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STC Bridge Design Presentation PDF
STC Bridge Design Presentation PDF
STC Bridge Design Presentation PDF
DESIGNS OF BRIDGES:
PANKAJ GANDHI
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
DESIGNS (R&B) CIRCLE
GANDHINAGAR
1. INTRODUCTION
Bridge structures are essential component of any road
network , Preparation of bridge projects involves a
chain of activities such as
1. survey and investigations,
2. selection of site,
3. fixing of waterways,
4. selection of type of structure,
5. design of structural elements,
6. preparation of drawings and cost estimates
7. economic evaluation,
8. preparation of contract documents ,
9. quality assurance scheme, maintenance manual and
schedule
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2.Project Preparation
Generally there are three stages in
project preparation :
(i) pre-feasibility report,
(ii) feasibility report/preliminary
project report,
(iii) detailed project report
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2.Project Preparation
(i) pre-feasibility report
1. The possible locations,
2. Nature of crossing,
3. Traffic dispersal system for different
alternatives are identified.
4. The effect of implementation on the traffic
scenario in immediate vicinity is also
broadly considered.
5. The reconnaissance visit to the area of the
intended bridge site is sufficient at this
stage.
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2.Project Preparation
(ii) feasibility report/preliminary project report
a) Socio-economic profile of the State :
Population, state income, land use, economic sector
(agriculture, forestry, fishery, industry, etc. as relevant),
prevalent transport services.
b)Socio-economic Profile of the Project Influence Area :
Role of similar other facilities in the vicinity, delineation of
the influence area, demographic characteristics, influence
area economy (district income, per capital income), economic
sector, transport profile.
.
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2.Project Preparation
c) Study Methodology
Reconnaissance survey (A recon- naissance
survey provides data that enables design engineers to
study the advantages and disadvantages of a variety
of routes and then to determine which routes are
feasible.) .
preliminary data collection, alternative
alignments study report, further data
collection, model study, traffic layout plan.
Preliminary design and cost estimate,
environmental impact assessment, economic
viability appraisal and sensitivity analysis
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2.Project Preparation
d) Traffic Survey and Analysis
Surveys and studies undertaken, classified directional
volume count. Origin-Destination (O-D) survey, speed and
delay surveys, pavement roughness survey, axle load
survey, past traffic data, assignment of project traffic,
diverted traffic, base year traffic, average annual daily
traffic, traffic growth forecast.
e) Project Description
Project alignment, project elements geometric design, land
acquisition, various components/parts of the project (such
as main bridge, viaduct service road etc.), area drawings
scheme, obligatory improvements, design standards,
preliminary design drawings and cost estimates,
construction programme, equipment and foreign exchange
requirements.
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2.Project Preparation
f) Preliminary Design
(i) Project corridor inventory - Existing bridge and culvert
inventory and condition, inventory of existing river bank
protection etc. as applicable,
(ii) Engineering survey and investigation - Topographic
survey, hydrological survey, soil investigation, etc.
(iii) Survey for environmental impact assessment study -
Ambient air quality monitoring, water quality monitoring,
noise monitoring, etc.
(iv) Design standards and specification-Geometric design
standards, standards for design of various components of
project, specifications, etc.
(v) Bridge and pavement design - Design alternatives and
construction methodology, standards for design of various
components of project such as main bridge, approach
viaduct etc. embankment design, pavement design, etc.
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2.Project Preparation
(g) Project Cost Estimate
Basis of cost estimate, basic cost of
materials, bill of quantities and cost
estimates, land acquisition cost, abstract of
cost estimate.
(h) Economic Evaluation
Economic analysis, project cost and
scheduling, project benefits. Vehicle
Operating Cost (VOC), savings, time
savings, economic cost of vehicle holdup,
economic cost and productivity, cost benefit
analysis, sensitivity analysi
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2.Project Preparation
(iii) Detailed project report (DPR)
1. Detailed surveys and investigations(Sub
soil) are carried out on approved site
alignment.
2. Detailed designs are worked out on the
basis of results of survey and investigation
3. Detailed drawings are prepared
4. An accurate cost estimate is made along
with the Bill of Quantities and the
specifications are finalized
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3.Foundation Design Process
Exploration
Log
3.Foundation Design Process
c. Laboratory Testing
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Spread Footings (on engineered fill)
MSE Wall w/ Spread Footing
Deep Foundations
Piles
Well
3.Foundation Design Process
Settlement
Bearing Capacity
Sliding Resistance
Overturning (eccentricity)
Overall Stability (slope stability)
3.Foundation Design Process
Pile Design
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Foundation Reports
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Typical Beam/Girder Bridge
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Girder/Beam Bridge
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Truss Bridge
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Cable Stayed
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Cable Stayed Bridges
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Suspension Bridge
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Basic Components of a Bridge
The two basic parts are:
Substructure - includes the piers, the abutments
and the foundations.
Superstructure - consists of the deck structure
itself, which support the direct loads due to traffic and
all the other permanent and variable leads to which
the structure is subjected.
The connection between the substructure and the
superstructure is usually made through bearings.
However, rigid connections between the piers (and
sometimes the abutments) may be adopted,
particularly in frame bridges with tall (flexible) piers.
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Substructure : Piers
Piers are of two basic types:
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Basic Types of Bridge Piers
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Substructure : Abutments
The abutments establish the connection
between the bridge superstructure and the
embankments. They are designed to
support the loads due to the superstructure
which are transmitted through the bearings
and to the pressures of the soil contained
by the abutment.
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Types of Wall Abutments
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Basic Types of Bridge
Abutments – Open Type
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Superstructure – Structural
Systems
The longitudinal system of a bridge may be
one of the following types: beam, frame,
arch, cable stayed or suspension.
There are three main types of bridge
transverse systems, slab, beam-slab or box
girder.
Bridge superstructures may use the beam
and plate girder, truss girder or box girder
structural systems.
Deck systems use a reinforced concrete
slab, with or without cross-girders, or a
partially prestressed concrete slab, or an
orthotropic steel plate.
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Bridge Longitudinal Structural
Systems
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Bridge Deck
The principal function of a bridge deck is to
provide support to local vertical loads (from
highway traffic, railway or pedestrians) and
transmit these loads to the primary
superstructure of the bridge.
As a result of its function, the deck will be
continuous along the bridge span and
(apart from some railway bridges)
continuous across the span. As a result of
this continuity, it will act as a plate
(isotropic or orthotropic depending on
construction) to support local patch loads.
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5.THE DESIGN OF A BRIDGE
1. DEAD LOAD
2. LIVE LOAD
3. LONGITUDINAL FORCES
4. SEISMIC FORCES
5. LATERAL FORCES
6. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
7. WATER CURRENT FORCES
8. BUOYANCY FORCES
9. EARTH PRESSURE
10. THERMAL STRESSES
11. SECONDARY STRESSES
12. ERECTION STRESSES
13. DEFORMATION STRESSES
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1.DEAD LOAD
A.STRUCTURAL DEAD LOAD
B. SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD
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2.LIVE LOAD
EARLY LOADING STANDARD – 12 T
IRC- IN 1939 TWO TYPES OF LOADING
1.IRC STANDARD LOADING 1.13 & 6 T
2.IRC HEAVY LOADING 1.21 & 7 T
IRC- IN 1958
1.CLASS- AA
2.CLASS- A
3.CLASS-B
IRC-IN 1966
CLASS 70 R WAS INTRODUCED
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2.LIVE LOAD (Cont..)
Longitudinal placement :
Braking force Braking force
A span B C span D
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2.LIVE LOAD (Cont..)
A span B C span D
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2.LIVE LOAD(Cont..)
Reduction in LIVE LOAD
One or Two lanes - 0.00 %
Three lanes - 10.00 %
Four or more lanes - 25.00%
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2.LIVE LOAD (Cont..)
Impact Factor
for class A or class B Loading
= 4.5 / (6+L)
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3.Longitudinal forces
Tractive efforts caused through acceleration of the
driving wheels
Braking effect resulting from the application of the
brakes to braked wheels.
Frictional resistances offered to the movement of free
bearings due to change in temperature or any other
cause.
Single or Two lane : 20% percent of the first train
load + 10% of the load of the succeeding trains or
part thereof, the train loads in one lane only being
considered for the purposes of the sub clause.
more than two lanes : As in above, the first two lanes
plus 5% of the loads on the lanes in excess of two.
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3.Longitudinal forces(cont..)
Braking effects is taken to be acting
along a line parallel to the carriageway
and 1.20 metre above it . Due to this
reason, while the force is being
transferred to the bearing for design
analysis, the change in the vertical
reaction at the bearings is to be taken
into account
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3.Longitudinal forces(cont..)
The coefficient of friction at the
bearing should be assumed to have
the following value
1. For roller bearings 0.03
2.For sliding bearings of hard copper
aloy 0.15
3.For sliding bearing of steel on cast
iron on steel 0.25
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4.SEISMIC FORCES
seismic failures of several bridges in recent years have
shown that the failure was not caused by the collapse of
any element of the superstructure but rather as a
consequence of :
1. the superstructure shaking off the bearings and falling to
the ground
2.the structural failure due to the loss of strength of the soil
under the substructure as a result of the vibrations induced in
the ground.
3. influence of seismic forces on a structure depends on the
bridge's elastic characteristics and the distribution of
weight. A rigorous analysis is complex and involves the
application of structural dynamics
4. As per IS 1893- 2002 seismic force to be used in the design of
a structure is dependent on many variable factors and
therefore, it is extremely difficult to determine its correct value.
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4.SEISMIC FORCES(cont..)
5. seismic coefficients for horizontal forces are given in the code as
per the zone and also depending upon the foundations soil
which has been assumed to be hard, medium and soft type. The
vertical seismic coefficient where applicable be taken as half
of the horizontal seismic coefficient for design purposes
6.the seismic force is to be computed for 50% of the design live
load for railway bridges and 25% of the design live load for road
bridges as specified in the relevant standards.
7. In the design of substructure the reduction in weight due to
buoyancy is not taken into account while calculating the
seismic force. Also the bridge structure is with the assumption
that the seismic and wind forces are not acting simultaneously
and similarly the maximum seismic force and highest flood case
are considered to be occurring simultaneously
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5.Lateral loads
The railings and parapets are to be
designed to resist a lateral horizontal force
and vertical force each of magnitude equal
to 150 kg/m applied simultaneously at the
top of the railing or parapet.
Kerbs should be designed for lateral loading
of 750 kg per metre run of the kerb applied
horizontally at the top of the kerb
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6.Centrifugal forces
When a highway bridge is located on a curve i.e. in
case of horizontally curved decks, the effects of
centrifugal forces to the movement of vehicular traffic
over the bridge should be accounted for in the design
This centrifugal force is determined by using the
following relation :
C = WV^2/127R
Here, C = Centrifugal force in tonnes acting normally
to traffic
The centrifugal force should be considered to act at a
height of 1.2 m above the formation level of bridge
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7.Water current force
Any part of a bridge which may be submerged in running
water should be designed to sustain safely the horizontal
pressure due to the force of the current
P = 52 KV^2
Here, P = Intensity of pressure in kg/m^2 due to the water
current.
K = a coefficient whose value depends upon the different
shapes of the piers
Shape of Piers , K value
1 Square ended piers, 1.50
2 Circular piers or piers with semi circular ends, 0.66
3 Piers with triangular cut and case waters, the angle
included between the faces being 30degrees or less, 0.50
V = the velocity of the current in metres/sec. at the point
where the pressure intensity is to be computed
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8.BUOYANCY FORCES
In case of high level bridges to allow for full buoyancy a reduction
should be made in the gross weight of the member affected in the
following manner for the purpose of design
1 When the member under consideration displaces water only e.g. a
shallow pier or abutment founded at or near the bed level, the
reduction in weight should be equal to that of the volume of
the displaced water
2 When the member under consideration displaces water and also silt
or sand e.g. a deep pier or abutment passing through strata of
sand and silt and founded on similar material
- Full hydrostatic pressure due to a depth of water equal to
difference in levels between the free surface of water and the
foundation of member under consideration
-Upward pressure due to the submerged height weight of the silt or
sand calculated in accordance with Rankine's theory
3 In case of submersible bridges, the full buoyancy effect of the
superstructure, piers and abutments should be taken into
consideration
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9.Earth Pressure
IRC 6 recommends Coulomb's theory of earth pressure as
the rational theory but with the modifcations that the height
of the center of pressure above bottom as 0.42 of the
height of water above the base instead of 0.33 of that
height, for computing earth pressures
It is essential to provide weep holes, gravel drains, pipe
drains etc. in the backfilling material to ensure complete
drainage
In the design of return walls, the live load surface should be
considered for loads placed beyond the length of the
approach slab
For earthfill retaining walls with no facility of proper
drainage, the pressure due to submerged soil is computed
by considering pressure due to dry earth as well as
hydrostatic pressure due to water present.
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10.THERMAL STRESSES
All structures tend to change in length with variations in
temperatures. Temperatures stresses are likely to develop if this
change in length is fully or partly retained by fixing the ends.
The anticipated rise and fall in temperature should be fixed from
the meteorological records for the locality in which the structure is
to be constructed
Following are the thermal effects :
(i) the effect of non-linear distribution of temperature through the
deck depth , thereby leading to eigen stress resulting from the
difference between final linear thermal strain gradient and the
unrestrained non-linear thermal strain gradient.
(ii) the indeterminacy effect comprising of
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10.THERMAL STRESSES
IRC has recommended the following range of temperature in
the design of bridge structure.
1. Steel structures : Moderate Climate : from minus 18
degrees C to 50 degrees C.
2. Concrete structures : Temperature rise / Temperature
fall
Moderate climate
17degrees C / 17 degrees C
Extreme climate
25 degrees C / 25 degrees C
The coefficient of expansion per degree centigrade should
be taken as 0.0000177 for steel and reinforced concrete
structure and 0.0000108 for plain concrete structures.
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11. SECONDARY STRESSES
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12. ERECTION STRESSES
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13. DEFORMATION STRESSES
These stresses are considered only in the
case of designing steel bridges. A
deformation stress is actually a bending
stress in any member of an open web
girder or a truss, caused by the vertical
deflection of the girder combined with the
rigidity of the joints
All steel bridges are designed and erected
in such a manner that these stresses are
reduced to a minimum.
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REFERENCES
IRC-6 -2000
IRC 78-2000
IRC SP 54-2000
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Thank You!