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Mat34 Manual
Mat34 Manual
*MAT_FABRIC
This is Material Type 34. This material is especially developed for airbag materials. The
fabric model is a variation on the layered orthotropic composite model of material 22 and is
valid for 3 and 4 node membrane elements only.
In addition to being a constitutive model, this model also invokes a special membrane
element formulation which is more suited to the deformation experienced by fabrics under
large deformation. For thin fabrics, buckling can result in an inability to support
compressive stresses; thus a flag is included for this option. A linearly elastic liner is also
included which can be used to reduce the tendency for these elements to be crushed when
the no-compression option is invoked. In LS-DYNA versions after 931 the isotropic elastic
option is available.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type A8 F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type F F F F F F
Remarks 1 4 4 4
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type F F F F F F F F
Remarks 2 2 3 4 11 9 10
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable RGBRTH A1 A2 A3 X0 X1
Type F F F F F F
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type F F F F I
Card 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type I I I I I I F
Card 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type I I F F F F F
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
RO Mass density.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
GAB 𝐺𝑎𝑏 , shear modulus ab direction, set to zero for isotropic elastic
material.
PRL Poisson’s ratio for elastic liner (required if LRATIO > 0).
LRATIO A non-zero value activates the elastic liner and defines the ratio of
liner thickness to total fabric thickness (optional).
Else If X0 = 0 or -1 then (sets meaning of the abscissa for load curve cases)
FLC (X2) Optional porous leakage flow coefficient. (See theory manual.)
GE.0: Porous leakage flow coefficient.
LT.0: |FLC| is interpreted as a load curve ID defining FLC as a
function of time.
If FVOPT < 7 then (sets meaning of the mantissa for load curve case)
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
Else if FVOPT ≥ 7 then (sets meaning of the mantissa for load curve case)
End if
Else if X0 = 1 (sets meaning of the abscissa for load curve cases)
FLC (X2) Optional porous leakage flow coefficient. (See theory manual.)
GE.0: Porous leakage flow coefficient.
LT.0: |FLC| is interpreted as a load curve curve ID defining FLC
versus the stretching ratio defined as 𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴/𝐴0 . See notes
below.
If FVOPT > 7 then (sets meaning of the mantissa for load curve case)
Else if FVOPT ≥ 7 then (sets meaning of the mantissa for load curve case)
End if
End if
ELA Effective leakage area for blocked fabric, ELA (see Remark 3):
LT.0.0: |ELA| is the load curve ID of the curve defining ELA
versus time. The default value of zero assumes that no
leakage occurs. A value of .10 would assume that 10% of
the blocked fabric is leaking gas.
LNRC Flag to turn off compression in liner until the reference geometry is
reached, i.e., the fabric element becomes tensile.
EQ.0.0: off.
EQ.1.0: on.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
EQ.13.0: Enhanced version of formulation 3. See Remark 11.
EQ.14.0: Enhanced version of formulation 4. See Remark 11.
EQ.-14.0: Same as formulation 14, but invokes reading of card 7.
See Remark 14.
EQ.24.0: Enhanced version of formulation 14. See Remark 11.
X0, X1 Coefficients of Anagonye and Wang [1999] porosity equation for the
leakage area: 𝐴leak = 𝐴0 (𝑋0 + 𝑋1 𝑟𝑠 + 𝑋2 𝑟𝑝 + 𝑋3 𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑝 )
X0.EQ.-1: Compressing seal vent option. The leakage area is
evaluated as 𝐴leak = max(𝐴current − 𝐴0 , 0).
LCA Load curve or table ID. Load curve ID defines the stress versus
uniaxial strain along the a-axis fiber. Table ID defines for each strain
rate a load curve representing stress versus uniaxial strain along the
a-axis fiber. Available for FORM = 4, 14, –14, and 24 only, table
allowed only for form = -14. If zero, EA is used. For FORM = 14, -14,
and 24, this curve can be defined in both tension and compression,
see Remark 6 below.
LCB Load curve or table ID. Load curve ID defines the stress versus
uniaxial strain along the b-axis fiber. Table ID defines for each strain
rate a load curve representing stress versus uniaxial strain along the
b-axis fiber. Available for FORM = 4, 14, -14, and 24 only, table
allowed only for form = -14. If zero, EB is used. For FORM = 14, -14,
and 24, this curve can be defined in both tension and compression,
see Remark 6 below.
LCAB Load curve ID for shear stress versus shear strain in the ab-plane;
available for FORM = 4, 14, -14, and 24 only. If zero, GAB is used.
LCUA Unload/reload curve ID for stress versus strain along the a-axis fiber;
available for FORM = 4, 14, -14, and 24 only. If zero, LCA is used.
LS-DYNA R9.0 2-229 (MAT)
*MAT_034 *MAT_FABRIC
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
LCUB Unload/reload curve ID for stress versus strain along the b-axis fiber;
available for FORM = 4, 14, -14, and 24 only. If zero, LCB is used.
LCUAB Unload/reload curve ID for shear stress versus shear strain in the ab-
plane; available for FORM = 4, 14, -14, and 24 only. If zero, LCAB is
used.
LCAA Load curve or table ID. Load curve ID defines the stress along the a-
axis fiber versus biaxial strain. Table ID defines for each directional
strain rate a load curve representing stress along the a-axis fiber
versus biaxial strain. Available for FORM=–14 only, if zero, LCA is
used.
LCBB Load curve or table ID. Load curve ID defines the stress along the b-
axis fiber versus biaxial strain. Table ID defines for each directional
strain rate a load curve representing stress along the b-axis fiber
versus biaxial strain. Available for FORM=–14 only, if zero, LCB is
used.
Remarks:
The no compression option can allow elements to collapse to a line which can lead
to elements becoming tangled. The elastic liner option is one way to add some
stiffness in compression to prevent this, see Remark 4. Alternatively, when using
fabric formulations 14, -14, or 24 (see FORM) tangling can be reduced by defining
stress/strain curves that include negative strain and stress values. See Remark
6.use
2. Porosity. The parameters FLC and FAC are optional for the Wang-Nefske and
Hybrid inflation models. It is possible for the airbag to be constructed of multiple
fabrics having different values for porosity and permeability. Typically, FLC and
FAC must be determined experimentally and their variations in time or with pres-
sure are optional to allow for maximum flexibility.
4. Elastic Liner. An optional elastic liner can be defined using EL, PRL and LRATIO.
The liner is an isotropic layer that acts in both tension and compression. However,
setting, LNRC to 1.0 eliminates compressive stress in the liner until both principle
stresses are tensile. The compressive stress elimination option, CSE=1, has no
influence on the liner behavior.
5. Fiber Axes. For formulations 0, 1, and 2, (see FORM) the 𝑎-axis and 𝑏-axis fiber
directions are assumed to be orthogonal and are completely defined by the material
axes option, AOPT=0, 2, or 3. For FORM=3, 4, 13, or 14, the fiber directions are not
assumed orthogonal and must be specified using the ICOMP=1 option on *SEC-
TION_SHELL. Offset angles should be input into the B1 and B2 fields used nor-
mally for integration points 1 and 2. The 𝑎-axis and 𝑏-axis directions will then be
offset from the 𝑎-axis direction as determined by the material axis option, AOPT=0,
2, or 3.
6. Stress vs. Strain Curves. For formulations (see FORM) 4, 14, -14, and 24, 2nd
Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green’s strain curves may be defined for 𝑎-axis, 𝑏-axis,
LS-DYNA R9.0 2-231 (MAT)
*MAT_034 *MAT_FABRIC
and shear stresses for loading and also for unloading and reloading. Alternatively,
the 𝑎-axis and 𝑏-axis curves can be input using engineering stress vs. strain by
setting DATYP = -2 on *DEFINE_CURVE.
Additionally, for formulations 14, -14, and 24, the uniaxial loading curves LCA and
LCB may be defined for negative values of strain and stress, i.e., a straightforward
extension of the curves into the compressive region. This is available in order to
model the compressive stresses resulting from tight folding of airbags.
The 𝑎-axis and 𝑏-axis stress follow the curves for the entire defined strain region
and if compressive behavior is desired the user should preferably make sure the
curve covers all strains of interest. For strains below the first point on the curve,
the curve is extrapolated using the stiffness from the constant values, EA or EB.
7. Yield Behavior. When formulations 4, 14, -14, and 24 (see FORM) are used with
loading and unloading curves the initial yield strain is set equal to the strain of the
first point in the load curve having a stress greater than zero. When the current
strain exceeds the yield strain, the stress follows the load curve and the yield strain
is updated to the current strain. When unloading occurs, the unload/reload curve
is shifted along the x-axis until it intersects the load curve at the current yield
strain. When using unloading curves, compressive stress elimination should be
active to prevent the fibers from developing compressive stress during unloading
when the strain remains tensile. To use this option, the unload curve should have a
nonnegative second derivate so that the curve will shift right as the yield stress increases.
If LCUA, LCUB, or LCUAB are input with negative values, then unloading is han-
dled differently. Instead of shifting the unload curve along the 𝑥-axis, the curve is
stretched in both the 𝑥-direction and 𝑦-direction such that the first point remains
anchored at (0,0) and the initial intersection point of the curves is moved to the
current yield point. This option guarantees the stress remains tensile while the
strain is tensile so compressive stress elimination is not necessary. To use this op-
tion the unload curve should have an initial slope less steep than the load curve, and should
steepen such that it intersects the load curve at some positive strain value.
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐1 𝑐2
When switching fabric forms or versions, the curve scale factors SFA and SFO on
*DEFINE_CURVE can be used to offset this behavior.
9. Per Material Venting Option. The FVOPT flag allows an airbag fabric venting
equation to be assigned to a material. The anticipated use for this option is to
allow a vent to be defined using FVOPT=1 or 2 for one material and fabric leakage
to be defined for using FVOPT=3, 4, 5, or 6 for other materials. In order to use
FVOPT, a venting option must first be defined for the airbag using the OPT pa-
rameter on *AIRBAG_WANG_NEFSKE or *AIRBAG_HYBRID. If OPT=0, then
FVOPT is ignored. If OPT is defined and FVOPT is omitted, then FVOPT is set
equal to OPT.
10. TSRFAC option to restore element strains. Airbags that use a reference
geometry will typically have nonzero strains at the start of the calculation. To
prevent such initial strains from prematurely opening an airbag, initial strains are
stored and subtracted from the measured strain throughout the calculation.
𝝈 = 𝑓 (𝜺 − 𝜺initial )
• Fabric formulations 2, 3, and 4 (see FORM) subtract off only the initial tensile
strains so these forms are typically used with CSE = 1 and LNRC = 1.
• Fabric formulations 12, 13, 14, -14, and 24 subtract off the total initial strains
so these forms may be used with CSE = 0 or 1 and LNRC = 0 or 1. A side ef-
fect of this strain modification is that airbags may not achieve the correct
volume when they open. Therefore, the TSRFAC option is implemented to
reduce the stored initial strain values over time thereby restoring the total
stain which drives the airbag towards the correct volume.
During each cycle, the stored initial strains are scaled by (1.0 − TSRFAC). A small
value on the order of 0.0001 is typically sufficient to restore the strains in a few
milliseconds of simulation time.
𝝈 = 𝑓 (𝜺 − 𝜺adjustment )
The adjustment to restore initial strain is then,
𝛆adjustment = εinitial ∏[1 − TSFRAC].
𝑖
Formulations 2, 3, and 4 subtract the initial tensile strains, while the enhanced
formulations subtract the total initial strains. Therefore, the enhanced formula-
tions can be used without setting CSE = 1 and LNRC = 1 since compressive stress
cutoff is not needed to prevent initial airbag movement. Formulations 2, 3, and 4
need compressive stress cutoff when used with a reference geometry or they can
generate compressive stress at the start of a calculation. Available for formulation
12. Noise Reduction for the Strain Rate Measure. If tables are used, then the strain
rate measure is the time derivative of the Green-Lagrange strain in the direction of
interest. To suppress noise, the strain rate is averaged according to the value of
DT. If DT > 0, it is recommended to use a large enough value to suppress the
noise, while being small enough to not lose important information in the signal.
13. Hysteresis. The hysteresis parameter H defines the fraction of dissipated energy
during a load cycle in terms of the maximum possible dissipated energy. Refer-
ring to the Figure M34-1,
𝐴1
𝐻≈
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
A2 loading
A1 unloading
reloading
Figure M34-1.
The thickness, TCOAT, applies to both sides of the fabric. The coat material for a
certain fabric element deforms along with this and all elements connected to this
element, which is how the rotations are "captured". Note that unless TCOAT is set
to a negative value, the coating will add to the membrane stiffness. For negative
values of TCOAT the thickness is set to |TCOAT| and the membrane contribution
from the coating is suppressed. For this feature to work, the fabric parts must not
include any T-intersections, and all of the surface normal vectors of connected
fabric elements must point in the same direction. This option increases the compu-
tational complexity of this material.
2-236 (MAT) LS-DYNA R9.0
*MAT_FABRIC *MAT_034
15 Fabric forms 12, 13, 14, -14, and 24 allow input of both the minor Poisson’s ratio,
𝜈𝑏𝑎 , and the major Poisson’s ratio, 𝜈𝑎𝑏 . This allows asymmetric Poisson’s behavior
to be modelled. If the major Poisson’s ratio is left blank or input as zero, then it
𝐸
will be calculated using 𝜈𝑎𝑏 = 𝜈𝑏𝑎 𝐸𝑎.
𝑏
b is orthogonal
b=c×a to the c,a plane d
v a = b×c
y b ∕∕ v
a = b×n x
z c⋅v
b=v-c
c⋅c a
v
b is the projection of v
y (from input) onto the
x midplane/shell.
c