Overview of Battery Cell Technologies

Overview of Battery Cell Technologies
Marcel MEEUS
Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative (EMIRI)
ENERGY MATERIALS INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INITIATIVE
Bridging the Innovation Gap
Overview of battery
technologies
© European Union, 2017

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI
Contents
• 1. Context and background

• 2. Break-out sessions
• 3. R&I targets on performance, cost, manufacturing
Implementation Plan of Key Action n07 of the SET Plan
• 4. Market prospects E-mobility/Li Ion
• 5. Roadmap Li Ion
5.1 Workshop 1: Advanced Li Ion batteries
5.2 Workshop 2: Solid State Li Ion batteries
5.3 Workshop 3: Stationary energy storage (ESS)
5.4 Research Pilot Line network
• 6. Cross cutting topics
Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 3

1. Context and background information
• Additional 100M€ budget (2019-2020) will help to establish the future European base for mass
production of next generation batteries by 2025-2030 and will cover the following research themes:
1. Research on new materials and cell chemistries targeting the most promising technologies and on
advanced production technologies;
2. Paving the way for the creation of new cell production pilot lines (targeting next generation
technologies) operational by 2020-2025;
3. Activities to ensure better accessibility to the existing cell production pilot lines: networking,
technological harmonisation;
4. Dissemination and outreach activities to inform society about progress and efforts of EU driven work for
this new initiative as well as recent actions.

2. Break-out sessions
• Four technical break-out sessions : In terms of chemistries, the core focus of the workshop is on Li-ion
batteries for e-mobility, while attention and a certain support may be given to post-Li-ion but exclusively to
stationary storage.
• Advanced Li-ion technologies (generation 3b)

• Next generation solid-state Li-ion technologies (generation 4)
• Technologies for stationary storage applications
• Research Pilot Line network

3. R&I targets on performance, cost, manufacturing

• Basis: as set to the Implementation Plan of Key Action n 07 of the SET Plan

R&I targets on performance, cost, manufacturing

Implementation Plan Action 7 SET Plan endorsed and published

4. Market prospects E-mobility/Li Ion (Source Avicenne/Umicore 2017)

5. Roadmap Li Ion 2020->2030

5.1 Workshop 1: Advanced Li Ion batteries

Key parameters

Type of batteries
NiMH Li-Ion Advanced Li-Ion New

Systems
(1.2V) (~3.8V) (3.8V-5.0V )

Advanced materials pave the way to new applications

Key to succes is cost reduction Li Ion

• Cathode Material = Key cost / performance driver
By 2030, the cost in € /kWh has to come down to < 100 €/kWh
For stationary applications down to < 0,05 €/kWh/cycle

Future evolution to higher voltage battery systems
Solvay R&I

R&I needs
• Why is there a need for R&I activity?

Current Li-ion batteries are not yet close to their fundamental limits illustrated e.g. by their
gravimetric & volumetric energy density, with current cell level state-of-the-art at 90-235 Wh/kg &
200-630 Wh/l and the expected fundamental limits at 350-400 Wh/kg and 750 Wh/l.
Such a drastic improvement of performance must be achieved through the development of
Advanced Materials covering cathode, anode, binders, separators, electrolyte, current collectors
and packaging materials as to enable new Li-ion batteries, with a particular focus on high voltage
systems (4.5 – 5.0 V), or high capacity systems.

Specific R&I actions

What are the specific R&I actions?
Significant improvements in Advanced Materials are required, in order to make a progress beyond the
state-of the-art technologies currently used in commercial cells for electric vehicles.
Such Advanced Materials and cell design could be based on, among others, the following principles:
• 1) cathodes composed of high capacity nickel-rich or Li-rich NMC compounds, high voltage spinels or
phosphates
• 2) anodes based on graphite-silicon composites or silicon alloys or lithium alloy or even lithium metal
• 3) new oxidation resistant electrolytes with an electrochemical stability window up to 5V
• 4) ceramic coated membranes for the separator, or interface layers at the cathode/electrolyte or
anode/electrolyte interfaces
• 5) additives or materials modifications to improve safety
• 6) electrode and cell design methods that maximise the active material content (energy density) in the
cell without compromising power density.

Developments 5V cathode materials: www.fivevb.eu
Xu, J. T.; Dou, S. X.; Liu, H. K.; Dai, L. M. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 439

Paired with high capacity novel anode materials www.spicy-project.eu

www.sintbat.eu
 Si/C composites

Electrolyte modifications

Advanced materials and competencies play a key role.

Ageing to be controlled and prevented
Generally, the capacity fade of Li-ion cells is due to a combination of three main processes
• Loss of Li / loss of balance between electrodes
• Loss of electrode area
• Loss of electrode material / conductivity
State-of-Health Estimation of Li-ion

Batteries: Cycle Life Test Methods: Jens
Groot

Discussion points in Workshop

1
• Theme 1: Increase energy density: Which new combination of active materials in the cell is
believed to be best to achieve the energy density targets of +/- 350 Wh/kg and +/- 750 Wh/l. at cathode
level, anode, electrolyte (composition, additives, ionic liquids), separator, current collectors (is increased
corrosion of Al foil an issue?) What effect is expected on the cycle life of the high voltage batteries?
What coatings could be applied?
• Theme 2: Which cost reduction is expected as €/kWh (below 100€/kWh?)
• Theme 3: Impact on fast charging
• Theme 4: How would safety be expected and which specific measures would be needed?
• Theme 5: What are the competencies in Europe for ab initio, computational analysis, modelling?
• Theme 6: What is the IP generation potential and manufacturing (from powder to power) in Europe?
A SWOT analysis on the European supply/value chain to be defined.

5.2 Workshop 2: Solid State Li Ion batteries
• Solid-state batteries are the next step on major OEM’s roadmaps (see e.g. example
Volkswagen), they are an enabler for doubling the driving range, they would have better safety
and would be denser thus allow potential reductions in the amount of passive components.

Advantages vs Inconvenients - summary
SOLID STATE BATTERIES
Advantages vs Liquid Inconvenients vs Lquid
Safety:would eliminate Lower ionic conductivity:

thermal runaway especially at lower temperature
High energy density: Poor interfacial contacts
less inactive materials Combined with Li metal anode:
higher voltages possible risk for dendrite formation
Less SEI formation: More expensive to manufacture?
longer cycle life

R&I needs
What are the necessary specific R&I actions?
• Cathode materials: can cover a wide range, from convential NMC (4,1 V) to high voltage
(> 4,5 V); compositions, structures and coatings to be developed.
• Anode materials: the highest energy density is expected with Li-metal, however the interface
with the electrolyte needs to be improved to avoid dendrite formation (structural defects to be
avoided, interfacial wetting with solid electrolyte to be improved, coatings to be applied,
deposition or lamination techniques to be developed...
• Develop new inorganic or polymer solid electrolytes targeting 10-2 S/ cm
for polymer electrolytes: composition PEO, PAN, PEG…, inorganic fillers
for inorganic electrolytes: compositions and structure
• Impact on fast charging
• Advanced eco-design and manufacturing processes

Technology description

5.2.1 Cathode - Anode
• Cathode materials can cover a wide range: convential (4,1 V) and high voltage (> 4,5 V): choice
is to go for tailor- made NMC and LCO (structure,coatings...)
• Anode materials, again different possibilities but choice is for Li metal foil (highest capacity),
however the interface with the electrolyte needs to be improved to avoid dendrite formation .
Thin Li foil (10µ) manufacturing methods to be explored.

5.2.2 Key is the solid electrolyte
Varzi et al., J. Mater. Chem., 2016

30
Main issue is conductivity of solid electrolyte especially at low t°

Inorganic solid electrolytes : target > 10-2 S/cm ionic conductivity at room t°
Li based glassy solid electrolytes: examples

1) Oxide electrolytes : Perovskite type structure e.g. Li3xLa2/3−xTiO3 with 10−3 S/cm
2) LISICON type structure : LiM2(PO4)3 (M=Ge,Ti,Zr), e.g. LiTi2(PO4)3
3) Garnet type structure : LLZO e.g. Li7La3Zr2O12
4) Sulﬁde solid electrolytes : e.g. Li2S–SiS2 , Li2S–P2S5 J.G. Kim et al. / Journal of Power Sources 282
(2015)

Organic solid electrolytes : target > 10-2 à 10-3 S/cm ionic conductivity at room t°
• Polymer electrolytes are investigated as solid electrolytes, the most prominent example being polyethylene oxide (PEO).
Others PAN,PEG… Polymers have obvious advantages in cost, production and processing (shaping, patterning and
integration). Their low elastic moduli are especially favourable in flexible battery designs. In an ideal solvent-free polymer
electrolyte, lithium salts are dissolved and solvated by the polymer chains.
• One possible strategy to improve the conductivity is to form a composite polymer gel by adding a solvent (organic or ionic
liquids) as a plasticizer.
• Another strategy is the incorporation of inorganic fillers (Al203,TiO2,CuO…) into the polymer to form a composite polymer
electrolyte.
Inorganic and organic
hybrid solid electrolytes
for lithium-ion batteries
Xiaotao Fu,

Manufacturing still an issue Bridging the Innovation Gap

Discussion points in Workshop 2
• Theme 1- Anode: How can Lithium electrodeposition/stripping process or in other words dendrite
formation be best controlled: by ceramic coatings, by Li- conductive polymer systems, by hybrid
systems..? Which manufacturing technologies need to be developed?
• Theme 2- Cathode: Should we consider 2 sub-generations (4a regular voltage and 4b high voltage)?
• Theme 3- Solid Electrolyte: Which solid electrolyte to be developed? 1) all solid polymer, 2) gel-
polymer, 3) inorganic crystalline/glassy/glass ceramic, based on oxide/nitride/ sulphide or any other
composition. What are the expected ionic conductivities at ambient, - 20°and ≥+ 60 °C. How to solve
possible gradients in ionic conductivity between surface and bulk of the solid electrolyte? How to
improve structural stability of the electrolyte and volume and stress changes during charge/ discharge?
• Theme 4- Ab-initio and modelling: In material selection and development: What are the EU
competencies?
• Theme 5- Manufacturing: How to improve processing and design? How to develop cost efficient
manufacturing of components and systems? What are the Intellectual Property drawbacks and
opportunities for Europe?

5.3 Workshop 3: Stationary energy storage (ESS)
• Stationary applications demand lower energy and power densities than mobile applications, as
they are not constrained by volume or weight. Instead, stationary Li-ion batteries must
demonstrate a longer battery lifetime and lower costs. Thus, there is a need for significantly
more research, in order to optimize power applications such as applications used for frequency
regulation, with a particular focus on lifetime. For stationary energy storage both the optimisation
of Li-ion batteries and the innovation and development of non Li-ion battery technologies
(including redox-flow batteries, metal-air, lithium-sulfur, new ion-based systems), specifically
designed with high cycle life, long calendar life, optimised safety and low cost, are considered.

Roadmap ESS

R&I needs
What are the necessary specific R&I actions? (see also a.o EASE/EERA roadmap 2017)
• - Priorities are improvements to the cycle life and overall calendar life as well as the safety and the fast
charging ability of all battery technologies: research on materials and their processing technologies and
addressing the degradation mechanisms are important
• - Improve power density
• -Reduce cycle cost below 0.05 €/kWh/cycle
• - Develop mechanical system designs with light structural materials, as well as efficient and low cost
thermal management systems.
• -Focus on intelligent battery management, including the electronics and systems
• - Exploratory research, using for instance combinatorial materials approaches, is strongly
recommended on novel materials for completely new electrochemical systems
• - Study hybridization and interfaces between rechargeable batteries and (super) capacitors
• - Recycling and re-use: second life materials and applications

• Theme 1 - Li-ion: Which actions/ research are needed to improve specifically cycle life, calendar
life and cost while maintaining the highest safety? How to attain the targets set for 2025
(Optimized Li-ion Power stationary) and the ones for 2030?
• Theme 2 - Non Li-ion systems: Which are the most relevant chemistries with the highest
market potential in residential and grid applications and which ones should be abandoned for
further EU research? How can non Li-ion systems realize the targets set for 2030 ?

Examples non-Li-Ion:Metal (Zn,Li) - Air

Issues: dendrites,rechargeability,bi-functional air catalysts,electrolyte choice...
ucsd.edu
sintef.no/zas

Alternative Metal-Ion systems: Na-ion, Al-ion Bridging the Innovation Gap
www.alionproject.eu
www.naiadesproject.eu

H2020 ongoing research on Redox Flow Batteries
• GREENERNET: Advanced Organic Redox Flow Battery Energy Storage Systems in a

Microgrid Network
• FlowCamp: European Training Network to improve materials for high-performance, low-
cost next- generation redox-flow batteries
• Some past EU Research:

R&I needs
What are the necessary specific R&I actions?

• - Scaling-up to > 10 Ah cells level is now mandatory to address all technology issues
• - Perspectives gen.3b: Adapting today’s processes to new up-coming materials: high-voltage
cathode, Si based anodes, new electrolytes… Are the existing pilot lines ready to integrate R&I
on generation 3b?
• - Perspectives gen 4: Integrating new process evolutions to address gelled electrolyte batteries,
solid-state electrolyte batteries.

• Theme 1 - Generation 3b: Are current pilot lines ready to manufacture >10 Ah cells based on
the materials matrix described under Session 1? Investigation on the processing of close-to-market
new materials and cell components to achieve better manufacturing, recipes for development and cell
design innovation compatible with today’s lines.
How can closer cooperation between different pilot lines and accessibility for other labs be
improved?
• Theme 2 - Generation 4: Can current pilot lines be adapted to manufacture all solid-state
configurations as described under Session 2 in the time line 2022-2030?
Or does the equipment/process development from powder to cell for generation
4 technologies necessitate the design and building of a new pilot line
accessible to European Research by many stakeholders?

6. Cross cutting topics
Cross cutting topics for all Sessions:
• Accessibility raw materials in Europe

• Competitiveness
• Recycling potential, Circular economy
• Integration of European equipment suppliers in the projects;
• Integrate KPIs on IP (Intellectual Property generation) in the projects;
• Dissemination strategy

• Theme 1 - Generation 3b: Are current pilot lines ready to manufacture >10 Ah cells based on
the materials matrix described under Session 1? Investigation on the processing of close-to-market
new materials and cell components to achieve better manufacturing, recipes for development and cell
design innovation compatible with today’s lines.
How can closer cooperation between different pilot lines and accessibility for other labs be
improved?
• Theme 2 - Generation 4: Can current pilot lines be adapted to manufacture all solid-state
configurations as described under Session 2 in the time line 2022-2030?
Or does the equipment/process development from powder to cell for generation
4 technologies necessitate the design and building of a new pilot line
accessible to European Research by many stakeholders?

Thank you for your attention

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Bridging the Innovation Gap

© European Union, 2017

Bridging the Innovation Gap

• 1. Context and background

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 3

Bridging the Innovation Gap

1. Context and background information

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 4

Bridging the Innovation Gap

• Advanced Li-ion technologies (generation 3b)

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 5

Bridging the Innovation Gap

3. R&I targets on performance, cost, manufacturing

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 6

Bridging the Innovation Gap

R&I targets on performance, cost, manufacturing

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 7

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Implementation Plan Action 7 SET Plan endorsed and published

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 8

Bridging the Innovation Gap

4. Market prospects E-mobility/Li Ion (Source Avicenne/Umicore 2017)

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 9

Bridging the Innovation Gap

5. Roadmap Li Ion 2020->2030

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 10

Bridging the Innovation Gap

5.1 Workshop 1: Advanced Li Ion batteries

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 11

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 12

Bridging the Innovation Gap

NiMH Li-Ion Advanced Li-Ion New

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 13

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Advanced materials pave the way to new applications

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 14

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Key to succes is cost reduction Li Ion

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 15

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Future evolution to higher voltage battery systems

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 16

Bridging the Innovation Gap

• Why is there a need for R&I activity?

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 17

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Specific R&I actions

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 18

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Developments 5V cathode materials: www.fivevb.eu

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 19

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Paired with high capacity novel anode materials www.spicy-project.eu

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 20

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 21

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Advanced materials and competencies play a key role.

Dr. Marcel Meeus - EMIRI 22

Bridging the Innovation Gap

Ageing to be controlled and prevented