Foully (adv) - in an unfair and insulting manner.

Example: President Duterte reprimanded the reporter foully.

Rancid (adj) - (of food containing a fat such as butter or oil) tasting or smelling unpleasant
because it is not fresh.
Example: Fruits are perishable and they can go rancid.
Squelching (v) - making a soft sucking sound such as that made by walking heavily through
mud.
Example: Claire is squelching across the yard, looking for her ring.
Dumbfounded (v) - greatly astonish or amaze.
Example: Many girl students from Grade 8 Darwin were dumbfounded at KPOP’s popularity.
Assent (n) - the expression of approval or agreement.
Example: JP waits for her girlfriend’s assent on his proposal.
Brunette (n) - (of a person) having dark hair and, often, dark eyes and darkish or olive skin.
Example: Ralph wants to marry a brunette.

Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka

The price seemed reasonable, location

Indifferent. The landlady swore she lived
Off premises. Nothing remained
But self-confession. "Madam," I warned,
"I hate a wasted journey—I am African."
Silence. Silenced transmission of
Pressurized good-breeding. Voice, when it came,
Lipstick coated, long gold rolled
Cigarette-holder piped. Caught I was foully.
"HOW DARK?" . . . I had not misheard . . . "ARE YOU LIGHT
OR VERY DARK?" Button B, Button A.* Stench
Of rancid breath of public hide-and-speak.
Red booth. Red pillar box. Red double-tiered
Omnibus squelching. It was real! Shamed
By ill-mannered silence, surrender
Pushed dumbfounded to beg simplification.
Considerate she was, varying the emphasis--
"ARE YOU DARK? OR VERY LIGHT?" Revelation came.
"You mean--like plain or milk chocolate?"
Her assent was clinical, crushing in its light
Impersonality. Rapidly, wave-length adjusted,
I chose. "West African sepia"--and as afterthought,
"Down in my passport." Silence for spectroscopic
Flight of fancy, till truthfulness clanged her accent
Hard on the mouthpiece. "WHAT'S THAT?" conceding
"DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT IS." "Like brunette."
"THAT'S DARK, ISN'T IT?" "Not altogether.
Facially, I am brunette, but, madam, you should see
The rest of me. Palm of my hand, soles of my feet
Are a peroxide blond. Friction, caused--
Foolishly, madam--by sitting down, has turned
My bottom raven black--One moment, madam!"--sensing
Her receiver rearing on the thunderclap
About my ears--"Madam," I pleaded, "wouldn't you rather
See for yourself?"

Symbolism is a technique used in literature when some things are not to be taken literally.
Symbolism in literature is an object, person, or place that has meaning within itself but stands
for something else in the context of the story.
Examples:
Dove – symbolizes peace.
Spring – symbolizes birth or new beginning.
Moon – changing ang returning shape, feminine symbol.
Forest – usually a place of evil and mystery.
Symbolism is used in literature when one thing is meant to represent something
else. Symbolism helps create meaning and emotion in a story.
It is also used to let the readers think.
Imagery
 is when an image is evoked through the use of really descriptive language. Imagery
means to use figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way
that it appeals to our physical senses.
 becomes apparent when a writer appeals to the readers’ five senses: sight, touch, smell,
taste and sound. It helps bring the passage into the readers’ imagination.
 is the use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds.
 Examples:
“When I bit into the lemon, its citrus flavor shocked my tongue.”
“Tiny acacia leaves drifted in the afternoon sunshine.”
“Waves crashed upon the shore.”
Fresh roses filled the classroom with a floral perfume.
Figurative Language
It presents ordinary things in fresh ways, communicating ideas that go beyond words’
ordinary meanings. Which means that it has a deeper meaning aside from its literal
meaning.
Simile
• A simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of
a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.
“Arnold is as brave as lion.”
Metaphor
 states a fact or draws a verbal picture using comparison. A simile would say you are like
something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are something.
“Alex is a flower that blooms every day.”
Alliteration
• a literary device where two or more words in a phrase or line of poetry share the same
beginning sound. The words can be in line or can be separated by one or more words.
Usually the beginning consonants in the words are used for the alliteration
“Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.”
Repetition
 a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea
clearer and more memorable. As a verbal device, it could be a word, a phrase, or a full
sentence, or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text.
Oh, woeful, oh woeful, woeful, woeful day!
--Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
Hyperbole
• are exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
“I am so hungry I could eat a horse.”
Africa by David Diop
Africa my Africa
Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs
Africa of whom my grandmother sings
On the banks of the distant river
I have never known you
But your blood flows in my veins
Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields
The blood of your sweat
The sweat of your work
The work of your slavery
Africa, tell me Africa
Is this your back that is unbent
This back that never breaks under the weight of humiliation
This back trembling with red scars
And saying no to the whip under the midday sun
But a grave voice answers me
Impetuous child that tree, young and strong
That tree over there
Splendidly alone amidst white and faded flowers
That is your Africa springing up anew
springing up patiently, obstinately
Whose fruit bit by bit acquires
The bitter taste of liberty.
Tone in written composition, is an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience.
Tone is generally conveyed through the choice of words, or the viewpoint of a writer on a
particular subject.
A theme is a central message revealed through a literary work. It is a lesson that the
selection teaches or a major point that the selection as a whole is about. It is a
generalization about people or about life that is communicated through the literary work.
The manner in which a writer approaches this theme and subject is the tone. The tone can
be formal, informal, serious, comic, sarcastic, sad, or cheerful, or it may be any other
existing attitude.

“Successful and unsuccessful people

do not vary greatly in their abilities.
They vary in their desires to reach
their potential.” – John Maxwell