English - I

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CHAPTER -4

ADAM BEDE (1859)

By George Eliot
Study Notes & Activity
INTRODUCTION

Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans was born in Warwickshire in 1819, the
youngest child of Robert and Christina Evans. She was deeply religious
during her childhood and adolescence, a trait she developed partially
from her family background and partially under the influence of Miss
Lewis, the "principal governess" of a boarding school which Mary Ann
attended from 1828 to 1832.

After her mother died and her sister married, Mary Ann ran her father's
household. But in 1841, her brother Isaac married and took possession
of the house, and Mary Ann and her father moved to Coventry. Mary
Ann cared for her invalid father, who strenuously objected to her
changed religious views, until he died in 1849.

In 1851, she became assistant editor of Chapman's Westminster

Review. While in London, she met many prominent people, among
them the philosopher Herbert Spencer. Through Spencer she came in
contact with George Henry Lewes, a drama critic and author who was
separated from his wife, and the pair fell in love. Lewes could not
obtain a divorce, and he and Mary Ann decided to ignore the

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prohibitions of society and live together as man and wife. The union
was a marriage in every aspect but the legal one and lasted until Lewes'
death in 1878. Two years later, Mary Ann married J. W. Cross, and she
herself died on December 22, 1880

GEORGE ELIOT - HER LIFE AND WORKS

Mary Ann Evans did not begin writing fiction until relatively late in life.
Her first pieces were three short stories, "Amos Barton," "Mr. Gilfil's
Love-Story," and "Janet's Repentance," which were published in
Blackwood's Magazine in 1857 and reissued collectively as Scenes of
Clerical Life in 1858. They appeared under the pseudonym George Eliot,
a penname which Evans used throughout the rest of her career. In
1859, Adam Bede, Eliot's first full-length novel, came out, and her
reputation was established. The Mill on the Floss, an autobiographical
novel, and Silas Marner both appeared in 1860. Romola, a historical
novel set in Renaissance Florence, was published three years later and
Felix Holt, the Radical in 1866. Middlemarch, widely considered to be
Eliot's masterpiece, came out in 1871-72, and Daniel Deronda in 1876.

Eliot's work represents a definite break with the work of her immediate
predecessors in several ways. In Adam Bede, she issued her declaration
from convention and announced her intention to write realistically.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – Activity 1

Answer the following questions:

1.What was the real name of George Eliot and where and when was she
born?

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2. In a few lines describe the early life of George Eliot.

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3. Mention the names of George Eliot’s novels.

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MAJOR CHARACTERS IN THE NOVEL

• Adam Bede

• Hester (Hetty) Sorrel

• Captain Arthur Donnithrone

• Sarah Stone

• John Olding

• Mr. Irwine

SUMMARY OF THE NOVEL

Adam Bede, the main character of this novel is in love with the
seventeen year old beautiful milk- maid named Hester Sorrel (Hetty),
who is staying with her uncle, Mr. Poyser and his family in Hayslope, a
rural village.

Though, Hetty was very poor, she was very hardworking and sincere.
However, she always dreamt of marrying a rich and famous young man.
As a result she never reciprocated the affection shown by Adam, as he
too was poor. In this scenario enters the young, handsome, bashful and
flirter Captain Arthur Donnithrone. He is the legal heir to the estate
which was left to him after the death of his grandfather, which Mr.
Poyser farms.

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Arthur is attracted to the beauty of Hetty and after their first meeting,
starts charming and flirting with Hetty. However, Hetty assumes Arthur
loves her and initiates the relationship between them. She dreams of
eventually marrying Arthur. In one such incident Arthur and Hetty
become physically intimate.

Seeing this development between Hetty, and Arthur, Adam is upset and
worries about Hetty, as he realizes Arthur is not serious about getting
married to Hetty. Adam tries to stop this relation, but Hetty refuses to
listen to his warnings.

Very soon Arthur is called to join his regiment. He leaves Hayslope

without promising much to Hetty. A few days later Hetty realizes she is
pregnant and rushes to the city to meet Arthur. Unfortunately, Arthur’s
regiment has already left for Ireland and Hetty is left alone.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – Activity 2

Answer the following questions

1. Name the main characters in the novel ‘Adam Bede’.

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2. Describe in detail the basic plot of the novel ‘Adam Bede’.

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THE DETAILED SUMMARY

The excerpt below is the court scene from the novel ‘Adam Bede’ by
George Eliot.

The place where the court was filled for Hetty's verdict was a grand old
hall, just outside the Hayslope village. The light that fell on the human
heads present for the trial came through multicolored window panes.
Old and dusty armor was hung in front of the dark oaken gallery. Under
the broad arch there was a huge partitioned window covered with a
dusty curtain which was covered with dim, sad figures. Throughout the
year, the place was haunted with the shadowy memories of old kings
and queens, unhappy, discrowned or imprisoned. But that day, all those
shadows had fled, and the entire hall was quivering with the sorrow of
Hetty's impending verdict.

Suddenly this scene of sorrow intensifies when Adam Bede's tall and
handsome figure is seen ushered to the side of the prisoner. In the
broad sunlight and among all clean shaven faces of other men, the
marks of suffering on Adam's face were shocking and startling, even to
Mr. Irwine, Hetty's counselor. The neighbours from Hayslope and

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surrounding villages, who were present that day, and who told Hetty
Sorrel's story by their firesides, could never forget the sad and
sorrowful look on Adam Bede's face. Adam Bede poor fellow, who was
taller than most people, entered the court and took his place next to
Hetty.

However, Hetty had not seen him. She was standing in the same
position, with her hands crossed over each other and her eyes fixed on
them.

Adam did not have the courage to look at Hetty’s face as he entered
the court, but after a few minutes when the court proceedings began,
he turned to look at Hetty and resolved not to shrink from the sight.

He was surprised to see that Hetty looked the same. He wondered why
people said that she has changed. Then he realized the change, the
difference. Hetty looked like a corpse—in a corpse too we see the
likeness, the eyes, the face, and the hair that we liked— but it is not
alive. Similarly, Hetty too looked beautiful—her sweet face, her dark
hair, her long dark lashes, her rounded cheeks and her pouting lips—
just like Hetty and only Hetty. Others said that she was cursed by the
devil and so her soul had shrunk. But Adam remembered Hetty as a
smiling beautiful girl who laughed with him in the apple gardens. Then
Adam compared his love for Hetty to that of a mother who has a
crippled or a debased man, but loves the child unconditionally.
However, today, when Adam looked at Hetty. She was corpse-like, but
he could not turn away his eyes from her.

But then suddenly, his attention is distracted and focused on the lady
who was speaking. She was a widow named Sarah Stone, who lived in

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town of Stoniton. Sarah starts her testimony by telling the audience

that she held a house in Stoniton, where she ran a small grocery shop.

In the evening of 27th February, Sarah mentions that the girl (Hetty)
came to her door step, late in the evening. She (Hetty) looked very
tired, helpless and in trouble. Sarah further mentions Hetty asked her
whether she could stay the night at her house and that she (Hetty) did
not have enough money to go to another place. Sarah found the girl
wearing good clothes, and so assumed she (Hetty) came from a
respected family and thus felt sympathy for her. Sarah calls her inside
for tea and tries to find out about her (Hetty’s) family. However, Hetty
refuses to mention about her family but offers to pay Sarah one Shilling
as a rent for the night.

The same night, Hetty delivers a child. Sarah helps her with the delivery
and offers to give her baby clothes that belonged to her (Sarah’s)
children. Sarah mention in her testimony that both the child and
mother were crying throughout the night. Sarah further informs the
Jury that she did not send for doctor as she believed that both the child
and mother would be fine by morning. She (Sarah) also offered her
service to inform her family and friends, however, Hetty refuses.

Sarah further continues her testimony by informing the jury, that the
next morning Hetty looked strong enough and gets dressed. She sits
next to the window facing to the alley and stares blankly outside with
the child on her lap. There is no longer grief and tears in her (Hetty’s)
eyes, but a kind of resignation. Seeing her (Hetty) condition Sarah gets
anxious and decides to consult with the Minister of her (Sarah’s)
Church.

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It is evening when Sarah leaves for church through the backdoor. Hetty
is still sitting at the same place staring blankly with the child on her lap.
An hour and half later, Sarah arrives home with an acquaintance. On
entering the house, Sarah realises that Hetty and the child are no
longer there in the house. Hetty’s basket is left behind but her cloak
and bonnet are not there.

Sarah, continuing with her testimony, further informs the Jury that she
was concerned and upset as Hetty had left without informing her,
however, at the same time Sarah also tells the Jury that, Hetty had
money with her and had a right to leave when she wanted and so she
(Sarah) does not inform the authorities about Hetty.

On hearing Sarah’s testimony, the audience and the spectators in the

court room are thrilled with anticipation. Adam, who was witnessing
the trial, wanted to believe that Hetty was not guilty. Adam desperately
prays to God for mercy and on hearing Sarah’s testimony, finds some
hope which could save Hetty’s life. He feels that probably the child
died naturally and Hetty was not responsible. However, Adam’s internal
conflict comes to an ends on hearing the voice of John Olding, a farmer.
Even Hetty, who continued to be in a blank emotionless state, comes to
a start on hearing John’s voice. There is look of fear on her face when
she (Hetty) sees John.

It is then John Olding starts his testimony. He mentions that on the

night of 28th February, when he had gone to the forest of Hetton, he
sees the prisoner (Hetty) at a distance of a mile, wearing the red cloak
and a bonnet with a child in her arms. On seeing him (John) Hetty
rushes away in opposite direction and John remembers that she looked
scared and pale. John further mentions in his testimony than he did not

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pay real attention to Hetty but went ahead for his work towards the
other end of the forest. After a lapse of time he hears a weird cry
coming from the other end, from Hetty’s direction. He thinks it to be
that of an animal, looks around, but does not find anything. He
searches for some time, thinking that if it is a new animal he could kill it
and sell it in the market for additional money. However, he does not
find anything and after sometime gives up the search.

Later, on his way back, out of curiosity, John goes to the same place
where Hetty was seen with her child. He finds a trench, dug there with
lot of turf and timber chopping covering it. He removes the timber
chopping and there he finds a small white hand peeping out. He
hurriedly removes all the turf and finds a well dressed child but cold. He
picks up the child and hastily takes it to his wife, who too confirms that
the child is dead.

He rushes to inform the Police and the Parish. Few constables along
with John search the area but there is no sign of Hetty. The next
morning another constable along with John go to the same place where
is the child was found dead. To their surprise they find Hetty sitting at
the same place with a big piece of bread on her lap. On seeing them
(Constable and John) Hetty cries but does not ran away committed the
crime. Neither the Jury

As John’s testimony comes to an end, there is a hush of excitement in

the courtroom. Mr. Irwine, Hetty’s counsel, then gets up and tries to
tell the Judge and the Jury members regarding the flawless character of
Hetty and her virtuous character. However, everybody is now sure that
is Hetty who has committed the crime. Neither the Jury members nor
the audience are convinced with Mr. Irwine’s speech. Even Adam has

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lost all hope of mercy for Hetty. He is so lost in despair that he does not
see Mr. Irwine trying to speak to the judge and convincing him to show
mercy. Adam does not see the helpless look on Mr. Irwine’s face as he
goes back to sit in his place with resignation. Hetty has not moved from
her position and continues to look down at her hands in a trance like
state.

Finally, after a quarter of an hour, the jury members arrive, one after
the other, with the verdict. There is complete silence in the courtroom,
like one long breathe. One by one the names of the jurymen are called
and the prisoner was made to holdup her hand. The jury gave the
verdict “GUILTY”. It was a verdict that everyone expected but still there
was a sigh of disappointment from some others. However, there was
no sympathy for Hetty because of the unnaturalness of her crime and
the fact that Hetty was obstinately silent and indifferent throughout
the proceedings.

Finally, the Judge follows the verdict with the judgement ‘to be hanged
till death’. On hearing these words Hetty screams and falls down
fainting. Adam who was standing nearby tries to reach out to catch
Hetty, but she has already fallen on the ground.

CONCLUSION

The judgement seems to be harsh if compared to the contemporary

laws. However, in Victorian England laws were pretty strict and
indecent behavior , especially from women was not tolerated. The
action of the novel ‘Adam Bede’ is set in those times when these laws
were still followed. However, by 1803, the laws in England became
more liberal. Today of course, unwed pregnancy is not seen as a social
stigma.
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THEMES

Inner vs. Outer Beauty

Eliot contrasts inner and outer beauty throughout the novel to express
the idea that external and internal realities do not always correspond.
Hetty’s outer beauty masks her inner ugliness, especially to Captain
Donnithorne and Adam. Even when Hetty cries or is angry, she still
appears lovely to both men. Adam is so blinded by Hetty’s appearance
that he often misinterprets her tears and excitement as love for him.
Hetty’s outer beauty also blinds Captain Donnithorne such that he loses
control when she cries and he kisses her. Eliot uses this contrast to
encourage the reader to look beyond the surface and explore a deeper
meaning.

The Value of Hard Work

One of the chief differences between the good characters and the evil
characters is their commitment to working hard. Most of the characters
in Adam Bede are hard-working peasants who spend their days laboring
on farms, in mills, or in shops. Those characters are generally
characterized by gentle intelligence and simple habits. They do their
best not to harm others, and they produce goods others can use and
value. Those who work hard take pride in their work, and they do not
harm others because they are careful and meticulous and do not have
time for idle self-indulgence.

The Consequences of Bad Behavior

Bad behavior and wrongdoing have consequences that extend beyond

the wrong-doer, and even relatively small transgressions can have
massive collateral effects. The central lesson from Hetty’s experience
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with Captain Donnithorne is that doing the right thing is important

because doing the wrong thing might hurt others in ways that cannot
be controlled. Though Captain Donnithorne is not inherently evil, he
provokes bad behavior in Hetty because she cannot go to him for help
when she learns that she is pregnant. Hetty is ashamed and only thinks
of herself when she commits her crime. As she awaits the trial, Hetty
does not think about how her bad behavior affected anyone else: she
does not consider the shame she has caused the Poysers or the effect
her crime has on Adam. Hetty feels no real remorse for her sins and just
wishes to not be reminded of any wrong she has done. Eventually, she
apologizes to Adam and asks God for forgiveness, but the lesson of the
story is that bad behavior, evil, and wrongdoing cannot be undone.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – Activity 3

Answer the following questions

1. In your own words describe the opening scene of the novel ‘Adam
Bede’.

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2. Describe in detail the testimony of Sarah Stone.

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3. Analyze in detail John Olding’s evidence.

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4. Comment on the themes occurring in ‘Joseph Andrews’.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERS

Adam Bede

Adam is an intelligent but not well-educated rural carpenter who feels

that he understands "the nature of' things." For him, life is very simple;

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he believes that the world operates according to certain rather

mechanistic principles which never change and that, likewise, one's life
should be lived according to certain principles of right conduct. He has a
stoic philosophy in that he feels that one should always do one's duty,
no matter what the circumstances. For this reason, he is a sober young
man, totally dedicated to his work; he rarely does things for his own
pleasure but strives to do the right thing in every situation.

This orientation gives rise to many fine qualities. Adam's is a very strong
nature; he is brave and aggressive, and he does not give way under
pressure. Because he thinks he knows what "right" is, he is very self-
confident, and he expresses himself honestly. His dedication to duty
makes him strong-willed and persevering; it also leads him to approach
problems in a very practical, forward-looking way. All in all, Adam is a
very optimistic young man when the novel opens. He feels that he can
handle any situation through positive action; he feels that he is in
control of himself and the course of his own life.

The negative traits in his personality emerge most clearly in his first
reactions to Arthur when he learns of the love affair between Arthur
and Hetty. His passions get out of hand and he tries to solve his
problem in the most direct way possible: by taking physical revenge on
Arthur and by forcing him to write to Hetty, terminating the
relationship. At this point, his pride has perverted even his good
qualities; his strength of will, for example, becomes intransigence and
he refuses to forgive Arthur.

Adam's personality is consistent throughout the novel. His values

simply shift as he grows more mature and realistic. At the end, he is still
strong but his strength is founded on an acceptance of the world as it

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is, not on abstract principles. He has come to see that it is more

important to love than to be technically "right" in any given situation.
Adam is thus Eliot's primary illustration of the way in which a man can
develop what is, according to her standards, a proper orientation; he
becomes moral instead of moralistic and evolves a gentleness and a
humility which are essentially, rather than dogmatically, Christian.

Hester (Hetty) Sorrel

The characterization of Hetty seems to vary through the novel: In the

earlier sections, she is condemned savagely for her vanity and
selfishness, while during her period of suffering she is treated
sympathetically. But even though Eliot's objectivity is somewhat
questionable in places, the personality of Hetty does emerge balanced
and rounded in the long run.

Hetty is only seventeen and has apparently received little or no formal

education. She is thus unformed and instinctual. She does not analyze
situations because she has neither the intelligence nor the training to
do so; she floats like a bubble on the surface of life, never thinking or
feeling anything very deeply. Like many young people, Hetty is highly
imaginative and tends to live in a world of dreams. Her grasp of reality
is slight, and she is in basic need of protection and guidance from
others.

These qualities can be very charming in a girl since they are traditionally
thought of as feminine, and Hetty is certainly charming. There is
something appealingly childlike about her, and both Adam and Arthur
react to this quality. Her helplessness, her sensitivity to physical or
mental pain, stimulate their protective urges and soften the reader's
disapproval of her actions. Her youth and softness are most apparent in
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her lonely wandering, and she seems less like a criminal than a victim —
a victim of the fact that Arthur took advantage of her weakness and of
the circumstance that Arthur is not at Windsor.

But Hetty's childishness also has its negative side. Like a child, she
always seeks her own advantage; Hetty is profoundly and eternally
selfish. The dream world she lives in is one in which she is the central
figure, and no realistic considerations interfere with her imaginings. She
gives herself to Arthur even though she does not love him because she
sees the opportunity to make her egotistical dreams come true. When
it becomes clear that Arthur will not make her a "great lady," she
immediately switches her loyalty to Adam; her affections are controlled
completely by her own desires. Finally, she kills her own baby in order
to avoid disgrace and social ostracism.

Because Hetty's feelings are so superficial, she is very materialistic. A

pair of earrings can send her into raptures, and she judges herself and
others in terms of externals — beauty, money, social success, and
prestige. Her relationships with others are therefore shallow. She does
not seek to know and be known, but only to be admired, and she is very
deceitful and evasive, avoiding any contact which could make her face
the unreality of her dreams.

Bad experience only has the effect of making Hetty withdraw into
herself even more; during her trial, she refuses to speak to anyone. But
Dinah gets her to confess, and this symbolic act breaks down the walls
which her egomania had erected. She takes responsibility for her
actions and admits to the world in general that she has been at fault.
She faces reality, abandons her selfish dreams, and reveals herself as a
weak and helpless child. At the last moment, Hetty summons the

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courage to forgive and to love, and is "saved" through the acceptance

of human contact.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – Activity 4

Answer the following questions:

1. Write a short note on Parson Adams. (Refer to the Entire Note)

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2. Discuss Lawyer Scouts views on law.

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS – Activity 5

Answer the following questions:

1. "…he is a vagabond, and he shall not settle here, and bring a Nest of
Beggars into the Parish;" Identify the ‘Vagabond’ referred to in the
above lines. What does the speaker mean by ‘Nest of Beggars’?

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2. "They are Pests of Society." From which text is this statement taken?
Who are the so called ‘Pests of Society’?

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3. "I condemn my Humility." On which occasion were these words

uttered?

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4. "I know not what your Ladyship means by the terms Master and
Service." Under what circumstances were these words spoken?

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5. "The ugliest Creature almost I ever beheld, a poor dirty Drab." From
which extract are these lines taken? Who is the ‘creature’ referred to?

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6. "I only perform my office to Mr. Joseph." Whose words are these and
when are they spoken?

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7. “Madam, your Ladyship is offended with me, I protest without a

reason.” Who said these words and to whom?

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8. “I will have no more Vagabonds settled here.” Whose decision is this

and to whom does it refer?

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POINTS TO WRITE LONG ANSWERS

• Start the answer by giving a brief introduction in two –three sentences

about the Author and when the Novel was published.

• The second paragraph should carry a brief summary of the plot in your
own words, in more than seven-eight sentences.

• Start writing the third paragraph by answering the question asked.

• End the answer by giving a conclusion.

• PLEASE WRITE THE ANSWERS IN YOUR OWN WORDS. DO NOT LEARN

THE NOTES BY-HEART.

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