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Annexure-VI Report On Fuel Cell Report
Annexure-VI Report On Fuel Cell Report
Prepared by
Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development of the
Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, New Delhi
June, 2016
“The global fuel cell market is estimated to reach
US$5.20 billion by 2019, with a projected
CAGR of 14.7%, signifying a substantial
increase in demand, during the next five years”**
** “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and
Forecasts to 2019” by Markets and Markets (published in September 2014).
(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell)
CONTENTS
i
II. Terms of Reference
ii
III. Details of the Meetings of Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell
Development in India
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1.0 Executive Summary
1.3 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the potential to
be deployed in portable, small capacity power generation and transportation
applications. These fuel cells have high power density and can be operated at
low and high temperatures at variable loads. The LT-PEMFC can be easily
started-up and stopped at low temperatures -35 to 400C and thus currently a
leading technology for deployment in the light and heavy duty vehicles. To
resolve the issues of LT-PEMFC such as requirement of pure hydrogen due
to low tolerance of Pt (a costly noble metal) catalyst to CO and humidification
of membrane for migration of protons from anode to cathode, HT-PEMFC,
which operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C are being developed.
1.4 The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) operates in the temperature
range of 190 to 2200C and hence is capable to use reformed hydrocarbon
fuels or biogas with less than 2% CO. These fuel cells have been used widely
for different stationary power generation applications in the range of 100 - 400
kW. The electrical efficiency of PAFC is about 40% and combined heat and
power efficiency is around 85%. These systems were used in military
applications in USA. M/s Toshiba and M/s Fuji electric Japan developed this
technology for power generation with online reformer based initially on
propane/LPG and later on CNG / landfill gases with a life time of more than
45000 hours. In India, PAFC a system of 50 kW capacities was developed by
the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL) sometime back. Unfortunately, the
work could not be taken up further, because of non-availability of carbon
paper at that time. BHEL also imported, installed and operated a 200kW
PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba Corporation of Japan with LPG as the primary
fuel. Later, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath also
developed such systems of 1-15 kW capacity and demonstrated successfully
3
for field applications. The technology has been transferred to M/s Thermax
Ltd, Pune and around 24 numbers of 3kw units have been manufactured for
DRDO’s captive use. This is the only example of a successful indigenous
production of fuel units in India even though on a buy-back
arrangement.Presently NMRL is engaged in development of underwater
power solutions together with improved versions of field powering for remote
and sensitive areas.
1.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) in which an aqueous solution of KOH is used
as the electrolyte, is a low cost technology because of its components are
made from inexpensive materials. It can be operated in the temperature range
-400C to 1200C. It is a reliable source of electricity generation leading to
higher energy efficiency i.e. up to 60%. AFC was initially used to provide
electric power and drinking water in Apollo spacecrafts.However, AFC
operating with air on the cathode suffers from CO2 contamination and reduces
output and also enhances the cost. In addition the problem of an appropriate
electrode material is still to be solved.Presently there is a large effort to
develop anion exchange polymeric membrane, which can replace the
aqueous potassium hydroxide hitherto used. It can be deployed in various
other applications such as telecommunication towers, scooters, auto-
rickshaws, cars, boats, household inverters, etc. So far there has not been
any technology development effort in this country even though limited basic
research has been carried out by a few academicians.
1.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC), which uses methanol, a product of
renewable sources, as fuel. It is in liquid state at normal temperature and can
easily be stored and transported. This fuel cell is best suited to applications
requiring power less than 100 W like computerized notebooks, mobile
phones, military equipment and such other electronic devices. SPIC Science
Foundation, Chennai was the first in the country to demonstrate a 250 watt
stack in early 2000. Later CSIR–CECRI designed, developed and evaluated
for continuous operation of a 50 watt stack. R&D is being continued for
further improvements. The researchers have shifted their focus to use ethanol
in place of methanol due to methanol being lower in molecule size (tendency
to crossover more than ethanol), having low boiling point (more loss), being
toxic in nature and has comparatively low energy density. IIT, Delhi
developed a 3 W stack using Nafionmembrane and a novel bi/tri metallic
catalyst with a performance of 50-70 mW/cm2.
1.7 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) uses solid, nonporous metal oxide
electrolytes like yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) together with oxide based
electrodes. There are two forms depending on the operating temperature.
High temperature ones operates in the rage 800 – 10000C while the
intermediate temperature ones operate in the range 550-8000C. For high
4
temperature variety internal reforming is possible. Fuels like gasoline, alcohol,
natural gas, biogas etc. can be reformed internally on the anode surface
producing hydrogen. This hydrogen generates electricity in the fuel cell.
External reforming is required for intermediate operating temperatures.
SOFCs have been developed in two different designs i.e. tubular and planar
types. Both have their merits and de-merits in their fabrication and operation.
Initial development by Westinghouse or Siemens-Westinghouse was centered
on high temperature tubular type and up to 200kW units have been
demonstrated with natural gas as the fuel. Most of the recent developments
are in the area of intermediate temperature one. Several institutes and
commercial houses across the countries like USA, Canada, Germany, UK,
Denmark, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated the operation of a large
number of units up to 25kW capacity with planar configuration. High power
density relatively low temperatures of operation are the two most attractive
features of the planar design. Commercialization of SOFC technology
particularly for stationary power generation seems to be viable as many
prototype demonstration units are operating for a considerable length of time.
In India, R&D activity on materials development for SOFC technology followed
by stack development and testing have been in progress for more than two
decades and has just reached a stage of technology demonstration on a
relatively large scale. CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata has recently demonstrated a
500W anode supported stack with planar configuration using ferritic steel as
the bipolar plate. Efforts are on for further scale-up in association with an
industrial collaborator. Another major effort in development of the 3rd
generation technology (metal supported SOFC) has been underway since
2012, by NFTDC, Hyderabad in collaboration with University of Cambridge,
UK, for development up to the level of a SOFC stack. This project is funded
by DST-RCUK (as part of the Indo-UK, UKIERI program).Several other
institutions of the country have also developed the R&D capability on different
aspects of the technology. Monolithically integrated micro-SOFC can replace
Li-batteries for certain type of applications.
1.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) uses an alkali metal carbonate as
the electrolyte in the molten phase. Most common electrolyte is the eutectic
mixture of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 in the ratio of 62 to 38 mole% and operates at a
temperature of about 6500C. The higher operating temperature provides the
opportunity for achieving higher overall system efficiencies and greater
flexibility to the choice of fuels. Unlike other fuel cells MCFC anode can
oxidize carbon monoxide in the fuel to carbon dioxide through electrochemical
reaction. However, the limitation associated with MCFC is the management of
carbon dioxide produced as product of combustion. The high operating
temperature imposes limitations and constraints in selection of suitable
materials of construction for long time operations. MCFCs can be used with
both external and internal reformers. Recently, field tests of a 2 MW internal
5
reforming system at the city of Santa Clara, California and 250 kW external
reforming by San Diego Gas and Electric, California have been demonstrated
and a 280 kW system hasstarted up in Germany. A 1 MW system has also
been installed at Kawagoe, Japan. Extensive developments are still required
before commercial applications become a reality. In India not much
development activity has been undertaken so far on MCFC except an attempt
by CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudifor the development in laboratory scale of multi-cell
stack. TERI, New Delhi also carried out a small demonstration project based
on an imported MCFC unit with financial support from MNRE.
1.9 Bio-fuel Cell (BFC): The fuel cells, which convert biochemical energy to
electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction by usingdifferent forms
of bio-catalysts, are normally referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. There are two
major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1) Microbial fuel cells
employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst for the
electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use different
enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels. The range of substrates
for BFCs is unlimited and depends on the biocatalysts being used to drive the
reactions to generate power. The production / consumption cycle of bio-fuels
is considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than
that of conventional fuel cells. Moreover, biocatalysts could offer significant
cost advantages over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies
of scale. The most important advantage is wastewater treatment with
production of energy. However, the magnitude of power reported so far in
BFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The
potential areas for its power application are portable electronics, biomedical
instruments, environmental studies, military and space research etc. In India,
many institutions are active in this area. Their primary focus is to develop
suitable electrodes materials or tweak the microorganism. Mediator-less and
membrane-less MFCs have been demonstrated in laboratory scale. In India
many small groups are active in the area of microbial fuel cells (several
reviews have been published by Indian groups in the last ten years) but the
primary focus is to develop suitable electrodes materials or tweak the
microorganism. Mediator-less and membrane-less MFCs have been
demonstrated by a couple of groups and proof-of-concept demos have been
carried out at IICT, IIT-Khargpur, CECRIand NTU although this is an area
where India could do substantially better given our strengths in chemical,
biochemical and microbial engineering together with interdisciplinary
capability.
1.10 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) converts fuel (granulated carbon
powder ranging from 10 to 1000 nm sizes) to electricity directly with a
maximum electrical efficiency up to 70% (with 100% theoretical efficiency).
The systems, which may operate on low grade abundant fuels derived from
6
coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass are under
development. The byproduct is nearly pure CO2, which can be stored and
used for commercial purpose leading to zero emission. The program is
developing the next generation of high temperature fuel cells.The cell design,
materials development program and fabrication technologies have specifically
focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This has led to
the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell designs and
materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected electrically
and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of time with
minimal degradation. Several laboratories in USA and Australia are active in
the development of such a device that can easily be scaled up. No work in
this area is reported so far from India.
1.11 Micro fuel cells (MFCs) are the miniature form of either PEMFC or
DMFC or SOFC and have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high
power densities, considerably longer operational & stand-by times, shorter
recharging time, simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel
cells are ideal for use in portable electronic devices (fuel cell on a chip). As
per CSIRO, Australia if these are mass produced; they can be delivered at
low cost and cover large volume markets. Such micro-fuel cells and
disposable methanol cartridges have been developed for mobile devices.
Polymer electrolyte micro fuel cells can be used in 3D printing, which is
effectively carried out on a large area. There is an ever increasing demand for
more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable electronic
devices for leisure, communication and computing. Low cost lithographic
techniques have been developed for fluid flow micro channels. Other features
include self-air-breathing or stack-powered air supply, 100% fuel utilization, no
air or hydrogen humidification, ambient temperature operation, low catalyst
loading, life time over 20,000 hrs. The other type based on monolithically
integrated SOFC on a Si ship is also very important as planar configurations
can be effected using modern manufacturing processes to make Li-batteries
obsolete for certain type of applications. Unfortunately, there is no tangible
activity in India and therefore there may be an opportunity to initiate
preliminary work.
7
MNRE spent around Rs.25 Crore on fuel cell research. CSIR also spent
around a similar amount during this period. In addition DST and DSIR
contributed around Rs.5 Crore each for the similar purpose. DRDO has so far
invested around Rs.50 Crore and plans invest another Rs. 100 Crore in near
future. Exact amount spent by DAE is not available at this stage but likely to
be of the order of Rs.50 Crore during the last 10 years.
1.13 In order to revisit the “Hydrogen Energy Road Map” prepared in 2007,
the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy constituted a Steering Committee
on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in 2012 under the Chairmanship of Dr. K
Kasturirangan, the then Member (Science) Planning Commission,
Government of India to advise the Ministry and steer overall activities and its
five Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for
in-depth analysis. The Sub-Committee on Fuel Cell Development is one of
them, which met thrice under the Chairmanship of Dr. H.S. Maiti, Former
Director, Central Glass and Ceramic Institute, Kolkata and currently INAE
Distinguished Professor, Govt. College of Engineering and Ceramic
Technology, Kolkata to thrash out various issues pertaining to the indigenous
development of complete fuel cell systems and their commercialization in the
country.
8
Identification of the USP like Combined Heat & Power (CHP) integrated
with the Fuel Cells which provide an enhancement in efficiency, a
quantum more than the current state-of-the-art.
Keeping the strategic sector apart, one may create two consortia for
telecom and CHP and the consortia should include institutions, industry
and project developers. The first consortium may be on low to medium
temperature PAFC / PEM while the second consortium could be
around SOFC.
9
Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (Category III) may be
sponsored preferably to the academic institutions/ universities and IITs for
all other varieties of fuel cells including AFC and Direct carbon fuel cell
(DCFC).
No lead institution is identified for the last two categories of projects.
Projects may be approved based on the merit of the proposals.
In the first phase, the projects may be targeted for development and
demonstration of minimum 5 units each type of systems of capacities 1, 3
& 5 kW with a minimum of 50% indigenized components.
Recognizing the fact that the all ceramic fuel cell namely SOFC will
be primarily used in stationary applications as distributed power sources,
the targeted capacities should be in the higher range. In this case the
suggested specifications may as follows:
Capacities :5, 15 and 25kW
Minimum power density :1.5W/cm2
Operating temperature :8000C (max)
Fuels to be used :Impure hydrogen/Natural gas/Biogas
Fuel Utilization :70% (min)
Minimum life span :40,000hrs
Imported components :50% (max)
10
association with Indian industries. Foreign collaboration, if required may
also be accepted.
11
Rigorous monitoring and risk management together with mid-course
correction, if required, should be an integral part of project
management in order to keep the projects on track.
Important but uncertain activities may be duplicated if required.
For projects other than mission mode, industry participation may not be
essential. However, micro detailing and rigorous monitoring have to be
ensured.
Provision of fore-closing a project should be practiced as and when
necessary.
12
INTRODUCTION
13
2.0 Introduction
2.1 All over the world, including India, the need for the development of an
alternate energy sector, which is becoming increasingly important not only
due to our need to reduce dependence of rapidly exhausting fossil fuels, but
also due to increasing global concern about the environmental consequences
of the uses of fossil fuels in generation of electricity and for the propulsion of
vehicles. There are more than 1 billion automobiles in use worldwide,
satisfying many needs for mobility in daily life. The automotive industry is
therefore one of the largest economic forces globally employing huge people
force and generating a value chain in excess of $3 trillion per year. As a
consequence of this colossal industry, the large number of automobiles in use
has caused and continues to cause a series of major issues in our society as
follows:
2.3 The fuel cell has its own importance, as it is an energy conversion
device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid /solid fuel into
electrical energy by electrochemical reaction. In this device electrolyte (non-
conductive to electrons and conductive to charged species) is sandwiched by
the two electrodes (cathode and anode). Hydrogen, when fed to anode, splits
into proton and electron in presence of catalyst. The electrons flow through
conductor and charged species pass through electrolyte membrane to
cathode, where they combine with oxygen to produce heat and water as
byproducts. The water, so produced, does not have any pollution footprint. It
is environmentally benign. Fuel cells operating with hydrogen as the fuel do
not produce any gaseous pollutants like CO2, CO, NOx, SOx etc., which are
normally released by conventional power plants.Efforts are being pursued
over the globe to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells and coupling with
devices to utilize the waste heat for energy conservation. Therefore, owing to
the advantages associated with fuel cell technology, security of electricity can
be ensured in future, which is also expected to induce a new era of ‘hydrogen
economy’.
2.4 Fuel Cells are a family of most efficient energy conversion devices in
which the chemical energy stored in a fuel is converted to electricity by a
single step electrochemical reaction. This is in contrast to a thermal power
plant in which conversion takes place through a multistep process.
2.5 Fuel cells differ from conventional electrochemical cells and batteries.
Both technologies involve the conversion of potential chemical energy into
electricity. But while a conventional cell or battery employs reactions among
metals and electrolytes whose chemical nature changes over time, the fuel
15
cell actually consumes its fuel, leaving nothing but an empty reservoir or
cartridge.A common example of conventional electrochemical technology is
the lead-acid automotive battery. Another is the lithium-ion battery. Some
conventional cells and batteries can be recharged by connection to an
external source of current. Others must be discarded when they are spent. A
fuel cell, in contrast, is replenished merely be refilling its reservoir, or by
removing the spent fuel cartridge and replacing it with a fresh one. While the
recharging process for a conventional cell or battery can take hours, replacing
a fuel cartridge takes only seconds.
2.7 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few
decades. They are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ.
This classification determines the kind of electro-chemical reactions that take
place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which
the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important types of fuel
cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
(DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC),
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In
addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have also gained
significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel
cells (MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC),
which uses micro-organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid
carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which solid carbon can be used as the fuel. The
electrochemical reaction of different fuel cells, the nature of the electrolyte and
the fuel used in the important types of fuel cell are schematically presented in
Fig. 1.Details of a typical PEM based fuel cell are presented in Fig. 2. In
addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several single cells (number
depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source
consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or
oxygen), power conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger,
exhaust system etc. The schematic layout of such a power plant is presented
in Fig.3. Summary of the characteristics of the important types of fuel cells,
their operating conditions and application potentialities are presented in
atabular for in Table 1.
16
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the electrochemical cell used in
different types of fuel cells
(http://www.fuelcells.org/uploads/FuelCellTypes.jpg)
17
Fig. 3: Schematics of a complete fuel cell power pack.
Backup
Solid electrolyte
power Expensive
reduces
Low Portable catalysts
60% corrosion and
Temperatu Per-fluoro- power Sensitive to
direct H2 electrolyte
re Polymer sulfonic <1 kW– Distributed fuel impurities
~80°C 40% management
Electrolyte acid 200 kW generation (tolerant up to
reformed problems
Membrane (Nafion®) Transportati only 20ppm
fuel Low
(LT-PEM) on CO and 1ppm
temperature
Specialty Sulphur)
Quick start-up
vehicles
Solid
electrolyte
reduces
Portable corrosion and
Better
High power electrolyte
than LT-
Temperatu Distributed management Destabilization
PEMFC
re Polymer Acid doped 100 – <1 kW– generation problems and high cost
particularl
Electrolyte PBI 180oC 100 kW Transportati No of electrolyte
y under
Membrane on humidification
CHP
(HT-PEM) Specialty of electrolyte
mode
vehicles Les sensitive
to fuel
impurities
(tolerant up to
18
3% CO and
20ppm
Sulphur))
400 kW,
Phosphoric
100 kW
acid Expensive
module Suitable for
soaked in a catalysts
Phosphori (liquid CHP
porous 150°– Distributed Long start-up
c Acid PAFC); 40% Increased
matrix or 200°C generation time
(PAFC) <10 kW tolerance to
imbibed in Sulfur
(polymer fuel impurities
a polymer sensitivity
membran
membrane
e)
High
Molten
temperature
lithium, High
corrosion and
sodium, efficiency
300 kW–3 Electric breakdown of
Molten and/or Fuel flexibility
600°– MW, utility cell
Carbonate potassium 50% Suitable for
700°C 300 kW Distributed components
(MCFC) carbonates, CHP
module generation Long start-up
soaked in a Hybrid/gas
time
porous turbine cycle
Low power
matrix
density
High
High
temperature
efficiency
corrosion and
Auxiliary Fuel
breakdown of
power flexibility
Solid Yttria cell
500°– 1 kW–2 Electric Solid
Oxide stabilized 60% components
1,000°C MW utility electrolyte
(SOFC) zirconia Long start-up
Distributed Suitable for
time
generation CHP
Limited
Hybrid/gas
number of
turbine cycle
shutdowns
2.8 Global production and shipment of different types and applications of fuel
cells till 2011 with projection for 2012 are presented in the following
histograms (Fig. 4 & Fig. 5):
19
Fig.4: Global production and shipment of different types of fuel cells till
2011 and projected for 2012.
Fig.5: Global production and shipment for different applications of fuel cells
till 2011 and projected for 2012.
20
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
FUEL CELL (LOW TEMPERATURE
AND HIGH TEMPERATURE)
21
3.0 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (Low Temperature
and High Temperature)
23
DoE, USA has set several technical targets for the membrane, catalyst
coated membrane for both stationary and automobile applications of which a
very few of them have been met so far.
All the major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle either in
development or in testing. New models are being introduced regularly.
According to a report published by Pike Research, USA, a part of Navigant’s
Energy Practice published in 2009, the global commercial sales of fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) will reach the key milestone of 1 million vehicles by 2020,
with a cumulative 1.2 million vehicles sold by the end of that year generating
$16.9 billion in annual revenue. The fuel cell car market is now in the ramp-up
phase and commercialization is anticipated by automakers to happen around
2015. Pike Research’s analysis indicates that, during the pre-
commercialization period from 2010 to 2014, approximately 10,000 FCVs will
be deployed. Following that phase, the firm forecasts that 57,000 FCVs will be
sold in 2015, with sales volumes ramping to 390,000 vehicles annually by
2020. The growth trends in Asia-Pacific region are going to outcast the North
America and the Western European regions. This large demand is expected
in the countries like Japan, Korea, China and India. Bulk of fuel cell vehicles
use PEMFC and most have hydrogen stored in composite cylinders.
Over the past six years, more than 20 cities around the world have, or
are currently, demonstrating fuel cell or hydrogen powered buses in their
transit fleets. Most demonstrations involve individual cities and transit
agencies, but some have been multi-city demonstrations. These include
Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) – Multi city demo (since
2003, Ballard powered buses have operated for more than 78,000
hours delivering over four million passengers to their destinations)
24
Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) based in Reykjavik, Ireland
Sustainable Transport Energy Perth (STEP) programme in Perth,
Western Australia
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Urban Transport in Brazil
Japan’s Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme
National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Programme (USA)
and
China programme – Multi city demonstrations.
There are reports of plans to use of fuel cells in Green Sea Ports. The
type of application envisaged are on-board ship power, a fuel cell system
could generate prime power or could propel the ship into port at low speeds
prior to docking. In addition, fuel cells could replace batteries and diesel
generators used for emergency power and on-board electronics, shore power
for cargo and cruise ships (auxiliary diesel engines that provide power to
docked ships contribute heavily to the pollution levels at ports). Fuel cell can
replace these diesel engines. FCEVs can replace yard tractors, heavy-duty
trucks, and passenger cars used at the port facility. Fuel cells can also be
installed as APU on heavy-duty trucks, to supply grid-independent power and
backup power for security, rail transport (fuel cells can be used as auxiliary or
primary power in rail locomotives), refrigeration for containers (the contents of
some containers need to be kept at a controlled temperature) and container
cranes (the offloading of cargo from docked ships is typically powered by a
diesel engine generator near the top of the crane or, more commonly, by
electric power onshore. A fuel cell could replace or supplement either).
S. Country Policy
No.
1 China “1,000+ Green Vehicles in each City” since 2009. Till
2011, 25 cities had joined this program.
Hybrid vehicle will receive the subsidies.
2 Norway No tax or value added tax (compared to the high
taxation of the conventional cars in Norway).
Access to bus lanes.
Free use of (public) toll roads
Significantly reduced annual car taxes.
Free parking in public places
No fuel tax or carbon tax on hydrogen as a fuel
(compared to high taxes on fossil fuels)
27
3 Japan Installation over 10,000 stationary residential combined
heat and power fuel cells with 50% subsidy on the cost of
the equipment and installation - Since 2009.
4 Iceland Tax based on documented CO2 emissions and fuel origin
- Motor vehicles will no longer be taxed based on engine
size or total weight since 1 January 2011.
5 Germany Motor vehicle tax exemption until December 15, 2015 for
vehicles with CO2 emissions below 50 grams per
kilometre.
6 Korea 1. 1 million green homes with various renewable energy
facilities in residential areas by 2020.
2. The government has a target of 100,000 1-kW fuel
cell units by 2020 and has subsidies of up to 80% of
installation costs between 2010 and 2011, decreasing
to 50% from 2013 to 2015.
3. Long-term and low-interest loans for the customers or
manufacturers of commercialized fuel cells.
4. 10% tax-deduction system for fuel cell power plants.
7 Australia 1. Fund for clean energy and energy efficiency proposal
– Australian $10 billion by “Clean Energy Finance”.
2. $200 million in grants to support business investment
in renewable energy, low emission technology and
energy efficiency.
3. $2.5 million in funding for hydrogen projects with a
commencement date in 2010 by Australian Research
Council (ARC).
8 United 1. Investment Tax Credits (ITC) for fuel cell systems
States through 2016 valued at up to $3,000 per kW installed
at businesses and $3,334 per kW installed in joint
occupancy residential dwellings. •
2. From 2009 to 2011, over $27 million for grants in lieu
of tax credits were provided to companies with
insufficient tax liability to apply for the ITC.
3. The hydrogen fuelling facility tax credit provides up to
30% or $30,000 for fuelling stations construction.
9 European 1. €1 billion was contributed from the EU Sixth
Union Framework Programme (FP6) budget to support R&D
(EU) and demonstration activities of hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies.
2. From 2008 to 2013, the EU will devote €470 million
from the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
budget to support R&D and demonstration activities of
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
3. Currently, there are 44 on-going projects (with
28
cumulative grants of approximately €100 million)
engaging some 250 different partners.
4. Twenty seven additional projects of the 2010 call
(estimated grants of €89 million) should start by the
end of 2011.
10 United 1. A Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) provides incentives for the
Kingdom deployment of small scale renewable energy
generation up to 5 MW.
2. The FIT also supports the deployment of residential
fuel cell CHP systems of up to 2 kW regardless of fuel
type, because of their carbon saving potential.
3. This measure is a pilot limited to the first 30,000
systems, and with a review after the first 10,000
installations.
4. Motorists purchasing a qualifying ultra-low emission
car can receive a grant of 25 percent towards the cost
of the vehicle, up to a maximum of £5,000.
5. Under current policy, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may
also receive a zero Vehicle Excise Duty rating.
6. Vehicles with CO2 emissions below 100 grams per
kilometre pay zero under standard rates of Vehicle
Excise Duty.
7. Vehicles with CO2 emissions of 130 grams per
kilometre or less pay zero under first year rates.
The last few years has seen considerable research activity in hydrogen
fuel cells in India mainly via R&D work sponsored by the MNRE, DST, CSIR
etc. PEM Fuel cell uses a large range of materials. Such materials are electro
catalysts, catalyst support, gas diffusion media, micro porous materials,
hydrophobic materials, hydrophilic materials, different types of carbon and
binders, electrolyte, sealants, conducting coating materials.
31
3.2.3 Research and Development on Catalyst Support
Fluorinated Polymers
- Fluorinated poly (arylenes ether sulfones)
containing pendant
- Sulfonic acid groups
- Fluorinated poly(ether imide) copolymers
with controlled degree of sulfonation
32
above
- Stabilized forms of phosphomolybdic acid,
phosphotungstic acid and silicotungstic
acid incorporated into PVA cross-linked
polymers
- Novel mixed-matrix membranes sodium
alginate (NaAlg) with PVA and
certainheteropolyacids (HPAs), such as
PMoA, PWA and SWA.
33
linked organic–inorganic hybrid polymer
electrolyte membranes
- Carbon nanotubes rooted montmorillonite
(CNT-MM) reinforced nano-composite
membrane
- Domain size manipulation by sulfonic acid-
func. MWCNTs
- Functionalized CNT based composite
polymer electrolytes
- Minimally hydrated polymers, replace
water with ‘proton mobility facilitator
Study Organizations
Flow field modeling IIT-M, IIT-G, IIT-H, NMRL, CFCT-
ARCI
Heat and mass transfer modeling IIT-M
Cathode reactant supply modeling CFCT-ARCI with IITM
34
and design
Operation IIT-B, CFCT-ARCI
Control system modeling IIT-M, IIT-B, SSN College of Engg.,
CFCT-ARCI with Anna University
Power electronic modeling IIT-B, Anna University with CFCT-
ARCI, SSN, IISER-Kolkata
Electrochemical Modeling IIT-M , IIT-D, IISER Pune, NIT-W,
AU-Vizag, CFCT-ARCI, IIT-M,
IITM (cyl. cathode), IIT-M (multiple
layer), Bharathiyar University
Electrical conductivity IIT-G, BARC
System integration modeling with wind MN-NIT, BESU, IIT-B, IIT-K
energy etc.,
Stack Modeling CFCT-ARCI, IIT-B
Statistical analysis, Artificial Neural CFCT-ARCI with ISI, CSIR-NCL ,
Network CFCT-ARCI
Molecular Dynamics CSIR-NCL with IISER-Pune
35
MEAs. This team also developed and demonstrated a 250 Watts HT-
PEMFC stack built with several indigenously developed components.
Besides technology development, fundamental research by the team in
the areas of electro catalysis, membrane science, carbon materials and
stack engineering has resulted ~ 50 papers in journals of high impact
factors, completion of 12 PhD dissertations and filing of 10 patents by the
team across the three laboratories. Novel ideas on hybrid catalysts for
oxygen reduction reactions, new PBI copolymers, non-infringing routes to
synthesis of PBI monomers, new gas diffusion layers of high conductivity
and porosity and stacks of improved pressure distribution have been
developed.
36
extender in 3 wheeler and 4 wheeler electric vehicles along with battery
banks and has developed a fuel cell powered “Go-kart”. CFCT-ARCI has
developed process know-how for most of the components of fuel cell and
several balance of systems including controls and power converters. The
technology for making bipolar plate was transferred to an industry.
Besides these technology developments, the scientific personnel at
CFCT-ARCI have published nearly 80 papers in international journals
and have filed 20 patents.
13. GM R&D India Science Lab., GE’s John F Welch Technology Centre &
Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. (MBRDI) is
reported to have some hydrogen R&D programs in Bengaluru.
1. Tata Teleservices alongwith US based M/s Plug power made efforts for
installing and maintaining fuel cell systems as back-up power supply for
telecom towers. The other partner was M/s Hindustan Petroleum
Corporation Limited (HPCL). A few systems were installed in India. Later
37
M/s Plug Power decided to be in the area of application of fuel cell in
forklifts only and withdrawn their activities from India.
2. ACME Telepower Group had a tie-up with Canada based M/s Ballard
Power systems and M/S Idatech for fuel cell installation in telecom
sector. As per latest developments M/s Ballard has taken over M/s
Idatech and have tie-up with Dantherm. Dantherm are reported to be
working with Delta and installed 30 fuel cell systems in various telecom
towers located in Madhya Pradesh in association with Aditya Birla group.
4. Altergy and ReliOn are also targeting India for fuel cell application in
telecommunication towers.
6. IOC R&D besides setting up the hydrogen fuelling station has also
planned to create fuel cell testing facilities, which would help in
establishing the country specific regulations, codes and standards
through the validation of testing procedures and measurement
methodologies for the performance assessment of fuel cells. It will also
have a reference function in the Indian Hydrogen Energy Roadmap for
pre-competitive research and performance verification. By building a
state-of-the-art fuel cell testing facility, Indian Oil R&D will have a foot-
hold in framing the fuel specification, infrastructure requirements, and can
facilitate the development and harmonization of fuel cell testing
procedures in transport and stationary applications considering the Indian
conditions. The facility may allow the comprehensive testing and
performance evaluation of PEM & solid Oxide fuel cells, stacks and
systems in terms of energy efficiency, durability, reliability and emissions
at a scale of up to 100 kW.
7. IOC is planning to have PEMFC based fork lift for demonstration at R&D
centre. Further, they have signed MOC with Tata Motors for joint
demonstration of FC buses to ply in the Faridabad region.
38
fuel cell bus demonstration programme in India using Ballard Fuel cell
stacks. The first vehicle was displayed at the Auto Expo in N. Delhi in
2012. IOCL and TATA Motors are reported to be establishing a hydrogen
fuelling station in Faridabad in Haryana to demonstrate two fuel cell
buses developed by Tata Motors, which uses fuel cell stacks from M/s
Ballard. They are also planning to set up a major hydrogen dispensing
station at Sanand, Gujarat for the technology demonstration of the fuel
cell buses being developed by them.
12. The technology for carbon paper developed by NPL has been transferred
to HEG Limited Noida, which is expected to begin production soon.
13. M/s Arora Matthey, Kolkata has been a major supplier of electro catalysts
in India.
14. Sai Energy in Chennai is becoming a major supplier of fuel cell materials
and components.
39
18. M/s Thermax, Pune may soon enter into an agreement with NCL &
CECRI (CSIR) for prototype manufacturing of HT-PEMFC to be used in
combined cooling and power (CCP) mode based on a vapour adsorption
technique.The targeted capacity of the stack is 5kW e.
40
carrying out integration studies. Demonstration of PEMFC requires large
number of stacks at reasonable cost. No engineering efforts have been put for
the manufacture of stacks / systems so far (Except PAFC stacks by Thermax
particularly for the strategic sector for which economic consideration has not
been an important parameter). There is still no mechanism in place to make
large number of stacks / systems for demonstration on a large scale so as to
establish an optimized manufacturing technology. In addition, hydrogen is
also not available at reasonable cost to run continuously these stacks /
systems, which are being researched / demonstrated. Testing of fuel cells at
sites, where hydrogen is easily available such as chlor-alkali units, is urgently
required to make further improvements in the indigenously developed
systems. The chlor-alkali units are not very warm to this idea. In addition,
compact reformer development (methanol / natural gas / LPG) in the country
has not taken place. Several groups have developed catalysts for such
reformation and also for PROX and other purification chains. NMRL is
reported to have developed a fuel reformer, but is not available to others.
Some institutions are reported to have imported small capacity reformers and
are in the process of integrating the same with fuel cell stacks. The cost of the
imported reformer is very high.
41
There is an urgent need to initiate projects in mission mode on stacks /
systems building and their demonstration involving academic institutions to
address specific issues. The project should aim to identify Indian laboratories
to scale up these materials and building stacks/complete system. A clear
distinction needs to be made between academic research and applied
research with suitable funding for the applied research. There is a need for
aggressive research programs with more thrust on applied research, analysis
of the achievements in materials developed so far and take forward the
promising ones to large scale preparation. It should focus on performance
improvement at the systems level and take up programs with multiple partners
(intra or inter institutions) with interlocked objectives/tasks. These institutions
should initiate major programs on stack assembly engineering & system
integration using available materials and understand the dynamics. Major
programs should be started on BoS development (air moving devices, thermal
management devices, motors, pumps, all with low power requirement, high
efficiency inverters and converters), system development and integration of
the components. Merit of such programs should include power density at
given cost, weight, lifetime and manufacturing R&D for fabrication of repeat
components.
42
Reduction in catalyst loading on electrodes
Manufacturing processes and materials for fuel cell systems.
Development of diagnostic techniques to help optimize cost/lifetime of
fuel cell systems to aid commercialization
Low-cost purification systems for hydrogen reformers
Accelerated life testing of components and systems
Standards and regulations related to deployment of systems
Design scalable, high-throughput fabrication processes for high-
performance MEAs.
In line quality control for production
High-Speed Sealing of Cell Components and Cell Stacks
Controlling the thickness and conformity of the catalyst layers as they
are deposited on the membranes.
Expand the operating range of MEAs (temperature, relative humidity,
tolerance to air, fuel and system-derived impurities) and improve
durability with cycling
Develop sustainable MEA designs that incorporate recycling /
reclamation of catalysts and membranes and/or re-use of cell
components.
Non-noble metal catalysts in combination with new hydrocarbon
membrane
(operated at a higher temperature e.g., 150-200 oC)
Corrosion stability of support materials
Development of cost effective Fuel cell control systems, inverters and
converters
Efficient Thermal management for managing low grade heat
Standardization of testing procedures to ensure common platform for
all results.
Machine-vision based inspection
Information-driven manufacturing processes
Automated fuel cell stack assembly process
Mapping of electrode catalyst loading using suitable techniques such
as X-Ray Florescence
Degradation Signature Identification for Stack Operation Diagnostic
(Design)
Address the vehicular PEM fuel cell performance issues affected by
hydrogen fuel contaminants.
Generate database from which alternate solutions may result e.g.,
development of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that are
contaminant immune and regenerative procedures for mea’s using low
/ inferior quality hydrogen gas
environmental testing of fuel cell systems
Transient tests for accelerated load profiles
43
o Continuous idle to full load tests
o Continuous half load to full load tests
o Fast deceleration tests
Investigating the electrical, thermal and environmental performance of
the fuel cells over a wide range of power loads
PEM fuel cells (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) are ideally suited for
application requiring less than 100 kW in stationary / distributed power
generation. The quick start-up and low temperature operation of LT-PEMFC is
ideally suited for strategic sectors. The stationary application does not require
stringent volume / weight issues normally associated with transportation
application. Initial application could be in niche areas such as
telecommunication towers in remote areas. Currently, back-up power to these
towers is provided by batteries for the short-duration and noisy and low-
efficiency DG sets for long duration. In some locations where there is no gird
connectivity, they are run completely on DG sets. With the Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s directive of 2012 is to power 50% of all
rural telecom base station towers and 33% of all urban towers in the country
by hybrid solutions within 5-years, there is a huge impetus for the deployment
of fuel cells for such applications. Hybrid solutions involve a combination of
renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen fuel cells, and grid electricity.
Other niche areas like airports, sea ports can also be addressed.
44
development instead of total fuel cell stack development alone. This would
bring in more working groups. Special attempts should be made for the
development of fuel cell stacks for transportation application. If possible a
distinction needs to be made between these two application regimes and
thus the targets. Projects should be initiated on developing test benches for
use in evaluating the fuel cell stacks. Presently, most of the project proposals
include cost of an imported test bench which constitutes a substantial part of
the project cost. The following targets can be set for development of PEMFC
(LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems for different applications:
The efficiency target may be 37-40% for the phase-I, which may be
enhanced to ~50% by the end of phase-III.
45
All the units should be capable of cold start down to a temperature of at
least -20oC.
Another very important criterion is the power density of the stack. The
target may be 1kW/L during the first phase to be enhanced to 2kW/L at the
end of phase-III from the current level of ~200W/L.
47
4.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Corporate R&D has carried out lot of
research work in development of PAFC stacks. In this regard, a 2x25 kW unit
was developed and operated using Hydrogen from the Chlor -alkali industries.
Further, BHEL (R&D) procured a 200kW PAFC unit from M/s Toshiba that
uses LPG as the primary fuel and was installed and operated successfully by
BHEL (R&D) engineers. This activity was discontinued due to problem of
leaching of electrolyte (phosphoric acid) and maintenance issues.
48
ranging from 1kW to few kWs have been developed and produced through
industry for tests & evaluation.
With the initiatives taken by NMRL and Thermax Ltd., India has already
taken the very first and the most important step for commercialization of fuel
cell technology in this country. Even though this particular type of fuel cell has
certain inherent drawbacks such as use of corrosive electrolyte together with
expensive platinum catalyst in relatively large quantities, the technology can
still be pursued in the country particularly for large capacity (MW scale)
distributed stationary power plants in the civilian sector till alternative fuel cells
of the same scale are available for deployment.
49
efficiency power generators for distributed applications, Hydrogen grid area
powering, powering of large transport vehicles etc.
4.3.2 National Targets in next 10 years
(i) Land based distributed power systems for forward area power using
local energy harvesting with civil spinoffs:
(i) Low cost PAFC catalyst: Research on development of low noble metal
content catalyst, structured inter digitated electrodes, improved
support etc.
(ii) Fuel processor technology for broad spectrum fuel: Technology for
compact diesel fuel processor along with multi-purpose reformers for
various fuels like Dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, CNG etc.
The time frame for different capacities for PAFC systems may be as follows:
50
(ii) In-house R&D will be carried out based on strong research areas and
core competence of DRDO. Research work as per requirement and
expertise will be outsourced to Indian Research organizations as sub-
projects.
(v) Business plan to realize system is as per DRDO’s rule viz to transfer
the technologies to relevant industry through technical report, training
and support to develop the equipment and infrastructure. ToT fees
with commitment to effect supplies for DRDO & Indian Armed Forces
will be decided by DIITM.
51
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL
52
5.0 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
53
gasification. Ceres Power develops micro-CHP SOFC systems (metal
supported structures) for the residential sector and for energy security
applications. Elcogenics has demonstrated 1 kW IT-SOFC system, which is
based on anode supported cells. Hexisdeveloped planar SOFC-based CHP
units for stationary applications with electrical power requirements below 10
kW, which integrates a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reactor. The cell
design is unique flow field design. The LG Fuel cell system (SOFC-μGT)
based on the technology from Rolls Royce technology is also being positioned
for use in integrated coal gasification plants with sizes greater than 100
MW.SOFCpower SpA develops anode supported SOFC (1 kW) for micro
CHP applications. The Staxera SOFC stacks (4.5 kW) use ferritic bipolar
plates and electrolyte supported cell configuration. Topsøe Fuel Cell, focuses
on the development of residential micro-CHP and auxiliary power units with
SOFC planar anode-supported technology (1-5 kW), Topsøe with Wärtsilä
have installed 20 kW SOFC, which uses land fill gas. They plan to scale this
to 250 KW system eventually. Convion/Wärtsilä are reported to have
developed and commercialized 50 kW and larger SOFC products for
distributed power generation markets. Kyocera is developing micro-CHP
systems (750-1000 watts) for ‘ENEFARM’ program and is collaborating with a
number of companies like Osaka gas, Toyota, JX Nippon Oil in these
demonstrations. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a long experience in SOFC.
They demonstrated a pressurized 21 kW SOFC in 1998. They also
demonstrated a SOFC-micro CHP (75 kW) in 2004, which has been now
scaled up to 229 MW. Their mono block technology with planar cell includes
internal reforming. Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited manufactures and markets
planar SOFC anode-supported technology systems for small-scale
cogeneration (1.5 kW). It is expected that 100.000 units will be delivered in
the next 6 years.
In India, there has been a spurt in SOFC research since the last
decade. The relevant research has primarily been catered by the academic
54
institutions and Government R&D organizations. However, there is a growing
interest among many private and PSU organizations which are initiating their
own R&D programmes. Though many institutions as listed in Table given
below may be considered to have research activities related to SOFC, these
activities have largely been limited to material development, except CSIR-
CGCRI, Kolkata and BARC, Mumbai, where efforts have been made to
develop the total technology with varying degrees of achievements.
57
5.3 Gap Analysis & Strategy to Bridge the Gap
58
been used. new materials as IITs and other
Utilization of stated above academic
gasified coal and and/or institutes
biogas has been development of
targeted. external reformers
(c) Seal (for Glass-ceramics Stacks can be R&D to develop CGCRI, BARC, 2014-2017
planar based rigid sealants thermally cycled self-healing and/or Thapar Univ.
SOFC) have been between ambient compressive type
developed by and working non-rigid sealants
CGCRI. R&D temperatures. for thermal
initiated on thermally cyclability.
cyclable sealant
No activity has been Complete system Research related BHEL, BARC, 2017-2022
(d) System initiated yet with BOP and to system Thermax India,
integration thermal integration, NTPC, GAIL
management has simulation, thermal IITs, CGCRI
been developed management,
BOP, etc,
60
DIRECT METHANOL / ETHANOL FUEL
CELL
61
6.0 Direct Methanol / Ethanol Fuel Cell
In 1951, Kordesch and Marko identified for the first time the possibility
of using methanol as a fuel for fuel cell system. However, the major
developmental milestones for DMFC technology did not come until the 1960s.
At this time, methanol was being steam reformed to produce hydrogen which
was subsequently used in fuel cell systems. In developing DMFC systems,
researchers hoped to find a way of removing the reforming step and enabling
the direct use of methanol to produce electricity. In 1963, researchers at Allis-
Chalmers tested a methanol fuel cell which used potassium hydroxide as an
alkaline electrolyte. The degradation of the alkaline electrolyte by carbonate
formation was observed as part of this work and the theory of regenerating
carbonate ions to hydroxide ions was proposed. By 1965, both Shell and
ESSO had given much attention for the development of DMFC systems. Shell
chose to research the use of aqueous sulphuric acid electrolyte in favor of
alkaline electrolyte as this was unaffected by the carbon dioxide produced in
the electrochemical reaction. ESSO also produced a direct methanol-air fuel
cell which utilized sulphuric acid electrolyte. This system was developed for
the US Army Electronics Laboratories for use in portable military
communications equipment. Also in 1965, Binder developed catalysts for
DMFC technology based on noble metal alloys. In 1992, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Giner and the University of Southern California developed a
DMFC which operated with a Nafion membrane. The solid nature of the
membrane meant that it became necessary to deliver methanol fuel to the
anode rather than through the electrolyte as had been the case in the
sulphuric acid system. This new fuel delivery method thus began to resemble
the modern day design of DMFC technology much more closely.
DMFC are best suited to applications under 100 W. SFC Energy (SFC)
was one of the first companies to successfully commercialize a fuel cell
consumer product and the first to do so in the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
sector. Its range of DMFC products targeted at consumers, industrial users
and military users. OorjaProtonics offers a different approach to the Materials
Handling Vehicle (MHV) market: instead of replacing lead-acid batteries with
fuel cells, it offers DMFC charger that sits on top of the existing battery and
extends its operation. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corporation develops and
manufactures disposable methanol fuel cartridges that provide the energy
source for fuel cell powered notebook computers, mobile phones, military
equipment and other applications being developed by electronics OEMs, such
62
as Samsung and Toshiba, and other companies. DMFC Corporation has
licensed an extensive portfolio of direct methanol fuel cell patents from
Pasadena-based California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the
University of Southern California (USC). DMFCC is partnered with Samsung
and other companies engaged in fuel cell development and applications.
Small, portable fuel cells for hand-held devices are being developed by a
number of companies. For instance, Toshiba (Tokyo: 6502 JP) has already
developed a direct methanol fuel cell for use in electronic equipment, which
they are currently integrating into several electronic prototypes, including
digital music players and laptop computers.
63
custom designing BOP with application centric approach and validation of
durability of components and system are focused.
The following are the list of electro catalyst supports that have been
found to yield better performance than the state-of-the-art catalyst reported in
the literature.
(i) Transition Metal Carbide supported Pt-Ru Anode catalyst (Methanol
oxidation).
(ii) Pt-Ru decorated self-assembled TiO2-Carbon hybrid nano structure
(EnhancedMethanol electro-oxidation).
(iii) Carbon-Supported Pt-Pd Alloy cathode catalyst (Methanol tolerant).
(iv) Carbon-supported Pt encapsulated Pd nanostructure as methanol-
tolerant oxygen reduction electro catalyst.
(v) Pt-Y(OH)3/C cathode catalyst.
These electro catalysts have not only been assessed for respective reaction
kinetics but also tested on single cell configuration (25 cm 2) with standard flow
field using Nafion 117 as the electrolyte. Similar to the approach shown
above, different kinds of proton exchange membranes originating from Nafion
and also non-Nafion source particularly from natural and synthetic polymers
have been developed and validated with standard flow field and electro
catalyst configurations:
(i) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) blend.
(ii) Mordenite-PVA-PSSA composite.
(iii) PVA-Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)-heteropolyacid (HPA) mixed matrices.
(iv) Chitosan(CS)-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)-phosphotungstic
acid(PTA) mixed matrices.
The following two tables show the different concepts used in evolving
the resultant macromolecular network and electrochemical selectivity obtained
for the competing polymer electrolyte membrane:
64
PVA – SSA- HPA – PSSA improving overall
PVA – SSA- CS, PVA –GA- CS electrochemical selectivity for the
membrane.
Providing a bridge for proton
Bio-polymeric natural CS, Na Alg transport through SSA. Stabilizing
mixed matrices. through larger cations (Cs) for
better dispersion and enhancing
DMFC performance. Preferential
water absorption helpful in
restricting methanol cross over in
DMFCs.
Hydrophilizing PVDF with chemical
Pore filled PVDF membrane etchant route, formation of charge
transfer complex
65
Reason being the electro-catalytic oxidation of ethanol in a direct ethanol
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is known to be more complex and
incomplete than that of methanol. Low-temperature oxidation of ethanol to
hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide requires a more active catalyst with
excellent selectivity, which typically means a good combination of bimetallic,
trimetallic platinum based catalyst, is required than in conventional catalysts
used for DMFC. Thus investigation of ethanol electro-oxidation reaction
mechanisms on electrode is important and needs to be investigated. The
amount of catalyst used in direct alcohol fuel cell is normally very high and
efforts are required to address this issue. Methanol crossover is one of the
major obstacles to prevent DMFC from commercialization. There are very few
studies of short stack or stack development and associated engineering
issues. These need to be looked into.
(ii) Other applications e.g.two wheelers, golf cart, mini trucks, residential
and small business establishments etc.: 1-5 kW having energy density
of 800 – 1000Wh/L.
Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW
DMFC/DEFC
66
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-FUEL CELL
67
7.0 Different Types of Bio-Fuel Cell
The fuel cells, which use different forms of bio-catalysts, are normally
referred to as “Bio-fuel Cells”. They are relatively of more recent origin and
require significant extent of basic/ fundamental research before technology
development effort may be initiated in this country.
There are two major types of Biological fuel cells (or Bio-fuel cells): 1)
Microbial fuel cells employ living cells such as microorganisms as the catalyst
for the electrochemical reaction and 2) Enzymetic bio-fuel cells, which use
different enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction of the fuels.A generalized
schematic of a bio-fuel half-cell is presented in Fig. 4 and an overview of
different types of bio-fuel cells is presented in Fig. 7.
70
Two promising applications of MFCs in the future are wastewater
treatment and electricitygeneration. Although some noticeabledevelopment
has been made in the MFC research, there are still a lot of challenges to
beovercome for large-scale applications. The primary challenge is how to
improve the cellperformance in terms of power density and energy efficiency.
In addition, catalytic effect ofbio-electrodes need to be further enhanced to
solve the problems caused by enzyme activityloss and other degradation
processes. Moreover, the lifetime of the MFC must besignificantly improved.
71
power density could be achieved. Moreover, many attempts using nano-
structuressuch as nano-particles, nano-fibers, and nano-composites as the
electrode materials. The large surface area by using these nano-
structuresleads to high enzyme loading and enables to improve the power
density of the cells.Recently, one of the most significant advances in EBFCs
is electrode modificationby employing carbon nano-tubes. Several research
activities have addressed the application of single wallcarbon nano-tube
hybrid system. The oriented assembly of short SWNT normal to
electrodesurfaces was accomplished by the covalent attachment of the CNT
to the electrode surface.It was reported that surface assembled GOx is in
good electric contact with electrode due tothe application of SWNT, which
acted as conductive nano-needles that electrically wire theenzyme active sites
to the transducer surface. Other studies have been reported on
improvingelectrochemical and electro-catalytic behavior and fast electron
transfer kinetics of CNTs.It was discussed that the application of SWNTs,
whichpossesses a high specific surface area, may effectively adsorb enzyme
molecules and retainsthe enzyme within the polymer matrix, whereas other
forms of enzyme-composites may suffer from enzyme loss when they were
placed in contact with aqueous solutions.Although recent advancement in
modification of electrodes appears to be promising due tothe improvement of
cell performance obtained, biocompatibility and nano-toxicity need to
befurther studied and addressed.
However, there are still challenges for further development oflong term
stability of the enzymatic bio-electrodes and efficient electron transfer
betweenenzymes and electrode surfaces. Recent efforts have been given to
72
protein engineering, reliable immobilization method and novel cell
configuration.
The first micro-sized enzymatic bio fuel cell was reported in 2001.
Aglucose/O2 bio-fuel cell consisted of two 7 μm diameter, 2 cm long electro-
catalyst-coatedcarbon fibers operating at ambient temperature in an aqueous
solutionof pH 5. The areas of theanode and the cathode of the cell were about
60 times smaller than those of the smallestreported and 180 times smaller
than those of the previously reported smallest cell. The power density of the
cell was 64 μW/cm2 at 23 °C and 137 μW/cm2 at 37 °C, and the power output
was 280 nW at 23 °C and 600 nW at 37 °C. The results revealed that
theminiature enzymatic bio-fuel cells could generate sufficient power for small
powerconsumingCMOS circuit. Later, a miniature compartment-less
glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell operatingin a living plant was developed. Implantation
of the fibers in the grape leads to an operating bio-fuel cellproducing 2.4 μW
at 0.52 V, which is adequate for operation of low-voltage
CMOS/SIMOXintegrated circuits. The performance of the miniature enzymatic
bio-fuel cell was upgradedto 0.78 V operating at 37 °C in a ph 5 buffer. In
2004, a miniaturesingle-compartment glucose/O2 bio-fuel cell made with the
novel cathode operatedoptimally at 0.88 V, the highest operating voltage for a
compartmentless miniature fuel cell. The enzyme was formed by “wiring”
laccase to carbon through anelectron conducting redox hydro-gel, its redox
functions tethered through long and flexiblespacers to its cross-linked and
hydrated polymer, which led to the apparently increasedelectron diffusion
coefficient. The latest report on miniature glucose/O2 bio-fuel
cellsdemonstrated a new kind of carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with
single-wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs). The power density of this assembled
miniaturecompartment-less glucose/O2 BFC reached 58l Wcm-1 at 0.40 V.
When the cell was operatedcontinuously with an external loading of 1 M
resistance, it lost 25% of its initial power in thefirst 24 h and the power output
dropped by 50% after a 48 h continuous work. Althoughfrom the practical
application point of view, the performance and the stability of the recently
developedminiature emzymatic bio-fuel cells remain to be improved, the
miniature feature and the compartmentlessproperty as well as the tissue-
implantable bio-capability of enzymatic bio-fuel cellessentially enable the
future studies on in vivo evaluation of the cell performance andstability in real
implantable systems.
73
immobilization were studied. Then we apply finite elementapproach to
simulate the miniature EBFCs to attain the design rule such as electrode
aspectratio, configuration as well as orientation of the chip. Building an EBFC
based on this designrule is still underway.
R&D on Bio-fuel has started more recently (since the year 2000) in
India.The rate of publication has accelerated during the last few years as is
evident from Fig. 7. There are only a few Institutes which are involved in bio-
fuel cell development as listed below:
1. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Bioengineering and
Environmental Centre (BEEC), Hyderabad, India.
2. Biotechnology Department, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.
3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
4. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai
5. Vellore University
6. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur
7. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu,
India.
75
Published Items in Each Year Citations in Each Year
NATIONAL NATIONAL
TERI UNIV
UNIV PUNE
SRM UNIV
UNIV CALCUTTA
ANNA UNIV
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
NUMBER OF RECORDS
Presently there are two practically applied systems; a test rig operating
on starch plant wastewater (microbial fuel cell system), which has been
operating for at least 5 years has been demonstrated as a bioremediation and
as a biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, and also a biofuel cell has
been employed as the stomach of a mobile robotic platform ‘Gastronome’,
designed as the precursor to autonomous robots that can scavenge their fuel
from their surroundings (gastrobots). The original Gastronome ‘eats’ sugar
cubes fed to it manually, but other groups have refined the concept somewhat
to produce predators consuming slugs, or flies, although so far they both still
76
require manual feeding. Many applications have been suggested however,
and several of these are in varying stages of development.
The most obvious target for biofuel cells research is still for in vivo
applications where the fuel used could be withdrawn virtually without limit from
the flow of blood to provide a long-term or even permanent power supply for
such devices as pacemakers, glucose sensors for diabetics or small valves
for bladder control. The challenge of biocatalysis over a suitably long period is
particularly problematic in these areas, where surgical intervention could be
required to change over to a new cell and ethical constraints are
paramount.Ex vivo proposed applications are diverse. The large scale is
represented by proposed power recovery from waste streams with
simultaneous remediation by bio electrochemical means, or purely for power
generation in remote areas, the medium scale by power generating systems
for specialist applications such as the gastrobot above, and perhaps of
greatest potential the small scale power generation to replace battery packs
for consumer electronic goods such as laptop computers or mobile
telephones. The larger scale applications tend to be organism based and the
smaller scale ones more likely to be enzymatic. In the case of enzymatic fuel
cells, at least, the major barrier to any successful application is component
lifetime, particularly in view of the limited enzyme lifetime and problems of
electrode fouling/poisoning.
7.8 Conclusions
Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may
be as follows:
78
MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL
79
8.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
8.3 Recommendation
Even though very large (> 1MW) systems are commercially available
from the overseas manufacturers, the expertise currently available in India for
its indigenous development is negligible and therefore it is not recommended
to be a part of the mission mode programme. However, R&D programmes
may be taken up for laboratory scale demonstration to start with.
Proposed milestones for the development of this type of fuel cell may
be as follows:
Up to 100 W Up to 250 W Up to 1 kW
MCFC
80
ALKALINE FUEL CELL
81
9.0 Alkaline Fuel Cell
There is very little work on alkaline fuel cells in recent years although in
1980s’ CSIR- CECRI had a major program, which was discontinued. Recently
some work on catalysts for AFC has been reported from CSIR-CECRI and
IISc. Performance of AFC was studied and modelled at IIT-G using methanol,
ethanol and sodium borohydride as fuel.
It needs to be established that AFC can operate with hydrogen and air.
Most of applications in space use hydrogen and oxygen, which is not practical
for terrestrial applications. With the advent of anion exchange membrane,
82
AFC with solid membrane could be advantageous. Developments of corrosion
resistant materials, non- noble metal catalysts etc. arestill the challenging
tasks.
Therefore development of this technology either in mission mode or
proto-type development mode is not recommended at this stage. However,
basic research work on efficient catalyst development and CO 2 management
may continue.
83
DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL
84
10.0 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
10.1 Introduction
85
Univ. of Hawaii Biomass Charcoal with aqueous
alkaline cell
Univ. of Akron SOFC with modified anodes
The third concept is based on the combination of solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) technology. Peak power
densities of 10 to 110 mW cm -2 (0.7 V cell voltage) in a temperature range of
700 to 950°C using different carbon containing materials e.g. plastic (SRI
International) have been reported.
CSIRO’s (Australia) strategy has developed a fuel cell module that can
operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. The cell
design, materials development program and fabrication technologies have
specifically focused on developing a device that can be easily up-scaled. This
has led to the use of conventional ceramic processing routes but novel cell
designs and materials to fabricate cells that can be easily stacked, connected
electrically and operated continuously on solid fuels for extended periods of
time with minimal degradation. This bottom up approach has led to the
development of a simple high performance cell design which can be operated
86
in a packed bed reactor without the need for fluidization. Furthermore the
system contains no molten components (which has been the strategy used by
many overseas groups). This should significantly increase the operating life of
the fuel cell system. A number of parallel developmental paths (e.g.
development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for scalable cell
design, fuel feed system and testing from small button cells to scalable tubular
cells) are being pursued to fast track technology development.
• Low operating cost - the ability to operate on low grade solid fuels will
lead to low overall operating costs.
• Flexibility - the modular design allows customization to a wide range of
power requirements.
• Low emissions – electrochemical oxidation in a membrane reactor means
that the waste products are separate and pure allowing them to be either
stored geologically or sold for commercial use within industry.
• Improved life time - novel mixed ionic electronic conducting electro-
catalysts eliminate the need for molten media within the fuel cell
increasing performance and system life time
• Scalable cell / stack design - unique packed bed design that allows for
simple robust low cost continuous feeding of fuel to the system. All cell
and system components have been designed for fabrication via
conventional low cost ceramics processing routs to allow for mass
production.
• Real world application - System performance evaluated on real world low
cost fossil, biomass and waste derived fuels.
87
There is no R&D activity in this area presently in India. Taking into
consideration the large coal reserves in the Country,it may be worthwhile to
take up this activity in the country on a basic research mode
88
MICRO FUEL CELL
89
11.0 MICRO FUEL CELL
11.1 Introduction
The different kinds of fuel cells have been developed in micro form
also. These are known as Micro Fuel Cell (MFC). There is an ever increasing
demand for more powerful, compact and longer power modules for portable
electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing. Micro fuel cells
have the potential to replace batteries as they offer high power densities,
considerably longer operational & stand-by time, shorter recharging time,
simple balance of plant, and a passive operation. Micro fuel cells are ideal for
use in portable electronic devices such as:
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12.0 Funding Pattern by Different Agencies/ Countries
12.1 Global Scenario
In the advanced countries, R&D on Fuel Cell is being funded for more
than half a century initially to combat the rise in oil prices and later to combat
the global warming. Billions of dollars have been spent most of these
countries. It is difficult to get the exact figures from the earliest years.
However, some data are available for the more recent years. For example, in
2009, DOE, USA announced $41.9 million in Recovery Act funding to
accelerate fuel cell commercialization and deployment with industry
contributing another ~$54 million ( totalling ~$96 million) with the specific
objective of immediate deployment of up to 1,000 fuel cell systems in
emergency backup power, material handling, and combined heat and power
applications. Bulk of the money has been spent on PEMFC deployment. In
2010, International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) members
invested over $1 billion for hydrogen and fuel cell R&D and subsidies for the
technology deployment. Following table gives an idea of the level of funding
made by different participating countries during this year.
92
In March 2012, the Department of Energy (DoE), USA announced up
to $6 million available to collect and analyze valuable performance and
durability data for light-duty fuel cell electric vehicles, which use PEMFC
(FCEVs) and an additional up to $2 million available to collect and analyze
performance data for hydrogen fuelling stations and advanced re-fuelling
components. In an another announcement nearly $5 million have been
sanctioned under two projects both involving PEMFC, which aims at
lowering the cost of advanced fuel cell systems by developing and
engineering cost-effective, durable, and highly efficient fuel cell components.
93
12.2 Indian Scenario
MNRE is a major supporter for hydrogen and fuel cell research in the
country for several decades. It has funded nearly Rs. 5.0 crores during 11 th
Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) and Rs.1.00 crores during 12th Five Year
Plan (2012-13 to December, 2014) for developing these technologies.
94
DSIR has sanctioned a project on commercialization PEMFC in 2011-
12 with a project cost of Rs. 9.5762 crores with DSIR contribution being
Rs.3.269 crores under their Technology Development and Demonstration
Program (TDDP).
Tata Motors for their fuel cell bus program is reported to have invested
substantial sum of money.
The major oil and gas industries are reported to have formed a
consortium, which is also supporting some projects on PEMFC.
DRDO has made substantial investment for their fuel cell programme
since 1990, which has given them a significant dividend as follows:
In addition DAE and ISRO have also allocated funds for several
internal programs on fuel cells; the exact figures are unavailable at this stage.
95
Besides, agencies like University Grants Commission (UGC) and All
India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), CSIR, DRDO, ISRO
(RESPOND) and BRNS have also provided smaller grants primarily to
academic institutions.
96
ACTION PLAN, FINANCIAL PROJECTION
AND TIME SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
97
MILESTONE AND FINANCIAL OUTLAY FORFUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
MMP: Mission Mode Projects; R&DP: Research & Development Projects;
B/FRP: Basic / Fundamental Research Projects.
Sl. Time Frame (Year) Financial
No. Category of Outlay
Projects 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Rs. in
Crore)
98
Fuel Cell Testing Facility
600
Sub-total
(80%)
75
Research & Proto-type Development of DMFC, DEFC, BFC etc
Development (10%)
2
Projects
Phase I Phase II Phase III
(Up to 100W) (Up to 500W) (Up to 1 kW)
99
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
100
14.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14.1 With the growing population and its increasing standard of living, the demand for energy
is becoming higher continuously. In the long run this demand for energy can’t be met by the
depleting fossil fuels throughout the world, including India. It is therefore, pertinent to develop
clean and green alternate energy sources, which may protect the environment by not creating
any more pollution / with reduced level of pollution in the production of electricity and running
the vehicles. One of such alternate energy technology is fuel cell technology and therefore,
efforts are being made world over to develop them in a commercially viable manner. It is an
energy conversion device that converts chemical energy of a gaseous / liquid (in some cases
solid) fuel into electrical energy by electro-chemical reaction. Efforts are being made to make
this technology commercially viable by enhancing energy conversion efficiency, electrode –
electrolyte interface reaction, reducing the cost of the catalyst etc.
14.2 Various kinds of fuel cells have been developed over the past few decades. They are
classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This classification determines the
kind of electro-chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the kind of catalysts required, the
temperature range in which the cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. Important
types of fuel cell under development are: Low and high temperature Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells (LT- & HT-PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric
Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). In addition, there are a few types of more recent origin, which have
also gained significant importance in recent years. These are MEMS based micro-fuel cells
(MFC) for powering the micro-electronic devices, bio-fuel cells (BFC), which uses micro-
organisms as the catalyst for the redox reaction and solid carbon fuel cell (DCFC) in which
solid carbon can be used as the fuel. In addition to the fuel cell stack composed of several
single cells (number depends on the desired power to be delivered) a fuel cell power source
consists of fuel tank (with or without reformer), source of oxidant (air or oxygen), power
conditioner (DC/AC convertor) waste heat exchanger, exhaust system etc.
14.3 The fuel cell technology development is presently at an advanced stage in the
developed countries like USA, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan,
etc. At present it is very costly and well-guarded technology through patents due to its
extremely high marketpotential. Transfer of technology may require heavy financing and Indian
industries may not be in a position to afford the same. So there is a growing need and
compulsion to develop the technologies within the country and deploy them for different
applications for large scale trial and performance evaluation.
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14.4 The Government of India (GOI) has been supporting development of technologies in the
area of hydrogen energy and fuel cells for quite some time, which has created a good
expertise and infrastructure base. A well-framed national program with participation from
various academic institutions, R&D establishments and industries with expertise in different
areas need to be launched in the country to develop this technology, manufacture in large
numbers and demonstrate their application potentiality for the benefit of the society at large.
Application areas of the developed products, it be mobile towers or transportation or any other
kind of applicationshould be chosen carefully so that the requirements of the user are fully
satisfied. In addition, areas are to be identified for long term / futuristic R&D, which also require
adequate financial support.
14.5 Several government laboratories and academic institutions together with a few private
organizations are actively pursuing different kinds of R&D programmes in this country for the
last couple of decades. Considerable expertise and infrastructure at different locations have
already been developed. In certain cases know-how’s have been transferred to industry and
limited scale production for particular type of fuel cell (PAFC) has also been initiated
particularly for defence use. Regular production even for the purpose of large scale
demonstration for other types of fuel cells is still a long way to travel. DRDO, CSIR, MNRE and
DST have been the major funding agencies for these activities. Industry participation for the
developmental projects, which is an important pre-requisite for technology development and
demonstration, is still at its infancy.
14.6 The most successful Research and Developmental effort in the area of fuel cell
technology in this country has been registered by DRDO particularly for PAFC. They have
transferred the developed technology to an Indian Industry, who has manufactured 24 Nos. of
3kW stack and delivered them back to DRDO under a buy back arrangement. The industry is
ready with the manufacturing facility, which can be utilized for additional units in case a civilian
utility is identified and necessary funding is made available to them.
14.7 PEMFC is of two types – low and high temperature PEMFC. The LT-PEMFC operates at
less than 800C, whereas HT-PEMFC operates in the temperature range of 120-1800C. The
LT-PEMFC can tolerate CO level in the hydrogen fuel up to a level of 10-20 ppm whereas HT-
PEMFC can tolerate more than this limit (up to 30,000ppm). LT-PEMFC requires humidification
of membrane, whereas it is not required for HT-PEMFC. The catalyst and membrane materials
for LT-PEMFC are still imported, whereas catalyst and membrane materials for HT-PEMFC
are at under advanced stage of development in the country. The bipolar plates for both
PEMFC have been developed in the country. Due to rapid start-up and shut down, thermal
102
cycling and load following capability of PEMFC, there is enormous application potentiality like
for stationary & distributed power generation and transportation. It is not as cheap as PAFC.
It is costing around Rs.10 lakhs per 3 kW unit. The cost cannot come down until there are
many players e.g. bipolar plates are made at present by machining but these can be moulded
directly, it would become cheaper. If any component is monopolized, its cost cannot come
down. Many groups are engaged in the development of membrane, but success has been
achieved in making PBI membrane for HT-PEMFC. Alternate to nafion membrane is yet to be
found out. CSIR has made 1 kW LT-PEMFC and got tested through a third party in Chennai for
500 hours operation.
14.8 In the country LT-PEMFC has been developed upto 20 kW capacity by different
organizations. Thus, the country is in advanced stage of development of LT-PEMFC and has
adequate experience in the fabrication of fuel cells and its stack building along with testing and
validation protocols. The same experience may be useful in rapid development of HT-PEMFC.
A number of institutions and industries are also engaged in the development of materials,
components, modules and systems of HT-PEMFC. The development targets for LT-PEMFC
can be shorter duration than that for HT-PEMFC. The time target for the development of HT-
PEMFC can also be made of shorter by providing more funding. The specific targets for
capacity can be set for the development of PEMFC (LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC) systems like
for stationary power generation applications 1-5 kW, small trucks 3-10 kW, medium trucks 10-
15 kW, large trucks and submarine application 25 -50 kW and buses 50-100 kW.
14.9 It is proposed that the Development and Demonstration of minimum 5 units each of
stand-alone LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC systems of capacities 1, 3 & 5 kW with a minimum of
50% indigenized components with electrical efficiency 37-40%, minimum 1000 h operational
life and less than 10 mV / 1000 h degradation to be operated with bottled hydrogen and air
may be taken up immediately. Sites for demonstration may be chosen suitably are to be
identified by the project proposers. For the development of PEM fuel cell technology, different
plausible issues to be taken up are:
(i) Membrane preparation with longer durability / stability, reduction of platinum loading
or use of non-noble metal as catalyst to lower the cost
(ii) Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for generating maximum power density with
the given weight
(iii) Fabrication of complete stack with complete characterization
(iv) Integration of stack with balance of system, sealing of stack, analysis and final
testing etc.
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14.10 During the development of PEM fuel cell the manufacturing techniques should be
mastered for the following components / sub-systems / systems:
(i) Mass production of catalysts, carbon paper/wire mesh and bipolar plates (casted)
(ii) Automation for uniform coating of catalyst on electrodes
(iii) Automatic assembling of Membrane electrode assemblies (till now manually made)
and high speed sealing of cell components.
(iv) Automated of high speed assembly of stacks
(v) Assembling system controllers & invertors
(vi) Integration of balance of system development (air moving devices, thermal
management devices, motors, pumps)
(vii) Integration of sub-systems into complete fuel cell system
14.11 For the development and demonstration of PEM fuel cell, the following are suggested:
(i) The work and the infrastructure created under the above mentioned research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) activities will form a part of long term
technological development programme on PEM Fuel Cell.
(ii) Importing of stacks may be allowed only for indigenously developing balance of
systems or accelerating development of Ancillary and not for demonstration. Import
of Membrane/MEAs may also be considered, if it becomes absolutely necessary for
the interest of the project. In such a case, it must be ensured that the assembled
stacks would meet the specifications / performance / operation conditions of
the imported stacks.
(iii) The focus will be on the development of most critical to least critical components and
finding their solutions.
(iv) One of the organizations involved in the project, preferably an R&D institution with
public funding would be identified as the nodal organization responsible for the
ultimate delivery.
(v) Activities of all the sub-projects would be guided and monitored regularly by the
concerned nodal organization as per the requirement to meet ultimate objective of
the Project.
(vi) There will be appropriate exit provision particularly for the sub-projects in case the
progress does not appear to be satisfactory for what may be reason.
14.12 The capital cost of PEMFC stack is high, which needs to be subsidized. Most of the
methods developed in Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale
104
/ in the scale of semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop the manufacturing
methods quickly.
14.13 R&D activity on HT-PEMFC has started late in this country. However, CSIR-NCL has
made significant contribution through synthesis of indigenous PBI membrane material, which
may go a long way to maintain an advantageous position in the international arena.
Considering the enormous advantages of this type of fuel cell particularly in terms of impurity
tolerance of the fuel, better water management and possibility of combined heat and power
output, it is proposed that this country takes up the development of this variety of PEMFC on
highest priority.
14.14 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has the capability of using different fuels i.e. besides
hydrogen; it can use other fuels like gasoline, alcohol, natural gas, bio-gas etc. It operates at
700-8000C. The most attractive feature of SOFC is high power density. Thermal cycle ability is
quite poor and high cost is a major issue. Globally it has been demonstrated in the capacity
range of 10 to 100 kW systems and in India a 500 W unit (stack of 20 cells) with a current
density of 500 mA/cm2 was demonstrated. Planar type technology is preferred over tubular
type SOFC due to higher current density, but its fabrication & balance of system in tubular type
is much easier. In planar SOFC, reliability depends on the high temperature glass sealant,
which has not been successfully developed in the country. Once the technology is developed,
vendors may be identified for production and scale-up of system capacity for demonstration.
Subsequently mass production may be taken up in Public-Private-Partnership mode. For the
development of this technology in the country, it is proposed to undertake the following
activities on a mission mode approach:
(i) Development of components, stacks and balance of system for planar / tubular
(anode / cathode / electrolyte supported) and their demonstration in the laboratory.
(ii) Preparedness for mass production of developed components / modules / systems -
Involvement / Development of vendors / manufacturers.
(iii) Manufacturing of components / modules / systems for field demonstration.
(iv) Development of standards for the developed modules / systems and their
commercial deployment.
(v) Creation of test facility / recognition of existing facilities.
(vi) Deployment of these modules / systems for different applications like power supply
units in remote areas and back-up power units in urban / rural areas etc.
(vii) Cost reduction by mass scale manufacturing and deployment of systems.
(viii) Improvement in the system for increasing of durability of the system.
105
(ix) Development of standalone systems up to 100 kW capacities different phases with
partly imported components may be taken up on a mission mode.
14.15 Although there have been research and development activities in the country in the area
of DMFC and DEFC, commercialization of this technology is far away. A number of
improvements are to be done before this technology can be used on a large scale.
Development and demonstration of direct alcohol fuel cell systems may be taken up for niche
applications like micro-processor controlled devices. The R & D activities may be continued in
these areas. The transfer of technology from abroad balance of plant for DMFC and DEFC
may be explored to integrate with the indigenously developed stack. There is need to develop
compact systems, which can be fitted into the space available in the devices. It could be
developed and demonstrated in small capacities (up to 250W) to start with but later it may be
enhanced a 5kW stack with power densities of the order of100W/kg.
14.16 AFC technology has been demonstrated with a life of 20,000h of operation with pure
hydrogen and oxygen. Use of air instead of oxygen increases the cost of operation due to
addition of scrubbers. When air is passed on to the cathode, KOH reacts with CO2 and forms
K2CO3. CO2 is recovered in scrubbers. It uses Nickel catalyst, whereas Pt is used in PEM fuel
cells. Therefore its cost is expected to be low. AFC was developed at laboratory scale in the
country, but could not be scaled up successfully. This technology may be developed
indigenously by indigenization of commercially available technology from abroad in case some
specific areas of application is identified. The AFCs of capacity in the range of 1-3 kW have
good market. Various countries have commercialized AFC of capacities from 100 W to 3 kW
as power packs with the established technology. AFC can be operated at the highest efficiency
i.e. upto 60% in the temperature range from 70 to 120 oC. It can also be operated in the higher
temperature range i.e.100–1200C. Nickel catalyst, although cheaper than Platinum, gets
corroded with a consequent deterioration of power density. Thussignificant amount of basic
research is still necessary in the country before a serious technology developmental effort is
initiated.
14.17 MCFC operates at a higher temperature and requires no external reformer. The fuel is
reformed internally to hydrogen. Very large capacity (>1MW) units are in operation in some of
the advanced countries. In India work on MCFC was carried out during 1992 to 1998, by a
couple of organizations only with financial support from MNRE. However, currently there is
hardly any expertise to develop the basic fuel cell stack. Considering several advantages of
this type of fuel cell particularly as a distributed power plant, it is recommended that the
country may take a renewed interest in the R&D mode to develop the technology in near
future.
106
14.18 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use biocatalysts, which offer significant cost advantages
over traditional precious-metal catalysts through economies of scale. The magnitude of power
reported by MFC is several orders less than the conventional chemical fuel cells. The
applications of MFCs are portable electronics, biomedical instruments, military and space
research etc. The major application area emerged since recent past for MFC is sewage
treatment and generation of power. Keeping in view of the above, it is recommended that
research and development work may be supported for specific applications. There is an ever
increasing demand for more powerful, compact and larger power modules for portable
electronic devices for leisure, communication and computing, which may be supplied by the
MFC. The MFCs can also be deployed in large transport vehicles such as cars and trucks.
CSIRO, Australia has given strong emphasis to mass produce and deliver low cost products
for large volume markets. The life time is expected to be more than 20,000 hours. Keeping in
view of the above, it is recommended that research and development work may be supported.
14.19 The Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is the next generation fuel cells at a high operating
temperature. These systems may be developed to operate on low grade abundant fuels
derived from coal, municipal and refinery waste products or bio-mass, which will lead to a near
pure CO2 exhaust stream that can be easily captured for storage or commercial use leading to
zero emission fossil fuel or effectively a negative emission. CSIRO, Australia is one of the
pioneering R&D organizations in this area. Their strategy has been to develop such fuel cells
that can operate on low grade high carbon solid fuels at high efficiency. A number of parallel
developmental paths (e.g. development of individual materials, fabrication techniques for
scalable cell design, fuel processing and feed system together with testing from small button
cells to scalable tubular/planar cells are being pursued on a fast track technology
development. Having a very large deposit low grade coal India can also take the advantage by
developing this unique technology. The technology has certain relationship to SOFC and
MCFC technologies. It is therefore recommended that DCFC may be developed in conjunction
with SOFC technology, which is poised to be taken up in a mission mode.
14.20 The country has the potential to catch up with what is going on elsewhere. However, it
requires identification of the important issues and the barriers, which are coming in the way of
the development and commercialization of the technologies. A few of them are listed below:
i) Inadequate funding: The most important limitation of the country’s Fuel Cell
development programme is the meager funding pattern together with the lack of industrial
participation and user pull. This is evident from the fact that a consistent and enhanced
funding together with identification of specific demand by the defence forces has
107
generated the best possible dividend for DRDO. They have earned the credit of having
the very first indigenous fuel cell technology pressed into service. Such a concerted effort
is missing in case of other programmes of the country. Most of the methods developed in
Indian laboratories for PEMFC components are only in laboratory scale and at best by
semi-automated processes. There is urgent need to develop manufacturing methods and
large scale deployment requiring adequate funding.
ii) Nature of the funded projects: The methods followed for sanctioning of the projects by
various funding agencies need to be critically analyzed. Most of them are short term
projects of academic interest. There is hardly any follow-up or continuity of the projects
aiming at technology development. Multi-disciplinary groups do not collaborate to deliver
a technology or device. Projects normally are not formulated with sufficient micro-detailing
and the review mechanisms are also inadequate for a meaningful delivery.
iii) Invitation to submit projects (expression of interest): Instead of the current system of
uninvited proposals, the funding agencies either individually or collectively may call
proposals on specific aspects of technology development rather than on general themes.
The milestones and time frames are required to be much better articulated and every
effort may be made to adhere to the same throughout the duration of the projects.
iv) Nature of human resource employed under the projects: Another major issue is the
nature of human resource employed in the projects. Hitherto, the human recourse for the
projects is in the form of research scholars and technical assistants following DST/ CSIR
guidelines. For technology development projects this model will not work. Research
papers need not be the only form of output for these projects and therefore research
fellows may not be the only type of human resources employed in these projects. People
with hard core engineering skill will be preferred for the projects aiming at technology
development
vi) Collaborative projects with foreign institutions: Collaborative projects with foreign
institutions have mostly been limited to academic exchanges. While it may be important to
108
encourage such exchange, true technology development does not take place through this
route. A mechanism needs to be developed for research institutions involved in applied
research to sign exclusive agreement, wherein the IP rights are shared according to the
contribution and a joint developmental work is carried out. Sometimes, this may involve
funding to the foreign partners for their inclusion in such projects.
vii) Transfer of technology from abroad: The technology of fuel cells all across the globe is
closely guarded and well-fortified by patents regime due to its extremely high potential
market. Another major challenge in making fuel cell a viable technology in India is to
obtain the know-how of the fuel cell technology. Transfer of technology may require heavy
financing and Indian industries may not afford to finance unless the policy measures
support such a move.
viii) Setting-up of Testing Centers for Fuel Cells in the country: As a part oftechnology
development programme, the country must have at least one centralized “Fuel Cell
Testing Center” for different types of fuel cells, if not more than one center specific to
different fuel cells at different locations, for third party evaluation of the units to be
developed by the different research groups. Sufficient manpower and budget need to be
allocated for such centers. An ARAI kind of set-up will be preferred.
ix) Availability of Hydrogen: Another major issue is setting up of a viable hydrogen supply
chain. Along with fuel cell development, the funding agencies should also support short
and long term projects on hydrogen generation and storage. Projects such as photo-
electro-chemical method to produce hydrogen are really long term and the fuel cell
development/ deployment cannot wait for such development.
109
activity. Assuming further that the units will be operated on an average of 50% energy
efficiency with fuel utilization of 75%, around 1000 liter (at STP) is required for generation
of 1 kWH of energy. Thus the total amount of hydrogen requirement for the entire
programme will be around 1500 million liters of Hydrogen at STP during the next seven
years. This is equivalent to around 85,000 cylinders of hydrogen (50 liter water capacity
and at 350 bar pressure). A parallel developmental activity is required for timely supply of
this huge amount of hydrogen.
xi) Setting up of a H2FC Centre: In order to coordinate and manage the overall
developmental programme and to bring all the projects to their logical conclusion, it may
be essential to set-up an “autonomous center” under the ministry with full administrative
and financial autonomy. In case, it is difficult to set up a physically distinct centre at a
specific location, one can conceive of a “virtual centre” having its controlling unit under the
ministry different nodes spread across the country particularly at locations (existing
Institutes) where major programmes will be pursued.
xii) Policy Measures: The programmes supported by different funding agencies in India are
not correlated/ coordinated. It has been noticed that some investigators approach
different funding agencies with small changes in the objectives and get support from more
than one source. It seems that there is no check for such projects and in many cases
there is no continuity in work. Even if all the objectives of the projects cannot be met, an
analysis of these results would be useful in sanctioning future projects. This applies to all
funding agencies. It requires having a common platform to identify and support RD&D
programs.
Policies are required to be in place to overcome the present issues related to
issuance of clearance for carrying out large scale field trials, optimized
manufacturing of specific materials and components on a repetitive basis.
Incentives for Indian industries, who engage in manufacturing. Additional
incentives for industries that use at least some components manufactured
indigenously.
Incentives to users for using such systems may be extended similar to what is
offered to the users of other renewable energy technologies such as solar and
wind.
Human resource should be strengthened to retain the knowledge base
developed so far.
Specific Recommendations
110
14.21 Categorization of the Projects
Based on the level of maturity of the expertise and the importance of the type of Fuel
Cells, there may be three different categories of projects, which may be funded to the different
extents. These are:
i) Category I: “Mission Mode Projects (MMP)” having the ultimate objective of limited
scale manufacturing of different capacities standalone systems, which may be
demonstrated under field condition for the purpose of performance evaluation. Industry
participation is compulsory for this category. Fuel Cell systems proposed to be
developed under this category are:
a) HT-PEMFC (Some IPRs on the fuel cell components have already been developed
in the country)
b) LT- PEMFC (Membrane material is still being imported in the country; but stacks up
to 25kW capacity have been fabricated and tested in the country)
c) Planar SOFC (Success has been obtained in lower capacity (up to 1 kW range in
the country)
d) PAFC (Taken-up on large scale manufacturing (up to 3 kW) for application in the
strategic sector. It is yet to be taken-up for the civilian sector)
a) HT-PEMFC with combined cycle: Joint Lead Institutes - CSIR-NCL, Pune and CSIR-
CECRI, Karaikudi)
b) LT- PEMFC: Lead Institutes - CFCT, Chennai and/or CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi/ BHEL
R&D, Hyderabad.
c) Planar SOFC: Lead Institute - CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata
d) PAFC:Lead Institute NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath and/or BHEL R&D, Hyderabad
111
ii) Category II: “Research & Development Projects (R&DP)” having the objective of
laboratory demonstration of critical systems and sub-systems preferably with innovative
approaches. Industry collaboration is preferred but not essential for this category.
Following are the fuel cell systems to be considered under this category:
a) DMFC/DEFC
b) MCFC
c) BFC
iii) Category III: “Basic/ Fundamental Research Projects (B/FRP)” aiming at carrying
out basic/ fundamental research (including modeling) on different aspects of any fuel
cell system except the ones mentioned above.
A parallel developmental activity is to be initiated for supply of around 1,500 million liter
of high purity hydrogen for testing of the different capacities and different types of fuel cells
proposed to be developed under this programme.
Particularly for the “Mission Mode Projects” the ministry should invite expression of
interest from the interested research groups and industry followed by formation of the
consortium and identification of lead organization.
For the purpose of efficient formulation and project management including rigorous
monitoring a Virtual Fuel Cell Institute may be created under the aegis of the Ministry of New
112
and Renewable Energy to bring all the concerned stakeholders such as Ministries,
Departments, academicians, researchers and industry under one umbrella to work together in
a systematic and focused manner. This Institute may undertake following activities:
The Institute should have a Directorate with required administrative and financial
autonomy. All the members of the project team working at different locations (including the PIs)
would be collectively responsible to this directorate, so far as the project activities are
concerned.
---------
113
ANNEXURES
114
ANNEXURE - I
A. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. “The birth of the Fuel Cell” by U. Bossel, European Fuel Cell Forum, Oberrohrdorf, (2000).
3. Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition) by EG&G Technical Services, Inc., Under Contract
with U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy (2004).
5. “Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology”, edited by S. Basu, Jointly published
by Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi (India) and Springer, New York -USA, (2006).
6. “PEM Fuel Cell Electro-catalysts and Catalyst Layers: Fundamentals and Applications” by
J. Zhang published by Springer, London (2008).
7. “Profiting from Clean Energy” by R. W. Asplund, published by John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Jersey (2008).
8. “Fuel Cells: Problems and Solutions” by V. S. Bagotsky published by John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New Jersey (2009).
9. “Fuel Cells Development in India: The Way Forward” – A Report by Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII), (2010).
10. “Fuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs” edited by Noriko
Hikosaka Behling, published by Elsevier B.V. (2013).
11. “High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review”,
Amrit Chandan, Mariska Hattenberger, Ahmad El-kharouf, Shangfeng Du, Aman
Dhir, Valerie Self, Bruno G. Pollet, Andrew Ingram, Waldemar Bujalski, J. Power Sources,
231, 264 (2013).
115
12. “PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice (Second Edition)” by Frano Barbir, published by
Elsevier B.V. (2013).
13. “Hydrogen and fuel cell technology: Progress, challenges, and future directions”, Nancy L.
Garland, Dimitrios C. Papageorgopoulos, Joseph M. Stanford, Energy Procedia, 28 2
(2012).
14. “Fuel cells in India: A Survey of Current Developments” by Jonathon Buttler, Fuel Cells
Today (2007).
15. “A histographic analysis of fuel cell research in Asia – China racing sheds”, S. Arunachalam
and B. Viswanathan, Current Science, 95, 36 (2008).
16. “International overview of hydrogen and fuel cell research”, H.-J. Neef; Energy34 327
(2009).
17. “Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells” by A J Appleby; Elsevier B.V. (2009).
18. “Fuel Cell Technology Market by Type, by Application and Geography - Global Trends and Forecasts to
2019” by Markets and Markets (September 2014)
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pmxvbg/fuel_cell
19. “Report Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2015-2030: Land, Water, Air Technologies, markets and
forecasts for PEM, hydrogen and fuel cell hybrids” by Dr Peter Harrop, IDTechEx (2015)
http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2015-2030-land-water-
air-000436.asp
20. “Technology Road Map: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell” by OECD/ International Energy Agency
(2015).
www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydrogenandFu
elCells.pdf
21. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2013”; Fuel Cell Today (2014); www.fuelcelltoday.com
22. “The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2014” by David Hart, Fuel Cell Today; (April, 2015)
www.FuelCellIndustryReview.com
116
23. “Electro-catalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells”, Eds. H. Liu and J. Zhang, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim, (2009).
24. “Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, in Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and
Conversion”, Volume 1&2, Eds. R.S. Liu, et al, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim, Germany (2011).
25. “Portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems”; S. R. Narayanan, T.I.Valdez in Handbook of
Fuel Cells, Vol IV Part 1, Eds. H. Gasteiger et al Wiley Interscience, (2003).
26. “Direct methanol fuel cell fundamentals, problems and perspective”; K. Scott, A.K. Shukla,
in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Eds. R.E. White, et al, Springer, New York, (2006).
27. “DMFC system design for portable applications”; S.R Narayanan, T. I. Valdez, N. Rohatgi,
in Handbook of Fuel Cells, Fundamentals Technology and Applications, Eds. Wolf Vielstich
et al, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (2010).
28. “On reviewing the catalyst materials for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs)”; A. M. Sheikh,
Khaled Ebn-Alwaled Abd-Alftah, C. F. Malfatti, J. Multidisciplinary Engg. Sci. Tech. ,1 (3), 1
(2014)
29. www.epsrc.ac.uk/.../Calls/.../IndiaUKCollabResInitFuelCellTechCall.pdf
30. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/march/collaboration-to-
develop-residential-fuel-cell-for-india#sthash.NYj9V1nd.dpuf
31. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2012/february/ballard-fuel-cell-
power-systems-deployed-in-india%E2%80%99s-idea-cellular-etwork#sthash.Pnjymxry.dpuf
32. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/july/dantherm-power-to-
collaborate-with-india's-delta-power-solutions#sthash.VnJLXcbe.dpuf
33. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/february/energyor-conducts-
first-fuel-cell-uav-flights-in-india#sthash.INbV0clV.dpuf
34. http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2008/october/bharat-petroleum-
seeks-collaboration-wtih-nippon-oil-for-fuel-cell-technology#sthash.jmVrHPkI.dpuf
117
35. “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Global Commercialization & Development Update”, IPHE (2010)
(www.iphe.net.).
36. “Fuel Cell Today 2006: worldwide survey”, K.-A. Adamson, G. Crawley, Fuel Cell Today,
(Jan. 2006). http://www.fuelcelltoday.com.
37. “European Union fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding” by K.-A. Adamson, Fuel
Cell Today, (Mar. 2005)
38. “Fuel cell and hydrogen R&D targets and funding: comparative analysis”, presentation by
K.-A. Adamson, at the Fuel Cell Seminar, (2006).
39. National Energy Road Map, NHEB, MNRE, Govt. of India, (2006).
40. Policy Paper on India’s Road to Hydrogen Economy, INAE, (April 2006)
41. “Advanced synthesis of materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells”,
Progress in Materials Science 57, 804 (2012)
42. “Nanoscale and nano-structured electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells by infiltration: Advances
and challenges”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37,449 (2012).
44. “Fuel cells in India; A Survey of Current Developments”; Jonathon Buttler, Fuel Cells
Today, (June 2007).
45. “Biofuel cells and their development – A review”; R.A. Bullen, T.C. Arnot, J.B. Lakeman,
F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(11), 2015 (2006).
46. “Recent Development of Miniatured Enzymatic Biofuel Cells” by Yin Song, Varun Penmasta
and Chunlei Wang in “Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology” edited by Marco Aurelio
Dos Santos Bernardes published by In Tech (2011).
(http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuel-s-engineering-processtechnology/recent-
development-of-miniatured-enzymatic-biofuel-cells-657).
118
47. “Recent progress and continuing challenges in bio-fuel cells. Part I: Enzymatic cells”; M.H.
Osman, A.A. Shah and F.C. Walsh; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26 3087 (2011).
48. “Biofuel cell for generating power from methanol substrate using alcohol oxidase bioanode
and air-breathed laccase biocathode”; Madhuri Das, Lepakshi Barbora, Priyanki Das and,
Pranab Goswami; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 59 184(2014).
49. “A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology”, S. Giddey, S.P.S. Badwal,
A. Kulkarni, C. Munnings, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 38, 360 (2012).
Note: In addition to the above literature (Books and journals) primarily by foreign authors,
complete list of publications by the Indian researchers are given in the ANNEXURE III.
119
ANNEXURE II
1. S. Basu (Ed.), Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Springer, New York
(2007)
2. Basu, S., Report on Challenges in Fuel cell Technology: India’s Perspective, Dec 1 & 2,
2006, New Delhi (DST)
3. Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production, B.Viswanathan, Ravi Subramanian
andJ.S.Lee (editors) Springer, 2014.
4. Basu, S., Fuel Cell Technology in India’s Roadmap to Hydrogen Economy, Ed. T. K. Roy
and P. K. Mukhopadhya, Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2006
5. Basu, S., Chokalingam, R., ‘Ceria based electro-ceramic composite materials for solid
oxide fuel cell application’ (Ch 10), In Advanced Organic-Inorganic Composites: Materials,
Device and Allied Applications, Ed. Inamuddin Siddiqui, Nova Science Publications Inc.,
N.Y. 2011
6. Surya Singh, Anil Verma, Suddhasatwa Basu, ‘Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM
Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells – Recent Advances’ (Ch 5) in Advanced Materials and
Technologies for Electrochemical Energy, Ed P. K Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S. P. Jiang, and
J. Zhang, CRC Press (2014)
7. “Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells” by R.N. Basu, in Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science
and Technology, Editor: Prof. S. Basu, Jointly published by Anamaya Publishers, New
Delhi (India) and Springer, New York (USA), Chapter-9, pp. 284-389 (2006).
8. "Energy Generation and Storage Device: High Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cell" by R.N.
Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma in INSA Monograph on Energy, Editors:
Boldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali and Indranil Manna – Manuscript submitted in June 2013
(to be published by INSA, New Delhi in 2015).
9. “Nanoindentation behaviour of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, T. Dey,
P. C. Ghosh, M. Bose, A. Dey and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids,
Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 30, p. 235-241. CRC Press,
Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York (Published on 25 th June, 2014.CRC
Press Inc., USA).
120
10. B.K. Kakati, A. Verma. “Carbon polymer composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell:
Development Characterization and Performance Evaluation” Lambert Academic Press,
Germany (2011) (ISBN: 9783846503119).
11. A. Ghosh, A. Verma. “Graphene: A potential candidate for PEM fuel cell components:
development, characterization and performance evaluation” Scholar’s Press, (2014) (ISBN-
978-3639661972).
12. “Nanoindentation behaviour of high-temperature glass-ceramic sealants for anode-
supported solid oxide fuel cell” by R.N. Basu, S. Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, A. Dey,
and A.K. Mukhopadhyay in Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids, Editors: Arjun Dey and Anoop
Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Chapter 31, p. 243-247. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group,
London and New York (Published on 25th June, 2014.CRC Press Inc., USA).
13. Electroceramics for Fuel Cells, Batteries and Sensors, S.R. Bharadwaj, S. Varma, B.N.
Wani, Functional Materials, Book Edited by S. Banerjee and A.K. Tyagi, Elsevier, London,
2012, Pages 639-674 (Chapter 16)
14. A. Verma, S. Basu, 2007. Direct alcohol and borohydride alkaline fuel cell. In: Recent
Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Ed., S. Basu, Anamaya Publishers (New
Delhi) and Springer, pp.157-187 (ISBN: 978-0-387-35537-5).
15. Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Technology Advances, Debabrata Das,
Namita Khanna and Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta, CRC Press, 408 Pages, 2014 (ISBN
9781466517998).
16. R. Chetty and K. Scott "Air-Breathing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Catalysed Titaniu
m MeshElectrodes" in Electrocatalysts: Research, Technology and Applications, Nova Science
Publishers, Inc. New York, 2009.
17. Jayati Datta, (2015) “Multi-metallic nano catalysts for anodic reaction in direct alcohol Fuel
Cell”, in “Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells”, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd.,
Singapore.
18. Waste Recycling and Resource Management in the developing World, Ecological
Engineering Approach, Pub. University of Kalyani, India and International Ecological
Engineering Society, Switzerland, © 2000, Article - Eco-sustainable technology in India - its
present and future, pp 631-637.
121
B. Publications in Journals
CSIR
122
14. S.S. Kothawade, M.P. Kulkarni, U.K. Kharul, A.S. Patil, S.P. Vernekar; Synthesis,
characterization, and gas permeability of aromatic polyimides containing pendant
phenoxy group; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.108 (2008) 3881–3889.
15. P.H. Maheshwari, R.Singh and R.B.Mathur, J. Electroanal. Chem. 671 (2012) 32-37.
16. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, N. Chauhan, R.K. Seth and R.B. Mathur, Inter. J. Hydrogen
Energy 35 (2010) 4195-4200.
17. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476 – 7482.
18. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, S. Sharma, M. Borah and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 23
(2009) 934-941.
19. P.H. Maheshwari and R.B.Mathur, Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 7476-7482.
20. S.R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R. B. Mathur and T. L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen
Energy 33 (2008) 7146-7152.
21. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R. B. Mathur, T. L. Dhami, Electrochimica Acta. 54 (2008) 655
– 659.
22. S. R. Dhakate, S. Sharma, M. Borah, R.B. Mathur and T.L. Dhami, Energy & Fuel. 22
(2008) 3329-3334.
23. R.B. Mathur, S.R. Dhakateand D.K.Gupta, T.L. Dhami, R.K. Aggarwal, J. Mat. Process.
Technol. 203 (2008) 184-192.
24. S.R. Dhakate, R.B. Mathur, B.K. Kakati, and T.L. Dhami, Inter J. Hydrogen Energy. 32
(2007) 4537-4543.
25. R.B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T.L. Dhami, R.P. Tandon, Electrochimica Acta. 52
(2007) 4809 –17.
26. Priyanka H. Maheshwari, R.B. Mathur, T.L. Dhami, Journal of Power Sources, 173 (2007)
394 – 403.
27. R. B. Mathur, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, T. L. Dhami, R. K. Sharma, C. P. Sharma, J.
Power Sources, 161 (2006) 790 – 798.
28. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Eletrochem.
Soc., 154 (2007) B123.
29. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Appl.
Electrochem. 37 (2007) 913-919. G. Selvarani, A. K. Sahu, N. A. Choudhury, P. Sridhar,
S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 4871-4877.
30. A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pichumani and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl. Electrochem., 38 (2008)
357-362.
31. A. K. Sahu, G. Selvarani, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, N.
Narayanan, A. Banerjee and N.Chandrakumar, J. Membr. Sci., 319 (2008) 298-305.
32. A.K. Sahu, K.G. Nishanth, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla,
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123
33. S.D. Bhat, A. Manokaran, A.K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K. Shukla, J. Appl.
Polymer Sci., 113 (2009) 2605-2612.
34. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, and A.K. Shukla, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156 (2009)
B118-B125.
35. A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A.K.Shukla, Fuel Cells, 9(2) (2009) 139–147.
36. A K Sahu, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 3, June
2009, pp. 1–10.
37. G. Selvarani, Bincy John, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 19
(2009) 49-62.
38. A.K. Sahu,P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J.I.I.Sc., 89(4) (2009) 1-9.
39. K K Tintula, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar and A K Shukla, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 33, No. 2,
April 2010, pp. 157–163.
40. S. Mohanapriya, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS Trans., 28 (2010) 43 -
53.
41. S. Mohanapriya, K.K.Tintula, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A.K. Shukla, ECS trans., 33
(2010) 461-471.
42. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1679-B1685.
43. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 157 (2010) B1000 - B1007.
44. G. Selvarani, S. Maheswari, P. Sridhar, S.Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J. Fuel Cell Sci.
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45. A. Manokaran, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J.
Power & Energy, Proc. IMechE., Part A, 225 (2011) 175-182.
46. G. Selvarani, S. Vinod Selvaganesh, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Bull.
Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 337–346.
47. K. K. Tintula, A. K. Sahu, A. Shahid, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 158 (2011) B622-B631.
48. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Fuel
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49. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 12623–12634.
50. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar and S. Pitchumani, J. Power Sources, 196
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51. Tintula Kottakkat, Akhila K. Sahu*, Santoshkumar D. Bhat, Pitchumani Sethuraman and
Sridhar Parthasarathi, Appl. Catal. B. Environmental 110 (2011) 178– 185.
52. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, J. Chem. Sci.
(accepted).
124
53. S. Mohanapriya, K. K. Tintula, S. D. Bhat, S. Pitchumani and P. Sridhar, Bull. Mater. Sci.
(accepted).
54. S. Vinod Selvaganesh, G. Selvarani, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani and A. K. Shukla, J.
Electrochem. Soc., 159 (5) B463-B470 (2012).
55. Mayavan, S, Mandalam, A, Balasubramanian, M, Sim, JB, Choi, SM,Facile approach to
prepare Pt decorated SWNT/graphene hybrid catalytic ink, Mater. Res. Bull.67(2015)215-
219
56. A. Manokaran, S. Pushpavanam, P. Sridhar, Dynamics of anode-cathode interaction in
a polymer electrolyte fuel cell revealed by simultaneous current and potential distribution
measurements under local reactant starvation conditions, Journal of Applied
Electrochemistry 45 (2015) 353 – 363.
57. S. Gouse Peera, A.K. Sahu, A. Arunchander, S.D. Bhat, J. Karthikeyan, P. Murugan,
Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high durable oxygen reduction
catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Carbon 93 (2015) 130-142.
58. A. Arunchander, K. G. Nishanth, K. K. Tintula, S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, Insights into
the effect of structure directing agents on structural properties of mesoporous carbon for
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38 (2015) 1-9.
59. Ramendra Pandey, Harshal Agarwal, B. Saravanan, P. Sridhar, Santoshkumar D. Bhat,
Internal humidification in PEM fuel cells using wick based water transport, Journal of
Electrochemical Society 162 (2015) in press.
60. Gopi, KH, Peera, SG, Bhat, SD, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S,3-Methyltrimethylammonium
poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane for alkaline
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Bull. Mat. Sci.37(2014)877-881.
61. Selvaganesh, SV, Sridhar, P, Pitchumani, S, Shukla, AK,Pristine and graphitized-
MWCNTs as durable cathode-catalyst supports for PEFCs, J. Solid State
Electrochem.18(2014)1291-1305
62. Peera, SG, Sahu, AK, Bhat, SD, Lee, SC,Nitrogen functionalized graphite nanofibers/Ir
nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
(PEFCs), RSC Adv.4(2014)11080-11088
63. S. Gouse Peera, A. K. Sahu, S. D. Bhat, S. C. Lee, Nitrogen functionalized graphite
nanofibers/Ir nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte
fuel cells (PEFCs), RSC Advances 4 (2014) 11080-11088.
64. K. K. Tintula, A. Jalajakshi, A. K. Sahu, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A. K. Shukla, Durability
of Pt/C and Pt/MC-PEDOT Catalysts under Simulated Start-Stop Cycles in Polymer
Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13 (2013) 158-166.
65. S. Gouse Peera, K.K. Tintula, A.K. Sahu, S. Shanmugam, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani,
Catalytic activity of Pt anchored onto graphite nanofiber-poly (3, 4-
125
ethylenedioxythiophene) composite towards oxygen reduction reaction in polymer
electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, 108 (2013) 95-103.
66. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of
Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low
relative-humidity, J. Chemical Science, 124 (2012) 529-536.
67. S Mohanapriya, K K Tintula, S D Bhat, S Pitchumani, P Sridhar, A novel multi-walled
carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based nanocomposite for PEFC electrodes, Bulletin of
Materials Science 35 (2012) 297-303.
68. A. K. Sahu, A. Jalajakshi, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar and A. K. Shukla, Endurance of
Nafion-composite membranes in PEFCs operating at elevated temperature under low
relative-humidity, Journal of Chemical Science 124 (2012) 529-536.
Fuel Cell Center (DST)
69. Prithi Jayaraj, R.Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S.Dhathathreyan, , “ Nitrogen Doped
Graphene as Catalyst support for Sulphur tolerance in PEMFC “Graphene 2015
Accepted for publication
70. Jason Millichamp , Thomas J. Mason , Tobias P. Neville , Natarajan Rajalakshmi , Rhodri
Jervis , Paul R. Shearing , Daniel J.L. Brett,, “ Mechanisms and effects of mechanical
compression and dimensional change in polymer electrolyte fuel cells - A review “ , J
Power source, 284 (2015) 305
71. K.Nagamahesh, R.Balaji, K.S.Dhathathreyan, “Studies on Noble metal free carbon based
cathodes for Magnesium–Hydrogen peroxide fuelCell”, Ionics DOI: 10.1007/s11581-015-
1434-y (accepted for Publication) 2015.
72. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan ,and S. Ramaprabhu “ Nitrogen
doped graphene prepared by hydrothermal and thermal solid state methods as catalyst
supports for fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 4337-4348
73. S.Seetharaman, Raghu, S, Velan, M, Ramya, K & Ansari, K 2014, ‘Comparison of the
performance of reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes based
Sulfonated polysulfone membranes for electrolysis application’, Polymer Composites,
36(3), 475-481,2015
74. Prithi Jayaraj, P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Mitigation studies of
sulfur contaminated electrodes for PEMFC” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39
(2014)12045-12051
75. V. Senthil Velan, G. Velayutham, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Influence of
compressive stress on the pore structure of carbon cloth based gas diffusion layer
investigated by capillary flow porometry “ , International journal of Hydrogen Energy 39
(2014) 1752- 1759
76. N. Sasikala, K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen/air
electrodes, “Energy conversion and Management, 77, 2014, 545-549.
126
77. L.S.Ranjani, K. Ramya, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Compact and flexible hydrocarbon polymer
sensor for sensing humidity in confined spacesInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
39, 21343-21350, 2014.
78. V. Senthil Velan, P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ A Novel Graphene
Based Cathode for Metal – Air Battery “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No. 2 , 1-7
79. P Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Synthesis of Alkali Intercalated
Graphene Oxide for Electrochemiacl Supercapacitor Electrodes with High Perfromance
and Long Cycling Stability “ , GRAPHENE 2013, Vol.1, No.1 , 1-9
80. K.Ramya, K.S.Dhathathreyan, J.Sreenivas, S.Kumar, S.Narasimhan, “Hydrogen
production by alcoholysis of sodium borohydride Accepted for publication in International
Journal of Energy Research, 2013, 37, 1889-1895
81. S.Sabareeswaran, R.Balaji, K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan,” Carbon Assisted water
electrolysis for hydrogen generation “AIP conference Proceedings 1538, 43(2013).
82. Seetharaman, S., Ramya, K., Dhathathreyan, K.S., “Electrochemically reduced graphene
oxide / sulfonated polyether ether ketone composite membrane for electrochemical
applications “ ,AIP Conference Proceedings ,Volume 1538, 2013, Pages 257-261
83. Latha, K., Umamaheswari, B., Rajalakshmi, N., Dhathathreyan, K.S., ” Investigation of
various operating modes of fuelcell/ultracapacitor/ multiple converter based hybrid system
, Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems,
2013, Article number6526990, Pages 65-71” [2013 IEEE 10th International Conference
on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 2013; Kitakyushu; Japan; 22 April
2013 through 25 April 2013; Code 97934
84. K. Latha ,S. Vidhya , B. Umamaheswari , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Tuning
of PEM fuel cell model parameters for prediction of steady state and dynamic
performance under various operating conditions “ , International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 38, (2013), pp. 2370-2386
85. P Karthika ,N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , "Flexible polyester cellulose paper
supercapacitor using gel electrolyte"; Chem Phys Chem, 2013, 14, 3822-3826 (DOI:
10.1002/cphc.201300622 ( 2013) )
86. S.Seetharaman, M.Velan,R.Balaji, K.Ramya , and K S Dhathathreyan“Graphene oxide
modified non noble metal electrode for alkaline anion exchange membrane water
electrolyzers” , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy- 38, (2013 ) ,14934 -14942tion (
2013)
87. S.Seetharaman & R. Balaji & K. Ramya & K. S. Dhathathreyan & M. Velan,
“Electrochemical behaviour of nickel-based electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction in
alkaline water electrolysis”, Ionics, DOI 10.1007/s11581-013-1032-9.
127
88. Ranjani Lalitha Sridhar, Ramya Krishnan, PEMFC membrane electrode assembly
degradation study based on its mechanical properties, International Journal of Materials
Research, Volume 104(9), 2013,892-898.
89. S Nagarajan, P Sudhagar, V Raman, W Cho, KS Dhathathreyan and YS Kang, “A
PEDOT-reinforced exfoliated graphite composite as a Pt- and TCO-free flexible counter
electrode for polymer electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells”, : Journal of Materials
Chemistry A Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Pages: 1048-1054, 2013
90. M Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi and KS Dhathathreyan, “Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of flow field geometry in polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 51, p 79-84, 2013.
91. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani,Hongjing Wang, Malar Auxilia Francis,
Hideki Abe ,Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Dakshinamoorthy
Arivuoli, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt–Ru Alloy Particles with
Uniform Sizes by Sophisticated Hard-Templating Method “ , Chemistry - An Asian Journal
, Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 902-907
92. Prasannan Karthika, Hamed Ataee-Esfahani, Yu-Heng Deng, Kevin C.-W. Wu, Natarajan
Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S. Dhathathreyan, Arivuoli Dakshanamoorthy, Katsuhiko
Ariga, and Yusuke Yamauchi, “ Hard-templating Synthesis of Mesoporous Pt-Based Alloy
Particles with Low Ni and Co Contents “ , Chemistry Letters , Volume 42, Issue 4, 2013,
Pages 447-449
93. S. Naveen Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Efficient Power Conditioner for a
Fuel Cell Stack-Ripple Current Reduction Using Multiphase Converter , Smart Grid and
Renewable Energy, 2013, 4
94. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi∗, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-Doped Exfoliated
Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrodes, , Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 1746-1751, March 2013.
95. S. Pandiyan , A. Elayaperumal , N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , N.
Venkateshwaran, “ Design and analysis of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells
(PEMFC)” , Renewable Energy . Volume 49, January 2013, Pages 161-165
96. Pattabiraman Krishnamurthy, Ramya Krishnan, and Dhathathreyan Kaveripatnam
Samban, Performance of a 1 kW Class Nafion-PTFE Composite Membrane Fuel Cell
Stack, International Journal of Chemical EngineeringVolume 2012 (2012),
97. Prasanna Karthika, Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Kaveripatnam S.
Dhathathreyan,Functionalized Exfoliated Graphene Oxide as Supercapacitor Electrodes ,
Soft Nanoscience Letters, 2012, 2, 59-66
98. K. S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian,, Forced Air-
Breathing PEMFC Stacks, Int Journal of Electrochemistry, Volume 2012, Article ID
216494, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/216494
128
99. Viswanath Sasank Bethapudi, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan KS, Design and
optimization of a closed two loop thermal management configuration for PEM fuel cell
using heat transfer modules , International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3, , pp. 243-248, 2012
100. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, V. Raman, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan and S.
Ramaprabhu, “ Synthesis of graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid
nanostructure by strengthened electrostatic interaction and its lithium ion battery
application “ , J. Mater. Chem., Vol.22(19), 9949-9956, 2012
101. B. P. Vinayan, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “ Novel Platinum–Cobalt
Alloy Nanoparticles Dispersed on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as a Cathode
Electrocatalyst for PEMFC Applications “ ,Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22(16),
p3519-3526, 2012
102. P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, R. Imran Jaffri, S. Ramaprabhu, and K. S. Dhathathreyan ,
“Functionalised 2D Graphene Sheets as Catalyst Support for Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes” in Advanced Science Letters, Volume 6, 2012, Pages
141-146
103. B.P. Vinayan , R. Imran Jafri, Rupali Nagar, N. Rajalakshmi, K. Sethupathi ,S.
Ramaprabhu , “ Catalytic activity of platinum cobalt alloy nanoparticles decorated
functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC “ ,
Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 37 ( 2012) 412-421
104. Bhagavatula YS (Bhagavatula, Yamini Sarada); Bhagavatula MT (Bhagavatula, Maruthi
T.); Dhathathreyan KS (Dhathathreyan, K. S.), “Application of Artificial Neural Network in
Performance Prediction of PEM Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Energy Research,
Vol.36(13), p 1215-1225, 2012
105. B. Yamini Sarada , “Response to Comment on the article “Meliorated oxygen reduction
reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium zirconium
oxide” by B. Yamini Sarada, K.S. Dhathathreyan, and M. Rama Krishna” , Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy , 36( 2012)5309-5310
106. S. S. Jyothirmayee Aravind, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Solar
exfoliated graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid nano composites as efficient catalyst
supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells “ , J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 18199-
18204
107. Adarsh Kaniyoor, Tessy Theres Baby, Thevasahayam Arockiadoss, Natarajan
Rajalakshmi, and Sundara Ramaprabhu, “ Wrinkled Graphenes: A Study on the Effects of
Synthesis Parameters on Exfoliation – reduction of Graphite Oxide “ , The Journal of
Physical Chemistry C , 2011,115,17660-17669
129
108. C. K. Subramaniam*, C. S. Ramya and K. Ramya , “Performance of EDLCs using nafion
and nafion composites as electrolyte' - J of Applied Electrochemistry, Volume 41,
Number 2, 197-206, 2011
109. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Study of a porous membrane humidification
method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14866-
14872
110. G. Velayutham, “ effect of micro-layer PTFE on the performance of PEM fuel cell
electrodes “, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 14845-14850
111. V. Senthil Velan , G. Velayutham, Neha Hebalkar , K.S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of SiO2
additives on the PEM fuel cell electrode performance , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 (
2011) 14815-14822
112. M. Maidhily, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan, Electrochemical impedance diagnosis
of micro porous layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrodes , Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 12342-12360
113. B.Yamini Sarada , K.S. Dhathathreyan , M. Rama Krishna , “ Meliorated oxygen reduction
reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in the presence of cerium-zirconium
oxide , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 36 ( 2011) 11886- 11894
114. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “ Fuel Cell Development in India ‘ – The Journal of Fuel Cell
Technology , Japan - Special issue – invited article , 11(1) , 36-49, 2011.
115. K. S. Dhathathreyan, “The ARCI Fuel Cell Programme “ ISOFT e-Bulletin Vol. 02 No.01,
June 1, page 2, 2011.
116. Neetu Jha, R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, “Graphene-multi walled
carbon nanotube hybrid electrocatalyst support material for direct methanol fuel cell
“International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 36, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages
7284-7290
117. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , Operation planning of an
independent microgrid for cold regions by the distribution of fuel cells and water
electrolysers using a genetic algorithm , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, ( 2011) , 14295-
14308
118. Shin’ya Obara, Takanobu Yamada, Kazuhiro Matsumura, Shiro Takahashi, Masahito
Kawai and Balaji Rengarajan , Operational planning of an engine generator using a high
pressure working fluid composed of CO2 hydrate, Applied Energy 2011, 88(12), 4733-
4741
119. Shin’ya Obara, Seizi Watanabe and Balaji Rengarajan , “ Operation method study based
on the energy balance of an independent microgrid using solar powered water
electrolyser and an electric heat pump , Energy , 2011, 36(8), 5200-5213
130
120. K. Ramya, J. Sreenivas, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “ Study of a porous membrane
humidification method in polymer electrolyte fuel cells” , International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy , 36 (2011) 14866-14872
121. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu , ” Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon
nanocoils as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange
membrane fuel cell “ ,Journal of Power Sources, Volume 195, Issue 24, 15 December
2010, Pages 8080-8083
122. R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “Nitrogen doped graphene
nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange
membrane fuel cell”, J. Mater. Chem., 2010,20, 7114-7117
123. K S.Dhathathreyan and N.Rajalakshmi ,Challenges in PEM Fuel Cell Development , in “
Fuel Cells “ INCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII No.3, 2009, 214-228 - Published in Nov. 2010
124. R. Imran Jafri, T. Arockiados, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu , “ Nanostructured Pt
dispersed Graphene-Multi walled Carbon Nanotube hybrid nanomaterials as
electrocatalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells “ , , The
Journal of Electrochemical Society 157(6),B874-B879 (2010)
125. C S Ramya, C K Subramaniam and K S Dhathathreyan, “Perfluorosulfonic acid based
electrochemical double layer capacitor “J.Electrochem. Soc., USA, 157(5), A600-A605,
2010.
126. Leela Mohana Reddy, M. M. Shaijumon, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “
Performance of PEMFC using Pt/MWNT-Pt/C composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen
reduction reaction in PEMFC “ J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 7(2010) 1-7
127. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Performance of Platinumm Black and Supported
Platinum Catalysts in a Direct Methanol Fuel cell ”, Int. J. Electrochem.Sci., 4(2009),
386-395)
128. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ExperimentaL Analaysis of platinum utilization in
a DMFC cathode “ , J. Applied Electrochem. 39 ( 2009), 1003-1009
129. Balaji Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, “ Effect of PTFE content on the performance of a
Direct Methanol fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) 446–452
130. B K Kakati, V K Yamsani , K S Dhathathreyan, D. Sathyamurthy and A Verma , “The
Electrical conductivity of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cell applications” , CARBON
47 (2009 ) , 2413-2418
131. R. Imran Jafri, N. Sujatha, N. Rajalakshmi and S. Ramaprabhu, “ Au– MnO2/MWNT and
Au–ZnO/MWNT as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst or polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2009) 34, 6371-6376
132. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandian, K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Vibration tests on a PEM fuel cell
stack usable in transportation application “ , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Vol. 34, Issue 9, pp.3833-3837, 2009
131
133. G. Velayutham , K S Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi and D.Sampangi Raman , “
Assessment of factors responsible for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode
performance by statistical analysis , Journal of Power Sources , 191, ( 2009), 10-15
134. N. Rajalakshmi, G. Velayutham and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Sensitivity Analysiis of a 2.5
kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell stack by Statistical Method”, J. Fuel Cell
Science and Technology, 6 (1): 011003-1-6. 200
135. G Velayutham, K S Dhathathreyan , N Rajalakshmi and D Sampangi Raman ,
Assessment of factors responsible for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cell electrode
performance by Statistical Analysis , J. Power Sources , 191( 2009),10-15
136. N. Rajalakshmi, N. Lakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Nano titanium oxide catalyst support
for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33
(2008) 7521-7526
137. B. Krishnamurthy, S. Deepalochani, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , Effect of Ionomer Content
in Anode and Cathode Catalyst Layers on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance , ,
FUEL CELLS 00, 2008, No. 0, 1–6 ( Science Direct)
138. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Continuous bubble
humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC system , International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 33, Issue 17, September 2008, Pages 4640-4648
139. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan ,Nanostructured platinum catalyst layer prepared
by Pulsed Electro- Deposition for use in PEM fuel cells , International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 33 ( 2008 ) 5672 – 5677
140. K.Ramya and K.S.Dhathathreyan, “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-treated Nafion®
membranes “J Membrane Science 311, 121-127 ,20008
141. S.Pandian, K.Jayakumar, N.Rajalakshmi and K.S.Dhathathreyan, Thermal and Electrical
Energy management in a PEMFC stack – An analytical approach , Int. Journal of Heat
and Mass transfer 51 (2008) 469-473
142. N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , Design and development of modular
fuel cell stacks for various applications, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 449-
454
143. Neetu Jha, A. Leela Mohana Reddy, M.M. Shaijumon, N.Rajalakshmi and
S.Ramaprabhu, Pt-Ru Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts for direct
methanol fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 427-433
144. A Leela Mohana Reddy, N.Rajalakshmi and S.Ramaprabhu , Co-Ppy –Mwnt catalysts
for H2 and alcohol fuel cells , Carbon 46 (2008) 2-11, ( 2008).
145. N. Rajalakshmi , K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—
Fabrication, characterisation and analysis” in Chemical Engineering Journal 129 (2007)
31–40
132
146. K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “ Methanol crossover studies on heat-treated Nafion®
membranes “ in Journal of Membrane Science 311 (2008) 121–127
147. G. Velayutham, J. Kaushik, N. Rajalakshmi, and K. S. Dhathathreyan , “Effect of PTFE
Content in Gas Diffusion Media and Microlayer on the Performance of PEMFC Tested
under Ambient Pressure “ in FUEL CELLS 2008, No. 0, 1–5
148. N. Rajalakshmi∗, S. Pandiyan, K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Design and development of
modular fuel cell stacks for various applications” in International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 33 (2008) 449 – 454
149. M. Krishna Kumar, N. Rajalakshmi, and S. Ramaprabhu, Electrochromism in mischmetal
based AB2 alloy hydride thin film , J. Phys Chem 111, issue No. 24, (2007) 8532-37
150. N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan, “Catalyst layer in PEMFC electrodes—
Fabrication, characterisation and analysis “ Chemical Engineering Journal, 129(2007)31-
40
151. K. Ramya, G. Velayutham, C.K. Subramaniam, N. Rajalakshmi, K.S. Dhathathreyan,
“Effect of solvents on the characteristics of Nafion®/PTFE composite membranes for
fuel cell applications” , Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 10–17
152. N Lakshmi, N Rajalakshmi and K S Dhathathreyan , Functionalisation of various carbons
for use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell electrodes – Analysis and
Characterization , J Phys. D Appl. Phys , 39 (2006) 2785–2790
153. K. Jayakumar, S. Pandiyan, N. Rajalakshmi and K.S. Dhathathreyan , “Cost-benefit
analysis of commercial bipolar plates for PEMFC's “ Journal of Power Sources, Volume
161, Issue 1, 20 October 2006, Pages 454-459,
154. G Velayutham , J Koushik and K S Dhathathreyan , “ Influence of Gas Dissusion
Substrates ( GDS) on the performance of PEM Fuel cell “ , Proceedings of DAE-BRNS
International Symposium on Materials Chemistry , Dec. 408, 2006 , Mumbai, India
155. M. Shaijumon, S. Ramaprabhu and N. Rajalakshmi“ Multiwalled carbon nanotubes-
platinum/carbon composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton
exchange membrane fuel cell , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 253105, 2006
156. N. Rajalakshmi, Hojin Ryu, M.M. Shaijumon and S. Ramaprabhu,, Performance of
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction
catalyst support material, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 140, Issue 2, 2 February
2005, Pages 250-257.
157. Platinum Catalysed Membranes for Proton exchange Membrane fuel cells – Higher
performance - N.Rajalakshmi1, Hojin Ryu1 and K.S. Dhathathreyan2 , Chemical
Engineering Journal 102,241-247, 2004.
IITs
133
158. A. Das, S. Basu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Characterization of Low Cost Ion Conducting
Poly(AAc-co-DMAPMA) Membrane for Fuel Cell Application”, Materials Sciences and
Applications, Accepted.
159. B. Navaneeth, R. H. Prasad, P. Chiranjeevi, R. Chandra, O. Sarkar, A. Verma, S.
Subudhi, B. Lal, and S.V. Mohan, “Implication of Composite Electrode on the Functioning
of Photo-bioelectrocatalytic Fuel Cell Operated with Heterotrophic-anoxygenic Condition,
Bioresource Technology, doi: j.biortech.2015.02.065.
160. A. Ghosh and A. Verma, “Carbon-polymer Composite Bipolar Plate for HT-PEMFC, Fuel
Cells, 2014, 14, 259-265.
161. T.S.K. Raunija, S.K. Manwatkar, S.C. Sharma, and A. Verma, “Morphological
Optimization of Process Parameters of Randomly Oriented Carbon/Carbon Composite”,
Carbon Letters, 2014, 15, 25-31.
162. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, “Efficient Composite Bipolar Plate Reinforced with
Carbon Fibre and Graphene for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9362-9369.
163. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, and A. Verma, “Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported
Platinum Catalyst for PEMFC” Fuel Cells, 2013, 13, 355-363.
164. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Semi-empirical Modelling of Electrical
Conductivity for Composite Bipolar Plate with Multiple Reinforcements”, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14851-14857.
165. B.K. Kakati, A. Ghosh, and A. Verma, "Graphene Reinforced Composite Bipolar Plate for
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell", ASME Proceedings, Fuel Cell 2011, 301-307.
166. N. Shroti, L. Barbora, and A. Verma, “Neodymium Triflate Modified Nafion Composite
Membrane for Reduced Alcohol Permeability in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell”, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 14907-14913.
167. B.K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma, “Electrochemical and Mechanical
Behaviour of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell Application”, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010) 4185-4194.
168. A. Verma, and K. Scott, "Development of High Temperature PEMFC based on
Heteropolyacids and Polybenzimidazole", Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2010,
14, 213-219.
169. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha, and A. Verma, “Fabrication of Composite Bipolar Plate for
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell”, Journal of Environmental Research and
Development, 2009, 4, 202-211.
170. B.K. Kakati, V.K. Yamsani, K.S. Dhathathreyan, D. Sathiyamoorthy, and A. Verma,
“Investigation on Electrical Conductivity of Composite Bipolar Plate for Fuel Cell
Application”, Carbon, 2009, 47, 2413-2418.
134
171. X. Wu, A. Verma, and K. Scott, “Sb-doped SnP2O7 Proton Conductor for High
Temperature Fuel Cells”, Fuel Cells, 2008, 8, 453-458.
172. A. Difoe, A. Verma, and U.K. Saha, “A Preliminary Design Approach for 1 kW Direct
Methanol Fuel Cell System”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 1, 30-46.
173. A. Verma, A. Sharma, and S. Basu, “Study of Methanol and Ethanol Electrooxidation in
Alkaline Medium using Cyclic Voltammetry”, Indian Chemical Engineer, 2007, 49, 330-
340.
174. B.K. Kakati, K.R. Guptha and A. Verma, “Numerical Optimization of Channel and Rib
Width of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate”, International Journal of
Chemical Sciences, 2007, 5, 1590-1602.
175. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, S. Kaalva, A. Difoe and A. Verma, “Nafion/TiO2 Composite
Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell”, International Journal of Chemical Sciences,
2007, 5, 1579-1589.
176. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct Alkaline Fuel Cell for Multiple Liquid Fuels: Anode
Electrode Studies”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174, 180-185.
177. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of a Direct
Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 168, 200-210.
178. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Evaluation of an Alkaline Fuel Cell in Multi-fuel
System”, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2 (2005), 234-237.
179. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Direct use of Alcohols and Sodium Borohydride as Fuel in an
Alkaline Fuel Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 145 (2005) 282-285.
180. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Power from Hydrogen via Fuel Cell Technology”, Chemical
Weekly, July 12, 2005, 177-181.
181. A. Verma, A.K. Jha, and S. Basu, “Manganese Dioxide as a Cathode Catalyst for a Direct
Alcohol or Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell with a Flowing Alkaline Eelectrolyte” Journal of
Power Sources, 141 (2005), 30-34.
182. A. Verma and S. Basu, “Feasibility Study of a Simple Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell”,
Journal of Power Sources, 135 (2004) 62-65
183. J Deshpande, T Dey, PC Ghosh(2014), “Effect of Vibrations on Performance of Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells” Energy Procedia 54, 756-762, 2014
184. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Three Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics
Modelling of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell” Applied Mechanics and
Materials 492, 365-369
185. D Singdeo, T Dey, P C Ghosh(2014), “Contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas
diffusion layer in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells” International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 39 (2), 987-995
186. P C Ghosh (2013), “Influences of contact pressure on the performances of polymer
electrolyte fuel cells “Journal of Energy
135
187. JM Sonawane, A Gupta, P C Ghosh (2013),Multi-electrode microbial fuel cell (MEMFC):
a close analysis towards large scale system architecture International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 38 (12), 5106-5114
188. AS Raj, P C Ghosh (2012),Standalone PV-diesel system vs. PV-H2 system: An economic
analysis Energy 42 (1), 270-280
189. D. Singdeo, T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, (2011), Modelling of start-up time for high temperature
polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy, 36 pp. 6081-6089.
190. P. C. Ghosh, U. Vasudeva, (2011) “Analysis of 3000 T class submarines equipped with
polymer electrolyte fuel cells”, Energy, Vol. 36 pp. 3138-3147.
191. P. C. Ghosh, H. Dohle, J. Mergel (2009), “Modelling of heterogeneities inside polymer
electrolyte fuel cells due to oxidants” Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34 pp. 8204-8212
192. R. Kannan, Md. N. Islam, D. Rathod, M. Vijay, U. K. Kharul, P. C. Ghosh, K.
Vijaymohanan (2008), “A 27-3fractorial optimization of Polybenzimidazole based
membrane electrode assemblies for H2/O2 fuel cells” J. Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 38
pp. 583-590
193. S. Singh, A. Verma, S. Basu. 2015, Oxygen Reduction Non-PGM electrocatalysts for
PEM fuel cells- Recent advances”, (Ch 5), in: Advanced Materials and Technologies for
Electrochemical Energy, Eds., P.K. Shen, C. Wang, X. Sun, S.P. Jiang, and J. Zhang,
CRC Press, Accepted.
194. A. Ghosh, A. Verma, 2015, Potential Applications of Graphene in Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell, Eds. M. Aliofkhazraei, N. Ali, W.I. Milne, C.S. Ozkan, S. Mitura, J.L.
Gervasoni, Handbook of Graphene, CRC Press. Accepted.
195. 1. G. Vasu, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and S. Dhathathreyan (2008).
Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC
system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33(17), 4640-4648
196. 2. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Control orientated thermal model for proton-
exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Journal of Power Sources, 183, 98-108.
197. 3. G. Vasu and A.K. Tangirala (2009). Control of air flow rate with stack
voltage measurement for a PEM fuel cell system. Journal of Energy Storage and
Conversion. 1(1), 51-59.
198. 4. G. Vasu, D. Deepak, S. Babji and A.K. Tangirala (2008). Detection and diagnosis
of faults in PEM fuel cells. SSPCCIN 2008, 3-5 January, Pune, India.
199. 5. V. Gollangi, A.K. Tangirala, B. Viswanathan and K.S. Dhathathreyan (2006). Effects of
residence time and humidifier temperature on relative humidity of H2 in a
bubble humidifier - An experimental study. Presented at the CHEMCON
2006, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India.
136
200. 6. A.K. Tangirala and B. Viswanathan (2006). Modelling, Control and Monitoring of
PEM Fuel Cells. Presented at the National Seminar on Challenges in Fuel Cell
Technology: India’s Perspective, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India.
201. D. Kareemulla & S. Jayanti, “A comprehensive, one-dimensional, semi-analytical
mathematical model for liquid-feed polymer electrolyte membrane direct methanol fuel
cells”, J. Power Sources, 188 (2), 367-388, 2009.
202. P. V. Suresh, S. Jayanti, A. P. Deshpande & P. Haridoss, “An improved serpentine flow
field with enhanced cross-flow for fuel cell applications”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36, 6067-
6072, 2011.
203. N.S. Suresh and S. Jayanti, “Cross-over and performance modeling of liquid-feed
polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cells”, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 36,
14648-14658, 2011.
204. S. Appari, V. M. Janardhanan, S. Jayanti, S. Tischer, O. Deutschmann, “Microkinetic
modelling of NH3 decomposition on Ni and its application to solid oxide fuel
cells”, Chemical Engineering Science, 66, 5184-5191, 2011
205. Harikishan Reddy E, Jayanti S. Thermal management strategies for a 1 kWe stack of a
high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Therm Eng 2012; 48:465-
475.
206. Vikas Jaggi and S. Jayanti “A Conceptual Model of a High-efficiency, Stand-alone Power
Unit Based on a Fuel Cell Stack with an Integrated Auto-thermal Ethanol
Reformer”, Applied Energy, 110,295-303, 2013
207. Harikishan Reddy E, Monder, D.S., Jayanti S. “Parametric study of an external coolant
system for a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell" Applied Thermal
Engineering, 58, 155-164, 2013
208. S. Appari, V.M. Janardhanan, R. Bauri and S. Jayanti,“Deactivation and regeneration of
Ni catalyst during steam reforming of model biogas: An experimental
investigation"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(1), 297-304, 2014.
209. Jyothilatha Tamalapakula and S. Jayanti, “Ex-situ Experimental Studies on Serpentine
Flow Field Design For Redox Flow Battery Systems” J. Power Sources, 248,140-146
(2014).
210. E. H. Reddy, S. Jayanti and D.S. Monder, “Thermal management of high temperature
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks in the power range of 1 to 10 kWe”, Int J
Hydrogen Energy, 39(35), 20127-20138, 2014.
CSIR
137
1. H. S. Maiti, A. Chakraborty and M.K. Paria, "Bi2O3 as a sintering aid for
La(Sr)MnO3 cathode material for SOFC". Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide
Fuell Cells, Honululu, Eds. S. C. Singhal and H. Iwahara, The Electrochemical
Society, N.J. pp.190-99 (1993).
2. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, Sukumar Roy and H. S. Maiti, “Low-temperature
synthesis of ultrafine La0.84Sr0.16 MnO3 powder by an autoignition process", J.
Mater. Res., 9(4) 986-91 (1994).
3. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, "Preparation of La1-x Srx MnO3 (0<x<6)
powder by autoignition of carboxylate - nitrate gels", Materials Letts. 20, 63-69
(1994).
4. A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, "Low temperature synthesis and
some physical properties of barium substituted lanthanum manganite", J. Mater Res.,
10(4), 918-25 (1995).
5. Amitava Chakraborty, P. Choudhury and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity in Sr-
substituted lanthanum manganite (La1-xSrxMnO3) cathode material prepared by auto
ignition technique”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O.
Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA,
pp. 612-17 (1995).
6. Amitava Chakraborty, R. N. Basu, M. K. Paria and H. S. Maiti, “Synthesis of La(Ca)CrO3
powder by autoignition process and study of its sintering behaviour and electrical
conductivity”, Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, eds. M. Dokiya, O.
Yamamoto, H. tagania and S. C. Singhal, Publ. by The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., USA,
pp. 915-23 (1995).
7. R. N. Basu, S. K. Pratihar, M. Saha and H. S. Maiti, "Preparation of Sr-substituted
LaMnO3 Thick Films as Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" Materials Letters, 32, 217-
22 (1997).
8. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation and characterisation of porous Ni-
YSZ cermet anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Trans. Ind. ceram. Soc., 56(3), 85-88
(1997).
9. Amitava Chakraborty and H.S.Maiti, “Bi2O3 as an effective sintering aid for
La(Sr)MnO3 powder prepared by autoignition route”, Ceram. Int., 25(2) 115-23
(1999).
10. S. K. Pratihar, R. N. Basu, S. Mazumder and H. S. Maiti, “Electrical conductivity and
microstructure of Ni-YSZ anode prepared by liquid dispersion method” , Solid Oxide
Fuel cells (SOFC VI), Proc. Six Int. Symp., eds. S. C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The
Electrochemical Soc. Inc.pp.513-21 (1999).
11. Amitava chakraborty, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Low Temperature Sintering of
la(Ca)CrO3 prepard by an Autoignition Process”, Mats. Letts., 45(9), 162-66 (2000).
138
12. A. Mukherjee, B. Maiti, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Correlation between
slurry viscosity, green density and sintered density for tape cast yttria stabilized zirconia,
Ceram. International, 27, 731-739 (2001).
13. Amitava Chakraborty, A. Das Sharma, B. Maiti, and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation of Low
temperature Sinterable BaCe0.8Sm0.2O3 Powder by Autoignition Technique”, Mats. Letts.
57, 862-67 (2002).
14. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline
ceria powders. J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).
15. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, “A potential oxide ion conducting material La 2-
”
xBaxMo2O9 . Appl. Phys. Letts. 85, 3486-3488 (2004).
16. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi and H. S. Maiti, “A novel approach to develop dense
lanthanum calcium chromite sintered ceramics with very high conductivity”, Chem.
Mater. 16, 5562-63 (2004).
17. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, R. N. Basu and H. S. Maiti, “Preparation of Nickel
coated YSZ powder for application as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells”, J. Power,
Sources, 129, 138-42 (2004)
18. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials: A
Review”, Trans. Ind. Cer. Soc.; 63(2) 75-98 (2004).
19. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Synthesis and properties of nano-crystalline
ceria powders”, J. Mater. Res. 19(11), 3162-3171 (2004).
20. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Nb-doped La2Mo2O9: A new material with high
ionic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A2143-A2147 (2005).
21. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Electrical conduction in nano
structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88[8], 2110-
2113 (2005).
22. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma and H. S. Maiti A novel spray pyrolysis
technique to produce nanocrystalline lanthanum strontium manganite powder, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc., 88[4], 971-973 (2005).
23. S. Basu, A. Chakraborty, P.S. Devi and H.S. Maiti, “Electrical conduction in nano-
structured La0.9Sr0.1Al0.85Co0.05Mg0.1O3 perovskite oxide”, J Amer Ceram Soc, 88(8)
2110-2113 (2005).
24. S. Basu, P.S. Devi, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Nb-Doped La2Mo2O9 : A New
Material with High Ionic Conductivity”, J Electrochem Soc, 152(11), A2143-A2147 (2005).
25. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, and H.S. Maiti, “A Novel Spray-Pyrolysis
Technique to Produce Nanocrystalline Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Powder”, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc. 88, 971 – 973 (2005).
139
26. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, “Processing Microstructure Property
Correlation of Porous Ni–YSZ Cermets Anode for SOFC Application”, Mater. Res. Bull.,
40, 1936 – 1944 (2005).
27. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, and H. S. Maiti, Effect of Metal Ion Concentration on the
Synthesis and Properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 Cathode Material, J. Power Sources,
161(1), 79-86 (2006).
28. Basu S, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, Lee Y, Hanson J C “Lanthanum molybdenum oxide:
low-temperature synthesis and characterization” J Mater Res, 21 (5) 133-1140 (2006)’
29. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Selective detection of methane and butane by
temperature modulation in iron doped tin oxide Sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, B115 (2)
610-613 (2006).
30. Chakraborty S, Sen A, Maiti H S, “Complex plane impedance plot as a figure of merit for
tin dioxide-based methane sensors”, Sensor and Actuator, b119 (2) 431-434 dec (2006).
31. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Synthesis of La0.7Ca0.3CrO3
SOFC interconnect using a novel chromoum source, Electrochemical and Solid
StateLetters, 9 (11), A516 –A519 (2006).
32. Kumar A, Sujatha Devi P, Maiti H S, “Effect of metal ion concentration on synthesis and
properties of La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 cathode material”, J Power Sources, 161 (1) 79-86
(2006).
33. Swadesh K. Pratihar, A. Das Sharma, H.S. Maiti, “ Electrical behavior of nickel coated
YSZ cermet prepared by electroless coating technique”, Materials Chemistry and
Physics, 96(2-3), 388-395(2006).
34. Senthil Kumar S., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Basu R. N. And Maiti H. S.,”Improvement of
Mechanical Properties of Anode Supported Planar SOFC”, J. Electrochem. Soc. Trans. 7,
533-541(2007).
35. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Tailor-made BaO-
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based glass sealant for anode-supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical
Society Transactions, 7, 2443-2452 (2007).
36. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Influence of B-site
sbubstituents on lanthanum calcium chromite nanocrystalline materials for solid oxide fuel
cell,J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (12), 3741–3747 (2007).
37. Ghosh S, Kundu P, Das Sharma A, Basu R N, Maiti H S, “Microstructure and property
evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid
oxide fuel cell”, J European Ceram Soc, 28 (1) 69-76 (2008).
38. Saswati Ghosh, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Microstructure and
property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass ceramic sealant for anode-supported
solid oxide fuel cell, J. European Ceramic Soc., 28, 69-76 (2008).
140
39. Basu S and Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of Nb+5 -substituted La2 Mo2 O9 by AC
impedance spectroscopy”, J Electrochem Soc, 156 (7) 114-116 (2009).
40. Basu S, Maiti H S, “Ion dynamics study of La2Mo2O9”, Ionics, 16(2), 111-15 (2010).
41. Basu, S., Maiti, H.S., “Ion dynamics in Ba-, Sr-, and Ca-doped La2Mo2O9 from analysis
of ac impedance”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(6), 1021-25 (2010).
42. Santanu Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, H.S. Maiti and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, “Synthesis,
thermal and electrical analysis of alkaline earth doped lanthanum molybdate”, Solid State
Ionics (2012)
43. J. Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and R. N. Basu,“Synthesis of nanocrystalline lanthanum
manganite with tailored particulate size and morphology using a novel spray pyrolysis
technique for application as the functional solid oxide fuel cell cathode”, Journal of Power
Sources, 232, 55-65, (2013).
44. J Mukhopadhyay, H. S. Maiti and Rajendra Nath Basu, “Processing of nano to
microparticulates with controlled morphology by a novel spray pyrolysis technique: A
mathematical approach to understand the process mechanism”, Powder Technology,
239, 506–517, (2013).
45. Arup Mahata, Pradyot Datta and R.N. Basu, Microstructural and Chemical Changes after
High Temperature Electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds (2015)
46. B. Bagchi and RN Basu, A simple sol–gel approach to synthesize nanocrystalline 8 mol
percnt yttria stabilized zirconia from metal-chelate precursors: Microstructural evolution
and conductivity studies, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2015)
47. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Effect of 'A'-site Non Stoichiometry in
Strontium Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes, Materials
Research Bulletin (2015)
48. Quazi Arif Islam, M.W. Raja, R.N. Basu, Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline
scandia stabilized zirconia by aqueous combustion method and its characterizations,
Bulletin of Materials Science (2015).
49. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Zirconia Thin Film on Non-
conducting Substrate for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application, J. American Ceram. Soc.
97[11] 3452-3457 (2014).
50. T. Dey, A. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, Manaswita Bose, A.K. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu,
Influence of microstructure on nano-mechanical properties of single planar solid oxide
fuel cell in pre- and post-reduced conditions, Materials and Design, Vol. 53, 2014, pp.
182-191.
51. Koyel Banerjee, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, “Nanocrystalline Doped Lanthanum
Cobalt Ferrite and Lanthanum Iron Cobaltite-based Composite Cathode for Significant
141
Augmentation of Electrochemical Performance in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, International J.
Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15754-15759 (2014).
52. Tapobrata Dey, D. Singdeo, R.N. Basu, Manaswita Bose, P.C. Ghosh, “Improvement in
solid oxide fuel cell performance through design modifications: An approach based on
root cause analysis”, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 17258-17266 (2014).
53. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical characteristics of xLi2MnO3-
(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) composite cathodes: Effect of particle
and Li2MnO3domain size, Electrochemica Acta, 132, 472-482 (2014).
54. Tapobrata Dey, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and R.N. Basu, Transition metal-doped yttria
stabilized zirconia for low temperature processing of planar anode-supported solid oxide
fuel cell, J. Alloys and Compounds, 604, 151–156 (2014).
55. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Electrochemical performances of
0.9Li2MnO3–0.1Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 cathodes: Role of the cycling induced
layered to spinel phase transformation, Solid State Ionics, 256,19-28, (2014)
56. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretically Deposited Thin Film Electrolyte for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 113, 8-13 (2014).
57. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Morphologically architectured spray pyrolyzed
lanthanum ferrite-based cathodes - A phenomenal enhancement in solid oxide fuel cell
performance, J. of Power Sources, 252, 252 -263 (2014).
58. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Electrophoretic Deposition of Thin Film Zirconia Electrolyte
on Non-conducting NiO-YSZ Substrate, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 73, 90-93 (2014).
59. Debasish Das and R.N. Basu, Suspension chemistry and electrophoretic deposition of
zirconia electrolyte on conducting and non-conducting substrates, Materials Research
Bulletin, 48, 3254-3261 (2013).
60. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag, R.N. Basu, Electrical properties of Tb-doped barium cerate, Ceramics
International, 39, 6433–6440 (2013)
61. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Effect of
Anode Configuration on Electrical Properties and Cell Polarization in Planar Anode
Supported SOFC, Solid State Ionics, 233, 20-31 (2013).
62. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Effect of Structural Integration on
Electrochemical Properties of 0.5Li2MnO3-0.5Li (Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25) O2 Composite
Cathodes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries, J. Electrochem Soc., 160, A1406-1414
(2013).
63. Q.A. Islam, S. Nag and R.N. Basu, Study of electrical conductivity of Ca-substituted
La2Zr2O7, Materials Research Bulletin, 48, 3103-3107 (2013).
64. T. Dey, P.C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose, R.N. Basu, Study of contact
resistance at the electrode-interconnect interfaces in planar type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,
J. Power Sources, 233, 290-298 (2013).
142
65. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Functional Anode
Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – A Review, Trans Indian Ceram Soc., 72, 145-168
(2013).
66. C. Ghanty, R. N. Basu and S. B. Majumder, Performance of Wet Chemical Synthesized
xLi2MnO3-(1-x)Li(Mn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25)O2 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Integrated Cathode for Lithium
Rechargeable Battery,J Electrochem Soc., 159, A1125-A1134 (2012).
67. S. Nag, S. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Development of Mixed Conducting Dense
Nickel/Ca-doped Lanthanum Zirconate Cermet for Gas Separation Application,Materials
Research Bulletin, 47, 925-929 (2012).
68. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu, Engineered
anode structure for enhanced electrochemical performance of anode-supported planar
solid oxide fuel cell,International J. Hydrogen Energy, 37,2524-2534 (2012).
69. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu,High
Performance Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabricated with Ni-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
anode Prepared by Electroless Technique,Int. J. Applied Ceramic Technology, 9 999-
1010 (2012).
70. Manab Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, LiSb3O8 as a Prospective Anode Material for
Lithium-ion Battery, Int. Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 9, 876-880(2012).
71. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, In-situ
Patterned Intra-anode Triple Phase Boundary in SOFC Electroless Anode: An
Enhancement of Electrochemical Performance, International J. Hydrogen Energy,36,
7677-7682 (2011).
72. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu, Li3SbO4 :A New High Rate Anode Material for
Lithium-ion Batteries, Materials Letters, 65 (2011) 1105-1107.
73. M. Kundu, S. Mahanty and R.N. Basu,Lithium Hexaoxo Antimonate as an Anode Material
for Lithium-ion Battery,Nanomaterials & Energy, 1 (2011) 51-56.
74. T. Dey, P. C. Ghosh, D. Singdeo, Manaswita Bose and R.N. Basu,Diagnosis of Scale up
Issues Associated with Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 9967-
9976 (2011).
75. Vinila Bedekar, Saheli Patra, A. Dutta, R. N. Basu and A.K. Tyagi, Ionic Conductivity
studies on Neodymium doped Ceria in different atmospheres, International J. Nano
Technology, 7, 9-12 (2010).
76. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Effect of
BaO addition on magnesium lanthanum aluminoborosilicate-based glass-ceramic sealant
for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 272 –
283 (2010).
143
77. A. Dutta, A. Kumar and R.N. Basu, Sinterability and ionic conductivity of 1% cobalt doped
in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2- prepared by combustion synthesis, Electrochemistry Communications,
11, 699-701 (2009).
78. A. Dutta, Saheli Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R.N. Basu, Nano-crystalline
gadolinium doped ceria: combustion synthesis and electrical characterization, J. Nano
Sci. Nanotechnology, 9, 3075–3083 (2009).
79. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Ball mill
assisted synthesis of Ni-YSZ cermet anode by electroless technique and their
characterization, Materials Science & Engineering B, 163 (2009) 120-127.
80. A. Dutta, J. Mukhopadhyay, and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis and characterization
of LSCF-based materials as cathode of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells,J.
European Ceramic Soc., 29 (10), 2003-2011 (2009).
81. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, A. Dutta and J. Mukhopadhyay, Processing of high
performance anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell, International J. Hydrogen
Energy, 33 (20), 5748-5754 (2008).
82. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Development and
characterizations of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic sealants for intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Non-cryst. Solids, 354, 4081-4088 (2008).
83. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee and R.N. Basu, Influence of sorption kinetics for zirconia
sensitization in solid oxide fuel functional anode prepared by electroless technique,J.
Power Sources, 175, 749-759 (2008).
84. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, and R.N. Basu, Glass-based sealants for
application in planar solid oxide fuel cell stack, Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc., 67 (4), 161-
182 (2008) – A Review Article.
85. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, Novel glass-ceramic sealants
for planar IT-SOFC: A Bi-layered approach for joining electrolyte and metallic
interconnect, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155 (5), B473-B478 (2008).
86. A. Goel, D.U. Tulyaganov, S. Agathopoulos, M.J. Ribeiro, R.N. Basu, and J.M.F. Ferreira,
Diopside–Ca-Tschermak clinopyroxene based glass–ceramics processed via sintering
and crystallization of glass powder compacts, J. European Ceramic Soc.,27 (5), 2325-
2331 (2007).
87. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke,
Simplified Processing of Anode-supported Thin Film Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J.
Euro. Ceram. Soc. 25, 463-471 (2005).
88. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and D. Stöver, Interface reactions during co-firing of solid
oxide fuel cell components, J. Materials Processing Technology, 147, 85-89 (2004).
144
89. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver, Microstructure and
electrical conductivity of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 prepared by combustion synthesis routes,
Materials Research Bulletin, 39, 1335-1345 (2004).
90. R.N. Basu, F. Tietz, O. Teller, E. Wessel, H.P. Buchkremer and D. Stöver, LaNi 0.6Fe0.4O3
as a cathode contact material for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Solid State Electrochem., 7,
416-420 (2003).
91. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Fabrication of dense zirconia electrolyte films for
tubular solid oxide fuel cells by electrophoretic deposition, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (1), 33-
40 (2001).
92. R.N. Basu, O. Altin, M.J. Mayo, C.A. Randall and S. Eser, Pyrolytic carbon deposition on
porous cathode tubes and its use as an interlayer for solid oxide fuel cell zirconia
electrolyte fabrication, J. Electrochemical Society, 148, A506-512 (2001).
93. C.A. Randall, J. Van Tassel, A. Hitomi, A. Daga, R.N. Basu and M. Lanagan,
Electroceramic device opportunities with electrophoretic deposition, J. Materials
Education, 22 (4-6), 131-40 (2000) (An invited Review Article).
94. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Free standing sintered ceramic films from
electrophoretic deposition, Japanese J. Applied Physics, (Part 1), 38 (11), 6462-6465
(1999).
95. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Diffusion bonding of rigid zirconia pieces using
electrophoretically deposited particulate interlayers, K. Ozturk, Scripta Materialia, 41 (11),
1191-1195 (1999).
96. R. N. Basu, A Das Sharma, J Mukhopadhyay and Atanu Dutta, Fabrication of anode-
supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Special Bulletin in Fuel Cell of Indian Association of
Nuclear Chemists and Allied Scientists (IANCS), Volume III (No.3), pp 229-238, 2009.
97. R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Fuel Cells: Journey towards a new energy era, Science and
Culture, 71 (5-6), 168-77 (2005).
98. Snehashis Biswas, A. Das Sharma, Amlan Buragohain, C.V.Stayanarayana and R.N.
Basu, Ni-Zr0.75Ce0.25O2-δ composite as a steam methane reformable SOFC anode,
Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1235-1244 (2013).
99. J. Mukhopadhyay and R.N. Basu, Spray Pyrolysis Assisted Synthesis of Doped Barium
Ferrite and Lanthanum Barium Ferrite based SOFC Cathodes with Tailored Particulate
Size and Morphology, Electrochemical Soc. Transactions, 57, 1945-1955 (2013).
100. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu,
Multilayered SOFC Anode Structure with Electroless Ni-YSZ for Enhancement of Cell
Performance, Electrochemical Soc. Transaction, 35, 1293-1302 (2011).
101. Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay, A. Das Sharma and R.N. Basu, Use of
electroless anode active layer in anode supported planar SOFC, Electrochemical Soc.
Transactions, 25, 2267 – 2275 (2009).
145
102. A. Dutta, H. Götz, Saswati Ghosh and R.N. Basu, Combustion synthesis of
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.98Ni0.02O3 cathode and evaluation of its electrical and electrochemical
properties for IT-SOFC, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 25, 2657 - 2666(2009).
103. J. Mukhopadhyay, M. Banerjee, A. Das Sharma, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti Development
of functional SOFC anode, Electrochemical Society Transactions, 7, 1563-1572 (2007).
104. R.N. Basu, N. Knott and A. Petric, Development of a CuFe 2O4 interconnect coating,
Proceedings of the9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX),
Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 2, 1859-1865, The Electrochemical Society Inc.,
Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).
105. R.N. Basu, X. Deng, I. Zhitomirsky and A. Petric, Fabrication of cathode supported SOFC
by colloidal processing, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide
Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), J. Duquette, Eds., S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, Vol. 1, pp. 482-
488, The Electrochemical Society Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. (2005).
106. R.N. Basu, G. Blaß, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, F. Tietz, E. Wessel and I.C. Vinke,
Fabrication of simplified anode supported planar SOFCs – A recent attempt, The
Proceedings of the7th International Symposium on SOFCs (SOFC-VII), Eds. H.
Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., 995-1001 (2001).
107. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Electrophoretic deposition of a high density
electrolyte film–A fugitive interlayer approach, Proceedings of the6th Intl. Symp. on Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-VI) in Hawaii, USA, Eds. S.C. Singhal and M. Dokiya, The
Electrochemical Soc. Inc. , 153-62 (1999).
108. R.N. Basu, C.A. Randall and M.J. Mayo, Development of zirconia electrolyte films on
porous doped lanthanum manganite cathodes by electrophoretic deposition, 303-308 in
New Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells (MRS Proceedings Vol. 575). Edited by D.H.
Doughty, H-P. Brack K. Noi and L.F. Nazar. The Materials Research Society,
Warrendale, PA (2000).
109. S.C. Paulson, H. Ling, R.N. Basu, A. Petric, V.I. Birss, Use of spinel-coated ferritic
stainless steel to prevent chromium transfer to SOFC cathodes, Proceedings of the 26th
RisØ International Symposium of Materials Science: Solid State Electrochemistry, Eds.,
S. Linderoth, A. Smith, N. Bonanos, A. Hagen, L. Mikkelsen, K. Kammer, D. Lybye, P. V.
Hendriksen, F. W. Poulsen, M. Mogensen and W. G. Wang, RisØ National Laboratory,
Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 305-310 (2005).
110. S. Basu, P. Sujatha Devi, and N. R. Bandyopadhyay (2013) Sintering and densification
behavior of pure and alkaline earth (Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+) substituted La2Mo2O9, J. Euro.
Ceram. Soc. 33, 79-85.
111. S. Banerjee, K. Priolkarand P. Sujatha Devi*(2011) Enhanced ionic conductivity in an
otherwise poorly conducting Ce0.90Ca0.10O2-system, Inorg. Chem. 50, 711-713.
146
112. A.Kumar and P. Sujatha Devi* (2011) New cathode compositions based on
La0.84Sr0.16Mn1-xMxO3, where M= Al, Ga for solid oxide fuel cell, Mater. Res. Bull. 46, 303-
307.
113. P. Sujatha Devi, A. Kumar, D. Bhattacharya, S. Karmakar and B.K. Chaudhuri (2010)
Correlation between electroresistance and extrinsic magnetoresistance in fine-grained
La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, Jap. J. Appl. Phys.49, 083001
114. S. Banerjee and P. Sujatha Devi* (2010) Towards achieving nano-structured sintered
ceramics with high stability for SOFC applications: Ce1–xMxO2–, M = Gd, Sm: interesting
examples, Int. J. Nanotechnol. 7, 1150-1165.
115. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2008) Understanding the effect of calcium on the
properties of Ceria prepared by a mixed fuel process, Solid State Ionics 179, 661–669.
116. P. Sujatha Devi* and S. Banerjee (2008) Search for New Oxide Ion Conducting Materials
in the Ceria Family of Oxides- Ionics, 14, 73-78.
117. S. Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi*, D. Topwal, S. Mandal, and S. R. Krishnakumar (2007)
Enhanced ionic conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: unique effect of calcium co-doping. Adv.
Funct. Mater.17, 2847-2854.
118. S.Banerjee, P. Sujatha Devi* (2007) Sinter-active nanocrystalline CeO2 powder prepared
by a mixed fuel process: Effect of fuel on particle agglomeration, J. Nanopart. Res. 9,
1097-1107.
119. L. Besra, C. Compson and M. Liu. Electrophoretic deposition of YSZ particles on porous
non-conducting NiO-YSZ for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. J. Am
Ceram.Soc. 89 (10), 2006, pp. 3003-3009.
120. Besra, L. Zha and M. Liu. Preparation of NiO-YSZ/YSZ Bi-layers for Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition. J. Power Sources. 160, 2006, 207-214 (2007)
121. Electrophoretic deposition of doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP
Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).
122. S Panigrahi, L Besra, BP Singh, SP Sinha, S Bhattacharjee, Electrophoretic deposition of
doped ceria in anti-gravity set-up, Advanced Powder Technology 22 (5), 570-575 (2011).
123. S Nayak, BP Singh, L Besra, TK Chongdar, NM Gokhale, S Bhattacharjee, Aqueous tape
casting using organic binder: A case study with YSZ, Journal of the American Ceramic
Society 94 (11), 3742-3747 (2011).
BARC
147
125. Dilatometric and High Temperature X-ray Diffractometric studies of La1-xMxCrO3 (M=Sr2+,
Nd3+, x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) compounds, M. D. Mathews, B. R. Ambekar and
A. K. Tyagi, Thermochimica Acta 390 (2002) 61
126. Fuel Cells – the environmental friendly energy option for the future, S.R. Bharadwaj,
ISEST News Letter, 8 (2002) 9
127. SOFC : Research & Development Activities in MPD, BARC, A. Ghosh, A. K. Sahu, A. K.
Gulnar, S. Sahoo, M. R. Gonal, D. D. Upadhyaya, Ram Prasad and A. K. Suri,
Proceedings of the National Seminar on Fuel Cell: Materials, Systems & Accessories,
held at Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath on 25-26 September 2003, pp.
176-185
128. Thermochemistry of La2O2CO3 decomposition, A.N. Shirsat, M.Ali(Basu), K.N.G. Kaimal,
S.R. Bharadwaj and D. Das, Thermochim. Acta, 399 (2003) 167
129. Studies on Chemical Compatibility of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite with Yttria
Stabilized Zirconia, A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, P. Sengupta and K. Bhanumurthy,
Mater. Letts., 58 (2004) 3332
130. Phase relations, lattice thermal expansion in CeO2-Gd2O3 system, and stabilization of
cubic gadolini, V. Grover and A. K. Tyagi, Mater. Res. Bull. 39 (2004) 859-866
131. Thermodynamic Stability of SrCeO3, A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D.
Das, J. Solid State Chemistry, 177 (2004) 2007-2013
132. Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite, A. Ghosh, A. K.
Sahu, A. K. Gulnar and A. K. Suri, Scripta Materialia, 52 (2005) 1305
133. Effect of Ni substitution on the crystal structure and thermal expansion behavior of
(La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3, R.V.Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Materials Letters, 59
(2005) 2799-2803
134. Thermochemical studies on RE2O2CO3 (RE = Gd, Nd) decomposition, A.N. Shirsat,
K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 66 (2005)
1122-1127
135. “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline La(Ca)CrO3 through a Novel Gel Combustion Process and
its Characterization”, Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, Deep Prakash, P.K. Sinha and A. K.
Tyagi, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 756-761, (2006)
136. Synthesis, characterization and redox nehavior of nano-size La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.8Fe0.2O3- , M.R.
Pai, B.N Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj., J. Indian Chemical Society 83 (2006) 336-341
137. Physicochemical studies on NiO-GDC composites, R.V. Wandekar, M. Ali (Basu), B.N.
Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Mater.Chem.Phys. 99 (2006) 289-294
138. Nano Structured Ni based Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFC, R.V.
Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-
Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 36 (2006) 121-125
148
139. Combustion Synthesis, Powder Characteristics, and Shrinkage Behavior of a Gadolinia–
Ceria System, R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, and B.P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
89 [12] (2006) 3871–3873
140. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Development of novel perovskite based ion
conductor”, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1184-1193.
141. “Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell based on BaIn 0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte”, D.
Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y. Piffard, Journal of Power Sources,
167, (2007), 111-117
142. “Design and evaluation of SOFC based on BaIn 0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte and Ni/
BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 cermet anode”, D. Prakash, T. Delahaye, O. Joubert, M.-T. Caldes, Y.
Piffard, P. Stevens, ECS Transactions, 7 (1), 2343-2340, (2007)
143. Low-Temperature Sintering and Mechanical Property Evaluation of Nanocrystalline 8
mol% Yttria Fully Stabilized Zirconia, A. Ghosh, A. K. Suri, B. T. rao and T.R.
Ramamohan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [7] 2015–23 (2007)
144. Phase Transition in Sm0.95MnO3, B. N. Wani, R.V. Wandekar and S. R. Bharadwaj, J
Alloys and Comp. 437 (2007) 53-57
145. High temperature Thermal Expansion and Electrical Conductivity of Ln 0.95MnO3(Ln =
La, Nd and Gd), R.V. Wandekar, B. N. Wani and S. R. Bharadwaj, J. Alloys and
Compounds, 433 (2007) 84-90
146. Low Temperature sintering of La(Ca)CrO3 powder prepared through combustion process,
Sathi Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi, P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
91 (2008) 88-91
147. Combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Zr0.80Ce0.20O2: Detailed investigations of the
powder properties V. Grover, S. V. Chavan, P. U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp.
457 (2008) 498-505
148. Ionic Conductivity Enhancement in Gd2Zr2O7 Pyrochlore by Nd Doping, B.P.Mandal,
S.K.Deshpande and A.K.Tyagi, J. Mater. Res. 23 (2008) 911-916
149. Role of glycine-to-nitrate ratio in influencing the powder characteristics of La(Ca)CrO 3
Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, A. K. Tyagi,P. K. Sinha and B. P. Sharma, Mater Res. Bull.
43 (2008) 1573-1582
150. Combustion synthesis of gadolinia doped ceria using glycine and urea fuels, R.K. Lenka,
T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha, A.K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 466 (2008) 326-329
151. Correlation of Electrical Conductivity with Microstructure in 3Y-TZP System: From Nano
to Submicrometer Grain Size Range, A. Ghosh, G. K. Dey, and A. K. Suri, J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., 91 [11] 3768–3770 (2008)
152. Thermochemistry of decomposition of RE2O2CO3 (RE = Sm, Eu), A.N. Shirsat, S.R.
Bharadwaj, D. Das, Thermochimica Acta, 477 (2008) 38-41
149
153. High temperature studies on Nd0.95MnO3 ± δ, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj,
Materials Letters, Volume 62, Issue 19, 15 July 2008, Pages 3422-3424
154. Development of high temperature PC based four probe electrical conductivity
measurement set up, N. Manoj, S.R. Bharadwaj, K.C. Thomas and C.G.S. Pillai, J.
Instrum. Soc. India 38 (2008) 103-108,
155. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Study on ionic and electronic transport
properties of calcium doped GdAlO3", J. Electrochemical Soc. 155 (3) (2008) B309-B314.
156. “Fabrication of Cathode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Deep Prakash and P. K.
Sinha, IANCAS Bulletin, vol.VIII (3), 239-244, (2009)
157. Sr-doped LaCoO3 through acetate-nitrate combustion: effect of extra oxidant
NH4NO3Sathi R. Nair, R. D. Purohit, P. K. Sinha and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys Comp. 477
(2009) 644-647
158. Nano-crystalline Gadolinium Doped Ceria: Combustion Synthesis and Electrical
Characterization, A. Dutta, S. Patra, Vinila Bedekar, A.K. Tyagi and R. N. Basu, J.
Nanosci & Nanotech. 9 (2009) 3075-3083
159. Structural Investigations of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 by X-ray and Neutron Scattering, A. K. Patra,
Sathi Nair, P.U. Sastry and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys and Comp. 475 (2009) 614-618
160. Nano crystalline Nd2-yGdyZr2O7 pyrochlore: Facile synthesis and electrical
characterization, B. P. Mandal, A. Dutta, S. K. Deshpande, R. N. Basu and A. K. Tyagi, J.
Mater. Res. 24 (2009) 2855-2862
161. Characterization of porous lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and development of
yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating A. K. Sahu, A. Ghosh and A. K. Suri, Ceram. Int.,
35 (2009) 2493
162. Research on Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operated at Intermediate
Temperatures, S.R. Bharadwaj, IANCAS Bulletin, Vol. VIII (2009) 201-213
163. Preparation, Characterization and the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of La 0.95MnO3+δ
and Sm0.95MnO3+δ , R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, D. Das and S.R. Bharadwaj,
Thermochim. Acta, 493 (2009) 14-18
164. Phase transition in LAMOX type compounds, M. Ali (Basu), B.N. Wani and S.R.
Bharadwaj, J of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 96 (2009) 463-468
165. Crystal structure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and compatibility studies of
Co-substituted lanthanum strontium manganite system, R.V. Wandekar, B.N. Wani, S.R.
Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences, 11 (2009) 240 – 250
166. Amit Sinha, B.P. Sharma and P. K. Sinha, ”Preparation of high purity sub-micron
spheroidal zirconia powder from impure zirconium salt through polyol route”, Transaction
of Powder Metallurgy Association of India (TRANS-PMAI), 35 (2009) 13-16.
167. “Development of Ca-doped LaCrO3 feed material and its plasma coating for SOFC
applications” R. D. Purohit, Sathi R. Nair, Deep Prakash, P. V. Padmanabhan, P. K.
150
Sinha, B. P. Sharma, K.P.Sreekumar, P.V.Ananthapadmanabhan, A.K.Das and
L.M.Gantayet, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 208 012125 (2010)
168. “Effect of cathode functional layer on the electrical performance of tubular solid oxide fuel
cell”, Deep Prakash, R K Lenka, A K Sahu, P K patro, P K Sinha, and A K Suri, ASME
2010 International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: vol. 2,
pp. 433-438, (2010).
169. Ionic Conductivity studies on Neodymia doped Ceria in different atmospheres, Vinila
Bedekar, Saheli Patra, Atanu Dutta, R. N. Basu, A. K. Tyagi, Int. J. Nanotech. 7 (2010)
1178-1186
170. Synthesis and Sintering of Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate, Ashok K. Sahu, Abhijit
Ghosh, Soumyajit Koley and Ashok K. Suri, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI:
Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 31(2010)99-105
171. Nano-Crystalline Yttria Samaria Codoped Zirconia : Comparison of Electrical Conductivity
of Microwave & Conventionally Sintered Samples, Soumyajit Koley, Abhijit Ghosh, Ashok
Kumar Sahu and Ashok Kumar Suri, Advanced Processing and Manufacturing
Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials IV: Ceramic Engineering and
Science Proceedings 31(2010)113-126
172. Synthesis and characterization of electrolyte-grade 10%Gd-doped ceria thin film/ceramic
substrate structures for solid oxide fuel cells, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R. Bharadwaj, L.D.
Jadhav, Thin Solid Films, 519 (2010) 650-657
173. Fabrication of 10% Gd doped ceria (GDC) NiO – GDC half cell for low or intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells using spray pyrolysis, M.G. Chourashiya, S.R.
Bharadwaj and L.D. Jadhav, J. Solid State Electrochemistry 14 (2010) 1869-1875
174. Thermophysical properties of solid oxide fuel cell materials, S.R. Bharadwaj, Proceedings
of 5th National Conference on Thermophysical Properties, AIP Conference Proceedings,
Springer, Volume 1249 (2010) pages 3-10
175. Disparity in properties of 20 mol % Eu doped ceria synthesized by different routes, R.V.K.
Wandekar, B.N. Wani and S.R. Bharadwaj, Solid State Sciences 12 (2010) 8-14
176. Influence of grain size on the bulk and grain boundary ion conduction behavior in
gadolinia-doped ceria, Solid State Ionics 181 (2010) 262–267. R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata,
A.K. Tyagi, and P.K. Sinha
177. Development of Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-–GDC composite cathode for solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Solid State Ionics 181 (29-30),
1378-1386 (2010).
178. Amit Sinha, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, H. Näfe, “Study on phase evolution of Gd(Al 1-
Gax)O3 system” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (2010) 325–330.
x
151
179. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the
determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor”
Electrochimica Acta, 55 (2010) 8766–8770.
180. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Synthesis of Gadolinium Aluminate
Powder through Citrate Gel Route”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 502 (2010) 396–
400.
181. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, , “Effect of electrode polarisation on the
determination of electronic conduction properties of an oxide ion conductor”
Electrochimica Acta 55 (2010) 8766–8770.
182. Sm2-xDyxZr2O7 pyrochlores: Probing order-disorder dynamics and multifunctionality,
Farheen N. Sayed, V. Grover, K. Bhattacharyya, D. Jain, A. Arya, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K.
Tyagi, Inorganic Chemistry 50 (2011) 2354-2365
183. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nanocrystalline cobalt doped
lanthanum strontium ferrite, Chaubey Nityanand, Wani Bina Nalin, Bharadwaj Shyamala
Rajkumar, Chattopadhyaya Mahesh Chandra ,Solid State Sciences, 13 (2011) 1022-
1030
184. Crystal structure, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and chemical compatibility
studies of nanocrystalline Ln0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (Ln=Nd,Sm,Gd), Nityanand Chaubey,
Dheeraj Jain, B.N.Wani, C.G.S.Pillai, S.R.Bharadwaj ,M.C.Chattopadhyaya , J. Indian
Chemical Society, 88 (2011) 127-139.
185. Some studies on the phase formation and kinetics in TiO 2 containing lithium aluminum
silicate glasses nucleated by P2O5, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 106[3]
(2011) 839. A. Ananthanarayanan, A.Dixit, R.K. Lenka, R.D.Purohit, V.K. Shrikhande,
G.P. Kothiyal.
186. Amit Sinha, S. R. Nair and P. K. Sinha, “Single step synthesis of GdAlO 3 powder”,
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 4774-4780.
187. M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, Fabrication and characterization of large
anode supported half cells for SOFC application, Proceedings of Fundamentals and
Developments of Fuel Cells Conference 2011, Grenoble, France. (ISBN-978-2-7466-
2970-7)
188. Improved ionic conductivity in NdGdZr2O7: Influence of Sc3+ substitution, Farheen N.
Sayed, B. P. Mandal, D. Jain, C. G. S. Pillai and A. K. Tyagi, Eur. J. Ceram. Soc. 32
(2012) 3221-3228
189. Tunability of structure from ordered to disordered and its impact on ionic conductivity
behavior in Nd2-yHoyZr2O7 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 2.0) system, Farheen N. Sayed, Dheeraj Jain, B.P.
Mandal, C.G.S. Pillai, A.K. Tyagi, RSC Advances 2 (2012) 8341-8351
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190. Synthesis and characterization of GdCoO3 as a potential SOFC cathode material, R.K.
Lenka,T. Mahata, P. K. Patro, A.K. Tyagi, P.K. Sinha, J. Alloys Comp. 537 (2012) 100-
105
191. Perovskite based electrolyte materials for proton conducting SOFCs, Pooja Sawant, S
Varma, B N Wani, S R Bharadwaj, SMC Bulletin, Vol. 3 (2012) 24-28,
192. Synthesis and Characterization of YSZ by Spray Pyrolysis Technique , L.D. Jadhav, A.P.
Jamale, S.R. Bharadwaj, Salil Varma, C.H. Bhosale, Applied Surface Science, 258
(2012) 9501-9504,
193. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of doped ZrO2 system, S. Basu, Salil Varma, A. N.
Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A. Chakrabarti, S. N. Jha, D. Bhattacharyya, J of
Appl Phys 111 (2012) 053532
194. Effect of variation of NiO on properties of NiO/GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) nano
composites Original Research Article, A.U. Chavan, L.D. Jadhav, A.P. Jamale, S.P. Patil,
C.H. Bhosale, S.R. Bharadwaj, P.S. Patil, Ceramics International, 38 (2012) 3191-3196
195. Influence of synthesis route on morphology and conduction behavior of BaCe 0.8Y0.2O3−δ,
Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj , J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry,
107 (2012) 185-195
196. Synthesis, stability and conductivity of BaCe0.8−xZrxY0.2O3−δ as electrolyte for proton
conducting SOFC, Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, B.N. Wani, S.R. Bharadwaj, International J
of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3848-3856
197. Fabrication of Ni-YSZ anode supported tubular SOFC through iso-pressing and co-firing
route, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012) 3874-3882, T Mahata, Sathi R
Nair, R K Lenka and P K Sinha.
198. Formation of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes on carbon black in a fluidized bed,
Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14[3] (2012) art. no. 728. K. Dasgupta, D.Sen,
T.Mazumdar, R.K.Lenka, R.Tewari, SMazumder, J.B. Joshi, S. Banerjee.
199. Fabrication and Characterization of Anode supported BaIn 0.3Ti0.7O2.85 Thin Electrolyte for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, M. Rieu, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, International Journal
of Applied Ceramic Technology, (2012)
200. Novel materials for air/oxygen electrode applications in Solid Oxide Cells, P.K. Patro,
R.K. Lenka, T. Mahata, P.K. Sinha. Society of Materials Chemistry Bulletin, 3(3), 18-22
(2012).
201. Microstructural Development of Ni- Ce10ScSZ cermet electrode for Solid Oxide
Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) application, P. K. Patro, T. Delahaye, E. Bouyer, P. K. Sinha,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (4) , 3865-3873 (2012).
202. Amit Sinha, H. Näfe, B. P. Sharma, P. Gopalan, “Studies on phase evolution and
electrical conductivity of barium doped gadolinium aluminate”, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 536 (2012) 204–209.
153
203. Probing the local structure and phase transitions of Bi4V2O11 based fast ionic conductors
by combined Raman and XRD studies, S. J. Patwe, A. Patra, A. Roy, R. M. Kadam, S. N.
Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96 (2013) 3448-3456
204. High temperature structure, dielectric and ion conduction properties of orthorhombic
InVO4, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96
(2013) 166-173
205. Phase evolution and oxide ion conduction behavior of Dy1-xBixO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.50)
composite system, Vasundhara, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, S. N. Achary and A. K. Tyagi,
RSC Advances 3(2013) 236-244
206. Nano-crystalline La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 and NiO-YSZ bycombustion of metal nitrate-Citric
acid/glycine gel – Phase evolution and Powder characteristics, M. B. Kakade, K.
Bhattacharyya, R. Tewari, R. J. Kshirsagar, A. K. Tyagi, S. Ramanathan, G. P. Kothiyal
and D. Das, Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, 72 (2013)182
207. Synergic effect of V2O5 and P2O5 on the sealing properties of barium-strontium-alumino-
silicate glass/glass-ceramics, K. Sharma, G. P. Kothiyal, L. Montagne, F. Mayer, B.
Revel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 15542
208. Effect of ZrO2 on solubility and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses, M.
Goswami, Aparna Patil, and G P Kothiyal, AIP Conf. Proc. 1512 (2013) 548
209. Physicochemical properties of rare earth doped ceria Ce0.9Ln0.1O1.95 (Ln+ Nd,Sm,Gd) as
an electrolyte material for IT-SOFC/SOEC, Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani, S. R.
Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, Solid State Sciences, 20 (2013) 135-141
210. Influence of synthesis route on physicochemical properties of nanostructured electrolyte
material La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O32d for IT-SOFCs , Nityanand Chaubey, B. N. Wani,
S. R. Bharadwaj, M. C. Chattopadhyaya, J Therm Anal Calorim., 112 (2013) 155-164
211. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure study of Gd doped ZrO2 systems, S. Basu, Salil
Varma, A. N. Shirsat, B. N. Wani, S. R. Bharadwaj, A.Chakrabarti, S.N.Jha and D.
Bhattacharyya, J Appl Phys 113 (2013) 043508
212. “Effect of Ni concentration on phase stability, microstructure and electrical properties of
BaCe0.8Y0.2O3 cermet SOFC anode and its application in proton conducting ITSOFC”,
Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M. R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R. Bharadwaj,
Electrochimia Acta, vol.120, 80-85 (2014)
213. Grain boundary assisted enhancement of ionic conductivities in Yb 2O3-Bi2O3 composites,
K. Vasudhara, S. N. Achary, S. J. Patwe, A. K. Sahu, N. Manoj and A. K. Tyagi, J. Alloys
and Comp. 596 (2014) 151-157
214. A comparative study of proton transport properties of cerium (IV) and thorium (IV)
Phosphate, T. Parangi, B N Wani and U V Chudasama, Electrochimica Acta 148 (2014)
79-84,
154
215. Thermodynamic stability and impedance measurements of perovskite LuRhO 3(s) in the
Lu–Rh–O system, Aparna Banerjee,* Pooja Sawant, R. Mishra, S. R. Bharadwaj and A.
R. Joshi, RSC Advances, 4 (2014) 19953–19959
216. Effect of Ni Concentration on Phase Stability, Microstructure and Electrical properties of
BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ - Ni Cermet SOFC Anode and its application in proton conducting
ITSOFC , Pooja Sawant, S. Varma, M.R. Gonal, B.N. Wani, Deep Prakash, S.R.
Bharadwaj, Electrochimica Acta, 120, 20 (2014)80-85
217. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T. Mahata, P.K Sinha, Ceramics
International. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.04.021 (2014)
218. Effects of Gd and Sr co-doping in CeO2 for electrolyte application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC), Diwakar Kashyap, P.K.Patro, R.K.Lenka,T. Mahata, P.K Sinha Ceramics
International. 40(8) 11869-11875 (2014).
219. Thermodynamic Investigations on Barium Indate, A.N. Shirsat, S. Phapale, R. Mishra,
S.R. Bharadwaj, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 89 (2015) 228-232
220. Saradha, T, Subramania, A, Balakrishnan, K, Muzhumathi, S,Microwave-assisted
combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Sm-doped La2Mo2O9 oxide-ion conductors for
SOFC application, Mater. Res. Bull.68(2015)320-325
221. Ma, QL, Iwanschitz, B, Dashjav, E, Baumann, S, Sebold, D, Raj, IA, Mai, A, Tietz,
F,Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel
cells based on yttrium-substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, J. Power
Sources279(2015)678-685
222. Nesaraj, AS, Dheenadayalan, S, Raj, IA, Pattabiraman, R,Wet chemical synthesis and
characterization of strontium-doped LaFeO3 cathodes for an intermediate temperature
solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Ceram. Process. Res. 13(2012)601-606.
223. Microstructural variations and their influence on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells
based on yttrium substituted strontium titanate ceramic anodes, Qianli Ma, Boris
Iwanschitz, Enkhtsetseg Dashjav, Stefan Baumann, Doris Sebold, Irudayam Arul Raj,
Andreas Mai, Frank Tietz, J.Power Sources, 279 (2015)678-685.
224. Wet chemical synthesis and characterization of strontium doped LaFeO 3 cathodes for
Intermediate Temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, A.Samson Nesaraj,
S.Dheenadayalan, I. Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman, Journal of Ceramic Processing
research, 13,5(2012)601-606.
225. Preparation and Characterization of Ceria based Electrolytes for Intermediate
Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj, R. Pattabiraman,
Journal of Iranian Chemical Society, 7, 3 (2010)564-584.
155
226. Investigations of the quasi-ternary system LaMnO3 - LaCoO3 –“LaCuO3”. II: The series
LaMn0.25-xCo0.75-xCu2xO3 and LaMn0.75-xCo0.25-xCu2xO3, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, Q.X.Fu and
M.Zahid, Journal of Materials Science, (2009)44:4883-4891.
227. Y2Zr2O7 (YZ)-pyrochlore based oxide as an electrolyte material for intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)— Influence of Mn addition on YZ, M.
Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 108, Issue
1, 15 (2008) 102-108.
228. Chemical and Physical Properties of complex perovskites in the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-
La0.8Sr0.2 CuO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 system, Zahid, Mohsine, Arul Raj, Irudayam, Tietz,
Frank and Stoever, Detlev, Solid State Sciences, 9-8 (2007)706 -712.
229. Influence of air electrode electrocatalysts on performance of air-MH cells, M.V. Ananth, K.
Manimaran, I. Arul Raj and N. Sureka,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32-
17( 2007)4267- 4271.
230. Survey of the quasi-ternary system La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 - La0.8Sr0.2 CoO3 - La0.8Sr0.2FeO3,
F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj, M.Zahid, A.Mai and D.Stoever, Progress in Solid State
Chemistry, Volume 35, Issues 2-4( 2007) 539-543.Investigations on chemical
interactions between alternate cathodes and lanthanum gallate electrolyte for ITSOFC,
A.Samson Nesaraj, M.Kumar, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, J.Iranian Chemical
Society, 4( 2007)89-106.
231. Synthesis and investigations on the stability of La0.8Sr0.2CuO2.4+δ at high temperature,
M.Zahid, I. Arul Raj, W.Fischer, F.Tietz and J.M.Serra Alfaro, Solid State Ionics,
177(2006) 3205-3210. Impact Factor: 2.646.
232. Electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of La 0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Fe,Co)O3, F.Tietz, I.Arul
Raj, M.Zahid and D.Stoever, Solid State Ionics, 177(2006)1753- 1756.
233. Tape casting of Alternate electrolyte components for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. A. Samson
Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials
Science, 13,4(2006)347-356.
234. Electrical and sintering behaviour of Y2Zr2O7 (YZ) pyrochlore based material – the
influence of bismuth, M. Kumar, M.Anbu Kulandainathan, I.Arul Raj and R.Pattabiraman.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92(2005)303-309.
235. On the suitability of La0.60Sr0.40Co0.20Fe0.80O3 cathode for the Intermediate Temperature
solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC), I. Arul Raj, A.S.N.Nesaraj, M.Kumar, R.Pattabiraman,
F.Tietz, H.Buchkremer and D.Stoever, J. New Materials in Electrochemical Systems, 7(2)
(2004)145-151.
236. Statistical design of experiments for evaluation of Y-Zr-Ti oxides as anode materials in
solid oxide fuel cells, F.Tietz, I.Arul Raj and D.Stoever, British Ceramic Transactions,
103 (2004)202-207.
156
237. Synthesis and characterization of La0.9Sr0.40Ga0.6Mg0.2O3 electrolyte for Intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC), M.Kumar, A.Samson Nesaraj, I.Arul Raj and
R.Pattabiraman, Ionics,19(2004)93-98.
238. Oxides of AMO3 and A2MO4 type – structural stability, electrical conductivity and thermal
expansion, M.AL.Daroukh, V.V.Vashook, H.Ullmann, F.Tietz and I.Arul Raj, Solid State
Ionics, 158 (2003)141-150.
239. Preparation of zirconia thin films by tape casting technique as electrolyte material for solid
oxide fuel cells, A. Samson Nesaraj, I. Arul Raj and R. Pattabiraman, Indian Journal of
Engineering and Materials Science, 9 ( 2002) 58-64.
240. “Induced oxygen vacancies and their effect on the structural and electrical properties of a
fluorite-type CaZrO3- Gd2Zr2O7 system”Vaisakhan Thampi D. S, Prabhakar Rao P.,
Radhakrishnan A. N., 2015, New J. Chem., 39, 1469-1476.
241. “Influence of Ce substitution on the order-to-disorder structural transition, thermal
expansion and electrical properties in Sm 2Zr2-xCexO7 system”,Vaisakhan Thampi D. S.,
Prabhakar Rao P., Radhakrishnan A. N., RSC Adv., 4(24).,12321-12329.
242. “Role of Bond Strength on the Lattice Thermal Expansion and Oxide Ion Conductivity in
Quaternary Pyrochlore Solid Solutions” A. N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, S. K.
Mahesh, D. S. Vaisakhan Thampi, Peter Koshy, 2012, Inorg. Chem., 51, 2409−2419.
243. “Influence of disorder-to-order transition on lattice thermal expansion and oxide ion
conductivity in (CaxGd1-x)2(Zr1-xMx)2O7 pyrochlore solid solutions “, A. N. Radhakrishnan,
P. Prabhakar Rao,* K. S. Mary Linsa, M. Deepa and PeterKoshy, 2011, Dalton Trans.,
40, 3839-3848
244. ”Order - disorder Phase Transformations in Quaternary Pyrochlore Oxide system:
Investigated by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and Raman
spectroscopic techniques”, A.N. Radhakrishnan, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, M. Deepa
and Peter Koshy, 2009, J. Solid State Chem.,182, 2312–2318.
245. ”Oxide ion conductivity and relaxation in CaREZrNbO7 (RE= La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Y)
system”, K S Sibi, A.N. Radhakrishnan, M. Deepa, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter Koshy, 2009,
Solid State Ionics., 180, 1164–1172.
246. “New Perovskite type Oxides: NaATiMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or Ta) and their
electrical properties”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, Peter
Koshy and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Lett,. 62, 623–628.
247. “Ionic Conductivity in New Perovskite type Oxides: NaAZrMO6 (A = Ca or Sr; M = Nb or
Ta)”, Deepthi N. Rajendran, K. Ravindran Nair, P. Prabhakar Rao, K.S. Sibi, Peter Koshy
and V. K. Vaidyan, 2008, Mater. Chem. Phys., 109/2-3, 189-193.
NFTDC
157
248. Novel Co-Sintering Techniques for Fabricating Intermediate Temperature, Metal
Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-ms-SOFCs); SH Rahul, PKP Rupa, Nirmal Panda,
K Balasubramanian & VV Krishnan (NFTDC, India), RV Kumar (Univ of Cambridge, UK);
ECS Transactions, 57 (1) 857-866 (2013) 10.1149/05701.0857ecst (C), The
Electrochemical Society.
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158
258. 42. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance of Ni-CeO2-YSZ andNi-
Nb2O5-YSZ Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 57(1): 1545-1552 (2013)
259. 43. Rajalekshmi Chockalingam, Ashok K Ganguli, Suddhasatwa Basu Praseodymium
gadolinium doped ceria as a cathode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells, J
Power Sources 250, 80-89 (2014)
260. 44. Pankaj Kr Tiwari and Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance studies of electrolyte
supported solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-YSZ and Ni-TiO2-YSZ as anode, Journal of Solid
State Electrochemistry 18(3) 805-812 (2014)
261. 50. Gurpreet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Performance Studies of Copper-Iron/Ceria-Yttria
Stabilized Zirconia Anode for Electro-oxidation of Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int
J Energy Res, accepted (2015) DOI: 10.1002/er.3332. accepted (2015)
262. 52. Kapil Sood, K. Singh, Suddhasatwa Basu and O. P. Pandey, Preferential occupancy
of Ca2+ dopant in La1-x Cax InO3-δ (x = 0-0.20) perovskite: structural and electrical
properties, Ionics, in press (2015) DOI 10.1007/s11581-015-1461-8
263. J.K. Verma, A. Verma, and A.K. Ghoshal, “Performance Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
using Reformed Fuel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 9511-9518.
264. L.M. Aeshala, S.U. Rahman, and A. Verma, “Development of a Reactor for Continuous
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 using Solid Electrolyte”, ASME Proceedings, ES 2011,
1193-1199.
265. M. Ali Haider, Steven McIntosh, “The Influence of Grain Size
onLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ Thin Film Electrode Impedance” Journal of
TheElectrochemical Society, 158 (9) B1128-B1136, 2011
266. M. Ali Haider, Aaron J. Capizzi, Mitsuhiro Murayama and StevenMcIntosh, “Reverse
micelle synthesis of perovskite oxidenanoparticles” Solid State Ionics 196, 65–72, 2011
267. M. Ali Haider and Steven McIntosh, “Evidence for Two ActivationMechanisms in LSM
SOFC Cathodes” Journal of The ElectrochemicalSociety, 156(12), B1369-B1375, 2009
268. M. Ali Haider, Andrew A. Vance, and Steven McIntosh, “Activation ofLSM-based SOFC
Cathodes – Dependence of Mechanism on Polarization Time” ECS Transactions, 25 (2)
2293-2299 (2009)
269. T Dey, D Singdeo, A Pophale, M Bose, P C Ghosh (2014), “SOFC Power Generation
System by Bio-gasification” Energy Procedia 54, 748-755
270. Dey, D Singdeo, J Deshpande, P C Ghosh(2014), “Structural Analysis of Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell under Externally Applied Compressive Pressure” Energy Procedia54, 789-795
271. N. Mahato, A. Banerjee, A. Gupta, S. Omar, and Kantesh Balani,“Progress in Material
Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: AReview”. Progress in Materials Science,
January, 2015,doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.01.001
272. Kantesh Balani, “Solid Electrolytes: Emerging Global Competitors forSatisfying Energy
Needs” (Editorial). Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1 (5)(2012) pp 243-246.
159
273. A. Gupta, S. Sharma, N. Mahato, A. Simpson, S. Omar, Kantesh Balani,“Mechanical
Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8 mol%Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
Electrolyte”. Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 1(5) (2012) pp 306-315.
274. N. Mahato, A. Gupta, and Kantesh Balani, “Doped zirconia and ceriabased electrolytes
for solid oxide fuel cells: A review”. Nanomaterialsand Energy, Vol. 1 (1), 2011, pp 27-45.
275. N. Mahato, Amitava Banerjee, Alka Gupta, Shobit Omar and Kantesh Balani, "Progress in
Material Selection for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: A Review", Progress in
Materials Science, 72 141-337 (2015)
276. Abhinav Rai, Prashant Mehta and Shobit Omar, "Ionic Conduction Behavior in
SmxNd0.15-xCe0.85O2-", Solid State Ionics, 263, 190 196 (2014)
277. Shobit Omar, and Juan C. Nino, "Consistency in the Chemical Expansion of Fluorites - A
Thermal Revision of the Doped Ceria Case", Acta Materialia, 61 [13] 5406-5413 (2013).
278. Shobit Omar, Waqas bin Najib, Weiwu Chen, and Nikolaos Bonanos "Ionic conductivity of
co- doped Sc2O3-ZrO2 ceramics", American Institute of Physics Conference
Proceedings, 1461, 289- 293 (2012).
279. Alka Gupta, Samir Sharma, Neelima Mahato, Amanda Simpson, Shobit Omar and
Kantesh Balani, "Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Ceria Reinforced 8
mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte", Nanomaterials and Energy, 1 [5] 306-315
(2012).
280. Shobit Omar, Waqas Bin Najib, Weiwu Chen and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Electrical
Conductivity of 10 mol. % Sc2O3 - 1 mol.% M2O3 - ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of the
American Ceramics Society 95 1965-72 (2012).
281. Shobit Omar, 4+ Waqas Bin Najib and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Conductivity Ageing Studies
on 1M10ScSZ (M = Ce, Hf)", Solid State Ionics, 189 100-106 (2011).
282. Ageing Investigation of 1Ce10ScSZ in Different Partial Pressures of Oxygen", Solid State
Ionics, 184 2-5 (2011). Shobit Omar, Adriana Belda, Agustín Escardino and Nikolaos
Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity
283. Shobit Omar, and Nikolaos Bonanos, "Ionic Conductivity Ageing Behavior of 10 mol%
Sc2O3-1 mol% CeO2-ZrO2 Ceramics", Journal of Materials Science, 45 [23] 6406-6410
(2010).
284. Jin Soo Ahn, Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Performance of
Anode- Supported SOFC using Novel Ceria Electrolyte", Journal of Power Sources, 191
2131-2135 (2010).
285. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, Jacob L. Jones, and Juan C. Nino, "Crystal Structure-
Ionic Conductivity Relationships in Doped Ceria Systems", Journal of the American
Ceramics Society, 92 [11] 2674-2681 (2009).
286. Y. Chen, Shobit Omar, A. K. Keshri, K. Balani, K. Babu, Juan C. Nino, Sudipta Seal, and
Arvind Agarwal, "Ionic Conductivity of Plasma Sprayed Nanocrystalline YSZ Electrolyte for
160
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell", Scripta Materialia, 60 [11] 1023-1026 (2009).
287. Abhijit Pramanick, Shobit Omar, Juan C. Nino, and Jacob L. Jones, "Lattice Parameter
Determination Using Extrapolation Method for a Curved Position-Sensitive Detector in
Reflection Geometry and Application to Smx/2Ndx/2Ce1-xO2- Ceramics", Journal of Applied
Crystallography, 42 490-495 (2009).
288. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Conductivity Sm3+ and
Nd3+ Co- Doped Ceria Based Electrolyte Materials", Solid State Ionic, 178 [37-38] 1890-
1897 (2008).
289. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "Higher Ionic Conductive Ceria
Based Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", Applied Physics Letters, 91 [14] Art. No.
144106 (2007).
290. Shobit Omar, Eric D. Wachsman, and Juan C. Nino, "A Co-Doping Approach Towards
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42. S. Meenakshi, S. D. Bhat, A. K. Sahu, S. Alwin, P. Sridhar, S. Pitchumani, Natural and
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50. Verma, A., A. K. Jha, S. Basu “Manganese oxide as a cathode catalyst in flowing alkaline
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51. Verma, A., and Basu, S., ‘Direct use of alcohols and sodium boro hydride as fuel in an
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53. Verma, A., Sharma, A., and S. Basu, ‘Electro-oxidation study of methanol and ethanol in
alkaline medium in a fuel cell’ Ind. Chem Engr. 49(4) 330-340 (2007)
54. Verma, A, and S. Basu, ‘Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of A Direct
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56. Pramanik, H., and Basu, S., A Study on Process Parameters of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell,
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57. Phirani, J., and S. Basu, ‘Analyses of fuel utilization in micro-fluidic fuel cell’ J Power
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59. Basu, S., A. Agarwal, H Pramanik, ‘Improvement in performance of a direct ethanol fuel
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62. Pramanik, H., S. Basu, ‘Modeling and experimental validation of overpotentials of a direct
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63. D. Basu, S. Basu,’ A Study on Direct Glucose and Fructose Alkaline Fuel Cell,
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64. Awasthi, A., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Dynamic modeling and simulation of a proton exchange
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65. Basu, D., S. Basu, ‘Synthesis and Characterization of PtAu/C catalyst for Glucose
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66. Xu W., Tayal, J., S. Basu, K. Scott, ‘Nano-crystalline RuxSn1-xO2powder catalysts for the
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67. Tayal, J., B. Rawat, S. Basu, Bi-metallic and tri-metallic Pt-Sn/C, Pt-Ir/C, Pt-Ir-Sn/C
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Energy 36 (22) 14884-14897 (2011)
68. D. Basu, S. Basu, Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Platinum Based Bi-
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70. H. Pramanik, S. Basu, Cyclic Voltammetry of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Pt-based
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71. Wu X, Scott K, Basu S. Performance of a high temperature polymer electrolyte
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72. Tayal, J., Rawat, B., S. Basu, Effect of Addition of Rhenium to Pt-based Anode Catalysts
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73. Basu, D., S. Basu,‘Performance studies of Pd-Pt and Pt-Pd-Au catalyst for electro-
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74. J. Goel, S. Basu, ‘Pt-Re-Sn as metal catalysts for electro-oxidation of ethanol in direct
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75. D. Basu, S. Sood, S. Basu, ‘Comparison of Performance of Direct Glucose Alkaline and
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76. A. Ghosh, S. Basu, A. Verma Graphene and Functionalized Graphene Supported
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77. R. Pathak, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Direct
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78. Vinod Kumar Puthiyapura, Sivakumar Pasupathi, Suddhasatwa Basu, Xu Wu, Huaneng
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79. Varagunapandiyan Natarajan, Suddhasatwa Basu and Keith Scott, Effect of treatment
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proton exchange membrane water electrolysers, Intl J. Hydrogen Energy 38(36) 16623–
16630 (2013)
80. D. Basu, S. Basu, Mathematical Modeling of Overpotentials of Direct Glucose Alkaline
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81. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Effect of support materials on the performance of direct
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82. Gurpraeet Kaur, Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Carbon Deposition Behavior on Cu-
Co/CeO2-YSZ Anodes for Direct Butane Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 14(6), 1006–
1013 (2014)
83. Aseem Sharma and Suddhasatwa Basu, Study of Transient Behaviour of Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell Anode Degradation Using Percolation Theory, Ind Eng Chem Res 53 (51),
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84. B. B. Patil and S. Basu, Synthesis and Characterization of PdO-NiO-SDC Nano-Powder
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85. S. Badwal, S. Giddey, A. Kulkarni, J. Goel, S. Basu, Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells for
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86. Goel J and Suddhasatwa Basu, Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Validation
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88. L. Barbora, R. Singh, N. Shroti, and A. Verma, “Synthesis and Characterization of
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89. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, R. Singh, K. Scott, and A. Verma, “A Novel Composite Nafion
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90. L. Barbora, S. Acharya, and A. Verma, "Synthesis and Ex-situ Characterization of
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94. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, PVDF supported silica immobilized phosphotungstic acid
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95. J. Pandey, A. Shukla, Synthesis and characterization of PVDF supported silica
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96. N. Kumari, Nishant Sinha, M. Ali Haider, S. Basu, “CO2 Reduction toMethanol on CeO2
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of single PEM fuel cell performances based on current density distribution measurement”
J. Fuel Cell Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 3 pp. 351-357
109. P. C. Ghosh, T. Wüster, H. Dohle, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, (2006) „In-situ
approach for current distribution measurement in fuel cells”, J. Power Sources, Vol. 154
No. 1 pp. 184-191
110. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh, B. Bera, R. Devivaraprasad and M. Neergat, Role of surface
oxygenated-species and adsorbed hydrogen in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)
mechanism and product selectivity on Pd-based catalysts, Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics,2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00692a.
111. R. K. Singh, R. Devivaraprasad,T. Kar, A. Chakraborty and M. Neergat, Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a rotating disk electrode
configuration: effect of ionomer content and carbon support, Journal of The
Electrochemical Society, 162, F489–F498, 2015.
112. R. Rahul, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Effect of heat-treatment on Pd-based alloy
catalysts in enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 712, 223–229, 2014.
113. R. Devivaraprasad,R. Rahul, N. Naresh, T. Kar, R. K. Singh and M. Neergat, Oxygen
reduction reaction and peroxide generation on shape-controlled and polycrystalline
platinum nanoparticles in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, Langmuir, 30, 8995–9006,
2014.
114. R. K. Singh, R. Rahul and M. Neergat, Stability issues in Pd-based catalysts: the role of
surface Pt in improving the stability and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity,
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 13044–13051, 2013.
115. M. Neergat and R. Rahul, Unsupported Cu-Pt core-shell nanoparticles: oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR) catalyst with better activity and reduced precious metal content.Journal of
the Electrochemical Society, 159, F234–F241, 2012.
171
116. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. K. Singh, Oxygen reduction reaction and peroxide
generation on Ir, Rh, and their selenides – a comparison with Pt and RuSe, Journal of
The Electrochemical Society, 158, B1060–B1066, 2011.
117. M. Neergat, V. Gunasekar and R. Rahul, Carbon-supported Pd–Fe electrocatalysts for
oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their methanol tolerance, Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 658, 25–32, 2011.
118. Effect of Co+2/BH4- ratio in the synthesis of Co-B catalysts on sodium borohydride
hydrolysis.Joydev Manna, Binayak Roy, Manvendra Vashistha, and Pratibha
SharmaInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 406-413.
119. Zeolite supported cobalt catalysts for sodium borohydride hydrolysis. Joydev Manna,
Binayak Roy, Pratibha Sharma, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 490-491(2014) 213-217
120. Kinetic Analysis and Modelling of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane, Aneesh C.
Gangal and Pratibha Sharma International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 45 (2013) 452-461
121. Effect of Zeolites on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonia Borane. Aneesh C. Gangal,
Raju Edla, Kartik Iyer, Rajesh Biniwale, Manavendra Vashistha, and Pratibha Sharma
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37(2012)3712-3718.
122. Graphene/Nickel Nanofiber Hybrids for Catalytic and Microbial Fuel Cell
Applications by B. Kartick, S. K. Srivastava, and Amreesh Chandra Journal of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (in press) (2015)
123. Need for optimizing catalyst loading for achieving affordable microbial fuel
cells by Inderjeet Singh and Amreesh Chandra Bioresource Technology, 142, 77-
81 (2013)
124. MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalyst in Fuel Cells by Jatin Khera, Arvinder Singh,
Satish K. Mandal, and Amreesh Chandra Advanced Science, Engineering and
Medicine, 5, 1-6 (2013)
125. Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Trends by J. Khera and Amreesh ChandraProceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 82, 31-41 (2012)
126. Varanasi J L, Roy S, Pandit S, Das D, Improvement of energy recovery from cellobiose
by thermophillic dark fermentative hydrogen production followed by microbial fuel
cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40: 8311-8321, 2015.
127. Veerubhotla Ramya, Bandopadhyay Aditya, Das Debabrata and Chakraborty Suman,
Instant power generation from an air-breathing paper and pencil based bacterial bio-fuel
cell, Lab on a Chip, 15; 2580-2583, 2015.
128. Sinha Pallavi, Roy Shantonu, Das Debabrata, Role of formate hydrogen lyase complex in
hydrogen production in facultative anaerobes,International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.076)
172
129. Roy Shantonu, Banerjee Debopam, Dutta Mainak, Das Debabrata, Metabolically
redirected biohydrogen pathway integrated with biomethanation for improved gaseous
energy recovery, Fuel, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.060)
130. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Bera K, Pradhan D, and Das D, Application of PVA-PDDA polymer
electrolyte composite anion exchange membrane separator for improved bioelectricity
production in a single chambered microbial fuel cell, Chemical Engineering Journal, 257:
138-147, 2014.
131. Basak N, Jana AK and Das D, Optimization of molecular hydrogen production
by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the annular photobioreactor using response
surface methodology, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39: 11889-11901, 2014.
132. Pandit A, Khilaro S, Pradhan D, and Das D, Improvement of power generation using
Shewanella putrefaciens mediated bioanode in a single chambered Microbial Fuel Cell:
Effect of different anodic operating conditions, Bioresource Technology 166: 451-457,
2014.
133. Das D* and Laksmi Narasu M. Forward of International Conference on Advances in
Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 39: 7467, 2014.
134. Ghadge A, Pandit A, Das D and Ghangrkar M M, Performance of Air Cathode Earthen
Pot Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment with Bioelectricity
Generation, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 17:
143-153, 2014.
135. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Improvement of hydrogen production by
thermophilic isolate Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT BT-
ST1, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7541-7552, 2014.
136. Mishra P and Das D, Biohydrogen production from Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 using
distillery effluent, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 7496-7507, 2014.
137. Pandit A, Patel V, Ghangrkar M M and Das D, Wastewater as anolyte for bioelectricity
generation in graphite granule anode single chambered microbial fuel cell: effect of
current collector, International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management,
17: 252-267, 2014.
138. Pandit S, Balachandar G and Das D. Improvement of energy recovery from cane
molasses by dark fermentation followed by microbial fuel cells, Frontiers of Chemical
Science and Engineering, 8: 43-54, 2014.
139. Khilaro S, Pandit S, Das D and Pradhan D. Manganese cobaltite/polypyrrole
nanocomposite-based air-cathode for sustainable power generation in the single-
chambered microbial fuel cells , Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 54:534-540, 2014.
140. Roy S, Kumar K, Ghosh S and Das D. Thermophilic biohydrogen production using
pretreated algal biomass as substrate, Biomass and Bioenergy, 61:157-166, 2014.
173
141. Nayak BK, Roy S and Das D, Biohydrogen production from algal biomass (Anabaena sp.
PCC 7120) cultivated in airlift photobioreactor, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
39: 7553-7560, 2014.
142. Basak N, Jana AK, Das D and Saikia D. Photofermentative molecular biohydrogen
production by purple-non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria in various modes: the present progress
and future perspective, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 6853-6871, 2014.
143. Roy S, Vishnuvardhan M and Das D. Continuous thermophilic biohydrogen production in
packed bed reactor, Applied Energy, 136: 51-58, 2014.
144. Khanna N and Das D, Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation, WIREs Energy
Environ 2013, 2: 401–421
145. Kumar K, Roy S and Das D. Continuous mode of carbon dioxide sequestration by C.
sorokiniana and subsequent use of its biomass for hydrogen production by E.
cloacae IIT-BT, Bioresource Technology, 145: 116-122, 2013.
146. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D and Pradhan D. Graphene supported α-
MnO2 nanotubes as cathode catalyst for improved power generation and wastewater
treatment in single-chambered microbial fuel cells, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances,
3, 7902-7911, 2013.
147. Das D*. International Conference on Algal Biorefinery: A potential source of food, feed,
biochemicals, biofuels and biofertilizers (ICAB 2013), International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 38, 5410-7, 2013.
148. Laksmi Narasu M, Himabindu V, Das D*. International Conference on Advances in
Biological Hydrogen Production and Applications (ICABHPA 2012), International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 38, 6010-2, 2013.
149. Borse P and Das D, Advance Workshop Report on Evaluation of Hydrogen Producing
Technologies for Industry Relevant Application, ARCI, Hyderabad, India, 8-9 February
2013, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, 11470-11471, 2013.
150. Khilari S, Pandit S, Ghangrekar MM, Pradhan D and Das D. Graphene Oxide-
Impregnated PVA−STA Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Separator for Power
Generation in a Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell, Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 52 (33): 11597–606 , 2013.
151. Khanna N. Ghosh AK, Huntemann M, Deshpande S, Han J, Chen A, Kyrpides N,
Mavrommatis K, Szeto E, Markowitz V, Ivanova N, Pagani I, Pati A, Pitluck S, Nolan M,
Woyke T, Teshima H, Chertkov O, Daligault H, Davenport K, Gu W, Munk C, Zhang X,
Bruce D, Detter C, Xu Y, Quintana B, Reitenga K, Kunde Y, Green L, Erkkila T, Han C,
Brambilla E-M, Lang E, Klenk H-P, Goodwin L, Chain P, Das D. Complete genome
sequence of Enterobacter sp. IIT-BT 08: A potential microbial strain for high rate
hydrogen production, Stand. Genomic Sci. 9: 359-369, 2013.
174
152. Pandit S, Ghosh, S, Ghangrekar MM, Das D. Performance of an anion exchange
membrane in association with cathodic parameters in a dual chamber microbial fuel
cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37:7383-7392, 2012.
153. Khanna N, Kumar K, Todi S, Das D, Characteristics of cured and wild trains
of Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 for the improvement of
biohydrogenproduction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,37:11666-11676, 2012.
Pandit S, Nayak B, Das D, Microbial Carbon capture cell using cynobacteria for
simultaneous power generation,carbon dioxide sequestration and waste water
treatment, Bioresource Technology, 107:97-102, 2012.
154. Roy S and Das D, Improvement of hydrogen production with thermophilic mixed culture
from rice spent wash of distillery industry, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
37:15867-15874, 2012.
155. Ghosh S, Joy S, Das D. Multiple parameters optimization for maximization of hydrogen
production using defined microbial consortia, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 10:196-
201, 2011.
156. Khanna N, Kotay SM, Gilbert JJ, Das D. Improvement of biohydrogen production by
Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 under regulated pH, Journal of Biotechnology, 152:9-15,
2011.
157. Pandit S, Sengupta A, Kale S, Das D. Performance of electron acceptor in catholyte of a
two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange membrane, Bioresource
Technology, 102;2736-2744, 2011.
158. Gilbert JJ, Ray S, Das D. Hydrogen Production Using Rhodobacter
sphaeroides (O.U.001)In A Flat Panel Rocking Photobioreactor,International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 36;3434-3441, 2011.
159. Nath K, Das D. Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen
production, Bioresource Technology, 102;8569-8581, 2011.
160. Khanna N,Nag Dasgupta C,Mishra P, Das D, Homologous over expression of [FeFe]
hydrogenase in Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 to enhance hydrogen gas production
from cheese whey, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36;15573-15582, 2011.
161. Kotay SM, Das D. Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge bioaugmented with
a constructed microbial consortium, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35;10653-
10659, 2010
162. Dasgupta CN, Gilbert JJ, Lindblad P, Heidorn T, Borgvang SA, Skjanes K, Das D, Recent
trends on the development of photobiological processes and photobioreactors for the
improvement of hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
35;10218-38, 2010
163. D Das, Biohydrogen Production Technology, the present Senario, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3,
Issue-5, April 2010
175
164. D Das, Microbial Fuel Cell- A Promising Green Energy Production Technology
from WasteWater, Akshay Urja, Vol.-3, Issue-6, June 2010
165. Das Debabrata*. Advances in biohydrogen production processes: An approach towards
commercialization, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7349-57, 2009.
166. Basak Nitai*, Das Debabrata, Photofermentative hydrogen production using purple-non-
sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001in an annular photobioreactor: A case
study, Biomass and Bioenergy, 33:911-919, 2009.
167. Blackburn JM, Liang Y, Das D. Biohydrogen from Complex Carbohydrate Wastes as
Feedstocks-Cellulose degraders from a unique series enrichment, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 34:7428-34, 2009.
168. Pandey A, Sinha P, Kotay SM, Das D. Isolation and evaluation of a high H2-producing lab
isolate from cow dung, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7483-8, 2009.
169. Mohan Y, Das D. Effect of ionic strength, cation exchanger and inoculum age on the
performance of Microbial Fuel Cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7542-
6, 2009.
170. Dutta T, Das AK, Das D. Purification and characterization of [Fe]-hydrogenase from high
yielding hydrogen-producing strain, Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT08 (MTCC
5373), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7530-7, 2009.
171. Kotay SM, Das D. Novel dark fermentation involving bioaugmentation with constructed
bacterial consortium for enhanced biohydrogen production from pretreated sewage
sludge, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:7489-96, 2009.
172. Nath K, Das D*. Effect of light intensity and initial pH during hydrogen production by an
integrated dark and photofermentation process, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 34:7497-501, 2009.
173. Das D*, Veziroglu TN. Advances in biological hydrogen production
processes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:6046-57, 2008.
174. Nath K, Muthukumar M, Kumar A, Das D*. Kinetics of two-stage fermentation process for
the production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:1195-1203,
2008.
175. Das D*, Khanna N, Veziroglu TN. Recent developments in biological hydrogen production
processes, Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly (CI &CEQ), 14 (2): 57-
67, 2008.
176. Mohan Y, S. Manoj Muthu Kumar, Das D*. Electricity generation using microbial fuel
cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:423-426, 2008.
177. Kotay SM, Das D*. Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource - prospects and
potentials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:258-263, 2008.
178. Das D, International workshop on biohydrogen production technology (IWBT 2008),
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 2627-2628, 2008.
176
179. Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen
doped TiO2 catalyst, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan, R.P.Viswanath and C S Gopinath,
Chemistry of Materials, 17 (25) 6349-6353 (2005).
180. Magnesium and magnesium alloy hydrides, P.Selvam, B.Viswanathan, C.S.Swamy and
V.Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy, 11(3), 169-192 (1986).
181. Alternate synthetic strategy for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles and its exploitation
for water splitting, M.Sathish, B.Viswanathan and R.P.Viswanath, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 31 (7), 891-898 (2006).
182. Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for Pt–Alternate anodes for fuel cell
applications, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, UV Varadaraju, Electrochemistry
Communications 7 (9), 905-912 (2005).
183. Carbon nanotubes generated from template carbonization of polyphenyl acetylene as the
support for electrooxidation of methanol, B Rajesh, K RavindranathanThampi, JM
Bonard, N Xanthopoulos, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 (12), 2701-2708
(2003).
184. Pt–WO 3 supported on carbon nanotubes as possible anodes for direct methanol fuel
cells, B Rajesh, V Karthik, S Karthikeyan, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, Fuel 81 (17), 2177-
2190 (2003).
185. Synthesis and characterization of composite membranes based on α-zirconium
phosphate and silicotungstic acid, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of
membrane Science 292 (1), 98-105(2007).
186. Tungsten trioxide nanorods as supports for platinum in methanol oxidation, J Rajeswari,
B Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Materials Chemistry and Physics 106 (2), 168-
174(2007).
187. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of Ti-incorporated tungsten
trioxides as platinum support for methanol oxidation, V Raghuveer, B Viswanathan,
Journal of power sources 144 (1), 1-10(2005).
188. Catalytic activity of platinum/tungsten oxide nanorod electrodes towards electro-oxidation
of methanol, T Maiyalagan, B Viswanathan, Journal of Power Sources 175 (2), 789-
793(2008)
189. ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon-Supported Pt− M (M=
Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction Method, C Venkateswara Rao, B
Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (43), 18907-18913(2009).
190. Hydrogen storage in boron substituted carbon nanotubes, M Sankaran, B Viswanathan,
Carbon 45 (8), 1628-1635 (2007)
191. Dehydriding behaviour of LiAlH4—the catalytic role of carbon nanofibres, LH Kumar, B
Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (1), 366-
373(2008).
177
192. Monodispersed platinum nanoparticle supported carbon electrodes for hydrogen
oxidation and oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, CV Rao, B
Viswanathan, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (18), 8661-8667(2010).
193. Fabrication and properties of hybrid membranes based on salts of heteropolyacid,
zirconium phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, M Helen, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal
of power sources 163 (1), 433-439(2006)
194. Studies on the thermal characteristics of hydrides of Mg, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2 Cu and Mg 2 Ni
1− x M x (M= Fe, Co, Cu or Zn; 0<×< 1) alloys,PSelvam, B Viswanathan, CS Swamy, V
Srinivasan, International journal of hydrogen energy 13 (2), 87-94 (1988).
195. Pt particles supported on conducting polymeric nanocones as electro-catalysts for
methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, AJ McEvoy, N
Xanthopoulos,Journal of power sources 133 (2), 155-161(2004).
196. Can La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 be used as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells?V Raghuveer,
B Viswanathan, Fuel 81 (17), 2191-2197(2002).
197. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation catalyst
support, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N Xanthopoulos, Chemical
Communications, 2022-2023 (2003).
198. Nanostructured conducting polyaniline tubules as catalyst support for Pt particles for
possible fuel cell applications, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, HJ Mathieu, N
Xanthopoulos, Electrochemical and solid-state letters 7 (11), A404-A407(2004).
199. Hydrogen absorption by Mg 2 Ni prepared by polyol reduction, LH Kumar, B
Viswanathan, SS Murthy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 461 (1), 72-76(2008).
200. Boron substituted carbon nanotubes — How appropriate are they for hydrogen
storage?M Sankaran, B Viswanathan, SS Murthy, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 33 (1), 393-403(2008).
201. Facile hydrogen evolution reaction on WO3 nanorods, J Rajeswari, PS Kishore, B
Viswanathan, TK Varadarajan, Nanoscale Research Letters 2 (10), 496-503(2007).
202. Carbon supported Pd–Co–Mo alloy as an alternative to Pt for oxygen reduction in direct
ethanol fuel cells, CV Rao, B Viswanathan, ElectrochimicaActa 55 (8), 3002-3007(2010)
203. Pt supported on polyaniline-V 2 O 5 nanocomposite as the electrode material for
methanol oxidation, B Rajesh, KR Thampi, JM Bonard, N Xanthapolous, HJ Mathieu,
Electrochemical and solid-state letters 5 (12), E71-E74(2002)
204. Is Nafion the only choice?, B Viswanathan, M Helen, Bulletin of the catalysis Society of
India 6, 50-66(2007).
205. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited Ni–Pd alloy electrodes for methanol
oxidation, K. Suresh Kumar, PrathapHaridoss, S.K. Seshadri, Surface & Coatings
Technology 202 (2008) 1764–1770.
178
206. Effect of cyclic compression on structure and property of Gas diffusion layer used in PEM
Fuel cells. Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 35(2010) 11107-11118.
207. Differences in structure and property of carbon paper and carbon cloth diffusion media
and their impact on Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell flow field design. Vijay
Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, Materials and Design 32(2011) 861-868.
208. Effect of Electrochemical aging on the interaction between Gas Diffusion Layers and the
Flow Field in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell, John Felix Kumar R, Vijay
Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(2011)
7207 – 7211
209. Effect of GDL compression on pressure drop and pressure distribution in PEM flow field.
Vijay Radhakrishnan, PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
36(2011) 14823 – 14828
210. Enhanced mechanical and electrochemical durability of multistage PTFE treated gas
diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, John Felix Kumar R, Vijay
Radhakrishnan, and PrathapHaridoss, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37
(2012) 10830 – 10835.
211. A. Datta, A. Mondal, J. Datta, Tuning of Platinum nano-particles by Au coverage in their
binary alloy for direct ethanol fuel cell: Controlled synthesis, electrode kinetics and
mechanistic interpretation, J. Power Source-2015 (283) 104
212. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Energy efficient role of Ni/NiO in PdNi nano catalyst used in alkaline
DEFC, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 3237
213. A. Dutta, J. Datta, Significant role of surface activation on Pd enriched Pt nano catalysts
in promoting the electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation: Temperature effect, product
analysis & theoretical computations, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 7789.
214. Dutta, J. Datta, Outstanding catalyst performance of PdAuNi nano particles for the anodic
reaction in an alkaline Direct Ethanol (with anion exchange membrane) Fuel Cell, J.
Physical Chemistry C – 116(49) (2012) 25677-25688
215. J. Datta, A. Dutta, M. Biswas, Enhancement of functional properties of PtPd nano catalyst
in metal-polymer composite matrix: Application in direct ethanol fuel cell, Electrochemistry
Communications 20 (2012) 56
216. J. Datta,A. Dutta, and S. Mukherjee; The Beneficial Role of The Co-metals Pd and Au in
the Carbon Supported PtPdAu Catalyst Towards Promoting Ethanol Oxidation Kinetics in
Alkaline Fuel Cells: Temperature Effect and Reaction Mechanism- J. Physical Chemistry
C –115 (2011)15324
217. J. Datta, S. Singh,Kinetic investigations and Product analysis for optimizing platinum
loading in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) electrodes – Ionics-17 (2011) 785 – 798.
179
218. A. Dutta, S. Sinha Mahapatra and J. Datta, High performance PtPdAu nanocatalyst for
ethanol oxidation in alkaline media for fuel cell applications- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy –36
(2011) 14898.
219. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, S. Mukherjee and M. Mukherjee , Search for the
optimum Ru content in PtRu catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation, Materials and
Manufacturing Processes – 26 (2011) 261-271
220. S. Sinha Mahapatra, A. Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature dependence on methanol
oxidation and formate production on Pd modified Pt electrode: A direct alcohol fuel cell
application in alkaline medium- Int. J. Hydrogen Energy -36(2011)14873 – 14883
221. S.S. Mahapatra, A Dutta and J. Datta, Temperature effect on the kinetics of ethanol
electro-oxidation and product formation on Pd modified Pt in alkaline medium,
Electrochimica Acta – 55 (2010) 9097-9104.
222. S. Sen Gupta, S. Singh, J. Datta, Temperature effect on the electrode kinetics of ethanol
electro-oxidation on Sn modified Pt catalyst through voltammetry and impedance
spectroscopy; Materials Chemistry and Physics, 120 (2010) 682- 690.
223. S. Singh, J. Datta, Size control of Pt nanoparticles with stabilizing agent for better
utilization of the catalyst in Fuel Cell reaction; Journal of Material Science, 45 (2010)
3030-3040.
224. S. Sen Gupta , S. Singh, J. Datta, Promoting role of unalloyed Sn in PtSn binary catalysts
for ethanol electrooxidation, Material chemistry and physics, 116 (2009) 223-228.
225. J. Datta*, S. Singh, S. Das, N.R. Bandyopadhyay,A comprehensive study on the effect of
Ru addition to carbon supported Pt electrodes at different compositions for direct ethanol
fuel cell, Bulletin of Material Science – 32 (2009) 1-10
226. J. Datta and S. Sengupta, A comparative study on ethanol oxidation behavior at Pt and
Pt-Rh electrodeposits, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 594 (2006) 65 – 72.
227. J. Datta, S. Sen Gupta and N.R. Bandyopadhyay, Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts
for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell Anode, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 21 (2006)
703 – 709.
228. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, Electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on novel CuNi alloy
supported catalysts synthesized from PTFE suspension, Journal of Power Sources, 145
(2005) 124 - 127.
229. J. Datta, and S. Sen Gupta, An invesigation in to the electro-oxidation of ethanol and 2-
proanol for application in direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs), Journal of Chemical Sciences,
117 (2005) 337-344.
230. S. Sengupta, S.S. Mahapatra and J. Datta*, A potential anode material for direct alcohol
fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 131 (2004) 169-174.
180
181
C. Patents
International Patents
1. R.N. Basu, M.J. Mayo and C.A. Randall, Fabrication of Zirconia Electrolyte Films by
Electrophoretic Deposition, US Patent No. 6,270,642; dated August 7, 2001.
2. F. Tietz, W. Jungen, F. Meschke and R. N. Basu, Ceramic Material and the Production
Thereof [Keramischer Werkstoff sowie dessen Herstellung].
3. PCT Application Filed (WO 02/44103Al; Dated: 06.06.2002; International Registration no.:
PCT/DE2001/004497). WO Patent : 2,002,004,103 (Granted)
4. US Patent (Granted) : No. 6,835,684 B2; dated December 28, 2004
5. European Patent (Granted): No. EP 1,337,496 B1; dated August 8, 2007
[The license of this patent was solid to Saint-Gobain, France and Ceramtec, Germany
and these two companies are using this process for manufacturing their SOFC stacks]
6. U. Flesch, H.P. Buchkremer, N.H. Menzler and R.N. Basu, Herstellung Einer
Elektrolytschicht (Production of an Electrolyte Layer). PCT Application Filed (WO
02/50936A2; Dated: 27.06.2002).
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37. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Guruviah Velayutham,
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38. Kaveripatnam Samban Dhathathreyan , Natarajan Rajalakshmi, Subramaniam Pandiyan
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in fuel cells, the plates prepared by the process and a fuel cell incorporating the said
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51. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778 Under examination.
52. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate
for PEMFC stacks (Design Application) 229718 granted.
53. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717 granted.
54. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated
plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719 Under examination.
55. E. Hari Babu and Shailendra Sharma, A method of producing non-conducting exfoliated
graphite based gaskets for PEM fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Under examination
56. Shailendra Sharma, E. Haribabu, Amrish Gupta and Deepak Kumar Kanungo, A fuel cell
bipolar plates for improved water management and to achieve more 9uniform current
density in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, 1718/Kol/2008, Granted
57. Shailendra Sharma, Eradala Haribabu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Blank
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 228778. Granted.
58. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Half plate
for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229718, Granted.
59. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Bipolar
plate for PEMFC stacks (Design Application), 229717, Granted.
60. Shailendra Sharma, E. Hari Babu, Amrish Gupta & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Integrated
plate for PEMFC stacks(Design Application), 229719, Under examination.
61. Vasu Gollangi, Eradala Hari Babu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Method of preheating of
reactants in Low/High temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack
using an integrated plate, 204/Kol/2012, Under examination.
62. Eradala Hari Babu, Vasu Gollangi & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar, Test set-up for performance
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performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and high temperature polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells, 909/Kol/2013, Under examination.
64. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun & Deepak Kumar Kanungo, Pre-
heating plate for PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells (Design Appl.), 255776,
Granted
188
65. Vasu Gollangi, Dnyndev Arjun, Eradala Haribabu & Mamidi Ramesh Pawar,
Humidification of gases in PEM fuel cell stacks with integrated modular membrane
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66. Eradala Hari Babu, Dr. Vasu Gollangi & Dnyndev Arjun, Cutting die for low and high
temperature PEM Fuel Cells (Design Appl.), 267771, under examination
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(CSIR Ref. No. 0278NF2014, dated 28-10-2014)
68. R.N. Basu, J. Mukhopadhyay, S. Das, P.K. Das, T. Dey and A. Das Sharma, Solid Oxide
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69. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A high temperature operable
inorganic sealants composition sealable at lower temperature and a process thereof,
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70. A Das Sharma, Saswati Ghosh, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, Process for the production of
lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose source (Patent Application No.
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71. R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma, S. Senthil Kumar and H.S. Maiti, A Process of Making
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dated 04/12/2006).
72. Saswati Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu and R.N. Basu, A Process for making glass-
based sealants for high temperature operating electrochemical devices (CSIR No.: NF-
149/07 dated of communication: August 7, 2007).
73. S.K. Pratihar, R.N. Basu, A. Das Sharma and H.S. Maiti, A Process for Preparing Nickel
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date: 19/03/2001, Patent No.: 219634 (sealed on 12/05/2008)
74. A. Chakraborty, R.N. Basu and H.S. Maiti, A process for the Preparation of Ultrafine
Powders of a Single Phase Multielement Oxide (Patent Application No. 263/DEL/97
dated January 30, 1997. Patent No.: 197238 (sealed on 4 th August 2006).
75. R.N. Basu, Madhumita Mukhopadhyay, J. Mukhopadhyay and A. Das Sharma, Planar
Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Using Functional Anode and A Process Thereof,
Indian patent, File No.: 1954/DEL/2010, Date: 17-08-2010
76. A. Kumar, P. Sujatha Devi, A. Das Sharma, J. Mukhopadhyay & H.S. Maiti, “A process
for the continuous production of sinteractive lanthanum chromite based oxides”,
1214/DEL/04, 30.06.2004
77. A. Mumar, P. Sujatha Devi & H.S. Maiti, “A process for making lanthanum chromite
dense products in air at low temperature particularly suitable for application in solid oxide
fuel cells”, 1222/DEL/04 30.06.2004
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78. A. Das Sharma, S. Ghosh, R.N. Basu & H.S. Maiti, “A process for the production of
lanthanum chromite based oxide using a multipurpose chromium source”, 773/DEL/06,
22.03.2006
79. “A Continuous process for the production of ethanol from starchy materials” (Indian
Patent No. 188562)
80. “A process for biological production of hydrogen”. (India Patent No. 212605)
81. Earthen material based cathode separator assembly for scalable bioelectrochemical
system. : submitted (Ref: Patent Application No.805/KOL/2013).
82. Development of cost effective membrane cathode assembly for a single chambered
microbial fuel cell. (Ref: Patent Application No.1302/KOL/2013).
83. A system for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and wastegas using a microbial
carbon capture cell reactor (Ref: Patent Application No. 0471/KOL/2015)
84. Continuous humidification of H2 gas in a bubble humidifier using external / stack
cooling water recirculation (IP No. 670CHE2007).
85. Sreenivas Jayanti, Abhijit P Deshpande, Prathap Haridoss and V Suresh Patnaikuni “Fuel
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88. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrites on Carbon Nan
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89. R. Chetty and M. Kranthi Kumar, 'A Method of Preparing Palladium Dendrite' Indian Patent
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190