Cardiovascular System ≥ Also circulatory system

• Consists of: the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

1- the heart:
• Four chamber muscular organ
• Comparable to the size of a
closed fist
• Located in the mediastinum
– Behind sternum
– Between 2nd and 6th ribs
– Between T5-T8
• Apex – base of heart
– Located at the 5th intercostal space

Coverings of the Heart

BY : NOURAH
 Walls of the Heart
** 3 layers**

• Epicardium – outer layer

– Epicardium = serous pericardium
• Myocardium – thick, contractile layer composed
of cardiac muscle cells
• Endocaridium – interior of cardiac wall
– The layer of the heart that forms a smooth,
protective lining of the heart chambers and valves.

Chambers of the Heart

• Atria – two superior chambers
– “Receiving chambers”
– Blood from veins enters atria
• Ventricles – two inferior chambers
– “pumping chambers”
– Thick muscular walls to increase force of
pumping action
• Left > right
– Separated by interventricular septum
Valves of the Heart

BY : NOURAH
 Atrioventricular Valves (Av)
• Tricuspid valve
– Between R atrium and ventricle
– 3 flaps of endocardium
– Connected to ventricular papillary muscle via chordae
tendinae
• Bicuspid valve
– Between L atrium and ventricle
– Also called mitral valve
– Two flaps of endocardium

• Pulmonary semilunar valve

– Between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
• Aorta semilunar valve
– Between L ventricle and
aorta

BY : NOURAH
– Right coronary artery → right marginal artery &
posterior interventricular artery
– Left coronary artery → circumflex artery & anterior
interventricular artery
• After traveling through the capillaries of the heart, blood
empties into the R atrium via the coronary sinus, Blood from
the cardiac muscle itself drains into the coronary sinus

• Four structures composed of modified cardiac

muscle
1- Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
2- Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
3- Atrioventricular Bundle
4- Purkinje fibers

1- Artery : carries oxygenated blood away from the

heart – “distributors”
– Arteriole: small artery
– Precapillary sphincters: regulate the blood flow into
capillaries

BY : NOURAH
2- Vein – carries unoxygenated blood towards the
heart
– Great ability to stretch (capacitance)
– Function as reservoirs: blood pools in the valves then
is pushed forward from the pumping pressure
– Venules: small vein
3- Capillaries – arterial system switches to venous
system
– “primary exchange vessels”
Structure of Blood Vessels
1- Tunica adventitia(externa) - outermost layer
– Fibrous connective tissue
2- Tunica media – middle layer
3- Tunica intima – innermost layer

BY : NOURAH