Agarwal, Tom 1

Harshil Agarwal and William Tom

History 9 G/T

10 February 2020

Annotated Works Cited

"Edward Jenner." , 2006​. sirsdiscoverer​,

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2250547675?accountid=3284. This

biography focuses on Edward Jenner's life rather than his discoveries. It explains that he

was the eighth out of nine children, and his parents died when he was only 5. In addition,

it describes his medical learning with Daniel Ludlow. The biography then explains that

even though Jenner's discoveries were almost completely conclusive, people still doubted

him and refused the vaccine. Overall, this work will be useful in analyzing the aftermath

of Edward Jenner's discoveries.

"Edward Jenner: A Doctor Who Saved Children." ​Child Life​, Oct 1999​. sirsdiscoverer​,

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2263048461?accountid=3284. This

magazine article provided an overview on the influence behind Edward Jenner and why

he experimented on creating a smallpox vaccine. A strength of this magazine article was

that it explained Edward Jenner's childhood. Specifically, one can learn from this source

that Edward Jenner's driving factor for creating the smallpox vaccine was that he himself

experienced and survived smallpox. He didn't want anymore children to go through the

traumatic experience he went through and decided to pursue the study of immunology.

Facts presented in this source introduced the idea that vaccinations would not have been

created as early as the 18th century had smallpox not been an epidemic.
 Agarwal, Tom 2

"Edward Jenner and the Development of the First Modern Vaccine." ​VBI Vaccines​, 22 Dec.

2015, www.vbivaccines.com/wire/edward-jenner-and-the-first-modern-vaccine/.

Accessed 1 Oct. 2019. This website covers the true origins of smallpox. According to this

source, there is evidence of Smallpox's existence as far back as the 18th and 20th

Egyptian Dynasties. This source provides an in-depth description of the full history of

Smallpox. Although this source doesn't provide much information on Edward Jenner's

true contribution to vaccines, it shows the hardships before Edward Jenner's discoveries

were made. This source seems fairly credible, but there is no author attached to it,

making its validity questionable.

"The First Smallpox Vaccine Wasn't What We Thought It Was; Edward Jenner figured out the

connection between smallpox and humans from a milkmaid's blistered hands. But it turns

out cows aren't actually the key to smallpox immunity." ​Daily Beast​, 4 Dec. 2017. ​Gale

In Context: High School,​

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A517286462/SUIC?u=elli85889&sid=SUIC&xid=cce0e8

bc. Accessed 24 Sept. 2019. This source provided an overview on what Edward Jenner's

vaccination was actually based on rather than what historians think. The author believes

that cows and the decease derived from them, cowpox, was not the key to smallpox

immunity. Unlike other articles about Edward Jenner's vaccination origin, this article

presented a different overview of how Edward Jenner got the idea for the vaccination and

why it worked. This article introduced the idea that smallpox immunity in vaccinations

didn't come from cowpox. This lead to the exploration of why Edward Jenner's small pox
 Agarwal, Tom 3

vaccine worked and how it brought immunity in people for smallpox. We can advance on

this to create a debatable argument.

History.com. "Jenner Tests Smallpox Vaccine." ​History.com​, 28 July 2019,

www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jenner-tests-smallpox-vaccine. Accessed 24 Sept.

2019. This is a short article that discusses Edward Jenner's life before he came up with

the first vaccine. Contrary to popular belief, he was not a full-fledged doctor when he

discovered the link between Cowpox and Smallpox. Edward Jenner was actually still a

medical student when he noticed that milk maids seemed to be immune to the disease.

This source's benefit to the research is limited outside of this fact. The source is credible,

but it would be difficult for it not to be, as so little information is presented.

Jenner, Edward. "Dr. Jenner, on the Vaccine Inoculation." ​The Medical and physical journal​ vol.

3,16 (1800): 502-503. This primary source, directly from Jenner, is pretty much just a

rebuttal of the criticisms from other medical professionals of his time. For example, he

combats the idea that giving the cowpox vaccine is risky. In reality, cowpox was

completely non-fatal, meaning that even if the vaccine didn't quite work properly,

patients would not be harmed at all for more than a few days. This was one of the major

pushes that Jenner made to attempt to eradicate smallpox. Documents like this were

meant to convince the public to get vaccines, so everyone could be safe from the deadly

disease. Overall, this will be useful in showing the barriers the Jenner had to overcome.

Jenner, Edward. "On the Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation." ​The Medical and physical journal

vol. 5,28 (1801): 505-508. This is a primary source written by Edward Jenner, the person

who invented the concept of vaccinations. This source is an article talking about the
 Agarwal, Tom 4

origin of the Vaccine Inoculation. Vaccine Inoculation is essentially Edward Jenner's

method of producing immunity. His method was to deliberately insert very small

amounts of smallpox pustules into the skin which produced a less severe infection but

still built up immunity. This can help us in our research by familiarizing us with the

methods Edward Jenner so we can relate that to how the methods are similar or different

today.

Jenner, E. "Two cases of Small-Pox Infection communicated to the Fœtus in Utero under

peculiar circumstances, with additional remarks." ​Medico-chirurgical transactions​ vol. 1

(1809): 271-7. This is an unpublished article talking about the death of a fetus in a uterus

because of smallpox. This article was written by Edward Jenner, hence a primary source.

Edward Jenner tells his audience, from his findings, as to why the vaccine is ineffective

to babies in their mother's wombs. This presents the argument that Edward Jenner's

vaccines weren't effective and gives us the ability to gather research to argue against this

statement.

Jenner, Edward. "History of the Inoculation of the Cow-Pox: Further Observations on the

Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox." ​The Medical and physical journal​ vol. 1,4 (1799):

313-318. This primary source comes directly from Edward Jenner itself. It focuses on his

most important observations and debunking any myths about his discovery of the

relationship between smallpox and cowpox. For example, Jenner was aware that many

people considered his discoveries to be a hoax, or at the very least, were skeptical about

the inoculation supposedly being harmless to the subjects. In this source, he proves

through several experiments and observations that his vaccinations are in fact harmless,
 Agarwal, Tom 5

and combat smallpox better than any other method at the time. Overall, this source will

be by far one of the most useful sources in research, because it contains Jenner's direct

responses to the haters of his time, providing several angles on his discoveries.

Jenner, Edward. "Letter Addressed to the Medical Profession Generally, Relative to

Vaccination." ​The London medical and physical journal​ vol. 45,266 (1821): 277-280.

This source is a primary source written by Edward Jenner to medical personal related to

vaccinations. In his letter, he talks about his findings for the smallpox vaccine. He also

talks about how to further implement the concept of his vaccine to make future vaccines

as a medical advancement. Since we are "the future" for Edward Jenner, we can confirm

that his medical concept of vaccines was effectively implemented in today's world. Based

on the information in this letter, we can use to support the argument that Edwar Jenner's

smallpox vaccine laid the groundwork for future attenuated vaccines.

Jenner, Edward. ​I. an Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox.

1798.​ Publication no. 1, 1798. ​bartleby.com​, www.bartleby.com/38/4/1.html. This

research paper is the first of Edward Jenner's three original publications on his findings

related to the smallpox vaccine. His research focuses on his discovery that cowpox acts

as a vaccine for the smallpox virus. The process that he went through to make this

discovery is also outlined in the paper. Overall, this is an extremely useful primary source

with the most accurate representation of Jenner's findings, as it comes directly from him.

However, the assumptions made in the paper are not necessarily all true. Jenner was a

pioneer in vaccination, so little information was present for Jenner to go off of.
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---. ​II. Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. 1799.​ Publication no. 2,

1799. ​bartleby.com​, www.bartleby.com/38/4/2.html. This primary source is the second of

Jenner's three papers on his discoveries related to vaccination. This paper focuses on the

specifics of cowpox. Although it provides little information on how vaccinations work, it

shows how Edward Jenner identified cowpox and its unique trait of preventing smallpox.

Out of the three papers, the second paper provides the least information on how Jenner's

experiments were conducted, but contains the best description of the reasoning behind his

hypothesis. Overall, this will be one of the most useful sources for the project, as it comes

straight from Jenner himself.

---. "III. a Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox.

1800." ​bartleby.com​, 1800, www.bartleby.com/38/4/3.html. Accessed 1 Oct. 2019. This

is the last of Edward Jenner's three papers on his discoveries related to vaccination.

Edward Jenner published little relevant research after this paper, so this is his final

contribution to the progression of vaccination. The third volume focuses on his

observations related to cows and Smallpox. However, some of the information is

incorrect. In later years, it was discovered that the virus in the cows was the cure to

Smallpox, not the cows themselves. Some of the information is false, but this is the

purest form of Edward Jenner's research.

---. "THE THREE ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS on VACCINATION against SMALLPOX by

EDWARD JENNER." 21 June 1798, biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/jenner.htm.

Letter. This primary source is a full collection of Edward Jenner's 3 papers on

vaccination, including introductions and conclusions. This source will be used to see
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what Jenner was thinking when he conducted his experiments with cowpox and

smallpox. Although there is no new information from the papers themselves (as they

have already been cited) the introduction and conclusions will be valuable in

understanding the exact reasoning behind Jenner's hypothesis that cowpox could prevent

a host from being infected with the smallpox virus. Overall, this source will be valuable

in discovering small details in Jenner's research.

O'Brien, J. (1998, 05). The disease that died. ​Blast Off,​ Retrieved from

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2249906241?accountid=3284 This

source is a recollection of how the author's own life was affected by Edward Jenner's

vaccination. Although this source was published nearly 200 years after Edward Jenner's

initial discovery of vaccines by inoculation, it will still be useful in research because it

show a modern example of the effects of vaccination. In addition, the secondary source

provides a summary of the events leading up to Jenner's discovery. However, this portion

of the article will be virtually useless, as it provides no new information that hasn't

already been gathered in other sources.

"Report on Smallpox in Calcutta, 1833-4, 1837-8, 1843-4, and Vaccination in Bengal, from 1827

to 1844." ​The British and foreign medical review​ vol. 20,40 (1845): 349-356. This

primary source shows the vaccine in action in Calcutta and Bengal. Dr. Stewart's

observations prove the nearly immediate impact that Jenner's vaccine had on his time

when it was finally accepted as medically sound. Once it was used across Europe, the

vaccine quickly slowed the spread of smallpox throughout the continent. This source will
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be less used than other primary sources, but will most likely be referenced to show the

impact of the vaccine. Overall, this will be a useful source.

A shot in the arm. (2003, Jan). ​Current Events,​ Retrieved from

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2266314689?accountid=3284 This

article shows a very recent example of the resurfacing of smallpox. Although it was

eradicated due to Jenner's vaccination, it made a comeback around 1970, requiring

another round of vaccinations to be given to Americans. This shows the importance of

Edward Jenner's discovery over time. Even though he temporarily eradicated the disease,

his discovery may be needed again and again, due to changing environments and the

return of the disease. Overall, this source shows the long-term significance of Jenner's

discoveries related to smallpox.

Solly, Meilan M. "A plague tamed: smallpox was a recurring menace around the world--until a

British doctor figured out how to pit one virus against another." ​Smithsonian,​ Sept. 2017,

p. 72+. ​Gale In Context: Science,​

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A506035719/SCIC?u=elli85889&sid=SCIC&xid=2046dc

f1. Accessed 24 Sept. 2019. In this article, a timeline of smallpox from 1570 B.C. to 1980

A.D. was included. Additionally, this article gave information about medical

breakthroughs after Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine. A strength of this article was the

time period the information was included from. However, the information from each time

period was vague. Consequently, the validity of the information provided in this is fairly

reliable. Facts presented in this article and timeline confirmed the idea that Edward
 Agarwal, Tom 9

Jenner's vaccine lead to medical breakthroughs in the future. Also, it strengthened the

idea that Edward Jenner laid the groundwork for future attenauted vaccines.

Tenney, E. M. (2010, 09). Turning the tables. ​Cobblestone,​ Retrieved from

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2265770160?accountid=3284 This

source reveals that Cotton Mather actually pursued inoculation to prevent smallpox 100

years before Jenner's experiments. He found that one of his slaves, Onesimus, had

undergone an operation in Africa that essentially made him immune from the disease.

Mather quickly realized that it was a form of inoculation, and immediately shared this

though with the world. This source doesn't show much of Edward Jenner's life, but it

does show the history of vaccination before Jenner. Basically, everyone before him was

hypothesizing, without actually experimenting or making any discoveries. Overall, this

source will be useful in showing the minimal information that Jenner had to make his

discoveries on cowpox and its property of preventing smallpox.

"This Week in History: Edward Jenner's First Smallpox Vaccine Test." ​NewsCurrents Read to

Know,​ 14 May 2018​. sirsdiscoverer,​

https://explore.proquest.com/sirsdiscoverer/document/2250427759?accountid=3284. This

secondary source gave readers a brief overview on Edward Jenner's first smallpox

vaccine test which turned out to be a success. He tested the first smallpox vaccine by

injecting a cowpox virus into 8 year old James Phipps. As a result, James contracted a

mild fever but got better. After that, James was injected with the more deadly smallpox

virus. He showed no symptoms of smallpox and also didn't share the disease with 2 other

kids who shared a bed with him. An author was not provided with this source however,
 Agarwal, Tom 10

this information was cross referenced with the web page of Brought to Life United

Kingdom Science Museum. This source strengthened the idea that Edward Jenner's

vaccine test had a crucial impact on future medicine.