SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: Inquisition

GENERAL CONCEPTS & HISTORICAL EVENTS o a powerful office set up by the Catholic Church
Science to root out and punish heresy throughout
- A way of knowing to understand natural world Europe & America
- Stems from curiosity about ourselves
2. Darwinian Revolution
Technology - 1859: The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man
- Practical application of knowledge especially in a - Biology
particular area Evolution
o organisms living on Earth today are modified
Society descendants of common ancestors
- Aggregate of people living together in a more or less Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace
ordered community o believed that living species were not fixed but
STS were the product of a gradual process of change
- Study of how social, political and cultural values driven by natural selection.
affect scientific research and technological Natural Selection
innovation and how these in turn affect society, o survival and reproduction of organisms suited to
politics and culture their environment at the expense of those less
well suited
o survival of the fittest
Technology o elimination of the unfit
Innovation Descent with modification
o species living today arose from a succession of
ancestors that were different from them

STS 3. Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud
Scientific Social o most important
Research Values o view of the human mind
o discovered the Psychic Apparatus
▪ Psychoanalysis: id, ego, superego
Victorian Period
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS that defined the society o People with mental illness were considered
1. Copernican Revolution outcasts and with no proper treatment
- Revolution in ideas Freud treated patients
- Astronomy: view of universe o 1886: he listened
- Start of scientific revolution o Free association technique
o People began to look for physical evidence and o Unconscious: place where we bury painful
experiments to explain the world around them, memories
a wealth of new information and ideas were Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory – Personality Structure
uncovered o ID: pleasure seeking principle
Before Copernicus o EGO: reality principle
o The Earth- centered Universe of Aristotle and o SUPEREGO: voice of moral conscience
Ptolemy was the prevailing model for almost Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
2000 years o ORAL: birth to 1 year old
Nicolaus Copernicus ▪ Erogenous zone: mouth
o Polish astronomer o ANAL: 1 to 3 years old
o proposed that the Sun, not the Earth was the ▪ Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder
o center of the Universe. control
o Heliocentric model of the universe o PHALLIC: 3 to 6 years old
▪ Sun is the center ▪ Electra complex & Oedipus complex
o On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ▪ Erogenous zone: genitals
▪ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium o LATENT: 6 years old to puberty
o 1543 published ▪ Libido Inactive
▪ Start of scientific revolution o GENITAL: puberty to death
Galileo Galilei ▪ Maturing sexual interests
o first to meticulously report telescope Freud’s Theory of Dream
observations od the sky to support the o Book: The Interpretation of Dreams
Copernican Model of the Universe
 o Dreams are unconscious wishes, urges or - Mandatory education
conflicts - Chocolates
Dreams o Cacao
Manifest Content Latent Content o Currency
- Antispasmodic medication
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF o Herbal medicines
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Human Lineage Asia
- Australopithecus afarensis 1. India
- Homo habilis: skillful person - Iron steel
o Birth of technology (2.6M years BCE) - Metallurgical works
o Made sharp cutting edges from stone - Ayurveda
- Homo erectus o Traditional medicine
- Homo neanderthalensis - Susruta Samhita
- Homo sapiens o Book about surgical procedures
- Calendar: 360 days
Metal Age - Siddhanta Shiromani
- Lead (Pb) o Book about planets, latitude and longitude
o One of softest metals - Ruler
o Extracted from rock o Accurate measurement
o 6500 BCE in Anatolia (now Turkey) - Aryabhatiya
- Copper (Cu) o Book: Trigonometric functions
o Mesopotamia - Arabic numerical system
- Iron Age
o Built on hard, strong and versatile metal 2. China
o Iron (Fe) - Acupuncture
- Compass
The Wheel - Paper making
- Around 4500 BCE - Printing tools
- Wheel and axle combination - Wheelbarrow
o Most important invention of all time - Lunar calendar
o Transportation become possible - Seismology
- Carts came into common use o Earthquakes
- By 2000 BCE, wheels had spokes, rapid development
occurred with waterwheels and windmills to provide 3. United Arab Emirates
power - Theory of Light
o Focused on optics or lenses
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Introduction of decimal point notation
3 Most important Mesoamerica Civilization - The book of healing and The Canon of Medicine
1. Maya - Popularized: Alchemy
- Hydraulic System o Turning of metal into gold
o Supply of water
- Glittery paints Africa
o Colorful places 1. Egyptian
o Mineral: Mica - Nile River
▪ Raw material o Where they got resources
- Mayan hieroglyphics - Development of geometry
o Writing system o Dividing of land
- Concept of zero - Pyramids and dams
o Mathematics - Alchemy
- Mayans have temples - Metallurgy
- Lunar, solar, stellar calendars
2. Inca - Lebombo bone
- Roads paved with stone o Bone of Baboon
- Irrigation system o Writing system, math (calcu)
o For agriculture
- 12 month calendar Philippines
o For planting and harvesting - Medical and therapeutic property
- First suspension bridge - Extracting herbs
- Baybayin
3. Aztec
 o Writing system o Concluded that certain mathematical laws
- Weaving govern planetary motion
- Banaue rice terraces o Laws showed that the planets revolve
around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of
Colonized by Spaniards circles
o Formal Education o Demonstrated mathematically that planets
▪ UST revolve around the sun
o Scientific institution - Galileo Galilei
o Study of medicine o Italian Scientist
o Biology is focus o Learned that a Dutch lens maker had built
o Galleon trade an instrument that could enlarge far-off
o Suez Canal objects
▪ Shortcut going to Europe o Built his own telescope and used it to study
Colonized by USA the heavens in 1609
o Bureau of Government Laboratories o 1610 small book: Starry Messenger
o Study of tropical diseases described his inventions
o Agriculture ▪ Jupiter had 4 moons and sun had
o Food processing dark spots
o Medicine ▪ Earth’s moon had a rough, uneven
o Pharmacy surface
▪ Synthetic drugs o 1632 book: Dialogue Concerning the Two
Chief World Systems
▪ Presented both ideas of
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Copernicus and Ptolemy
o 1633: summoned by pope to Rome to stand
The Medieval View (Before 1500s) trial before the Inquisition
- Scholars heavily relied on the bible as a basis on o Lived under house arrest, died in 1642 at his
what is true or false villa near Florence
- Geocentric theory o 1992: Catholic Church officially
o Earth-centered view of the universe acknowledge that he had been right
o Earth was an immovable object located at
the center of the universe The Scientific and Mathematical Approach (1600s)
o moon, sun, planets moved in perfectly - Scientific method
circular paths around the earth o A logical procedure for gathering and
o Came from Aristotle and Ptolemy testing ideas
1. Begins with a problem or question arising
The start of Scientific Revolution (Mid- 1500s) from an observation
- when scholars started questioning the ancient 2. Form a hypothesis or unproved
beliefs and teachings of the church. They’ve assumption
challenged these ideas and replaced with new 3. Hypothesis is then tested in an
theories experiment or on the basis of data
- Heliocentric Theory 4. Analyze and interpret data to reach a
o Sun-centered theory new conclusion
o By Nicolas Copernicus ▪ Conclusion either confirms or
▪ After studying planetary dispose the hypothesis
movements for more than 25 - Francis Bacon
years, concluded that the stars, o English statesman and writer
earth and other planets revolved o Believed that by better understanding the
around the sun world, scientist would generate practical
▪ Did not publish his findings until knowledge that would improve people’s
1543 because scholars and clergy lives
would reject his theory: On the o Empiricism or experimental method
Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies ▪ Instead of reasoning from abstract
- Tycho Brahe theories, experiment and then
o Danish astronomer draw conclusions
o Recorded the movements of the planets for - Rene Descartes
many years o Developed analytical geometry, which
- Johannes Kepler linked algebra and geometry
o Continued Brahe’s work o Relied on mathematics and logic
 o Certain that he existed: I think, therefore I
am
The Law of Gravity (Mid- 1600s)
- Isaac Newton
o Helped bring together breakthroughs under
a single theory of motion
o 26 yr old: certain that all physical objects
were affected equally by the same forces
o Great discovery: the same force ruled
motion of the planets and all matter on
earth and in space
o Law of universal gravitation
▪ Every object in the universe
attracts every other objects the
degree of attraction depends on
the mass of the objects and the
distance between them
o 1687 published: The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy
▪ the universe was like a giant clock.
Its parts all worked together
perfectly in ways that could be
expressed mathematically
▪ God: creator of orderly universe,
the clockmaker who had set
everything in motion
Development of Scientific Tools (late 1600s – 1700s)
- Zacharias Janssen
o Dutch maker of eyeglasses
o 1590: Invented first microscope
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
o Dutch drapery merchant and amateur
scientist
o 1670s: used a microscope to observe
bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings
o Examined red blood cells for the 1st time
- Evangelista Torricelli
o One of Galileo’s students
o 1643: developed the first mercury
barometer
▪ Tool for measuring atmospheric
pressure and predicting weather
- Gabriel Fahrenheit
o German physicist
o 1714: made the first thermometer to use
mercury in glass
o Water freezing at 32°
- Anders Celsius
o Swedish astronomer
o 1742: created another scale for the mercury
thermometer
o Showed freezing at 0°
Medicine and the Human Body
- Galen
o Middle Ages: European doctors accepted
his writing as fact
o Never dissected a human being
o Studied anatomy of pigs and other animals
and assumed that human anatomy was
much the same
- Andreas Vesalius
o Flemish physician
o Proved Galen’s assumption’s wrong
o Dissected human corpses and published his
observations
o 1543 book: On the Structure of the Human
Body
▪ was filled with detailed drawing of
human organs, bones, and muscle
- Edward Jenner
o Late 1700s: introduced vaccine to prevent
smallpox
o Discovered that inoculation with germs
from a cattle disease called cowpox gave
permanent protection from smallpox for
humans
o Used cowpox to produce the world’s first
vaccination
Discoveries in Chemistry
- Robert Boyle
o Pioneered the use of the scientific method
in chemistry
o Founder of modern chemistry
o 1661 book: The Sceptical Chymist
▪ Challenged Aristotle’s idea that the
physical world consisted of four
elements – earth, air, fire, water
▪ Proposed that matter was made up
of smaller primary particles that
joined together in different ways
o Boyle’s law
▪ Explains how the volume,
temperature and pressure of gas
affect each other
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
- Teaching
- Learning
- Understanding
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Philippine Science High School
- Quezon City Regional Science High School
- Manila Science High School
- Central Visayan Institute Foundation
- Special Science Elementary Schools
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- DOST
Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International policies
and governance
- Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education
without adding to the curriculum
 - Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
- Developing school infrastructure & providing for ICT
broadband
- Local food security
Physics, engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and
space sciences, Mathematics
- Emphasizing degrees, licenses & employment
opportunities
- Outright grants for peer monitoring
- Harnessing science & technology as an independent
mover of development
MEDICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
- Creating an education council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
- Empowering food & drug agencies to conduct
evidence- based research as pool of information
- Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
Biological Sciences, Agriculture And Forestry
- Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
implementation of existing laws
- srutaPromoting indigenous knowledge systems &
indigenous people’s conservation
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- Provide funds for researches
- Balik scientist program
- Scholarship programs
- National science complex and national engineering
complex
- Engineering and science education program
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
IKSPs
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems & Practices
- local knowledge developed over centuries of
experimentation by our ancestors & are passed
orally from generation to generation
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
- Science process skills
- Community culture and values
- Traditional knowledge
Science process skills
- Observing
- Comparing
- Classifying
- Measuring
- Problem solving
- Inferring
- Communicating
- Predicting
Community culture and values
Guided by culture & community values such as:
- The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from
the creator
- Nature is a friend to human beings— it needs
respect and proper care
Traditional knowledge
- ethno- biology
- ethno- medicine
- indigenous farming methods & folk astronomy
Indigenous People
- Predicting weather conditions and seasons by
observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies
- Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits
- Building local irrigations
- Using herbal medicine
- Preserving foods
THE PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
- Of more than 104 million Filipinos, about 12 to 15
million are indigenous peoples
- The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
(NCIP) identifies 95 distinct tribes, which includes the
Islamic or Muslim groups, in 14 regions of the
country
IGOROT TRIBES from NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
- The Igorots which comprise of numerous tribes in
the northern part of the country are mostly residing
in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera region.
- popularly known for being rice cultivators
o Ifugaos built the Banaue Rice Terraces.
LUMAD TRIBE from SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
- LUMAD: a Visayan term which means “native”
- Lumad tribes comprise 13 ethnic groups: Blaan,
Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo,
Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakulo,
Tasaday & T’boli
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHTS ACT OF 1997 (IPRA) (RA8371)
- An act to recognize, protect and promote the rights
of indigenous cultural communities/ indigenous
peoples, creating a national commission on
indigenous peoples, establishing implementing
mechanisms, appropriating funds and other
purposes
SOME INDIGENOUS PRACTICES
- Weather patterns
o Itogon farmers (Benguet)
o Puwek ni kiling (storm of kiling)
o shining moon with a rainbow encircling or a
bloody red sunset
- IPs of Tublay Domain (Benguet)
o Natural Health Practices:
▪ Uses herbal, botanical plants & insects
for medicine - Red ant (angiyawan)- for
toothache. Fry & pulverize then put
inside the aching tooth
▪ Bekkeng- for toothache
 ▪ Uling (charcoal)- for stomach ache.
Pulverized & mixed with water
▪ Coconut shell: for wounds or for those
who are newly circumcised. Pulverize
the dried coconut shell then apply to
the wounds.
▪ Kigis, guava shoots, sapsap shoots: for
wounds
▪ Cogon grass roots: for kidney problems
o Forest and Watershed Management
Protection:
▪ Their belief of the existence of the
unseen or spirits “egma- sas” (also
called “Bagbagisen” and “Ampasit”)
that resides in the forest prevents them
from doing destructive activities
▪ Before conducting any activity, a “mad-
mad” (prayer) is said, i.e. before cutting
trees, a mad-mad is said to ask
permission and give time for the spirit
to leave
- IPs in the Southern Philippines
o During New Year, when cow or horse eats
grass and wails, it means drought - When
the goats repeatedly wail, there will be
landslide
o Technology:
▪ Pottery
▪ Weaving
FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
1. Gregorio Y. Zara
- inventor of the videophone
Contributions and Inventions
- discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic
resistance, known as the Zara Effect in 1930
- Invented the earth induction compass \
- Invented the Propeller-cutting machine in 1952
- Best known as the inventor of the videophone, the
first two-way electronic video communicator, in
1955.
- Had 30 inventions patented under his name.
- Designed a Microscope with a collapsible stage.
Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society
- Videophone
o This new invention will cause individuals
from all around the world to communicate
efficiently and comfortably. As a reasonably
affordable item, many members of society
can purchase a videophone and benefit
from the visual and vocal communication it
provides.
- Earth Induction Compass
Awards
- National Scientist Award was given by President
Ferdinand Marcos
- The Presidential Diploma of Merit
- The Distinguished Service Medal in 1959
- The Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor
for Science and Research in 1966
- The Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education
and Aero Engineering (1966)
2. Fe Del Mundo
- First Female National Scientist
- a Filipino pediatrician who was the first woman to be
admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1936 — over
ten years before the school officially began admitting
women.
- first woman to be named National Scientist of the
Philippines in 1980, and founded the first pediatric
hospital in the Philippines.
Contributions and Inventions
- She became director of the new medical center.
- Founded the Children’s Medical Center
- Wrote the “Textbook of Pediatrics” and articles
about some diseases.
- She invented an incubator made of bamboo
Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society
- Incubator made of bamboo and improvised radiant
warmer and phototherapy
o These inventions was made to help the
people who can’t afford such expensive
treatment. These are can be easily made for
rural areas.
Awards
- Philippines’ first female National Scientist.
- Order of Lakandula, rank of Bayani.
- Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstanding Service to
Mankind (1966)
- Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public
Service (1977)
- Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian by the
International Pediatric Association (1977)
3. Dr. Hilario D.G. Lara
- Father of Modern Public Health Movement
- Public Health Recognized for his pioneering and
significant contributions to public health and public
health education in the Philippines.
- an Eminent scientist and researcher, he devoted
over five decades of his life to the pursuit,
dissemination, and application of knowledge
pertaining to the epidemiology and prevention as
well as control of disease, promotion and
conservation of health and sanitation of
environment which led to the control of cholera,
typhoid fever, dysentery, measles and diphtheria in
the country.
- For these works he has attained international
recognition with the inclusion of his name in the
"Book of World Biography" and the "Book of the
American Men of Science."
- Distinguished medical man and public servant,
recognized for organizing and developing the
 Institute of Public Health, University of the
Philippines, for establishing the first medical library
in the country and for his pioneering work on the
establishments of community Health Demonstration
Centers.
Contributions and Inventions
- Study of the spread of cholera, typhoid fever,
dysentery, measles and diphtheria, resulting in the
prevention of these diseases in the country.
- Established the Institute of Public Health at the
University of the Philippines and also helped
establish the National Research Council of the
Philippines.
- Organized the first medical library in the country
- Dr. Lara wrote and published around 40 articles on
epidemiology in prestigious journals such as Acta
Medica Philippina, Philippine Journal of Science, and
American Journal of Hygiene.
- He also established the Philippines’ first urban and
rural health demonstration units in Binangonan,
Rizal and Paco, Manila, respectively.
Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society
- research on cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery,
measles, and diphtheria proved to be invaluable in
determining what caused them and how to control
their spread.
- established the Philippines’ first urban and rural
health demonstration units in Binangonan, Rizal and
Paco, Manila, respectively
Award
- National Scientist Award in 1985 given by President
Ferdinand Marcos and other numerous awards and
recognition
4. Abelardo Aguilar
- Filipino Physician
- In 1949, tested micro-organisms he had isolated
from soil samples in his back garden when he
chanced upon bacteria that would later lead to the
development of the antibiotic erythromycin.
- working for the U.S. pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly
Co., which has since earned billions of dollars by
marketing the drug under its brand-name, Ilosone.
- tried but failed for 40 years to get some royalty for
his work.
- his family wants Eli Lilly to pay up to 500 million
dollars in royalty and says it will set up a health care
trust for rural Filipinos.
- Back then, Dr. Abelardo Aguilar was working for a
U.S Pharmaceutical company Eli Lily Co. – a global
company based in Indiana U.S.A founded by a
Pharmaceutical Chemist and veteran of the
American Civil War. The Filipino scientist sent a soil
samples to his employer Eli Lily Co., and the
company manages to isolate the Erythromycin from
the metabolic products of a strain of Streptomyces
Erythreus found in the samples sent by Dr. Aguilar
Contributions and Inventions
- The Filipino physician who helped discover
erythromycin, the new drug was capable of treating
several kinds of infections minus the common side-
effects of antibiotics
Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society
- Erythromycin is used to treat a wide variety of
bacterial infections. It may also be used to prevent
certain bacterial infections
- It works by stopping the growth of bacteria
5. Dr. Rodulfo Aquino
- After graduating, he was hired as emergency research
assistant in the Dept. of Agronomy by his thesis
adviser, Mr. Felipe Santos and was taken by Dr. Pedro
Escuro of the same department to conduct the
National Science Development Board-funded
experiment designed to compare the Margate,
Masagana and traditional method of rice culture.
- He was also recruited by the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) plant breeder Dr. Peter R.
Jennings who was then set to head a group of
researchers to start IRRI’s rice breeding program.
- He received honors and awards from various scientific
and civic organizations which include among others
the Pag-asa Group Award given by the Civil Service
Commission on Sept. 15, 1992, Plaque of
Appreciation jointly awarded by the National Seed
Industry Council and Philippine Rice Research
Institute on April 18, 1997 and the Distinguish
Alumnus award given by University of the Philippines
Los Baños College of Agriculture Alumni Association
on Oct. 7, 2000.
Contributions, Inventions and Impact
- Dr. Rodolfo Aquino isolated nine specific breeds of
rice for the International Rice Research Institute.
- His discoveries helped prevent famine in much of
Asia, and were nearly solely responsible for Thailand
and Vietnam becoming the world’s leading rice
producers (A spot once solely occupied by the
Philippines.)
- Aquino also paid the grain homage, devoting his
youth to the study of agriculture and plant breeding
at the University of the Philippines at Los Ba杘s,
Asia's leading institute for the art and science of
cultivation.
6. Benjamin Cabrera
- Benjamin Cabrera has developed innovations in drug
treatments against diseases caused by mosquitoes
and agricultural soil.
- He is a physician who is known for his works on
public health and medical parasitology. He studied
and devised treatments for the tropical disease
filariasis, for which he received the Philippine Legion
of Honor in 1996.
Contributions, Inventions and Impact
- Cabrera was a prolific researcher and published
more than a hundred studies on medical
parasitology and public health and made some very
 important innovations that changed the way
mosquito-borne diseases were treated.
- He also made progress into developing treatments
for parasite-infested agricultural soil.
His findings and innovations brought a lot of benefits
to Philippines, since it relied heavily in agriculture.
- He worked with Lee M. Howard to conduct the very
first study that focused on simian malaria. This is a
type of malaria that naturally infects non-human
primates such as monkeys and apes.
*The study was conducted in the Philippines and it
was found that 8.6% of the animals they tested had
malaria. The study suggested that cases of simian
malaria weren’t all that significant and therefore
didn’t pose a threat to the Filipino population.
- Cabrera conducted a study on filariasis. This is an
infectious and parasitic tropical disease that is
brought about by an infestation of thread-like
nematode worms that belong to the Filariodea
family. Cabrera’s work on this tropical disease
earned him the Philippine Legion of Honor in 1996.
- Cabrera learned the life cycle and epidemiology of
worm parasites, he then devised drug treatments to
keep the population safe from the disease.
- The ways he established was beneficial for the public
could stay free of the mosquitoes that spread the
parasites that lead to the disease.
- from his work with filariasis, Cabrera also worked to
devise a way to control ascariasis. This is a disease
caused by the parasitic roundworm ascaris
lumbricoides. Their eggs can be found in
contaminated soil. He conducted some studies and
he produced a method of reducing infection from
these soil parasites.
General thought of his works' impact
Philippines is both a tropical and agricultural country, so his
works and innovations were considered innovative and
ground-breaking. They changed the way people lived and
improved the quality of their lives. His findings gave the
people and government a fighting chance to defend
themselves against the many parasites that plagues them.
Aside from his homeland, other countries in the tropics also
made use of his findings to protect their own citizens from
the same diseases and infestations.
7. Benjamin Almeda Sr.
- Known as Father of Filipino Inventors because of his
several designed food-processing machines.
- In 1954, he founded the Almeda Cottage Industry
(now named the Alameda Food Machineries
Corporation) in Manila, Philippines, which
manufactures his numerous basic food-processing
inventions.
- He received the Panday Pay Award for Skilled
Technician in 1977. Aside from this, he was also
awarded a gold medal from the World Intellectual
Property Organization, one of the 17 specialized
agencies of the United Nations created to
"encourage creative activity" and "promote the
protection of intellectual property throughout the
world."
Contributions, Inventions and Impact
- Almeda Sr. invented the rice grinder, meat grinder,
and coconut grater. Add to that the ice shaver,
waffle cooker, barbecue cooker, hot dog griller and
portable toaster.
He designed his inventions mainly for use by the
fast-food industry and sandwich stands, thereby
further improving the food industry in terms of
processing food much quicker and easier.
8. Dr. Teodulo Topacio
- He was also a member of Philippine Society of
Microbiology since 1972.
- President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo conferred the
rank of National Scientist upon him on May 7, 2009
through Proclamation 1762.
- He has been an authoritative figure in animal
production and health in the country for more than
50 years. He has also served in government and
international agencies such as the Asia
Development, the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization and the World Health
Organization.
Contributions, Inventions and Impact
- He works on leptospiral disease of domesticated
animals and was the first to identify and isolate the
two strains of abortion-causing leptospirosis agents
in pregnant pigs. Having studied cases of
leptospirosis among piggery workers, he was also
the first to report on pig-to-human leptospirosis
transmission.
- also studied other animal diseases such as
brucellosis, distemper, and fasciolosis and dog
tumors. His extensive body of work on animal
diseases eventually enabled him to prepare a
massive guidebook on animal diseases for veterinary
and medical professionals. The book entitled,
Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity:
Animal Diseases – Prevention and Control.
*The volume, published by the National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST) in 2002, compiled
nearly 50 years’ worth of published researches in the
Philippines.
- played a key role in preparing and advocating for RA
9482, also known ass Anti-Rabies Act, a bill for the
prevention, control, and eradication of rabies which
was signed as a law in May 2007. The group led by
Dr. Teodulo Topacio also lobbied for the passage of
the Philippine Veterinary Medicine Act of 2004,
which regulates the practice of veterinary medicine
in the country.
- served as the chairperson of the Department of
Agriculture’s National Advisory Committee for
Animal Disease Control and Emergency.
- organized the Univet Veterinary Research and
Development Division of pharmaceutical company
Unilab. The division produces affordable animal
 health products for animal producers, especially
small independent backyard raisers of poultry and
pigs.
Impacts
- Dr. Topacio research in leptospirosis enabled the
development of appropriate prevention and
treatment measures for both pigs and workers.
- He continued to influence and develop veterinary
programs and policies.
- He headed the committee for drafting the Animal
Industry and Veterinary Services Act.
- He significantly contributed to the improvement of
animal production and animal health in the
Philippines.
- Dr. Topacio’s continued search and quest for novel
studies is his legacy which will serve as an inspiration
for the young generations to emulate.
- Dr. Teodulo Topacio's contributions in the field of
veterinary in the Philippines will continue to use and
benefit veterinarians, veterinary scientists,
practitioners, and even pet owner in the future.
9. Rolando Dela Cruz
- a world-class Filipino inventor and entrepreneur. He
is also the president and chief executive officer of RCC
Amazing Touch International Inc., which he
established back in March 1997. It is a clinic that
provides a natural non-surgical approach in removing
warts, moles and other skin growths. It was proven to
be safe and effective as it fixes skin without causing
physical pain.
Contributions/Inventions
- After almost 30 years of extensive clinical research
and development, Dela Cruz perfected his formula by
mixing the extracts of cashew nuts together with
native lime, papaya, fig, de-ionized water and talc. He
managed to create a natural herbal cream
preparation that leaves no scarring and is relatively
painless compared to other wart treatment options.
- The cream that he invented is called DeBCC, which
can treat “Basal Cell Carcinoma”, a common type of
skin cancer generally caused by overexposure to the
sun and usually affects the face, ears, scalp, neck,
shoulders, and back. His invention did not stop on
curing BCC, he also introduced treatments for the
removal of warts (DeWart), moles (DeMole), and
more.
Impact on the Society
- His invention did not only open up opportunities for
himself and his family. His inventions gave hope for
thousands of people who are looking for alternative
wart treatment options without undergoing surgical
methods and expensive treatment procedures. More
importantly, his inventions also brought respect and
recognition for Philippines in the field of science.
From his invention DeBCC, he received a gold medal
for the Archimedes Award in Russia. In 2005, he also
received the first place award in the International
Inventor’s Forum, which was also hailed as the most
meaningful or relevant invention of the year held in
Germany.
10. Roberto Del Rosario
- Daisuke Inoue, a musician and inventor created the
first Karaoke machine called the Juke8 in 1971.
However, a Filipino inventor, Roberto del Rosario
holds the machine’s patent.
- Roberto never went through a formal music
education, instead he learned how to play the piano,
drums, marimba, and xylophone by ear. The inventor
of Karaoke Sing Along System also patented more
than twenty inventions during his lifetime, making
him one of the most prolific Filipino inventors.
Contributions/Inventions
- Between 1975 and 1977, Roberto del Rosario
invented his own version of karaoke machine. In his
patents, he described his sing-along system as a
handy, multi-purpose, compact machine that
incorporates an amplifier speaker, one or two tape
mechanisms, an optional tuner or radio, and a
microphone mixer with features to enhance one's
voice, such as the echo or reverb to simulate an
opera hall or a studio sound. The whole system was
enclosed in one cabinet casing.
- The main reason we know del Rosario's contribution
is because he sued Japanese companies for patent
infringement in the 1990s. In the court case, the
Philippine Supreme Court decided in del Rosario's
favor. He won the legal recognition and some of the
money, but in the end, the Japanese manufacturers
reaped most of the benefits by later innovations.
- His other inventions are the Trebel Voice Color
Code, piano tuner’s guide, piano keyboard stressing
device and voice color tape.
Impact on the Society
- Most Filipinos love to sing. In fact, we are
stereotyped as good singers overall. Singing had
become a part of our culture and tradition during
our free time and special events such as birthdays
and holiday parties. That is why the invention of the
Karaoke Sing Along System no doubt became very
popular in the Philippines. Almost every Filipino
home has a karaoke machine or a Magic Sing
microphone (an updated portable karaoke) – a
digital mic that turns your television into a karaoke
machine, something they enjoy during free time
11. Eduardo Quisumbing
- He was a Filipino botanist and was a noted expert in
the medicinal plants.
- known as the “Father of Philippine Orchidology”
- author of more than 129 scientific articles, mostly
about orchids.
- served as the director of the National Museum of
the Philippines, where he oversaw the rebuilding of
the herbarium, which was completely destroyed
during World War II.
Contributions/Inventions
 - Quisumbing wrote numerous taxonomic and
morphological papers, most of these deal with
orchids. His book “Medicinal Plants in Philippines’ is
the forerunner of all researches on medicinal plants
in the country. He discovered over 900 kinds of
medicinal plants which were used in Philippine
pharmaceutics and medicine ever since. Some of his
published works include “Teratology of Philippine
Orchids”, “The Identity of Anota Violacea and
Rhynchostylis Retus”, “New or Noteworthy
Philippine Orchids”, and “Philippine Piperaceae”.
Impact on the Society
- Quisumbing’s publications and papers are still sold
on sites such as Amazon. His writings dealing with
orchids of the Philippines are still available at
college libraries throughout the U.S.
- An orchid was named after him, it is called as
Saccolabium Quisumbingii – an orchid that produces
small but plentiful bright purplish/pink-and-white
flowers and grows in the mountains of the
Philippines.
- He was also the recipient of the Distinguished
Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to
the field of systematic botany; Diploma of Merit on
Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal for Malaysian
Orchid Society (1966); Gold Medal for American
Orchid Society and 1975 PhilAAS (Philippine
Association for the Advancement of Science) Most
Outstanding Award
12. Dioscoro Lopez Umali
- a National Scientist of the Philippines awardee
- known as the “Father of Philippine Plant Breeding”.
- awarded with numerous international honors for his
outstanding contributions in the field of upland
agriculture, forestry, environment conservation, and
Agricultural and Rural Development.
Contributions/Inventions
- organized the Division of Plant Breeding and
developed plant breeding which later bloomed into
one of the most important field in applied science as
its first head in 1948
- established the breeding of the Mussaenda species,
the yellow-orange Doña Amelita (named after First
Lady Mrs. Amelita Martinez-Ramos) being its most
recent addition.
- improved the abaca resistance to diseases and
increasing pulp and paper quality by crossbreeding
it to abaca relatives.
- improved rice and corn dramatically; he altered
corn to suit Philippine conditions and by 1958, this
has produced 14 excellent rice types and 5 corn
hybrids which earned the approval and
recommendation of the Philippine Seed Board.
- developed the local fruit germplasm as well as the
food industry. He developed different varieties of
rambutan, durian, citrus, mangoes, tamarind,
jackfruit, atis, manzanilla, and the golden coconut.
Five commercial varieties of rambutan in the
Philippines today were seedling varieties selected by
Dr Umali.
Impact on the Society
- His research output and writings paved way for the
launching of programs or rain-fed and upland
agriculture, social forestry, environment
conservation and rural poverty
- His studies have helped many farmers to improve
the quality of their corps
- established the Philippine Seed Board and the Rice
and Corn Production Coordinating Council of the
Philippines.
- involved in the creation of the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), the Dairy Training and
Research Institute (DTRI) and the Agrarian Reform
Institute (ARI)
13. Ramon Cabanos Barba
- Father of Horticulture in the Philippines: Dr. L.G.
Gonzales—also the inspiration of Barba to study in
the field of Agriculture.
Contributions
- Advancements in the Mango Industry
o developed a process that caused the
flowering and fruiting of Mango trees three
times a year instead on once a year.
o proposed that a chemical spray with Etherel
(2-chloreothylphosphonic acid) may induce
the mango flower and it succeeds.
Impacts to the Society
- The impact and importance of his discoveries, along
with his self-motivation to help others, led him to
change how mangoes and other crops are grown
around the world, thus improving the livelihood for
those who work in the agriculture industry.
- It can help the world by just showing on how to do
this kind of invention of his.
14. Dr. Czarina Aya-ay Saloma Akpedonu
- named "Outstanding Young Scientist" by the
National Academy of Science and Technology.
- In July 22, 2007, she was honored in the list of Bohol
Day Honorees
- In an interview, she said that her inspiration was her
brother and her teacher, Ma. Cynthia Rose Banzon-
Bautista, who was the first sociologist to receive this
award in 1988. (Department of Sociology and
Anthropology of the Ateneo)
- She is currently the Vice President of the Board of
the Research Committee on the Sociology of Science
and Technology of the International Sociological
Association
Contributions
- Co-author of Casa Boholana: Vintage Houses of
Bohol. It is a sociohistorical introduction cum
architectural guide to Bohol’s traditional houses. This
book has two major parts which are:
o First, it presents and analyzes data from the
architectural survey, and highlights notable
 aspects of Boholano vintage houses and
their evolution through the decades
o Second, it includes a socioeconomic profile
of the family owners, and discusses issues
like urban development, antiques trading,
changing attitudes, and future prospects,
among others, that somehow add to the
precariousness of the houses’ existence.
Impacts to the Society
- The discussion of the methodology also enables
other field researchers to either replicate the
study or broaden its scope by covering houses
not included in the book.
- The results of the research reveal features
common to Bohol’s houses. These features
include the wooden- or Sawali-walled ground
floor. In some cases, ground floors do not even
have walls. Bohol’s houses also follow the same
footprint for both the ground level and the first-
story sections, contrasting markedly with the
overhanging upper story of houses elsewhere in
the country.
- She wrote her first book, Possible Worlds in
Impossible Places: Globality, Knowledge, Gender,
and Information Technology in the Philippines,
where she explored the everdy life-worlds of the
actors in the Philippine Information Technology
industry.
- She continues to study the relationship between
Information Technology and Society, particularly,
the field of information and communication
technology and development (ICTD).
- The author determined that Globalization did not
follow a single path to a terminal condition but
rather interfaces between the Global and Local
community.
- It had a great impact on Philippine Society since it
was an industry in the Philippines that wasn’t being
given much attention.
- Her work also became the framework for studying
the different aspects of Science and Technology
with a Sociological point of view.
15. Julian Banzon
- He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in
Biochemistry. His Doctoral dissertation was about
Fermentative Utilization of Cassava
- In July 1986, he was conferred the title of National
Scientist by President Corazon Aquino for his
outstanding contributions in the field of Chemistry
in the Philippines
Contributions and Invention
- During his post-graduate studies, he developed his
work on the fermentative utilization of cassava.
- His dissertation was among the first to elucidate the
products that could be derived from the starchy
crop, including ethanol, butanol, and acetone. Put
simply, a controlled “rot” of the starch using specific
strains of bacteria produces valuable chemical
products.
- At the time of Dr. Banzon’s study, the use of cassava
was a pioneering work and had huge potential for
industrial applications.
- He pioneered in the study not just of the coconut,
but also of the sugar cane, in the Philippines, and
produced the first authoritative work on the
derivation of fuels, specifically ethyl esters, from
these two crops.
- He developed new and scientific methods, such as
the chemical extraction of surplus coconut oil, in
place of the more commonly used physical process.
- He developed new methods for processing of
coconut, including the chemical extraction (and
subsequent conversion into hydrocarbons) of its
oils.
- He also had publications discussing the chemical
properties of coconut and other vegetable oils.
Impacts to the Society
- His work provides an avenue for local and foreign
scientists to continue research on this field of
study, revolutionizing the scientific community and
the modern world.
- His work and contribution serve as particularly
important because it addressed pressing issues
that are still quite prevalent today.
16. Dr. Enrique Ostrea
- “Buddy” is the familiar name of Dr. Ostrea
- He named Most Outstanding Physician in Medicine
in the Midwest United States in 1991
- He received the Outstanding Faculty Recognition
Award from WSU’s Board of Governors in 1990 and
was elected a member of the WSU Academy of
Scholars in 2012.
- He was recognized for his research in medicimne and
pediatric studies.
- His specializations are Pathology and Pediatrics
Contribution
- The Meconium Drug Testing
o Meconium drug testing can detect maternal
drug use during the last 4 to 5 months of
pregnancy. The formula detects the
presence of prohibited drugs – such as
narcotics like morphine, shabu, marijuana
and opium – in the baby’s first poops
(meconium).
o His continuing clinical-chemistry research
found that his formula can detect the
presence of toxins, nicotine, non-narcotics
drugs and other substances in the
meconium (High concentration of toxins in
the tot’s first stool indicates that the mother
had been exposed to environmental toxic
elements from insecticides and/or
herbicides).
Impacts to the Society
 - Dr. Ostrea’s MDT formula is now widely used by
hospitals and pharmaceutical companies, the first
of its kind to be used by the Federal Drug
Administration (FDA).
- Researched and made enlightenment in the
localities of Mindanao about the cases of Physical
Abnormalities of children because of large
plantations of banana and pineapple where
common exposure of insecticides occurs.
17. Lucille Abad
- According to Specialized Philippine Enterprise
Reference of Experts and Scientists, Dr. Lucille V.
Abad is a radiation chemist, specializing in radiation
chemistry and processing of polymers. She is
currently the head of Chemistry Research Section,
and the Officer-in-charge of the Atomic Research
Division of the PNRI.
Contributions and Invention
- Three years ago, the scientist received an award
during the 2017 National Science and Technology
Week.
- She received an Outstanding Research and
Development Award for Applied Research for her
outstanding research on “Radiation Modified
Carrageenan as Plant Food Supplement (CPFS)” that
proved to be effective as plant growth promoter.
Department of Science and Technology also stated
that she also invented a wound dressing called the
sterile hydrogel. It is made from a seaweed called
carrageenan and polyvinyl pyrrolidone processed
through radiation technology, this wound dressing is
found to be more effective in reducing pain and scar
formation.
Impacts to the Society
- Department of Science and Technology is proud to
have Dr. Lucille V. Abad as they stated about the
impact of her inventions to the society. It
contributed to the development of Philippine
agriculture and attaining food security. It is also eyed
to help mitigate the effects of El Niño and climate
change. Aside from that, her sterile hydrogel is
proven that it can heal wounds from burn faster.
18. Alfredo Mahar Lagmay
- a Filipino geologist
- executive director of Project NOAH (Nationwide
Operational Assessment of Hazards) and a professor
at the National Institute of Geological Sciences of the
University of the Philippines Diliman
- Upon returning to the university as a professor, his
research interest focused on volcanic behavior and
implications for human activities.
Contributions and Invention
- Lagmay’s expertise on disaster mitigation allowed
him to lead DOST's Project NOAH as executive
director in 2012; Project NOAH has been described
as the country's leading disaster prevention and
mitigation program. Lagmay has published detailed
analyses of major disasters in the Philippines such as
the Guinsaugon landslide; Mayon eruptions;
typhoons Ondoy, Sendong, Pablo, and Yolanda; and
storm surges. He was part of the Philippine panel on
the Philippine claim to Benham Rise in the United
Nations Commission on the Law of the Sea.
- In 2013, Lagmay was awarded the Outstanding
Filipino for Geology and Earth Science, and was
awarded as "WikiPinoy of the Year" by WikiPilipinas
in 2014 for “empowering the public with open
information and insight into the significant issues
affecting the country today.” Lagmay was awarded
the Plinius Medal by the European Geosciences
Union on 15 April 2015, in Vienna, Austria, for his
"outstanding interdisciplinary natural-hazard
research and natural-disaster engagement in the
Philippines, particularly with respect to volcanic
hazards, earthquakes, typhoons, landslides and
floods." He is the first Asian to receive the award.
- Lagmay was also a radio personality. He co-hosted
RED Alert on DZMM with reporters Atom Araullo and
Ted Esguerra. The radio program was recognized in
the 9th Hildegarde Awards of St. Scholastica College
in 2015, the Communication Management Award of
Merit for the Multi-Audience Communication
category by the Philippine Quill Awards for 2014 and
the 2014 Catholic Mass Media Award (CMMA) for
best educational radio program.
- Lagmay has been a consultant to the World Bank and
a member of the Philippine-American Academy of
Science and Engineering.
- His most recent work covered the 2013 Bohol
Earthquake and the 2013 Yolanda/Haiyan
Supertyphoon. A consultant for World Bank and
USAID, Dr. Lagmay is a leading international scientific
expert on natural hazards. He has published more
than 50 peer-reviewed journal articles, mostly in
international ISI journals. Also an editor and regular
reviewer of scientific manuscripts in world-class
journals, he maintains a reputable status in his field
of expertise in the international scientific community
Impacts to the Society
- Lagmay’s projects provides early warning system for
natural hazards (e.g. typhoons, tsunamis,
earthquakes), providing at least six hours lead time
against impending floods to vulnerable communities,
and keeping Filipino families safe. He contributed to
the understanding of volcano behavior in different
places of the world from a poorly known perspective
where people can realize the interconnection
between eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the
character of the land where they have grown. Also,
his knowledge educates and trains younger
researchers to extend one’s own career beyond its
end.
19. Angel Alcala
 - a Filipino ecologist and biologist whose primary better logistics during disaster relief and rescue
focus of study is marine biology and ecological operations.
conservation. Contributions and Invention
- His prolific thirty-year career includes studying local - She is now headlining how she “proved Einstein
birds, reptiles, and aquatic life. right,” when she performed a test of the latter’s
- For his contributions in promoting the health and theory of General Relativity in a cosmological scale
vitality of Philippine ecosystems, he has won by analyzing observations of 70,000 galaxies from
numerous awards and accolades, including the rank the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
and title of National Scientist in 2014 - She has now shifted her focus from astrophysics to
Contributions and Invention data science, where she uses statistics to analyze
- Throughout the course of his career as a biologist, different aspects of Philippine society to gain unique
Dr. Alcala has identified 50 new species of reptiles insights that may be useful to point society to a
and amphibians. He has also authored over 160 more scientific national discourse on socially
journal publications. Including “Observations on the relevant issues.
Amphibians of the Mount Halcon and Mount Impacts to the Society
Canlaon Areas,” a paper which was published in the - Her research showed that the observations she
1955 edition of the Silliman Journal, with the helped gathered matched the predictions of Einstein’s
of Walter Brown. theory, confirming it in a scale larger than our own
- His most significant contribution to marine Solar System. “It also demonstrated that future
biodiversity conservation is the Philippines’ first observations can potentially distinguish between
artificial coral reef system. He established it in alternate theories of gravity,” she says.
Dumaguete in 1977 during his tenure as the - Included in her topics of research are market-basket
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources. analysis of national election results to find out how
This method of providing a habitat for local aquatic the Filipinos chose senators, and a network study of
life to thrive in is now used all over Southeast Asia. infrastructure that makes use of two or more modes
Dr. Alcala advocates the rehabilitation of 25% of of transport to gain insight on what can be done for
coral reefs to protect 25% of fish species in a given disaster relief
location. This was after his studies revealed that the
spillover effects of even just partial, no-take
rehabilitation will enable an ecosystem to thrive long
enough to sustain itself.
Impacts to the Society
- Dr. Alcala’s beginnings may have been humble, but
the impact of his work is truly enormous. Because of
his work, conservation programs in the Philippines
are now well established. And also, the creation of
artificial reefs in the sea favours biological
productivity, therefore enhancing the population of
fish and invertebrates. These reefs have the power
to attract marine life by offering a habitat. They not
only constitute a shelter but are also a valuable
reproduction reservoir, which can recreate a whole
ecosystem in biological depleted zones. The role of
his artificial coral reefs in saving much of our marine
biodiversity is a profound example of how passion,
purpose, and potential can transcend whatever
limitations our circumstances impose upon us

20. Dr. Reinabelle Reyes

- called “The Filipina who proved Einstein right” after
her work confirming Albert Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity in a cosmic scale in 2010 during her Ph.D.
studies in the United States.
- currently works as an independent data scientist
consulting for private companies, juggling several
projects at the same time.
- One of her more recent projects, ReliefOps.Ph,
funded by the country’s Department of Science and
Technology, is a web-based decision support tool for