC Header Payload

RS - Reference Signal (Pilot)

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

Scan for Scan for

Obtain Uplink Decode

PRACH Ranging and

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

If no response MS If no response UE re-

BS sends timing, freq,

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE

UE/eNB exchange RRC